Mybiotools -- A biotools collection for bench scientists

Python scripts to make bench work easier

Author: Mingzhang Yang

This notebook shows how you can take advantage of Mybiotools to make your life easier


In [1]:
#import Mybiotools package
import Mybiotools as mb

In [2]:
p53 = mb.Gene('TP53')


Please look up in the table below and set your gene of interest.
      Gene ID                      Gene description  \
0        7157                    tumor protein p53    
1       24842                    tumor protein p53    
2       30590                    tumor protein p53    
3        7158  tumor protein p53 binding protein 1    
4      403869                    tumor protein p53    
5      397276                    tumor protein p53    
6      281542                    tumor protein p53    
7      493847                    tumor protein p53    
8   100062044                    tumor protein p53    
9   100009292                    tumor protein p53    
10  100682525                    tumor protein p53    
11  100049321                    tumor protein p53    
12     716170                    tumor protein p53    
13  100379269                    tumor protein p53    
14     455214                    tumor protein p53    
15     443421                    tumor protein p53    
16     431679                    tumor protein p53    
17  102402069                    tumor protein p53    
18  100583326                    tumor protein p53    
19  100435218                    tumor protein p53    

                                              Species  
0                                Homo sapiens (human)  
1                      Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)  
2                             Danio rerio (zebrafish)  
3                                Homo sapiens (human)  
4                        Canis lupus familiaris (dog)  
5                                    Sus scrofa (pig)  
6                                 Bos taurus (cattle)  
7                          Felis catus (domestic cat)  
8                              Equus caballus (horse)  
9                      Oryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit)  
10               Cricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster)  
11                  Oryzias latipes (Japanese medaka)  
12                     Macaca mulatta (Rhesus monkey)  
13              Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)  
14                       Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee)  
15                                 Ovis aries (sheep)  
16          Xenopus tropicalis (tropical clawed frog)  
17                    Bubalus bubalis (water buffalo)  
18  Nomascus leucogenys (northern white-cheeked gi...  
19                  Pongo abelii (Sumatran orangutan)  
Please select the index number(starts from 0) of the gene of your interest:  0


Your gene object tumor protein p53  from Homo sapiens (human) has been created successfully.

In [3]:
p53.name


Out[3]:
'TP53'

In [4]:
p53.Species


Out[4]:
'Homo sapiens (human)'

In [5]:
p53.mRNA

In [6]:
p53.default_mRNA

In [7]:
p53.get_Gene_ID()


7157

In [8]:
p53.get_mRNA()


             NM_id                                  name  \
0      NM_000546.5  cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform a   
1   NM_001126112.2  cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform a   
2   NM_001126113.2  cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform c   
3   NM_001126114.2  cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform b   
4   NM_001126115.1  cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform d   
5   NM_001126116.1  cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform e   
6   NM_001126117.1  cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform f   
7   NM_001126118.1  cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform g   
8   NM_001276695.1  cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform h   
9   NM_001276696.1  cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform i   
10  NM_001276697.1  cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform j   
11  NM_001276698.1  cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform k   
12  NM_001276699.1  cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform l   
13  NM_001276760.1  cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform g   
14  NM_001276761.1  cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform g   

                                          description  
0   This variant (1) can initiate translation from...  
1   This variant (2) uses an alternate splice site...  
2   This variant (4) contains an additional exon i...  
3   This variant (3) contains an additional exon i...  
4   This variant (5) uses an alternate promoter an...  
5   This variant (6) uses an alternate promoter an...  
6   This variant (7) uses an alternate promoter an...  
7   This variant (8, also known as p53I2) differs ...  
8   This variant (4) contains an additional exon i...  
9   This variant (3) contains an additional exon i...  
10  This variant (5) uses an alternate promoter an...  
11  This variant (6) uses an alternate promoter an...  
12  This variant (7) uses an alternate promoter an...  
13  This variant (1) can initiate translation from...  
14  This variant (2) uses an alternate splice site...  

In [9]:
p53.mRNA


Out[9]:
['total: 15',
 <Mybiotools.isoforms at 0x114d4cdd8>,
 <Mybiotools.isoforms at 0x114d4ce10>,
 <Mybiotools.isoforms at 0x114d4cda0>,
 <Mybiotools.isoforms at 0x114d4ce48>,
 <Mybiotools.isoforms at 0x104356400>,
 <Mybiotools.isoforms at 0x104356588>,
 <Mybiotools.isoforms at 0x1043564a8>,
 <Mybiotools.isoforms at 0x1043565c0>,
 <Mybiotools.isoforms at 0x104356550>,
 <Mybiotools.isoforms at 0x114d6beb8>,
 <Mybiotools.isoforms at 0x114d6bf98>,
 <Mybiotools.isoforms at 0x114d92f28>,
 <Mybiotools.isoforms at 0x114d92c18>,
 <Mybiotools.isoforms at 0x114d92be0>,
 <Mybiotools.isoforms at 0x114d92438>]

In [10]:
p53.mRNA[1]


Out[10]:
<Mybiotools.isoforms at 0x114d4cdd8>

In [11]:
p53.mRNA[1].NM_id


Out[11]:
'NM_000546.5'

In [12]:
p53.mRNA[1].name


Out[12]:
'cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform a'

In [13]:
p53.mRNA[1].description


Out[13]:
'This variant (1) can initiate translation from two in-frame AUG start codons. The isoform represented in this variant (a, also known as p53alpha) results from translation initiation at the upstream start codon. Both variants 1 and 2 encode isoform a, which is the longest isoform.'

In [14]:
p53.default_mRNA


Out[14]:
<Mybiotools.isoforms at 0x114d4cdd8>

In [15]:
p53.get_mRNA_seq()


Out[15]:
"The default mRNA seq and CDS seq have been set as TP53's attributes."

In [16]:
p53.default_mRNA_seq


Out[16]:
'GATGGGATTGGGGTTTTCCCCTCCCATGTGCTCAAGACTGGCGCTAAAAGTTTTGAGCTTCTCAAAAGTCTAGAGCCACCGTCCAGGGAGCAGGTAGCTGCTGGGCTCCGGGGACACTTTGCGTTCGGGCTGGGAGCGTGCTTTCCACGACGGTGACACGCTTCCCTGGATTGGCAGCCAGACTGCCTTCCGGGTCACTGCCATGGAGGAGCCGCAGTCAGATCCTAGCGTCGAGCCCCCTCTGAGTCAGGAAACATTTTCAGACCTATGGAAACTACTTCCTGAAAACAACGTTCTGTCCCCCTTGCCGTCCCAAGCAATGGATGATTTGATGCTGTCCCCGGACGATATTGAACAATGGTTCACTGAAGACCCAGGTCCAGATGAAGCTCCCAGAATGCCAGAGGCTGCTCCCCCCGTGGCCCCTGCACCAGCAGCTCCTACACCGGCGGCCCCTGCACCAGCCCCCTCCTGGCCCCTGTCATCTTCTGTCCCTTCCCAGAAAACCTACCAGGGCAGCTACGGTTTCCGTCTGGGCTTCTTGCATTCTGGGACAGCCAAGTCTGTGACTTGCACGTACTCCCCTGCCCTCAACAAGATGTTTTGCCAACTGGCCAAGACCTGCCCTGTGCAGCTGTGGGTTGATTCCACACCCCCGCCCGGCACCCGCGTCCGCGCCATGGCCATCTACAAGCAGTCACAGCACATGACGGAGGTTGTGAGGCGCTGCCCCCACCATGAGCGCTGCTCAGATAGCGATGGTCTGGCCCCTCCTCAGCATCTTATCCGAGTGGAAGGAAATTTGCGTGTGGAGTATTTGGATGACAGAAACACTTTTCGACATAGTGTGGTGGTGCCCTATGAGCCGCCTGAGGTTGGCTCTGACTGTACCACCATCCACTACAACTACATGTGTAACAGTTCCTGCATGGGCGGCATGAACCGGAGGCCCATCCTCACCATCATCACACTGGAAGACTCCAGTGGTAATCTACTGGGACGGAACAGCTTTGAGGTGCGTGTTTGTGCCTGTCCTGGGAGAGACCGGCGCACAGAGGAAGAGAATCTCCGCAAGAAAGGGGAGCCTCACCACGAGCTGCCCCCAGGGAGCACTAAGCGAGCACTGCCCAACAACACCAGCTCCTCTCCCCAGCCAAAGAAGAAACCACTGGATGGAGAATATTTCACCCTTCAGATCCGTGGGCGTGAGCGCTTCGAGATGTTCCGAGAGCTGAATGAGGCCTTGGAACTCAAGGATGCCCAGGCTGGGAAGGAGCCAGGGGGGAGCAGGGCTCACTCCAGCCACCTGAAGTCCAAAAAGGGTCAGTCTACCTCCCGCCATAAAAAACTCATGTTCAAGACAGAAGGGCCTGACTCAGACTGACATTCTCCACTTCTTGTTCCCCACTGACAGCCTCCCACCCCCATCTCTCCCTCCCCTGCCATTTTGGGTTTTGGGTCTTTGAACCCTTGCTTGCAATAGGTGTGCGTCAGAAGCACCCAGGACTTCCATTTGCTTTGTCCCGGGGCTCCACTGAACAAGTTGGCCTGCACTGGTGTTTTGTTGTGGGGAGGAGGATGGGGAGTAGGACATACCAGCTTAGATTTTAAGGTTTTTACTGTGAGGGATGTTTGGGAGATGTAAGAAATGTTCTTGCAGTTAAGGGTTAGTTTACAATCAGCCACATTCTAGGTAGGGGCCCACTTCACCGTACTAACCAGGGAAGCTGTCCCTCACTGTTGAATTTTCTCTAACTTCAAGGCCCATATCTGTGAAATGCTGGCATTTGCACCTACCTCACAGAGTGCATTGTGAGGGTTAATGAAATAATGTACATCTGGCCTTGAAACCACCTTTTATTACATGGGGTCTAGAACTTGACCCCCTTGAGGGTGCTTGTTCCCTCTCCCTGTTGGTCGGTGGGTTGGTAGTTTCTACAGTTGGGCAGCTGGTTAGGTAGAGGGAGTTGTCAAGTCTCTGCTGGCCCAGCCAAACCCTGTCTGACAACCTCTTGGTGAACCTTAGTACCTAAAAGGAAATCTCACCCCATCCCACACCCTGGAGGATTTCATCTCTTGTATATGATGATCTGGATCCACCAAGACTTGTTTTATGCTCAGGGTCAATTTCTTTTTTCTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCTTTTTCTTTGAGACTGGGTCTCGCTTTGTTGCCCAGGCTGGAGTGGAGTGGCGTGATCTTGGCTTACTGCAGCCTTTGCCTCCCCGGCTCGAGCAGTCCTGCCTCAGCCTCCGGAGTAGCTGGGACCACAGGTTCATGCCACCATGGCCAGCCAACTTTTGCATGTTTTGTAGAGATGGGGTCTCACAGTGTTGCCCAGGCTGGTCTCAAACTCCTGGGCTCAGGCGATCCACCTGTCTCAGCCTCCCAGAGTGCTGGGATTACAATTGTGAGCCACCACGTCCAGCTGGAAGGGTCAACATCTTTTACATTCTGCAAGCACATCTGCATTTTCACCCCACCCTTCCCCTCCTTCTCCCTTTTTATATCCCATTTTTATATCGATCTCTTATTTTACAATAAAACTTTGCTGCCACCTGTGTGTCTGAGGGGTG'

In [17]:
p53.cds_seq


Out[17]:
'ATGGAGGAGCCGCAGTCAGATCCTAGCGTCGAGCCCCCTCTGAGTCAGGAAACATTTTCAGACCTATGGAAACTACTTCCTGAAAACAACGTTCTGTCCCCCTTGCCGTCCCAAGCAATGGATGATTTGATGCTGTCCCCGGACGATATTGAACAATGGTTCACTGAAGACCCAGGTCCAGATGAAGCTCCCAGAATGCCAGAGGCTGCTCCCCCCGTGGCCCCTGCACCAGCAGCTCCTACACCGGCGGCCCCTGCACCAGCCCCCTCCTGGCCCCTGTCATCTTCTGTCCCTTCCCAGAAAACCTACCAGGGCAGCTACGGTTTCCGTCTGGGCTTCTTGCATTCTGGGACAGCCAAGTCTGTGACTTGCACGTACTCCCCTGCCCTCAACAAGATGTTTTGCCAACTGGCCAAGACCTGCCCTGTGCAGCTGTGGGTTGATTCCACACCCCCGCCCGGCACCCGCGTCCGCGCCATGGCCATCTACAAGCAGTCACAGCACATGACGGAGGTTGTGAGGCGCTGCCCCCACCATGAGCGCTGCTCAGATAGCGATGGTCTGGCCCCTCCTCAGCATCTTATCCGAGTGGAAGGAAATTTGCGTGTGGAGTATTTGGATGACAGAAACACTTTTCGACATAGTGTGGTGGTGCCCTATGAGCCGCCTGAGGTTGGCTCTGACTGTACCACCATCCACTACAACTACATGTGTAACAGTTCCTGCATGGGCGGCATGAACCGGAGGCCCATCCTCACCATCATCACACTGGAAGACTCCAGTGGTAATCTACTGGGACGGAACAGCTTTGAGGTGCGTGTTTGTGCCTGTCCTGGGAGAGACCGGCGCACAGAGGAAGAGAATCTCCGCAAGAAAGGGGAGCCTCACCACGAGCTGCCCCCAGGGAGCACTAAGCGAGCACTGCCCAACAACACCAGCTCCTCTCCCCAGCCAAAGAAGAAACCACTGGATGGAGAATATTTCACCCTTCAGATCCGTGGGCGTGAGCGCTTCGAGATGTTCCGAGAGCTGAATGAGGCCTTGGAACTCAAGGATGCCCAGGCTGGGAAGGAGCCAGGGGGGAGCAGGGCTCACTCCAGCCACCTGAAGTCCAAAAAGGGTCAGTCTACCTCCCGCCATAAAAAACTCATGTTCAAGACAGAAGGGCCTGACTCAGACTGA'

In [18]:
len(p53.default_mRNA_seq)


Out[18]:
2591

In [19]:
mb.help_info()


        *clean_seq(input_seq)*: remove white space or numbers in the input gene or protein sequence.
        *reverse_complementory(input_seq)*: get the reversed complementory sequence of the input DNA sequence.
        *GC_content(input_seq)*: calculate the GC content of the input sequence.
        
        --help or -h: get help info of Mybiotools
    

In [20]:
mb.uniprot_search('TP53')


Out[20]:
[('P04637', 'P53_HUMAN', 'Homo sapiens (Human)'),
 ('P02340', 'P53_MOUSE', 'Mus musculus (Mouse)'),
 ('Q96EB6', 'SIR1_HUMAN', 'Homo sapiens (Human)'),
 ('Q00987', 'MDM2_HUMAN', 'Homo sapiens (Human)'),
 ('O60260', 'PRKN2_HUMAN', 'Homo sapiens (Human)'),
 ('Q9NQ88', 'TIGAR_HUMAN', 'Homo sapiens (Human)'),
 ('Q13315', 'ATM_HUMAN', 'Homo sapiens (Human)'),
 ('Q09472', 'EP300_HUMAN', 'Homo sapiens (Human)'),
 ('P31749', 'AKT1_HUMAN', 'Homo sapiens (Human)'),
 ('P29590', 'PML_HUMAN', 'Homo sapiens (Human)'),
 ('Q7LG56', 'RIR2B_HUMAN', 'Homo sapiens (Human)'),
 ('Q9UER7', 'DAXX_HUMAN', 'Homo sapiens (Human)'),
 ('O96017', 'CHK2_HUMAN', 'Homo sapiens (Human)'),
 ('P38398', 'BRCA1_HUMAN', 'Homo sapiens (Human)'),
 ('Q05397', 'FAK1_HUMAN', 'Homo sapiens (Human)'),
 ('O43715', 'TRIA1_HUMAN', 'Homo sapiens (Human)'),
 ('Q9H3D4', 'P63_HUMAN', 'Homo sapiens (Human)'),
 ('Q8IXJ6', 'SIR2_HUMAN', 'Homo sapiens (Human)'),
 ('Q93009', 'UBP7_HUMAN', 'Homo sapiens (Human)'),
 ('Q15831', 'STK11_HUMAN', 'Homo sapiens (Human)'),
 ('Q16666', 'IF16_HUMAN', 'Homo sapiens (Human)'),
 ('Q9BUR4', 'WAP53_HUMAN', 'Homo sapiens (Human)'),
 ('Q9H2X6', 'HIPK2_HUMAN', 'Homo sapiens (Human)'),
 ('Q96S44', 'PRPK_HUMAN', 'Homo sapiens (Human)'),
 ('P0CG48', 'UBC_HUMAN', 'Homo sapiens (Human)')]

In [21]:
mb.list_files('.')


Out[21]:
['.gitignore',
 'AA_table.pickle',
 'Base_notation.pickle',
 'Demo.ipynb',
 'LICENSE',
 'Mybiotools.py',
 'README.md',
 'Restriction_Enzyme_list.pickle']

In [22]:
mb.list_files('.', '.pickle')


Out[22]:
['AA_table.pickle', 'Base_notation.pickle', 'Restriction_Enzyme_list.pickle']

In [23]:
mb.list_files('.', Type=['.pickle', '.py'])


Out[23]:
['AA_table.pickle',
 'Base_notation.pickle',
 'Mybiotools.py',
 'Restriction_Enzyme_list.pickle']

In [1]:
import pandas as pd

In [2]:
enzymes = pd.read_pickle('Restriction_Enzyme_list.pickle')

In [3]:
enzymes


Out[3]:
Recognition Sequence Enzyme Pattern
0 AA/CGTT AclI AACGTT
1 A/AGCTT HindIII HindIII-HF® AAGCTT
2 AAT/ATT SspI SspI-HF® AATATT
3 /AATT MluCI Tsp509I AATT
4 A/CATGT PciI ACATGT
5 A/CCGGT AgeI AgeI-HF® AgeI-HF® RE-Mix® ACCGGT
7 A/CCWGGT SexAI ACC[AT]GGT
8 A/CGCGT MluI MluI-HF® ACGCGT
10 A/CGT HpyCH4IV ACGT
11 ACN/GT HpyCH4III AC[ATCG]GT
14 A/CRYGT AflIII AC[AG][CT]GT
15 A/CTAGT SpeI SpeI-HF® SpeI RE-Mix® ACTAGT
18 A/GATCT BglII AGATCT
19 AGC/GCT AfeI AGCGCT
20 AG/CT AluI AGCT
21 AGG/CCT StuI AGGCCT
22 AGT/ACT ScaI ScaI-HF® ScaI-HF® RE-Mix® AGTACT
23 AT/CGAT ClaI BspDI ATCGAT
25 ATGCA/T NsiI NsiI-HF® ATGCAT
26 AT/TAAT AseI ATTAAT
27 ATTT/AAAT SwaI ATTTAAAT
29 C/AATTG MfeI MfeI-HF® MfeI-HF® RE-Mix® CAATTG
32 CAC/GTG PmlI CACGTG
33 CACNNN/GTG DraIII DraIII-HF® CAC[ATCG][ATCG][ATCG]GTG
34 CACNN/NNGTG AleI CAC[ATCG][ATCG][ATCG][ATCG]GTG
36 CAG/CTG PvuII PvuII-HF® CAGCTG
37 CAGNNN/CTG AlwNI CAG[ATCG][ATCG][ATCG]CTG
39 NNCASTGNN/ TspRI [ATCG][ATCG]CA[GC]TG[ATCG][ATCG]
40 CA/TATG NdeI CATATG
41 CATG/ NlaIII CATG
... ... ... ...
204 R/AATTY ApoI ApoI-HF [AG]AATT[CT]
205 RCATG/Y NspI [AG]CATG[CT]
206 R/CCGGY BsrFI [AG]CCGG[CT]
207 R/GATCY BstYI [AG]GATC[CT]
208 RGCGC/Y HaeII [AG]GCGC[CT]
209 RG/CY CviKI-1 [AG]GC[CT]
210 RG/GNCCY EcoO109I [AG]GG[ATCG]CC[CT]
211 RG/GWCCY PpuMI [AG]GG[AT]CC[CT]
213 TAC/GTA SnaBI TACGTA
215 T/CATGA BspHI TCATGA
216 T/CCGGA BspEI TCCGGA
218 T/CGA TaqαI TCGA
219 TCG/CGA NruI NruI-HF® TCGCGA
220 TCN/GA Hpy188I TC[ATCG]GA
221 TC/NNGA Hpy188III TC[ATCG][ATCG]GA
222 T/CTAGA XbaI XbaI RE-Mix® TCTAGA
223 T/GATCA BclI TGATCA
224 TG/CA HpyCH4V TGCA
225 TGC/GCA FspI TGCGCA
227 TGG/CCA MscI TGGCCA
228 T/GTACA BsrGI BsrGI-HF® TGTACA
229 T/TAA MseI TTAA
230 TTAAT/TAA PacI PacI RE-Mix® TTAATTAA
231 TTA/TAA PsiI TTATAA
232 TT/CGAA BstBI TTCGAA
233 TTT/AAA DraI TTTAAA
234 VC/TCGAGB PspXI [ACG]CTCGAG[CGT]
235 W/CCGGW BsaWI [AT]CCGG[AT]
236 YAC/GTR BsaAI [CT]ACGT[AG]
237 Y/GGCCR EaeI [CT]GGCC[AG]

173 rows × 3 columns


In [5]:
enzymes.describe()


Out[5]:
Recognition Sequence Enzyme Pattern
count 173 173 173
unique 173 173 156
top C/YCGRG ApaI GGCGCC
freq 1 1 4

In [1]:
import pandas as pd

In [2]:
aa = pd.read_pickle('./AA_table.pickle')

In [3]:
aa


Out[3]:
Full name abrr Side chain polarity Side chain charge(pH7.4) Hydropathy index MW codon
Amino acid
Ala Alanine A nonpolar neutral 1.8 89.1 GCU, GCC, GCA, GCG
Arg Arginine R basic polar positive −4.5 174.2 CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, AGG
Asn Asparagine N polar neutral −3.5 132.1 AAU, AAC
Asp Aspartic acid D acidic polar negative −3.5 133.1 GAU, GAC
Cys Cysteine C nonpolar neutral 2.5 121.2 UGU, UGC
Gln Glutamine Q polar neutral −3.5 146.2 CAA, CAG
Glu Glutamic acid E acidic polar negative −3.5 147.1 GAA, GAG
Gly Glycine G nonpolar neutral −0.4 75.1 GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG
His Histidine H basic polar positive(10%) neutral(90%) −3.2 155.2 CAU, CAC
Ile Isoleucine I nonpolar neutral 4.5 131.2 AUU, AUC, AUA
Leu Leucine L nonpolar neutral 3.8 131.2 UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, CUG
Lys Lysine K basic polar positive −3.9 146.2 AAA, AAG
Met Methionine M nonpolar neutral 1.9 149.2 AUG
Phe Phenylalanine F nonpolar neutral 2.8 165.2 UUU, UUC
Pro Proline P nonpolar neutral −1.6 115.1 CCU, CCC, CCA, CCG
Ser Serine S polar neutral −0.8 105.1 UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG, AGU,AGC
Thr Threonine T polar neutral −0.7 119.1 ACU, ACC, ACA, ACG
Trp Tryptophan W nonpolar neutral −0.9 204.2 UGG
Tyr Tyrosine Y polar neutral −1.3 181.2 UAU, UAC
Val Valine V nonpolar neutral 4.2 117.1 GUU, GUC, GUA, GUG

In [7]:
aa[['abrr', 'MW']]


Out[7]:
abrr MW
Amino acid
Ala A 89.1
Arg R 174.2
Asn N 132.1
Asp D 133.1
Cys C 121.2
Gln Q 146.2
Glu E 147.1
Gly G 75.1
His H 155.2
Ile I 131.2
Leu L 131.2
Lys K 146.2
Met M 149.2
Phe F 165.2
Pro P 115.1
Ser S 105.1
Thr T 119.1
Trp W 204.2
Tyr Y 181.2
Val V 117.1

In [ ]: