Overview of MEG/EEG analysis with MNE-Python

This tutorial covers the basic EEG/MEG pipeline for event-related analysis: loading data, epoching, averaging, plotting, and estimating cortical activity from sensor data. It introduces the core MNE-Python data structures :class:~mne.io.Raw, :class:~mne.Epochs, :class:~mne.Evoked, and :class:~mne.SourceEstimate, and covers a lot of ground fairly quickly (at the expense of depth). Subsequent tutorials address each of these topics in greater detail. :depth: 1

We begin by importing the necessary Python modules:

Loading data ^^^^^^^^^^^^

MNE-Python data structures are based around the FIF file format from Neuromag, but there are reader functions for a wide variety of other data formats <data-formats>. MNE-Python also has interfaces to a variety of :doc:publicly available datasets <../../manual/datasets_index>, which MNE-Python can download and manage for you.

We'll start this tutorial by loading one of the example datasets (called "sample-dataset"), which contains EEG and MEG data from one subject performing an audiovisual experiment, along with structural MRI scans for that subject. The :func:mne.datasets.sample.data_path function will automatically download the dataset if it isn't found in one of the expected locations, then return the directory path to the dataset (see the documentation of :func:~mne.datasets.sample.data_path for a list of places it checks before downloading). Note also that for this tutorial to run smoothly on our servers, we're using a filtered and downsampled version of the data (:file:sample_audvis_filt-0-40_raw.fif), but an unfiltered version (:file:sample_audvis_raw.fif) is also included in the sample dataset and could be substituted here when running the tutorial locally.

By default, :func:~mne.io.read_raw_fif displays some information about the file it's loading; for example, here it tells us that there are four "projection items" in the file along with the recorded data; those are :term:SSP projectors <projector> calculated to remove environmental noise from the MEG signals, plus a projector to mean-reference the EEG channels; these are discussed in a later tutorial. In addition to the information displayed during loading, you can get a glimpse of the basic details of a :class:~mne.io.Raw object by printing it; even more is available by printing its info attribute (a :class:dictionary-like object <mne.Info> that is preserved across :class:~mne.io.Raw, :class:~mne.Epochs, and :class:~mne.Evoked objects). The info data structure keeps track of channel locations, applied filters, projectors, etc. Notice especially the chs entry, showing that MNE-Python detects different sensor types and handles each appropriately.

.. TODO edit prev. paragraph when projectors tutorial is added: ...those are discussed in the tutorial projectors-tutorial. (or whatever link)

:class:~mne.io.Raw objects also have several built-in plotting methods; here we show the power spectral density (PSD) for each sensor type with :meth:~mne.io.Raw.plot_psd, as well as a plot of the raw sensor traces with :meth:~mne.io.Raw.plot. In the PSD plot, we'll only plot frequencies below 50 Hz (since our data are low-pass filtered at 40 Hz). In interactive Python sessions, :meth:~mne.io.Raw.plot is interactive and allows scrolling, scaling, bad channel marking, annotation, projector toggling, etc.

Preprocessing ^^^^^^^^^^^^^

MNE-Python supports a variety of preprocessing approaches and techniques (maxwell filtering, signal-space projection, independent components analysis, filtering, downsampling, etc); see the full list of capabilities in the :mod:mne.preprocessing and :mod:mne.filter submodules. Here we'll clean up our data by performing independent components analysis (:class:~mne.preprocessing.ICA); for brevity we'll skip the steps that helped us determined which components best capture the artifacts (see :doc:../preprocessing/plot_artifacts_correction_ica for a detailed walk-through of that process).

Once we're confident about which component(s) we want to remove, we pass them as the exclude parameter and then apply the ICA to the raw signal. The :meth:~mne.preprocessing.ICA.apply method requires the raw data to be loaded into memory (by default it's only read from disk as-needed), so we'll use :meth:~mne.io.Raw.load_data first. We'll also make a copy of the :class:~mne.io.Raw object so we can compare the signal before and after artifact removal side-by-side:

Detecting experimental events ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The sample dataset includes several :term:"STIM" channels <stim channel> that recorded electrical signals sent from the stimulus delivery computer (as brief DC shifts / squarewave pulses). These pulses (often called "triggers") are used in this dataset to mark experimental events: stimulus onset, stimulus type, and participant response (button press). The individual STIM channels are combined onto a single channel, in such a way that voltage levels on that channel can be unambiguously decoded as a particular event type. On older Neuromag systems (such as that used to record the sample data) this summation channel was called STI 014, so we can pass that channel name to the :func:mne.find_events function to recover the timing and identity of the stimulus events.

The resulting events array is an ordinary 3-column :class:`NumPy array

<numpy.ndarray>`, with sample number in the first column and integer event ID in the last column; the middle column is usually ignored. Rather than keeping track of integer event IDs, we can provide an event dictionary that maps the integer IDs to experimental conditions or events. In this dataset, the mapping looks like this:

+----------+----------------------------------------------------------+ | Event ID | Condition | +==========+==========================================================+ | 1 | auditory stimulus (tone) to the left ear | +----------+----------------------------------------------------------+ | 2 | auditory stimulus (tone) to the right ear | +----------+----------------------------------------------------------+ | 3 | visual stimulus (checkerboard) to the left visual field | +----------+----------------------------------------------------------+ | 4 | visual stimulus (checkerboard) to the right visual field | +----------+----------------------------------------------------------+ | 5 | smiley face (catch trial) | +----------+----------------------------------------------------------+ | 32 | subject button press | +----------+----------------------------------------------------------+

Event dictionaries like this one are used when extracting epochs from continuous data; the / character in the dictionary keys allows pooling across conditions by requesting partial condition descriptors (i.e., requesting 'auditory' will select all epochs with Event IDs 1 and 2; requesting 'left' will select all epochs with Event IDs 1 and 3). An example of this is shown in the next section. There is also a convenient :func:~mne.viz.plot_events function for visualizing the distribution of events across the duration of the recording (to make sure event detection worked as expected). Here we'll also make use of the :class:~mne.Info attribute to get the sampling frequency of the recording (so our x-axis will be in seconds instead of in samples).

For paradigms that are not event-related (e.g., analysis of resting-state data), you can extract regularly spaced (possibly overlapping) spans of data by creating events using :func:mne.make_fixed_length_events and then proceeding with epoching as described in the next section.

Epoching continuous data ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The :class:~mne.io.Raw object and the events array are the bare minimum needed to create an :class:~mne.Epochs object, which we create with the :class:mne.Epochs class constructor. Here we'll also specify some data quality constraints: we'll reject any epoch where peak-to-peak signal amplitude is beyond reasonable limits for that channel type. This is done with a rejection dictionary; you may include or omit thresholds for any of the channel types present in your data. The values given here are reasonable for this particular dataset, but may need to be adapted for different hardware or recording conditions. For a more automated approach, consider using the autoreject package_.

We'll also pass the event dictionary as the event_id parameter (so we can work with easy-to-pool event labels instead of the integer event IDs), and specify tmin and tmax (the time relative to each event at which to start and end each epoch). As mentioned above, by default :class:~mne.io.Raw and :class:~mne.Epochs data aren't loaded into memory (they're accessed from disk only when needed), but here we'll force loading into memory using the preload=True parameter so that we can see the results of the rejection criteria being applied:

Next we'll pool across left/right stimulus presentations so we can compare auditory versus visual responses. To avoid biasing our signals to the left or right, we'll use :meth:~mne.Epochs.equalize_event_counts first to randomly sample epochs from each condition to match the number of epochs present in the condition with the fewest good epochs.

Like :class:~mne.io.Raw objects, :class:~mne.Epochs objects also have a number of built-in plotting methods. One is :meth:~mne.Epochs.plot_image, which shows each epoch as one row of an image map, with color representing signal magnitude; the average evoked response and the sensor location are shown below the image:

Time-frequency analysis ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The :mod:mne.time_frequency submodule provides implementations of several algorithms to compute time-frequency representations, power spectral density, and cross-spectral density. Here, for example, we'll compute for the auditory epochs the induced power at different frequencies and times, using Morlet wavelets. On this dataset the result is not especially informative (it just shows the evoked "auditory N100" response); see `here

` for a more extended example on a dataset with richer frequency content.

Estimating evoked responses ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Now that we have our conditions in aud_epochs and vis_epochs, we can get an estimate of evoked responses to auditory versus visual stimuli by averaging together the epochs in each condition. This is as simple as calling the :meth:~mne.Epochs.average method on the :class:~mne.Epochs object, and then using a function from the :mod:mne.viz module to compare the global field power for each sensor type of the two :class:~mne.Evoked objects:

We can also get a more detailed view of each :class:~mne.Evoked object using other plotting methods such as :meth:~mne.Evoked.plot_joint or :meth:~mne.Evoked.plot_topomap. Here we'll examine just the EEG channels, and see the classic auditory evoked N100-P200 pattern over dorso-frontal electrodes, then plot scalp topographies at some additional arbitrary times:

Evoked objects can also be combined to show contrasts between conditions, using the :func:mne.combine_evoked function. A simple difference can be generated by negating one of the :class:~mne.Evoked objects passed into the function. We'll then plot the difference wave at each sensor using :meth:~mne.Evoked.plot_topo:

Inverse modeling ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Finally, we can estimate the origins of the evoked activity by projecting the sensor data into this subject's :term:source space (a set of points either on the cortical surface or within the cortical volume of that subject, as estimated by structural MRI scans). MNE-Python supports lots of ways of doing this (dynamic statistical parametric mapping, dipole fitting, beamformers, etc.); here we'll use minimum-norm estimation (MNE) to generate a continuous map of activation constrained to the cortical surface. MNE uses a linear :term:inverse operator to project EEG+MEG sensor measurements into the source space. The inverse operator is computed from the :term:forward solution for this subject and an estimate of the covariance of sensor measurements <tut_compute_covariance>. For this tutorial we'll skip those computational steps and load a pre-computed inverse operator from disk (it's included with the `sample data

`). Because this "inverse problem" is underdetermined (there is no unique solution), here we further constrain the solution by providing a regularization parameter specifying the relative smoothness of the current estimates in terms of a signal-to-noise ratio (where "noise" here is akin to baseline activity level across all of cortex).

Finally, in order to plot the source estimate on the subject's cortical surface we'll also need the path to the sample subject's structural MRI files (the subjects_dir):

The remaining tutorials have much more detail on each of these topics (as well as many other capabilities of MNE-Python not mentioned here: connectivity analysis, encoding/decoding models, lots more visualization options, etc). Read on to learn more!

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