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Requests, The Web, JSON, and APIs

The Web

  • Client/Server
  • HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language)
  • Java Script
  • JSON (Java Script Object Notation)
  • The Browser

HTTP, Methods, Reponses

  • Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
  • GET, POST, PUT...
  • Response Codes: 1xx, 2xx, 3xx, 4xx, 5xx

GET

  • The most common method
  • Used to request data from a specified resource

POST

  • Method for sending data
  • Typically used to update or create resources
  • Is the cause of problems when you try to hit back in your browser

Other Methods

  • PUT: Update resources
  • DELETE: Delete resources
  • Still Other Methods: PATCH/OPTION/HEAD Less commonly used

Response Codes

  • 1xx Informational, uncommon
  • 200 Success response, most common response
  • 3xx Redirect, page has moved etc.
  • 4xx Your problem
  • 5xx Their problem

Requests

  • HTTP for Humans
  • Simple methods for getting, posting, and authenticating with websites




In [1]:



    


import requests



    











In [2]:



    


google_response = requests.get('http://google.com')
google_response.status_code



    


















    
Out[2]:








200

















In [3]:



    


len(google_response.content)
# google_response.content



    


















    
Out[3]:








12459

https://www.dictionary.com/browse/biology





In [6]:



    


import os
os.environ['http_proxy'] = "http://proxy.swmed.edu:3128" 
os.environ['https_proxy'] = "https://proxy.swmed.edu:3128" 
dictionary_search = requests.get('http://www.dictionary.com/browse/biology')
dictionary_search.status_code



    


















    
Out[6]:








200

















In [8]:



    


dictionary_search.content



    


















    
Out[8]:








b'<!DOCTYPE html>\n    <html lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">\n      <head>\n        \n  <meta charSet="utf-8">\n  <meta name="description" content="Biology definition, the science of life or living matter in all its forms and phenomena, especially with reference to origin, growth, reproduction, structure, and behavior. See more.">\n  <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/biology">\n  <link rel="preload" href="https://www.dictionary.com/assets/dictionary-font-c864a1ca3bc4a1c7aef16dbbf189ccc1.woff" as="font" type="font/woff" crossorigin="anonymous">\n  \n  <meta property="og:title" content="the definition of biology">\n  <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.dictionary.com/assets/dcom-social-icon-952ee83e140e5bfbd2d4b6c28daa1a8f.png">\n  <meta property="og:site_name" content="www.dictionary.com">\n  <meta property="fb:app_id" content="127444090629600"><meta property="fb:admins" content="100000304287730;109125464873">\n  <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="DF5542D7723770377E9ABFF59AC1DC97">\n  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://www.dictionary.com/assets/favicon-1bff2f1b49c077ed504e55c3649f2a4b.png">\n  <title>Biology | Define Biology at Dictionary.com</title>\n  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">\n  \n  <link rel="preconnect" href="https://ads.pubmatic.com">\n  <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.googletagservices.com">\n  <link rel="preconnect" href="https://c.amazon-adsystem.com">\n  <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com">\n  <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.google-analytics.com">\n  <link rel="preconnect" href="https://connect.facebook.net">\n\n        \n          \n          <script defer src="https://www.dictionary.com/assets/client-cbe18d61.js"></script>\n          <script defer src="https://www.dictionary.com/assets/standalone-analytics-bd97baaf.js"></script>\n          \n        <!-- Ad integration with callback begins here, must be in head, expects page type to get appropriate configs -->\n        \n<script>\n  /** wrapping ad scripts with adboiler label **/\n  adboiler: {\n    \n\n    /**---------- Page level ad targeting configs ----------*/\n    var pageTargeting = {"tx1":"results","tx2":"serp_0_n","ptype":"content","ld":"0"};\n\n    /**---------- Page level ad slot configs ----------*/\n    var slotConfigs = [{"placement":"dcom-serp-lb-728x90","code":"/23219321/iac.dict.dictry.dw/dic/serp_0_n","ad_uuid":"728x90_top","sizes":[[728,90],[970,90],[970,250]],"targeting":{"pos":"top","pos2":"728x90_1"}},{"placement":"dcom-serp-a-top-300x250","code":"/23219321/iac.dict.dictry.dw/dic/serp_0_n","ad_uuid":"300x250_top","sizes":[[300,250],[300,600]],"targeting":{"pos":"top","pos2":"300x250_1"}},{"placement":"dcom-serp-a-mid-300x250","code":"/23219321/iac.dict.dictry.dw/dic/serp_0_n","ad_uuid":"300x250_mid","sizes":[[300,250]],"targeting":{"pos":"mid","pos2":"300x250_2"}},{"placement":"dcom-serp-bottom-lb-728x90","code":"/23219321/iac.dict.dictry.dw/dic/serp_0_n","ad_uuid":"728x90_bot","sizes":[[728,90]],"targeting":{"pos":"bot","pos2":"728x90_2"}}];\n    var slotConfigsDeferred = [];\n\n    var googletag = googletag || {};\n    googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || [];\n    var adSlots =  adSlots || {slots:{}, lazySlots:{}};\n\n  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  }\n            }\n          });\n        });\n      }\n\n      /**---------- Push gpt ad slots to DFP ----------*/\n      googletag.cmd.push(function() {\n        googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest();\n        googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad();\n        googletag.enableServices();\n        window.dfpReady = true;\n      });\n    }\n\n    \n    /**---------- Irene integration ----------*/\n      var adlerValues;\n      var detectedDevice = \'Desktop\';\n\n      if(\'Mobile\' === detectedDevice) {\n        detectedDevice = \'MobileWeb\';\n      }\n\n      var setInstrumentationKV = function(status, error) {\n        slotConfigs.forEach(function(slot) {\n          slot.targeting.adler_status = status;\n          if (error) {\n            slot.targeting.adler_error = error;\n          }\n        });\n      }\n\n      var adlerParams = function(slots) {\n        var r = {};\n        const geo = \'US\';\n\n        if(geo === \'\') {\n          setInstrumentationKV(\'nogeo\', \'nogeo\');\n        }\n\n        slots.forEach(function(slot) {\n          r[slot.ad_uuid] = {\n            site: \'dcom\',\n            geo: geo,\n            platform: detectedDevice,\n            sizes: slot.sizes,\n            position: slot.targeting.pos,\n          }\n        });\n\n        return r;\n      }\n\n      var fallback = function(shouldSetupDFP, event) {\n        setInstrumentationKV(event.type);\n        if (shouldSetupDFP) {\n          setupDFP();\n        }\n      }\n\n      var injectAdlerValues = function(localSlotConfigs) {\n        if(adlerValues) {\n          localSlotConfigs.forEach(function(slot) {\n            if (!adlerValues[slot.ad_uuid]) {\n              slot.targeting.adler_status = \'nofloor\';\n            }\n            else {\n              slot.targeting.adler = adlerValues[slot.ad_uuid].adler;\n              slot.targeting.adler_a = adlerValues[slot.ad_uuid].adler_a;\n              slot.targeting.adler_b = adlerValues[slot.ad_uuid].adler_b;\n              slot.targeting.adler_status = \'ok\';\n            }\n          });\n        }\n      }\n\n      var setAdlerValues = function(rtfAjaxCall, localSlotConfigs) {\n        try {\n          adlerValues = JSON.parse(rtfAjaxCall.responseText);\n        } catch(err) {\n          setInstrumentationKV(\'parse\', err.message);\n        }\n        injectAdlerValues(localSlotConfigs);\n      }\n\n      var rtfCallback = function(rtfAjaxCall, localSlotConfigs, shouldSetupDFP) {\n        setAdlerValues(rtfAjaxCall, localSlotConfigs);\n        if (shouldSetupDFP) {\n          setupDFP();\n        }\n      }\n\n      var callRTF = function(localSlotConfigs, shouldSetupDFP) {\n        var rtfReq = new XMLHttpRequest();\n        rtfReq.addEventListener("load", rtfCallback.bind(null, rtfReq, localSlotConfigs, shouldSetupDFP));\n        rtfReq.addEventListener("timeout", fallback.bind(null, shouldSetupDFP));\n        rtfReq.addEventListener("error", fallback.bind(null, shouldSetupDFP));\n        rtfReq.open("POST", "https://irene.dictionary.com/v1", true);\n        rtfReq.timeout = 1000;\n        rtfReq.send(JSON.stringify(adlerParams(localSlotConfigs)));\n      }\n\n      callRTF(slotConfigs, true);\n      \n\n    /**---------- Pubmatic url ----------*/\n    const isEU = false;\n    var url = "https://ads.pubmatic.com/AdServer/js/pwt/103207/307";\n    const setGPTPersonalization = function(personalized) {\n      googletag.cmd.push(function() {\n        if (!window.dfpReady) {\n          setTimeout(setGPTPersonalization, 100, personalized);\n        }\n        else {\n          if (personalized) {\n            googletag.pubads().setRequestNonPersonalizedAds(0);\n          }\n          else {\n            googletag.pubads().setRequestNonPersonalizedAds(1);\n          }\n          googletag.pubads().refresh();\n        }\n      });\n    };\n    /**---------- extend pageTargeting at runtime ----------*/\n    pageTargeting.spe = "n";\n    pageTargeting.ref =\n      window.document.referrer.search(\n        "dictionary.com|thesaurus.com|reference.com"\n      ) > -1 ? "organic" : "direct";\n    pageTargeting.kw = "";\n    pageTargeting.lang = window.navigator.userLanguage || window.navigator.language;\n    pageTargeting.loc = "US";\n    pageTargeting.dow = new Date().getDay().toString();\n    pageTargeting.rpv = Math.floor(Math.random() * 100 + 1).toString();\n    pageTargeting.pv = typeof SCCookie !== "undefined" ? SCCookie.getPageViewCount() + "" : "";\n    pageTargeting.evince = "ad";\n\n    /**---------- Pubmatic wrapper and GPT Tag with Callback begins here ----------*/\n    var apstagSlots = slotConfigs.reduce(function(accumulator, currentValue) {\n      accumulator.push({\n        slotID: currentValue.placement,\n        sizes: currentValue.sizes\n      });\n      return accumulator;\n    }, []);\n    var PWT = {};\n\n    /**---------- PubMatic pwt.js on load callback is used to load GPT ----------*/\n    PWT.jsLoaded = function() {\n      /* Notifies OpenWrap that there are some external bidders for which it has to wait before calling DFP. */\n      window.OWT.registerExternalBidders();\n      (function() {\n        var gads = document.createElement(\'script\');\n        gads.src = \'https://www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js\';\n        var node = document.getElementsByTagName(\'script\')[0];\n        node.parentNode.insertBefore(gads, node);\n      })();\n    };\n\n    (function() {\n      var purl = window.location.href;\n      var profileVersionId = \'\';\n      if (purl.indexOf(\'pwtv=\') > 0) {\n        var regexp = /pwtv=(.*?)(&|$)/g;\n        var matches = regexp.exec(purl);\n        if (matches.length >= 2 && matches[1].length > 0) {\n          profileVersionId = \'/\' + matches[1];\n        }\n      }\n      var wtads = document.createElement(\'script\');\n      wtads.async = true;\n      wtads.type = \'text/javascript\';\n      wtads.src = url + profileVersionId + \'/pwt.js\';\n      var node = document.getElementsByTagName(\'script\')[0];\n      node.parentNode.insertBefore(wtads, node);\n    })();\n\n    !function(a9, a, p, s, t, A, g) {\n      if (a[a9]) return;\n\n      function q(c, r) {\n        a[a9]._Q.push([c, r])\n      }\n      a[a9] = {\n        init: function() {\n          q("i", arguments)\n        },\n        fetchBids: function() {\n          q("f", arguments)\n        },\n        setDisplayBids: function() {},\n        _Q: []\n      };\n\n      A = p.createElement(s);\n      A.async = !0;\n      A.src = t;\n      g = p.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];\n      g.parentNode.insertBefore(A, g)\n    }("apstag", window, document, "script", "//c.amazon-adsystem.com/aax2/apstag.js");\n\n    apstag.init({\n      pubID: \'3067\',\n      adServer: \'googletag\',\n      bidTimeout: 1000\n    });\n\n    apstag.fetchBids({\n      slots: apstagSlots\n    }, function(bids) {\n      /* Callback method that triggers the first DFP request for googletag\'s disableInitialLoad integration after bids have been set */\n      googletag.cmd.push(function() {\n        apstag.setDisplayBids();\n        window.OWT.notifyExternalBiddingComplete();\n\n        /*\n          Determine IAB consent if necessary, and trigger GPT ad refresh\n          if consent is provided.\n        */\n        if (isEU) {\n          try {\n            if (typeof __cmp === \'function\') {\n              __cmp("getVendorConsents", {}, function(c) {\n                let 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autoCapitalize="off" autoCorrect="off" name="override_query" class="search-input css-ji58t3 e18h4a054" id="searchbar_input" value="biology"/><button aria-label="Search" type="submit" id="search-submit" class="css-rv4ucl e18h4a052"></button><ul style="max-height:0" class="css-1jzsm78 ep2tsc50"><li class="css-afnsia e18h4a050"><a data-linkid="205vpa" class="css-iry8e ebjrtl60">synonyms</a></li></ul></form></div></div></div></header><div color="#9dbde1" id="initial-load-header-loader" class="css-k2b2qh e11ozc51"></div></div><div class="css-13o7eu2 e11ozc50"><div id="initial-load-content"><main class="css-d5e8ah e1fub8bm3"><aside class="no-collapse css-o2gk28 eanayw60" id="dcom-serp-lb-728x90"><script>if (window.googletag) {googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display(\'dcom-serp-lb-728x90\'); });} else {console.error(\'googletag not defined, dcom-serp-lb-728x90\');}</script></aside><section class="css-dfjnxh e8xvxkb0"><section class="css-0 e1hj943x0"><section class="css-1748arg e1wu7xq20"><section class="css-0 e1rg2mtf0"><h1 class="css-urzbm0 e1rg2mtf5">biology</h1><span class="audio-wrapper"><span data-ci-target="audio" class="css-17dkd7s e1rg2mtf4"></span><audio><source src="https://static.sfdict.com/audio/lunawav/B03/B0350200.ogg" type="audio/ogg"/><source src="https://static.sfdict.com/audio/B03/B0350200.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"/></audio></span><div><span class="css-1khtv86 e1rg2mtf2">[bahy-<span class="bold">ol</span>-<span class="italic">uh</span>-jee]</span></div></section><div class="css-1g5b64m e4wg2xj0"><button class="hotlinks-button css-1fvpz4m e4wg2xj1" data-ci-target="examples">Examples</button><button class="hotlinks-button css-1fvpz4m e4wg2xj1" data-ci-target="wordOrigin">Word Origin</button></div><a href="https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/biology" target="_blank" data-linkid="oowy0r" class="css-mtqscf e16svm7n1">See more synonyms for <span class="css-1msjh1x e16svm7n2">biology</span> on Thesaurus.com</a><div class="expand-container css-2h6jwx e1iplpfw0"><div class="css-8lgfcg e1iplpfw1"><section class="css-1sdcacc e10vl5dg0"><header class="css-1y60q53 e10vl5dg1"><span class="css-1pomevn e10vl5dg2"><span class="luna-pos">noun</span></span></header><ol class="css-zw8qdz e10vl5dg3"><li value="1" class="css-2oywg7 e10vl5dg5"><span class="one-click-content css-9sn2pa e10vl5dg6">the science of life or living matter in all its forms and phenomena, especially with reference to origin, growth, reproduction, structure, and behavior.</span></li><li value="2" class="css-2oywg7 e10vl5dg5"><span class="one-click-content css-9sn2pa e10vl5dg6">the living organisms of a region: <span class="luna-example italic">the biology of Pennsylvania.</span></span></li><li value="3" class="css-2oywg7 e10vl5dg5"><span class="one-click-content css-9sn2pa e10vl5dg6">the <a href="https://dictionary.com/browse/biological" class="luna-xref" data-linkid="nn1ov4">biological</a> phenomena characteristic of an organism or a group of organisms: <span class="luna-example italic">She is studying the biology of worms, especially in regard to their reproductive behavior.</span></span></li><div class="css-1lfse6c e10vl5dg9"><section class="no-collapse css-hh4f95 e1eb38er0"><aside class="css-6xt45o e1bbcgok0"><a href="https://www.dictionary.com/e/" data-linkid="2azoy5" class="css-1pny6db e1bbcgok2">Explore Dictionary.com</a><ul class="css-2vi8uw e1bbcgok1"><li class="css-105pq9n e1ifcv6o0"><a href="http://www.dictionary.com/e/s/10-weather-words-you-need-to-know/?param=DcomSERP-mid1" data-linkid="b00rn2" class="css-u1tqvs e1ifcv6o1"><img src="//images.ctfassets.net/55tpbg0qcsp4/4Dv5jfCu1G0oA0K2mw62Ci/f990173542acb54b8af9156f20b3f959/weather_words_1000x700.jpg?w=284&amp;h=240" alt="Weather Words You Need to Know" class="css-8atqhb e1ifcv6o3"/><span class="css-1fyr8sh e1ifcv6o2">Weather Words You Need to Know</span></a></li><li class="css-105pq9n e1ifcv6o0"><a 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href="https://www.dictionary.com/e/s/sad-words/?param=DcomSERP-mid4" data-linkid="mxi818" class="css-u1tqvs e1ifcv6o1"><img src="//images.ctfassets.net/55tpbg0qcsp4/5ln7xDTo6QYiSaEisGcwcU/1b755ef15200d8ca49c9b1813a496dc8/saddest_words_1000x700.jpg?w=284&amp;h=240" alt="These Are the Saddest Phrases in English" class="css-8atqhb e1ifcv6o3"/><span class="css-1fyr8sh e1ifcv6o2">These Are the Saddest Phrases in English</span></a></li></ul></aside></section></div></ol></section></div><div class="expand-button-container css-grsm00 e1iplpfw2"><button class="expand-button css-6d2nf9 e1iplpfw3">Show More</button></div></div><section class="css-54ces9 e16svm7n0"><h2 id="wordOrigin" class="css-j3k4qp e1cxe2lc0">Origin of <span class="css-1fxfie5 e1vvcl3c0">biology</span></h2><div class="one-click-content css-1jci32p e1iz2gwk0">From the <span class="luna-langn">German</span> word <span class="italic">Biologie,</span> dating back to <span class="luna-date">1805\xe2\x80\x9315.</span> See <a href="https://dictionary.com/browse/bio-" class="luna-xref" data-linkid="nn1ov4">bio-</a>, <a href="https://dictionary.com/browse/-logy" class="luna-xref" data-linkid="nn1ov4">-logy</a></div></section></section><div class="css-1yphgw4 ejtq9h60">Dictionary.com Unabridged\nBased on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, \xc2\xa9 Random House, Inc. 2018</div><hr class="css-11r0tj9 etjs7ll0"/><div class="css-1an5ojz e15p0a5t0"><h2 class="css-1wj1ajw e1cxe2lc2">Related Words for <!-- -->biology</h2><a href="/browse/ecology" target="_blank" data-linkid="ugrcqa" class="css-ntz2ga e15p0a5t1">ecology</a>, <a href="/browse/anthropology" target="_blank" data-linkid="ugrcqa" class="css-ntz2ga e15p0a5t1">anthropology</a>, <a href="/browse/medicine" target="_blank" data-linkid="ugrcqa" class="css-ntz2ga e15p0a5t1">medicine</a>, <a href="/browse/biology" target="_blank" data-linkid="ugrcqa" class="css-ntz2ga e15p0a5t1">biology</a>, <a href="/browse/zoology" target="_blank" data-linkid="ugrcqa" class="css-ntz2ga e15p0a5t1">zoology</a>, <a href="/browse/physics" target="_blank" data-linkid="ugrcqa" class="css-ntz2ga e15p0a5t1">physics</a>, <a href="/browse/division" target="_blank" data-linkid="ugrcqa" class="css-ntz2ga e15p0a5t1">division</a>, <a href="/browse/dissection" target="_blank" data-linkid="ugrcqa" class="css-ntz2ga e15p0a5t1">dissection</a>, <a href="/browse/analysis" target="_blank" data-linkid="ugrcqa" class="css-ntz2ga e15p0a5t1">analysis</a>, <a href="/browse/investigation" target="_blank" data-linkid="ugrcqa" class="css-ntz2ga e15p0a5t1">investigation</a>, <a href="/browse/examination" target="_blank" data-linkid="ugrcqa" class="css-ntz2ga e15p0a5t1">examination</a>, <a href="/browse/diagnosis" target="_blank" data-linkid="ugrcqa" class="css-ntz2ga e15p0a5t1">diagnosis</a>, <a href="/browse/inquiry" target="_blank" data-linkid="ugrcqa" class="css-ntz2ga e15p0a5t1">inquiry</a>, <a href="/browse/cytology" target="_blank" data-linkid="ugrcqa" class="css-ntz2ga e15p0a5t1">cytology</a>, <a href="/browse/genetics" target="_blank" data-linkid="ugrcqa" class="css-ntz2ga e15p0a5t1">genetics</a>, <a href="/browse/etiology" target="_blank" data-linkid="ugrcqa" class="css-ntz2ga e15p0a5t1">etiology</a>, <a href="/browse/histology" target="_blank" data-linkid="ugrcqa" class="css-ntz2ga e15p0a5t1">histology</a>, <a href="/browse/morphology" target="_blank" data-linkid="ugrcqa" class="css-ntz2ga e15p0a5t1">morphology</a>, <a href="/browse/embryology" target="_blank" data-linkid="ugrcqa" class="css-ntz2ga e15p0a5t1">embryology</a>, <a href="/browse/physiology" target="_blank" data-linkid="ugrcqa" class="css-ntz2ga e15p0a5t1">physiology</a></div><hr class="css-11r0tj9 etjs7ll0"/><section class="css-16b2ug3 e15kc6du0"><h2 id="examples" class="css-l7r0w2 e15kc6du3">Examples from the Web for <!-- -->biology</h2><div data-linkid="fboxke"><h3 class="css-12sy04c e15kc6du6">Contemporary Examples<!-- --> of <!-- -->biology</h3><ul class="css-o9b79t e15kc6du4"><li class="css-d2znx6 e15kc6du5"><p class="one-click-content css-it69we e15kc6du7">Complementarity as conservative Catholics use the term, however, is more than <span class="italic">biology</span>.</p><div class="css-k008qs e15kc6du2"><a href="https://thedailybeast.com/?source=dictionary" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://www.dictionary.com/assets/daily_beast_logo-5826abbaebfe092758106390ace3d904.png" alt="The Daily Beast logo" class="css-13aw141 e15kc6du8"/></a><div><a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/11/19/the-vatican-s-stealth-anti-gay-conference.html?source=dictionary" rel="nofollow" class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du1">Is Pope Francis Backpedaling on Gays?</a><p class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du9">Jay Michaelson</p><p class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du10">November 19, 2014</p></div></div></li><li class="css-d2znx6 e15kc6du5"><p class="one-click-content css-it69we e15kc6du7">\xe2\x80\x9cIn the long term, I am more worried about <span class="italic">biology</span>,\xe2\x80\x9d he told The Telegraph.</p><div class="css-k008qs e15kc6du2"><a href="https://thedailybeast.com/?source=dictionary" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://www.dictionary.com/assets/daily_beast_logo-5826abbaebfe092758106390ace3d904.png" alt="The Daily Beast logo" class="css-13aw141 e15kc6du8"/></a><div><a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/11/06/the-other-side-of-stephen-hawking-strippers-aliens-and-disturbing-abuse-claims.html?source=dictionary" rel="nofollow" class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du1">The Other Side of Stephen Hawking: Strippers, Aliens, and Disturbing Abuse Claims</a><p class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du9">Marlow Stern</p><p class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du10">November 6, 2014</p></div></div></li><li class="css-d2znx6 e15kc6du5"><p class="one-click-content css-it69we e15kc6du7">People are starting to recognize that depression must relate to <span class="italic">biology</span>, because who would give up such an outwardly gifted life?</p><div class="css-k008qs e15kc6du2"><a href="https://thedailybeast.com/?source=dictionary" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://www.dictionary.com/assets/daily_beast_logo-5826abbaebfe092758106390ace3d904.png" alt="The Daily Beast logo" class="css-13aw141 e15kc6du8"/></a><div><a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/08/20/we-re-talking-about-depression-all-wrong.html?source=dictionary" rel="nofollow" class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du1">We&#x27;re Talking About Depression All Wrong</a><p class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du9">Jean Kim</p><p class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du10">August 20, 2014</p></div></div></li><li class="css-d2znx6 e15kc6du5"><p class="one-click-content css-it69we e15kc6du7">Both are graduate students in <span class="italic">biology</span> at the University of Notre Dame.</p><div class="css-k008qs e15kc6du2"><a href="https://thedailybeast.com/?source=dictionary" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://www.dictionary.com/assets/daily_beast_logo-5826abbaebfe092758106390ace3d904.png" alt="The Daily Beast logo" class="css-13aw141 e15kc6du8"/></a><div><a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/08/03/the-daily-beast-s-best-longreads-aug-3-2014.html?source=dictionary" rel="nofollow" class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du1">The Daily Beast\xe2\x80\x99s Best Longreads, Aug 3, 2014</a><p class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du9">The Daily Beast</p><p class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du10">August 3, 2014</p></div></div></li><li class="css-d2znx6 e15kc6du5"><p class="one-click-content css-it69we e15kc6du7">For example, to build flexible career and promotional tracks which do not conflict with <span class="italic">biology</span>.</p><div class="css-k008qs e15kc6du2"><a href="https://thedailybeast.com/?source=dictionary" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://www.dictionary.com/assets/daily_beast_logo-5826abbaebfe092758106390ace3d904.png" alt="The Daily Beast logo" class="css-13aw141 e15kc6du8"/></a><div><a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/07/19/whither-the-women-s-movement.html?source=dictionary" rel="nofollow" class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du1">Whither the Women\xe2\x80\x99s Movement?</a><p class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du9">Judith Barnett</p><p class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du10">July 19, 2014</p></div></div></li></ul></div><div data-linkid="sl8bq9"><h3 class="css-12sy04c e15kc6du6">Historical Examples<!-- --> of <!-- -->biology</h3><ul class="css-o9b79t e15kc6du4"><li class="css-d2znx6 e15kc6du5"><p class="one-click-content css-it69we e15kc6du7">They know everything about <span class="italic">biology</span>, but almost nothing about life.</p><div class="css-k008qs e15kc6du2"><div><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9656/9656-h/9656-h.htm" rel="nofollow" class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du1">Alarms and Discursions</a><p class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du9">G. K. Chesterton</p></div></div></li><li class="css-d2znx6 e15kc6du5"><p class="one-click-content css-it69we e15kc6du7">Why this should be so is one of the most profound problems of <span class="italic">biology</span>.</p><div class="css-k008qs e15kc6du2"><div><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29422/29422-h/29422-h.htm" rel="nofollow" class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du1">The Meaning of Evolution</a><p class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du9">Samuel Christian Schmucker</p></div></div></li><li class="css-d2znx6 e15kc6du5"><p class="one-click-content css-it69we e15kc6du7">His progress, and the progress of thousands of other researchers in <span class="italic">biology</span>, must have been watched.</p><div class="css-k008qs e15kc6du2"><div><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29487/29487-h/29487-h.htm" rel="nofollow" class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du1">Forever</a><p class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du9">Robert Sheckley</p></div></div></li><li class="css-d2znx6 e15kc6du5"><p class="one-click-content css-it69we e15kc6du7">What are the general adaptive contributions of <span class="italic">biology</span> to human nature?</p><div class="css-k008qs e15kc6du2"><div><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29604/29604-h/29604-h.htm" rel="nofollow" class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du1">College Teaching</a><p class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du9">Paul Klapper</p></div></div></li><li class="css-d2znx6 e15kc6du5"><p class="one-click-content css-it69we e15kc6du7">What are the results in the individual which <span class="italic">biology</span> should aim to bring to every student?</p><div class="css-k008qs e15kc6du2"><div><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29604/29604-h/29604-h.htm" rel="nofollow" class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du1">College Teaching</a><p class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du9">Paul Klapper</p></div></div></li></ul></div><hr class="css-11r0tj9 etjs7ll0"/></section><section class="css-zuqhy e1013k4u0">British Dictionary definitions for <!-- -->biology</section><section class="css-1nakkwx e1n8zibb0"><section class="css-0 e1rg2mtf0"><h2 class="css-urzbm0 e1rg2mtf5">biology</h2><div></div></section><div class="expand-container css-2h6jwx e1iplpfw0"><div class="css-8lgfcg e1iplpfw1"><section class="css-1sdcacc e10vl5dg0"><header class="css-1y60q53 e10vl5dg1"><span class="css-1pomevn e10vl5dg2"><span class="pos">noun</span></span></header><ol class="css-zw8qdz e10vl5dg3"><li value="1" class="css-2oywg7 e10vl5dg5"><span class="one-click-content css-9sn2pa e10vl5dg6">the study of living organisms, including their structure, functioning, evolution, distribution, and interrelationships</span></li><li value="2" class="css-2oywg7 e10vl5dg5"><span class="one-click-content css-9sn2pa e10vl5dg6">the structure, functioning, etc, of a particular organism or group of organisms</span></li><li value="3" class="css-2oywg7 e10vl5dg5"><span class="one-click-content css-9sn2pa e10vl5dg6">the animal and plant life of a particular region</span></li></ol></section></div><div class="expand-button-container css-grsm00 e1iplpfw2"><button class="expand-button css-6d2nf9 e1iplpfw3">Show More</button></div></div><section class="css-54ces9 e16svm7n0"><span class="css-115kt4v e614id60">Derived Forms</span><span class="one-click-content css-uzg0jd e614id61"><span class="headword bold">biologist</span>, <span class="pos">noun</span></span></section></section><div class="css-1yphgw4 ejtq9h60">Collins English Dictionary - Complete &amp; Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition \n\xc2\xa9 William Collins Sons &amp; Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 \xc2\xa9 HarperCollins \nPublishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012</div><hr class="css-11r0tj9 etjs7ll0"/><section class="css-i3pbo e8i5ajd0"><h2 class="css-1wj1ajw e1cxe2lc2">Word Origin and History for<!-- --> <span class="css-1fxfie5 e1vvcl3c0">biology</span></h2><section class="css-i3pbo e8i5ajd0"><div><div class="expand-container css-2h6jwx e1iplpfw0"><div class="css-8lgfcg e1iplpfw1"><section class="css-k59p8l ehevz040"><span class="css-utybho ehevz045">n.</span><p class="one-click-content css-mgww5h ehevz041">1819, from Greek <span class="italic">bios</span> "life" (see <a href="https://dictionary.com/browse/bio-" class="luna-xref" data-linkid="nn1ov4">bio-</a>) + <a href="https://dictionary.com/browse/-logy" class="luna-xref" data-linkid="nn1ov4">-logy</a>. Suggested 1802 by German naturalist Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus (1776-1837), and introduced as a scientific term that year in French by Lamarck.</p></section></div><div class="expand-button-container css-grsm00 e1iplpfw2"><button class="expand-button css-6d2nf9 e1iplpfw3">Show More</button></div></div></div></section><div class="css-1yphgw4 ejtq9h60">Online Etymology Dictionary, \xc2\xa9 2010 Douglas Harper</div><hr class="css-11r0tj9 etjs7ll0"/></section><section class="css-i3pbo e8i5ajd0"><section class="css-zuqhy e1013k4u0">biology<!-- --> in Medicine</section><h2 class="css-urzbm0 e1rg2mtf5">biology</h2><span class="css-1khtv86 e1rg2mtf2">(b\xc4\xab-\xc5\x8fl<span class="rich-text bold">\xe2\x80\xb2</span>\xc9\x99-j\xc4\x93)</span><div class="expand-container css-2h6jwx e1iplpfw0"><div class="css-8lgfcg e1iplpfw1"><section class="css-1sdcacc e10vl5dg0"><header class="css-1y60q53 e10vl5dg1"><span class="css-1pomevn e10vl5dg2"><span class="pos">n.</span></span></header><ol class="css-zw8qdz e10vl5dg3"><li class="css-2oywg7 e10vl5dg5"><span class="one-click-content css-9sn2pa e10vl5dg6"><span class="tx">The science of life and of living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution. It includes botany and zoology.</span></span></li><li class="css-2oywg7 e10vl5dg5"><span class="one-click-content css-9sn2pa e10vl5dg6"><span class="tx">The life processes or characteristic phenomena of a group or category of living organisms.</span></span></li></ol></section></div><div class="expand-button-container css-grsm00 e1iplpfw2"><button class="expand-button css-6d2nf9 e1iplpfw3">Show More</button></div></div><section class="css-54ces9 e16svm7n0"><span class="css-115kt4v e614id60">Related forms</span><span class="one-click-content css-uzg0jd e614id61"><span class="runon">bi\xe2\x80\xa2ol<span class="rich-text bold">\xe2\x80\xb2</span>o\xe2\x80\xa2gist</span> <span class="pos">n.</span></span></section><div class="css-1yphgw4 ejtq9h60">The American Heritage\xc2\xae Stedman&#x27;s Medical Dictionary \n Copyright \xc2\xa9 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.</div><hr class="css-11r0tj9 etjs7ll0"/></section><section class="css-i3pbo e8i5ajd0"><section class="css-zuqhy e1013k4u0">biology<!-- --> in Science</section><section><section class="css-0 e1rg2mtf0"><h2 class="css-urzbm0 e1rg2mtf5">biology</h2><span class="audio-wrapper"><span data-ci-target="audio" class="css-17dkd7s e1rg2mtf4"></span><audio><source src="https://static.sfdict.com/content-assets/science/audio/ogg/B0265500.ogg" type="audio/ogg"/><source src="https://static.sfdict.com/content-assets/science/audio/mp3/B0265500.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"/><source src="https://static.sfdict.com/content-assets/science/audio/wav/B0265500.wav" type="audio/wav"/></audio></span><div><span class="css-1khtv86 e1rg2mtf2">[b\xc4\xab-\xc5\x8fl<span class="rich-text bold">\xe2\x80\xb2</span>\xc9\x99-j\xc4\x93]</span></div></section><div class="expand-container css-2h6jwx e1iplpfw0"><div class="css-8lgfcg e1iplpfw1"><section class="css-1sdcacc e10vl5dg0"><header class="css-1y60q53 e10vl5dg1"><span class="css-1pomevn e10vl5dg2"></span></header><ol class="css-zw8qdz e10vl5dg3"><li class="css-2oywg7 e10vl5dg5"><span class="one-click-content css-9sn2pa e10vl5dg6"><span class="definition"><span class="deftx"><span class="tx">The scientific study of life and of living organisms. Botany, zoology, and ecology are all branches of biology.</span></span></span></span></li></ol></section></div><div class="expand-button-container css-grsm00 e1iplpfw2"><button class="expand-button css-6d2nf9 e1iplpfw3">Show More</button></div></div></section><div class="css-1yphgw4 ejtq9h60">The American Heritage\xc2\xae Science Dictionary \n Copyright \xc2\xa9 2011. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.</div><hr class="css-11r0tj9 etjs7ll0"/></section><section class="css-i3pbo e8i5ajd0"><section class="css-zuqhy e1013k4u0">biology<!-- --> in Culture</section><section><section class="css-0 e1rg2mtf0"><h2 class="css-urzbm0 e1rg2mtf5">biology</h2><div></div></section><section class="css-i3pbo e8i5ajd0"><div><div class="expand-container css-2h6jwx e1iplpfw0"><div class="css-8lgfcg e1iplpfw1"><section class="css-k59p8l ehevz040"><p class="one-click-content css-mgww5h ehevz041">The study of life and living systems.</p></section></div><div class="expand-button-container css-grsm00 e1iplpfw2"><button class="expand-button css-6d2nf9 e1iplpfw3">Show More</button></div></div></div></section></section><div class="css-1yphgw4 ejtq9h60">The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition \nCopyright \xc2\xa9 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.</div></section></section><aside class="css-19a7eo8 e1su27ci0"><aside class="css-6xt45o e1bbcgok0"><a href="https://www.dictionary.com/e/" data-linkid="lcs15a" class="css-1pny6db e1bbcgok2">Others Are Reading</a><ul class="css-1h3udqp e1bbcgok1"><li class="css-105pq9n e1ifcv6o0"><a href="https://www.dictionary.com/e/mistrust-vs-distrust/?param=DcomSERP-RR1" data-linkid="m9a2e2" class="css-u1tqvs e1ifcv6o1"><img src="//images.ctfassets.net/55tpbg0qcsp4/5CGuTH7Jq8M6seWye2k6w2/38f7aa6e3edf2c39b460788c500d993e/this-or-that_v3_1000x700.jpg?w=284&amp;h=240" alt="We&#x27;re about to solve one of the great mysteries of the English language. Are you ready?" class="css-8atqhb e1ifcv6o3"/><span class="css-1fyr8sh e1ifcv6o2">We&#x27;re about to solve one of the great mysteries of the English language. 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});} else {console.error(\'googletag not defined, dcom-serp-a-mid-300x250\');}</script></aside><div class="css-b8kzem e14wda90"><h3 class="css-8c7dcs e14wda92">Nearby words for <span class="css-1fxfie5 e1vvcl3c0">biology</span></h3><hr class="css-11r0tj9 etjs7ll0"/><ol data-linkid="lno2pu" class="css-7w6khc e14wda94"><li class="css-1oucjfz e14wda93"><a href="/browse/biological-vector">biological vector</a></li><li class="css-1oucjfz e14wda93"><a href="/browse/b-w-">biological warfare</a></li><li class="css-1oucjfz e14wda93"><a href="/browse/biologics">biologics</a></li><li class="css-1oucjfz e14wda93"><a href="/browse/biologism">biologism</a></li><li class="css-1oucjfz e14wda93"><a href="/browse/biologist">biologist</a></li><li class="css-1oucjfz e14wda93"><div class="css-139mknr e14wda91"><a href="/browse/biology"><span class="css-1fxfie5 e1vvcl3c0">biology</span></a></div></li><li class="css-1oucjfz e14wda93"><a href="/browse/bioluminescence">bioluminescence</a></li><li class="css-1oucjfz e14wda93"><a href="/browse/bioluminescent">bioluminescent</a></li><li class="css-1oucjfz e14wda93"><a href="/browse/biolysis">biolysis</a></li><li class="css-1oucjfz e14wda93"><a href="/browse/biolytic">biolytic</a></li><li class="css-1oucjfz e14wda93"><a href="/browse/biomagnetism">biomagnetism</a></li></ol></div></aside></section><aside class="no-collapse css-o2gk28 eanayw60" id="dcom-serp-bottom-lb-728x90"><script>if (window.googletag) {googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display(\'dcom-serp-bottom-lb-728x90\'); 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In [9]:



    


start = dictionary_search.text.find('Biology')
start



    


















    
Out[9]:








151

















In [10]:



    


finish = dictionary_search.text.find(' See more')
finish



    


















    
Out[10]:








323

















In [11]:



    


definition = dictionary_search.text[start:finish]
definition



    


















    
Out[11]:








'Biology definition, the science of life or living matter in all its forms and phenomena, especially with reference to origin, growth, reproduction, structure, and behavior.'

















In [12]:



    


def dictionary_search(word):
    url = 'https://dictionary.com/browse/' + word
    response = requests.get(url)
    start = response.text.find(word)
    finish = response.text.find(' See more')
    definition = response.text[start:finish]
    return definition



    











In [13]:



    


print(dictionary_search('Biology'))



    


















    






Biology definition, the science of life or living matter in all its forms and phenomena, especially with reference to origin, growth, reproduction, structure, and behavior.

















In [14]:



    


print(dictionary_search('DNA'))



    


















    






DNA is encoded in the sequence of the bases and is transcribed as the strands unwind and replicate.

















In [15]:



    


dna_search = requests.get('https://dictionary.com/browse/DNA')
dna_search.content



    


















    
Out[15]:








b'<!DOCTYPE html>\n    <html lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">\n      <head>\n        \n  <meta charSet="utf-8">\n  <meta name="description" content="Dna definition, deoxyribonucleic acid: an extremely long macromolecule that is the main component of chromosomes and is the material that transfers genetic characteristics in all life forms, constructed of two nucleotide strands coiled around each other in a ladderlike arrangement with the sidepieces composed of alternating phosphate and deoxyribose units and the rungs composed of the purine and pyrimidine bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine: the genetic information of DNA is encoded in the sequence of the bases and is transcribed as the strands unwind and replicate. 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class="css-1g5b64m e4wg2xj0"><button class="hotlinks-button css-1fvpz4m e4wg2xj1" data-ci-target="examples">Examples</button><button class="hotlinks-button css-1fvpz4m e4wg2xj1" data-ci-target="wordOrigin">Word Origin</button></div><div class="expand-container css-2h6jwx e1iplpfw0"><div class="css-8lgfcg e1iplpfw1"><section class="css-1sdcacc e10vl5dg0"><header class="css-1y60q53 e10vl5dg1"><span class="css-1pomevn e10vl5dg2"></span></header><ol class="css-zw8qdz e10vl5dg3"><li value="1" class="css-2oywg7 e10vl5dg5"><span class="one-click-content css-9sn2pa e10vl5dg6"> <span class="luna-labset"><span class="luna-label italic">Genetics</span></span>. </span><span class="one-click-content css-9sn2pa e10vl5dg6">deoxyribonucleic acid: an extremely long macromolecule that is the main component of chromosomes and is the material that transfers genetic characteristics in all life forms, constructed of two nucleotide strands coiled around each other in a ladderlike arrangement with the sidepieces composed of alternating phosphate and deoxyribose units and the rungs composed of the purine and pyrimidine bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine: the genetic information of DNA is encoded in the sequence of the bases and is transcribed as the strands unwind and replicate.</span><span class="one-click-content css-10rk44a e10vl5dg7">Compare <a href="https://dictionary.com/browse/base-pair" class="luna-xref" data-linkid="nn1ov4">base pair</a>, <a href="https://dictionary.com/browse/gene" class="luna-xref" data-linkid="nn1ov4">gene</a>, <a href="https://dictionary.com/browse/genetic-code" class="luna-xref" data-linkid="nn1ov4">genetic code</a>, <a href="https://dictionary.com/browse/rna" class="luna-xref" data-linkid="nn1ov4">RNA</a>.</span></li><li value="2" class="css-2oywg7 e10vl5dg5"><span class="one-click-content css-9sn2pa e10vl5dg6">the set of nongenetic traits, qualities, or features that characterize a person or thing: <span class="luna-example italic">Humility is just not in her DNA.</span></span></li></ol></section></div><div class="expand-button-container css-grsm00 e1iplpfw2"><button class="expand-button css-6d2nf9 e1iplpfw3">Show More</button></div></div><section class="no-collapse css-hh4f95 e1eb38er0"><aside class="css-6xt45o e1bbcgok0"><a href="https://www.dictionary.com/e/" data-linkid="2azoy5" class="css-1pny6db e1bbcgok2">Explore Dictionary.com</a><ul class="css-2vi8uw e1bbcgok1"><li class="css-105pq9n e1ifcv6o0"><a href="http://www.dictionary.com/e/s/10-weather-words-you-need-to-know/?param=DcomSERP-mid1" data-linkid="b00rn2" class="css-u1tqvs e1ifcv6o1"><img src="//images.ctfassets.net/55tpbg0qcsp4/4Dv5jfCu1G0oA0K2mw62Ci/f990173542acb54b8af9156f20b3f959/weather_words_1000x700.jpg?w=284&amp;h=240" alt="Weather Words You Need to Know" class="css-8atqhb e1ifcv6o3"/><span class="css-1fyr8sh e1ifcv6o2">Weather Words You Need to Know</span></a></li><li class="css-105pq9n e1ifcv6o0"><a href="https://www.dictionary.com/e/video/why-we-love-adding-emoji-to-dictionary/?param=DcomSERP-mid2" data-linkid="ytn3fh" class="css-u1tqvs e1ifcv6o1"><img src="//images.ctfassets.net/55tpbg0qcsp4/4lkNvdcEb62AYAC0y6CQc4/27ccf91ff202a53f227d559dd54778aa/emoji_quotes3.jpg?w=284&amp;h=240" alt="Can You Translate These Famous Phrases From Emoji?" class="css-8atqhb e1ifcv6o3"/><span class="css-1fyr8sh e1ifcv6o2">Can You Translate These Famous Phrases From Emoji?</span></a></li><li class="css-105pq9n e1ifcv6o0"><a href="http://www.dictionary.com/e/s/longest-english-words/?param=DcomSERP-mid3" data-linkid="gdjn7o" class="css-u1tqvs e1ifcv6o1"><img src="//images.ctfassets.net/55tpbg0qcsp4/6Urum7wOdiGMGGQYeiaG6q/cf107f2f179af738b37e42ba83235c72/long_words3.jpg?w=284&amp;h=240" alt="These Are the Longest Words in English" class="css-8atqhb e1ifcv6o3"/><span class="css-1fyr8sh e1ifcv6o2">These Are the Longest Words in English</span></a></li><li class="css-105pq9n e1ifcv6o0"><a href="https://www.dictionary.com/e/s/sad-words/?param=DcomSERP-mid4" data-linkid="mxi818" class="css-u1tqvs e1ifcv6o1"><img src="//images.ctfassets.net/55tpbg0qcsp4/5ln7xDTo6QYiSaEisGcwcU/1b755ef15200d8ca49c9b1813a496dc8/saddest_words_1000x700.jpg?w=284&amp;h=240" alt="These Are the Saddest Phrases in English" class="css-8atqhb e1ifcv6o3"/><span class="css-1fyr8sh e1ifcv6o2">These Are the Saddest Phrases in English</span></a></li></ul></aside></section><section class="css-54ces9 e16svm7n0"><h2 id="wordOrigin" class="css-j3k4qp e1cxe2lc0">Origin of <span class="css-1fxfie5 e1vvcl3c0">DNA</span></h2><div class="one-click-content css-1jci32p e1iz2gwk0"><span class="luna-date">1930\xe2\x80\x9335;</span> <span class="italic">d(eoxyribo)n(ucleic)</span> <span class="italic">a(cid)</span></div></section></section><div class="css-1yphgw4 ejtq9h60">Dictionary.com Unabridged\nBased on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, \xc2\xa9 Random House, Inc. 2018</div><hr class="css-11r0tj9 etjs7ll0"/><div class="css-1an5ojz e15p0a5t0"><h2 class="css-1wj1ajw e1cxe2lc2">Related Words for <!-- -->dna</h2><a href="/browse/heredity" target="_blank" data-linkid="ugrcqa" class="css-ntz2ga e15p0a5t1">heredity</a>, <a href="/browse/rna" target="_blank" data-linkid="ugrcqa" class="css-ntz2ga e15p0a5t1">RNA</a>, <a href="/browse/gene" target="_blank" data-linkid="ugrcqa" class="css-ntz2ga e15p0a5t1">gene</a>, <a href="/browse/chromosome" target="_blank" data-linkid="ugrcqa" class="css-ntz2ga e15p0a5t1">chromosome</a></div><hr class="css-11r0tj9 etjs7ll0"/><section class="css-16b2ug3 e15kc6du0"><h2 id="examples" class="css-l7r0w2 e15kc6du3">Examples from the Web for <!-- -->dna</h2><div data-linkid="fboxke"><h3 class="css-12sy04c e15kc6du6">Contemporary Examples<!-- --> of <!-- -->dna</h3><ul class="css-o9b79t e15kc6du4"><li class="css-d2znx6 e15kc6du5"><p class="one-click-content css-it69we e15kc6du7"><span class="italic">DNA</span> tests were used to confirm Albert\'s status as father in both cases, following protracted legal battles.</p><div class="css-k008qs e15kc6du2"><a href="https://thedailybeast.com/?source=dictionary" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://www.dictionary.com/assets/daily_beast_logo-5826abbaebfe092758106390ace3d904.png" alt="The Daily Beast logo" class="css-13aw141 e15kc6du8"/></a><div><a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/12/10/princess-charlene-gives-birth-to-twins-gabriella-and-jacques.html?source=dictionary" rel="nofollow" class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du1">Princess Charlene Gives Birth To Twins Gabriella and Jacques</a><p class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du9">Tom Sykes</p><p class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du10">December 10, 2014</p></div></div></li><li class="css-d2znx6 e15kc6du5"><p class="one-click-content css-it69we e15kc6du7">The at-home genetics testing company 23andme, established in 2006, helps people learn more about their \xe2\x80\x9c<span class="italic">DNA</span> relatives.\xe2\x80\x9d</p><div class="css-k008qs e15kc6du2"><a href="https://thedailybeast.com/?source=dictionary" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://www.dictionary.com/assets/daily_beast_logo-5826abbaebfe092758106390ace3d904.png" alt="The Daily Beast logo" class="css-13aw141 e15kc6du8"/></a><div><a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/12/08/nothing-says-i-love-you-like-data.html?source=dictionary" rel="nofollow" class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du1">Nothing Says I Love You Like Data</a><p class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du9">The Daily Beast</p><p class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du10">December 8, 2014</p></div></div></li><li class="css-d2znx6 e15kc6du5"><p class="one-click-content css-it69we e15kc6du7">The story (and some <span class="italic">DNA</span> evidence) goes, the locals are the descendants of a band of Roman soldiers from 36 B.C.</p><div class="css-k008qs e15kc6du2"><a href="https://thedailybeast.com/?source=dictionary" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://www.dictionary.com/assets/daily_beast_logo-5826abbaebfe092758106390ace3d904.png" alt="The Daily Beast logo" class="css-13aw141 e15kc6du8"/></a><div><a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/12/04/the-chinese-town-descended-from-romans.html?source=dictionary" rel="nofollow" class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du1">The Chinese Town Descended From Romans?</a><p class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du9">Nina Strochlic</p><p class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du10">December 4, 2014</p></div></div></li><li class="css-d2znx6 e15kc6du5"><p class="one-click-content css-it69we e15kc6du7">Still other media sources are reporting that the <span class="italic">DNA</span> test is awaiting results.</p><div class="css-k008qs e15kc6du2"><a href="https://thedailybeast.com/?source=dictionary" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://www.dictionary.com/assets/daily_beast_logo-5826abbaebfe092758106390ace3d904.png" alt="The Daily Beast logo" class="css-13aw141 e15kc6du8"/></a><div><a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/12/03/mystery-surrounds-the-arrest-of-wife-of-isis-s-top-leader.html?source=dictionary" rel="nofollow" class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du1">The ISIS Wife Swap Mystery</a><p class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du9">Jacob Siegel</p><p class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du10">December 3, 2014</p></div></div></li><li class="css-d2znx6 e15kc6du5"><p class="one-click-content css-it69we e15kc6du7">The loss of authenticity is equal to loss of the whole site as a cultural resource\xe2\x80\x94its entire <span class="italic">DNA</span> is altered.</p><div class="css-k008qs e15kc6du2"><a href="https://thedailybeast.com/?source=dictionary" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://www.dictionary.com/assets/daily_beast_logo-5826abbaebfe092758106390ace3d904.png" alt="The Daily Beast logo" class="css-13aw141 e15kc6du8"/></a><div><a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/11/16/for-rent-priceless-historic-sites.html?source=dictionary" rel="nofollow" class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du1">For Rent: Priceless Historic Sites</a><p class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du9">Elinor Betesh</p><p class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du10">November 16, 2014</p></div></div></li></ul></div><div data-linkid="sl8bq9"><h3 class="css-12sy04c e15kc6du6">Historical Examples<!-- --> of <!-- -->dna</h3><ul class="css-o9b79t e15kc6du4"><li class="css-d2znx6 e15kc6du5"><p class="one-click-content css-it69we e15kc6du7">Ruoy xis snisuoc emac ereh yadretsey, <span class="italic">dna</span> dah hcae a eceip fo ekac.</p><div class="css-k008qs e15kc6du2"><div><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/42078/42078-h/42078-h.htm" rel="nofollow" class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du1">The Letters of Jane Austen</a><p class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du9">Jane Austen</p></div></div></li><li class="css-d2znx6 e15kc6du5"><p class="one-click-content css-it69we e15kc6du7">Siht si elttil Yssac\'s yadhtrib, <span class="italic">dna</span> ehs si eerht sraey dlo.</p><div class="css-k008qs e15kc6du2"><div><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/42078/42078-h/42078-h.htm" rel="nofollow" class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du1">The Letters of Jane Austen</a><p class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du9">Jane Austen</p></div></div></li><li class="css-d2znx6 e15kc6du5"><p class="one-click-content css-it69we e15kc6du7">The <span class="italic">Dna</span> takes a westerly course towards the Gulf of Riga where it empties near the city of that name.</p><div class="css-k008qs e15kc6du2"><div><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20880/20880-h/20880-h.htm" rel="nofollow" class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du1">The Story of Russia</a><p class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du9">R. Van Bergen, M.A.</p></div></div></li><li class="css-d2znx6 e15kc6du5"><p class="one-click-content css-it69we e15kc6du7">Another bishop sailed up the <span class="italic">Dna</span> with a fleet of twenty-three ships, and in 1200 founded Riga.</p><div class="css-k008qs e15kc6du2"><div><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20880/20880-h/20880-h.htm" rel="nofollow" class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du1">The Story of Russia</a><p class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du9">R. Van Bergen, M.A.</p></div></div></li><li class="css-d2znx6 e15kc6du5"><p class="one-click-content css-it69we e15kc6du7">The cup and foot are of agate, probably specimens of the classic period; the mounting, which dates from the time of <span class="italic">Dna</span>.</p><div class="css-k008qs e15kc6du2"><div><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39602/39602-h/39602-h.htm" rel="nofollow" class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du1">The Industrial Arts in Spain</a><p class="css-1ugobpn e15kc6du9">Juan F. Riao</p></div></div></li></ul></div><hr class="css-11r0tj9 etjs7ll0"/></section><section class="css-zuqhy e1013k4u0">British Dictionary definitions for <!-- -->dna</section><section class="css-1nakkwx e1n8zibb0"><section class="css-0 e1rg2mtf0"><h2 class="css-urzbm0 e1rg2mtf5">DNA</h2><div></div></section><div class="expand-container css-2h6jwx e1iplpfw0"><div class="css-8lgfcg e1iplpfw1"><section class="css-1sdcacc e10vl5dg0"><header class="css-1y60q53 e10vl5dg1"><span class="css-1pomevn e10vl5dg2"><span class="pos">noun</span></span></header><ol class="css-zw8qdz e10vl5dg3"><li value="1" class="css-2oywg7 e10vl5dg5"><span class="one-click-content css-9sn2pa e10vl5dg6">deoxyribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid that is the main constituent of the chromosomes of all organisms (except some viruses). The DNA molecule consists of two polynucleotide chains in the form of a double helix, containing phosphate and the sugar deoxyribose and linked by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine. DNA is self-replicating, plays a central role in protein synthesis, and is responsible for the transmission of hereditary characteristics from parents to offspring</span><span class="one-click-content css-10rk44a e10vl5dg7">See also <a href="https://dictionary.com/browse/genetic-code" class="xref" data-linkid="nn1ov4">genetic code</a></span></li></ol></section></div><div class="expand-button-container css-grsm00 e1iplpfw2"><button class="expand-button css-6d2nf9 e1iplpfw3">Show More</button></div></div><div class="expand-container css-2h6jwx e1iplpfw0"><div class="css-8lgfcg e1iplpfw1"><section class="css-1sdcacc e10vl5dg0"><header class="css-1y60q53 e10vl5dg1"><span class="css-1pomevn e10vl5dg2"><span class="pos">abbreviation for</span></span></header><ol class="css-zw8qdz e10vl5dg3"><li value="2" class="css-2oywg7 e10vl5dg5"><span class="one-click-content css-9sn2pa e10vl5dg6">did not attend</span></li></ol></section></div><div class="expand-button-container css-grsm00 e1iplpfw2"><button class="expand-button css-6d2nf9 e1iplpfw3">Show More</button></div></div></section><div class="css-1yphgw4 ejtq9h60">Collins English Dictionary - Complete &amp; Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition \n\xc2\xa9 William Collins Sons &amp; Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 \xc2\xa9 HarperCollins \nPublishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012</div><hr class="css-11r0tj9 etjs7ll0"/><section class="css-i3pbo e8i5ajd0"><h2 class="css-1wj1ajw e1cxe2lc2">Word Origin and History for<!-- --> <span class="css-1fxfie5 e1vvcl3c0">dna</span></h2><section class="css-i3pbo e8i5ajd0"><h2 class="css-urzbm0 e1rg2mtf5">DNA</h2><div><div class="expand-container css-2h6jwx e1iplpfw0"><div class="css-8lgfcg e1iplpfw1"><section class="css-k59p8l ehevz040"><span class="css-utybho ehevz045">n.</span><p class="one-click-content css-mgww5h ehevz041">1944, abbreviation of <span class="italic">d</span>eoxy<span class="italic">r</span>ibonucleic <span class="italic">a</span>cid (1931).</p></section></div><div class="expand-button-container css-grsm00 e1iplpfw2"><button class="expand-button css-6d2nf9 e1iplpfw3">Show More</button></div></div></div></section><div class="css-1yphgw4 ejtq9h60">Online Etymology Dictionary, \xc2\xa9 2010 Douglas Harper</div><hr class="css-11r0tj9 etjs7ll0"/></section><section class="css-i3pbo e8i5ajd0"><section class="css-zuqhy e1013k4u0">dna<!-- --> in Medicine</section><h2 class="css-urzbm0 e1rg2mtf5">DNA</h2><span class="css-1khtv86 e1rg2mtf2">(d\xc4\x93\xe2\x80\xb2\xc4\x95n-\xc4\x81<span class="rich-text bold">\xe2\x80\xb2</span>)</span><div class="expand-container css-2h6jwx e1iplpfw0"><div class="css-8lgfcg e1iplpfw1"><section class="css-1sdcacc e10vl5dg0"><header class="css-1y60q53 e10vl5dg1"><span class="css-1pomevn e10vl5dg2"><span class="pos">n.</span></span></header><ol class="css-zw8qdz e10vl5dg3"><li class="css-2oywg7 e10vl5dg5"><span class="one-click-content css-9sn2pa e10vl5dg6"><span class="tx">Deoxyribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid that consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted together into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine; it carries the cell\'s genetic information and hereditary characteristics via its nucleotides and their sequence and is capable of self-replication and RNA synthesis.</span></span></li></ol></section></div><div class="expand-button-container css-grsm00 e1iplpfw2"><button class="expand-button css-6d2nf9 e1iplpfw3">Show More</button></div></div><div class="css-1yphgw4 ejtq9h60">The American Heritage\xc2\xae Stedman&#x27;s Medical Dictionary \n Copyright \xc2\xa9 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.</div><hr class="css-11r0tj9 etjs7ll0"/></section><section class="css-i3pbo e8i5ajd0"><section class="css-zuqhy e1013k4u0">dna<!-- --> in Science</section><section><section class="css-0 e1rg2mtf0"><h2 class="css-urzbm0 e1rg2mtf5">DNA</h2><span class="audio-wrapper"><span data-ci-target="audio" class="css-17dkd7s e1rg2mtf4"></span><audio><source src="https://static.sfdict.com/content-assets/science/audio/ogg/D0311200.ogg" type="audio/ogg"/><source src="https://static.sfdict.com/content-assets/science/audio/mp3/D0311200.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"/><source src="https://static.sfdict.com/content-assets/science/audio/wav/D0311200.wav" type="audio/wav"/></audio></span><div><span class="css-1khtv86 e1rg2mtf2">[d\xc4\x93\xe2\x80\xb2\xc4\x95n-\xc4\x81<span class="rich-text bold">\xe2\x80\xb2</span>]</span></div></section><div class="expand-container css-2h6jwx e1iplpfw0"><div class="css-8lgfcg e1iplpfw1"><section class="css-1sdcacc e10vl5dg0"><header class="css-1y60q53 e10vl5dg1"><span class="css-1pomevn e10vl5dg2"></span></header><ol class="css-zw8qdz e10vl5dg3"><li class="css-2oywg7 e10vl5dg5"><span class="one-click-content css-9sn2pa e10vl5dg6"><span class="definition"><span class="deftx"><span class="tx">Short for <span class="rich-text italic">deoxyribonucleic acid.</span> The nucleic acid that is the genetic material determining the makeup of all living cells and many viruses. It consists of two long strands of nucleotides linked together in a structure resembling a ladder twisted into a spiral. In eukaryotic cells, the DNA is contained in the nucleus (where it is bound to proteins known as histones) and in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In the presence of the enzyme DNA polymerase and appropriate nucleotides, DNA can replicate itself. DNA also serves as a template for the synthesis of RNA in the presence of RNA polymerase.</span></span><span class="ref ref-comp"><span class="ld"> Compare </span> <span class="kw">RNA</span>.</span><span class="ref ref-n"><span class="ld"> See Note at </span> <span class="kw">histone</span>.</span></span></span></li></ol></section></div><div class="expand-button-container css-grsm00 e1iplpfw2"><button class="expand-button css-6d2nf9 e1iplpfw3">Show More</button></div></div></section><div class="css-1yphgw4 ejtq9h60">The American Heritage\xc2\xae Science Dictionary \n Copyright \xc2\xa9 2011. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.</div><hr class="css-11r0tj9 etjs7ll0"/></section><section class="css-i3pbo e8i5ajd0"><section class="css-zuqhy e1013k4u0">dna<!-- --> in Culture</section><section><section class="css-0 e1rg2mtf0"><h2 class="css-urzbm0 e1rg2mtf5">DNA</h2><div></div></section><section class="css-i3pbo e8i5ajd0"><div><div class="expand-container css-2h6jwx e1iplpfw0"><div class="css-8lgfcg e1iplpfw1"><section class="css-k59p8l ehevz040"><p class="one-click-content css-mgww5h ehevz041">The <a href="https://dictionary.com/browse/molecule" class="luna-xref" data-linkid="nn1ov4">molecule</a> that carries genetic information in all living systems (<span class="italic">see</span> <a href="https://dictionary.com/browse/genetic-code" class="luna-xref" data-linkid="nn1ov4">genetic code</a>). The DNA molecule is formed in the shape of a <a href="https://dictionary.com/browse/double-helix" class="luna-xref" data-linkid="nn1ov4">double helix</a> from a great number of smaller molecules (<span class="italic">see</span> <a href="https://dictionary.com/browse/nucleotides" class="luna-xref" data-linkid="nn1ov4">nucleotides</a>). The workings of the DNA molecule provide the most fundamental explanation of the laws of <a href="https://dictionary.com/browse/genetics" class="luna-xref" data-linkid="nn1ov4">genetics</a>.</p><p class="one-click-content css-mgww5h ehevz041">DNA acts in three important way. First, when a <a href="https://dictionary.com/browse/cell" class="luna-xref" data-linkid="nn1ov4">cell</a> divides, the DNA uncoils, and each strand creates a new partner from the surrounding material \xe2\x80\x94 a process called replication. The two cells that result from the cell division have the same DNA as the original (<span class="italic">see</span> <a href="https://dictionary.com/browse/mitosis" class="luna-xref" data-linkid="nn1ov4">mitosis</a>). Second, in <a href="https://dictionary.com/browse/sexual-reproduction" class="luna-xref" data-linkid="nn1ov4">sexual reproduction</a>, each parent contributes one of the two strands in the DNA of the offspring. Third, inside the cell, the DNA governs the production of <a href="https://dictionary.com/browse/proteins" class="luna-xref" data-linkid="nn1ov4">proteins</a> and other molecules essential to cell function.</p></section></div><div class="expand-button-container css-grsm00 e1iplpfw2"><button class="expand-button css-6d2nf9 e1iplpfw3">Show More</button></div></div></div></section></section><div class="css-1yphgw4 ejtq9h60">The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition \nCopyright \xc2\xa9 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.</div></section></section><aside class="css-19a7eo8 e1su27ci0"><aside class="css-6xt45o e1bbcgok0"><a href="https://www.dictionary.com/e/" data-linkid="lcs15a" class="css-1pny6db e1bbcgok2">Others Are Reading</a><ul class="css-1h3udqp e1bbcgok1"><li class="css-105pq9n e1ifcv6o0"><a href="https://www.dictionary.com/e/mistrust-vs-distrust/?param=DcomSERP-RR1" data-linkid="m9a2e2" class="css-u1tqvs e1ifcv6o1"><img src="//images.ctfassets.net/55tpbg0qcsp4/5CGuTH7Jq8M6seWye2k6w2/38f7aa6e3edf2c39b460788c500d993e/this-or-that_v3_1000x700.jpg?w=284&amp;h=240" alt="We&#x27;re about to solve one of the great mysteries of the English language. Are you ready?" class="css-8atqhb e1ifcv6o3"/><span class="css-1fyr8sh e1ifcv6o2">We&#x27;re about to solve one of the great mysteries of the English language. 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In [16]:



    


dictionary_search('biology')



    


















    
Out[16]:








''

















In [17]:



    


# Perhaps we can fix it
def dictionary_search(word):
    url = 'https://dictionary.com/browse/' + word
    response = requests.get(url)
    start = response.text.find(word)
    finish = response.text.find(' See more')
    definition = response.text[start:finish]
    return definition



    











In [18]:



    


dictionary_search('DNA')
dictionary_search('biology')



    


















    
Out[18]:








''

API

  • Application Programming Interface
  • Web API
  • XML/JSON
  • Much easier to use than scraping

JSON

  • Java Script Object Notation
  • Similar to Python dictionaries
  • Key/Value store
  • Incredibly common data interchange format on the web and elsewhere




In [19]:



    


import json
data = {'gene_name': 'BRAF'}
json.dumps(data)



    


















    
Out[19]:








'{"gene_name": "BRAF"}'

















In [20]:



    


data['patient_count'] = 3
json.dumps(data)



    


















    
Out[20]:








'{"gene_name": "BRAF", "patient_count": 3}'

















In [21]:



    


data['is_alive'] = True
json.dumps(data)



    


















    
Out[21]:








'{"gene_name": "BRAF", "patient_count": 3, "is_alive": true}'

















In [22]:



    


data['phone_number'] = None
json.dumps(data)



    


















    
Out[22]:








'{"gene_name": "BRAF", "patient_count": 3, "is_alive": true, "phone_number": null}'

















In [23]:



    


data['more_data'] = {}
json.dumps(data)



    


















    
Out[23]:








'{"gene_name": "BRAF", "patient_count": 3, "is_alive": true, "phone_number": null, "more_data": {}}'

















In [24]:



    


data_table = [data, 1]
json.dumps(data_table)



    


















    
Out[24]:








'[{"gene_name": "BRAF", "patient_count": 3, "is_alive": true, "phone_number": null, "more_data": {}}, 1]'

















In [25]:



    


input_data = json.loads('{"gene_name": "BRAF"}')
print(input_data)
type(input_data)



    


















    






{'gene_name': 'BRAF'}










    
Out[25]:








dict

https://mygene.info





In [26]:



    


query = {'q': 'BRAF'}
response = requests.get('http://mygene.info/v3/query', params=query)
braf_data = response.json()
braf_data



    


















    
Out[26]:








{'max_score': 435.33853,
 'took': 11,
 'total': 386,
 'hits': [{'_id': '673',
   '_score': 435.33853,
   'entrezgene': '673',
   'name': 'B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase',
   'symbol': 'BRAF',
   'taxid': 9606},
  {'_id': '109880',
   '_score': 358.14212,
   'entrezgene': '109880',
   'name': 'Braf transforming gene',
   'symbol': 'Braf',
   'taxid': 10090},
  {'_id': '114486',
   '_score': 309.06714,
   'entrezgene': '114486',
   'name': 'B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase',
   'symbol': 'Braf',
   'taxid': 10116},
  {'_id': '112945628',
   '_score': 285.43057,
   'entrezgene': '112945628',
   'name': 'B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase',
   'symbol': 'BRAF',
   'taxid': 30464},
  {'_id': '109296160',
   '_score': 285.43057,
   'entrezgene': '109296160',
   'name': 'B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase',
   'symbol': 'BRAF',
   'taxid': 94835},
  {'_id': '103769301',
   '_score': 285.43057,
   'entrezgene': '103769301',
   'name': 'B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase',
   'symbol': 'BRAF',
   'taxid': 57421},
  {'_id': '100219601',
   '_score': 285.43057,
   'entrezgene': '100219601',
   'name': 'B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase',
   'symbol': 'BRAF',
   'taxid': 59729},
  {'_id': '104629609',
   '_score': 285.43057,
   'entrezgene': '104629609',
   'name': 'B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase',
   'symbol': 'BRAF',
   'taxid': 100784},
  {'_id': '110394457',
   '_score': 285.43057,
   'entrezgene': '110394457',
   'name': 'B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase',
   'symbol': 'BRAF',
   'taxid': 8996},
  {'_id': '100934801',
   '_score': 285.43057,
   'entrezgene': '100934801',
   'name': 'B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase',
   'symbol': 'BRAF',
   'taxid': 9305}]}

















In [27]:



    


braf_data['hits']



    


















    
Out[27]:








[{'_id': '673',
  '_score': 435.33853,
  'entrezgene': '673',
  'name': 'B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase',
  'symbol': 'BRAF',
  'taxid': 9606},
 {'_id': '109880',
  '_score': 358.14212,
  'entrezgene': '109880',
  'name': 'Braf transforming gene',
  'symbol': 'Braf',
  'taxid': 10090},
 {'_id': '114486',
  '_score': 309.06714,
  'entrezgene': '114486',
  'name': 'B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase',
  'symbol': 'Braf',
  'taxid': 10116},
 {'_id': '112945628',
  '_score': 285.43057,
  'entrezgene': '112945628',
  'name': 'B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase',
  'symbol': 'BRAF',
  'taxid': 30464},
 {'_id': '109296160',
  '_score': 285.43057,
  'entrezgene': '109296160',
  'name': 'B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase',
  'symbol': 'BRAF',
  'taxid': 94835},
 {'_id': '103769301',
  '_score': 285.43057,
  'entrezgene': '103769301',
  'name': 'B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase',
  'symbol': 'BRAF',
  'taxid': 57421},
 {'_id': '100219601',
  '_score': 285.43057,
  'entrezgene': '100219601',
  'name': 'B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase',
  'symbol': 'BRAF',
  'taxid': 59729},
 {'_id': '104629609',
  '_score': 285.43057,
  'entrezgene': '104629609',
  'name': 'B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase',
  'symbol': 'BRAF',
  'taxid': 100784},
 {'_id': '110394457',
  '_score': 285.43057,
  'entrezgene': '110394457',
  'name': 'B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase',
  'symbol': 'BRAF',
  'taxid': 8996},
 {'_id': '100934801',
  '_score': 285.43057,
  'entrezgene': '100934801',
  'name': 'B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase',
  'symbol': 'BRAF',
  'taxid': 9305}]

















In [28]:



    


braf_id = braf_data['hits'][0]['_id']
braf_id



    


















    
Out[28]:








'673'

















In [29]:



    


braf_response = requests.get('http://mygene.info/v3/gene/' + braf_id)
braf_response.json()



    


















    
Out[29]:








{'HGNC': '1097',
 'MIM': '164757',
 'Vega': 'OTTHUMG00000157457',
 '_id': '673',
 '_score': 12.80121,
 'accession': {'genomic': ['AC006006.2',
   'AC006344.2',
   'AC006347.2',
   'AC079339.5',
   'CH236950.1',
   'CH471070.1',
   'EU600171.1',
   'HB432546.1',
   'HC464558.1',
   'HM459603.1',
   'HQ224878.1',
   'KF481581.1',
   'KT584890.1',
   'KY769663.1',
   'KY769664.1',
   'KY769665.1',
   'KY769666.1',
   'KY769667.1',
   'KY769668.1',
   'NC_000007.14',
   'NG_007873.3',
   'X65187.1'],
  'protein': ['AAA35609.2',
   'AAA96495.1',
   'AAD15551.1',
   'AAD43193.1',
   'AAI01758.1',
   'AAI12080.1',
   'AAS00359.1',
   'ACD11489.1',
   'ADN43065.1',
   'ADQ00186.1',
   'ADX94397.1',
   'AIE38317.1',
   'ARR27440.1',
   'ARR27441.1',
   'ARR27442.1',
   'ARR27443.1',
   'ARR27444.1',
   'ARR27445.1',
   'CAA46301.1',
   'CAB81553.1',
   'CAZ68014.1',
   'CBK51920.1',
   'EAL24023.1',
   'EAW83964.1',
   'EAW83965.1',
   'NP_001341538.1',
   'NP_004324.2',
   'P15056.4',
   'XP_016868047.1',
   'XP_016868048.1'],
  'rna': ['AA252358.1',
   'AA834931.1',
   'AA975673.1',
   'AI203435.1',
   'AJ276310.1',
   'AK054801.1',
   'AK094023.1',
   'AK098095.1',
   'AK124257.1',
   'AK314346.1',
   'AW971583.1',
   'BC038966.1',
   'BC101757.1',
   'BC112079.1',
   'BM263585.1',
   'DB454480.1',
   'DN996440.1',
   'HM437233.1',
   'M21001.1',
   'M95712.2',
   'NM_001354609.1',
   'NM_004333.5',
   'NR_148928.1',
   'XM_017012558.1',
   'XM_017012559.1',
   'XR_001744857.1',
   'XR_001744858.1'],
  'translation': [{'protein': 'AAA35609.2', 'rna': 'M95712.2'},
   {'protein': 'AAA96495.1', 'rna': 'M21001.1'},
   {'protein': 'XP_016868048.1', 'rna': 'XM_017012559.1'},
   {'protein': 'ADN43065.1', 'rna': 'HM437233.1'},
   {'protein': 'AAI01758.1', 'rna': 'BC101757.1'},
   {'protein': 'NP_001341538.1', 'rna': 'NM_001354609.1'},
   {'protein': 'XP_016868047.1', 'rna': 'XM_017012558.1'},
   {'protein': 'CAB81553.1', 'rna': 'AJ276310.1'},
   {'protein': 'AAI12080.1', 'rna': 'BC112079.1'},
   {'protein': 'NP_004324.2', 'rna': 'NM_004333.5'}]},
 'alias': ['B-RAF1', 'B-raf', 'BRAF1', 'NS7', 'RAFB1'],
 'ec': '2.7.11.1',
 'ensembl': {'gene': 'ENSG00000157764',
  'protein': ['ENSP00000288602',
   'ENSP00000418033',
   'ENSP00000419060',
   'ENSP00000420119',
   'ENSP00000493543',
   'ENSP00000493678',
   'ENSP00000493783',
   'ENSP00000494784',
   'ENSP00000495132',
   'ENSP00000495858',
   'ENSP00000496776'],
  'transcript': ['ENST00000288602',
   'ENST00000469930',
   'ENST00000479537',
   'ENST00000496384',
   'ENST00000497784',
   'ENST00000642228',
   'ENST00000642272',
   'ENST00000642808',
   'ENST00000642875',
   'ENST00000643356',
   'ENST00000643790',
   'ENST00000644120',
   'ENST00000644650',
   'ENST00000644905',
   'ENST00000644969',
   'ENST00000645443',
   'ENST00000646334',
   'ENST00000646427',
   'ENST00000646730',
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 'generif': [{'pubmed': 8621729, 'text': 'MEK1 interacts with B-Raf.'},
  {'pubmed': 12068308,
   'text': 'somatic missense mutations in 66% of malignant melanomas and at lower frequency in a wide range of human cancers'},
  {'pubmed': 12198537,
   'text': 'BRAF mutations in colorectal cancers occur only in tumours that do not carry mutations in a RAS gene known as KRAS, and BRAF mutation is linked to the proficiency of these tumours in repairing mismatched bases in DNA'},
  {'pubmed': 12447372, 'text': 'High frequency of BRAF mutations in nevi'},
  {'pubmed': 12619120,
   'text': 'The V599E BRAF mutation appears to be a somatic mutation associated with melanoma development and/or progression in a proportion of affected individuals.'},
  {'pubmed': 12644542,
   'text': 'results demonstrate that the mutational status of BRAF and KRAS is distinctly different among histologic types of ovarian serous carcinoma, occurring most frequently in invasive micropapillary serous carcinomas and its precursors, serous borderline tumors'},
  {'pubmed': 12670889,
   'text': 'High prevalence of BRAF mutations in thyroid cancer is genetic evidence for constitutive activation of the RET/PTC-RAS-BRAF signaling pathway in papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 12697856,
   'text': 'activating BRAF mutations may be an important event in the development of papillary thyroid cancer'},
  {'pubmed': 12753285,
   'text': 'cAMP activates ERK and increases proliferation of autosomal dominant polycystic kindey epithelial cells through the sequential phosphorylation of PKA, B-Raf and MAPK in a pathway separate from the classical receptor tyrosine kinase cascade'},
  {'pubmed': 12778069,
   'text': 'gene is mutated in skin melanoma, but not in uveal melanomas'},
  {'pubmed': 12810628,
   'text': '13 germline BRAF variants, 4 of which were silent mutations in coding regions & 9 nucleotide substitutions in introns, were found in melanoma patients and melanoma family, but none appeared statistically likely to be a melanoma susceptibility gene.'},
  {'pubmed': 12821662,
   'text': 'B-raf is involved in adhesion-independent ERK1/2 signaling in melanocytes'},
  {'pubmed': 12824225,
   'text': 'Data suggest that BRAF T1796A activating mutation is not common in primary uveal melanoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 12855697,
   'text': 'B-Raf has a role in extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling in T cells and prevents antigen-presenting cell-induced anergy'},
  {'pubmed': 12879021,
   'text': 'BRAF has a role in in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck through uncommon mutations'},
  {'pubmed': 12881714,
   'text': 'The BRAF(V599E) mutation appears to be an alternative event to RET/PTC rearrangement rather than to RAS mutations, which are rare in PTC. BRAF(V599E) may represent an alternative pathway to oncogenic MAPK activation in PTCs without RET/PTC activation.'},
  {'pubmed': 12893203,
   'text': 'Mucinous ovarian cancers without a KRAS mutation have not sustained alternative activation of this signaling pathway through mutation of the BRAF oncogene.'},
  {'pubmed': 12917419,
   'text': '3 cell lines derived from human choroidal melanoma express B-Raf containing the V599E mutation and showed a 10-fold increase in endogenous B-RafV599E kinase activity and a constitutive activation of the MEK/ERK pathway that is independent of Ras'},
  {'pubmed': 12931219,
   'text': 'Mutations are not detectable in plasma cell leukemia and multiple myeloma.'},
  {'pubmed': 12970315,
   'text': 'mutation of BRAF gene could be a potentially useful marker of prognosis of patients with advanced thyroid cancers'},
  {'pubmed': 14501284,
   'text': 'Our findings of a high frequency of BRAF mutations at codon 599 in benign melanocytic lesions of the skin indicate that this mutation is not sufficient by itself for malignant transformation.'},
  {'pubmed': 14507635,
   'text': 'Both BRAF and FBXW7 mutations functionally activate kinase effectors important in pancreatic cancer and extend potential options for therapeutic targeting of kinases in treatment of phenotypically distinct pancreatic adenocarcinoma subsets.'},
  {'pubmed': 14513361,
   'text': 'BRAF mutations, which are present in a variety of other human cancers, do not seem to be involved in gastric cancer development'},
  {'pubmed': 14522897,
   'text': 'Uceal melanomas arise independent of oncogenic BRAF and NRAS mutations.'},
  {'pubmed': 14534542,
   'text': 'BRAF mutations were seen in stomach neoplasms.'},
  {'pubmed': 14602780,
   'text': 'BRAF mutations are restricted to papillary carcinomas and poorly differentiated and anaplastic carcinomas arising from papillary carcinomas'},
  {'pubmed': 14612909,
   'text': 'BRAF is occasionally mutated in NHL, and BRAF mutation may contribute to tumor development in some NHLs'},
  {'pubmed': 14618633,
   'text': 'None of the cases of gastric cancer showed braf mutations'},
  {'pubmed': 14639609,
   'text': 'Mutations of BRAF are associated with extensive hMLH1 promoter methylation in sporadic colorectal carcinomas'},
  {'pubmed': 14668801,
   'text': 'Missense mutation is marker of colonic but not gastric cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 14688025,
   'text': 'Mutations were found in exon 15 in colorectal adenocarcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 14691295,
   'text': 'Our data indicate that BRAF gene mutations are rare to absent events in uveal melanoma of humans.'},
  {'pubmed': 14695152,
   'text': 'NRAS and BRAF mutations arise early during melanoma pathogenesis and are preserved throughout tumor progression'},
  {'pubmed': 14695993,
   'text': 'BRAF mutations are associated with proximal colon tumors with mismatch repair deficiency and MLH1 hypermethylation.'},
  {'pubmed': 14719068,
   'text': 'New enriched PCR-RFLP assay for detecting mutations of BRAF codon 599 mutation in pleural mesotheliomas.'},
  {'pubmed': 14722037,
   'text': 'Observational study of genotype prevalence and gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 14724583,
   'text': "RAS or BRAF mutations are detected in about 32% of all Barrett's adenocarcinomas; the disruption of the Raf/MEK/ERK (MAPK) kinase pathway is a frequent but also early event in the development of Barrett's adenocarcinoma"},
  {'pubmed': 14734469,
   'text': 'BRAF mutations are frequently present in sporadic colorectal cancer with methylated hMLH1'},
  {'pubmed': 14961576,
   'text': 'Mutations in BRAF gene is associated with malignant melanomas'},
  {'pubmed': 14966563,
   'text': 'These studies identify isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase as a potential target for reducing the growth of K-Ras- and B-Raf-induced malignancies.'},
  {'pubmed': 15001635,
   'text': 'The lack or low prevalence of BRAF mutation in other thyroid neoplasms is consistent with the notion that other previously defined genetic alterations on the same signaling pathway are sufficient to cause tumorigenesis in most thyroid neoplasms.'},
  {'pubmed': 15009714,
   'text': 'possible cooperation between BRAF activation and PTEN loss in melanoma development.'},
  {'pubmed': 15009715,
   'text': 'mutations in the BRAF gene and to some extent in the N-ras gene represent early somatic events that occur in melanocytic nevi'},
  {'pubmed': 15014028,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation may be acquired during development of metastasis but is not a significant factor for primary melanoma development and disease outcome.'},
  {'pubmed': 15077125,
   'text': 'ovarian serous cystadenomas do not contain mutations in either BRAF or KRAS genes'},
  {'pubmed': 15104286,
   'text': 'These results suggest that the BRAF mutation is unlikely to be involved in gastric carcinogenesis.'},
  {'pubmed': 15126572,
   'text': 'BRAF(V599E) is more common genetic alteration found to date in adult sporadic papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs). It is unique for this thyroid cancer histotype, and it might drive the development of PTCs of classic papillary subtype.'},
  {'pubmed': 15140228,
   'text': 'The finding of tandem mutations in thin melanomas makes it more likely that they arise as a simultaneous rather than sequential event.'},
  {'pubmed': 15145515,
   'text': 'Radiation-induced tumors have a low prevalence of BRAF point mutations and high prevalence of RET/PTC rearrangements'},
  {'pubmed': 15150271,
   'text': 'B-Raf kinase activity regulation by tuberin and Rheb is mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-independent'},
  {'pubmed': 15161700,
   'text': 'mucosal melanomas of the head and neck do not frequently harbor an activating mutation of BRAF'},
  {'pubmed': 15179189,
   'text': 'in contrast to cutaneous melanoma, BRAF does not appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of uveal melanoma'},
  {'pubmed': 15186612,
   'text': 'BRAF mutations are rather rare in solitary cold adenomas and adenomatous nodules and do not explain the molecular etiology of ras mutation-negative cold thyroid nodules.'},
  {'pubmed': 15191558,
   'text': 'activation of this gene may be one of the early events in the pathogenesis of some melanomas.'},
  {'pubmed': 15263001,
   'text': 'B-Raf and ERK are activated by cyclic AMP after calcium restriction'},
  {'pubmed': 15273715, 'text': 'mutated in papillary thyroid cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 15277467,
   'text': 'In this study, this BRAF mutation was demonstrated in some conjunctival melanoma tissue samples, suggesting that some conjunctival melanomas may share biological features in common with cutaneous melanoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 15313890,
   'text': 'Data suggest that SPRY2, an inhibitor of ERK signaling, may be bypassed in melanoma cells either by down-regulation of its expression in WT BRAF cells, or by the presence of the BRAF mutation.'},
  {'pubmed': 15330192,
   'text': 'Mutations within the BRAF gene are useful markers for the differential diagnosis between Spitz nevus and malignant melanoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 15331929,
   'text': 'we found 19 cases (38%) to harbor somatic B-raf exon 15 mutations.'},
  {'pubmed': 15339934,
   'text': 'Data provide evidence that B-Raf is a positive regulator of T cell receptor-mediated sustained ERK activation, which is required for NFAT activation and the full production of IL-2.'},
  {'pubmed': 15373778,
   'text': 'BRAF(V599E) mutation is seven times higher in lesions with structural changes and 13 times higher in growing lesions as compared with lesions without changes'},
  {'pubmed': 15488754,
   'text': 'REVIEW: our understanding of B-RAF as an oncogene and of its role in cancer'},
  {'pubmed': 15489648,
   'text': 'Mutations of BRAF or KRAS oncogenes are early events in the serrated polyp neoplasia pathway. CpG island methylation plays a role in serrated polyp progression to colorectal carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 15538400,
   'text': 'mutated in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.'},
  {'pubmed': 15577314,
   'text': 'BRAF mutations are associated with conjunctival neoplasms'},
  {'pubmed': 15630448,
   'text': 'AKAP9-BRAF fusion was preferentially found in radiation-induced papillary carcinomas developing after a short latency, whereas BRAF point mutations were absent in this group'},
  {'pubmed': 15632082,
   'text': 'Data suggest that Rit is involved in a novel pathway of neuronal development and regeneration by coupling specific trophic factor signals to sustained activation of the B-Raf/ERK and p38 MAP kinase cascades.'},
  {'pubmed': 15653554,
   'text': 'a novel Ras-independent ERK1/2 activation system in which p110gamma/Raf-1/MEK1/2 and PKA/B-Raf/MEK1/2 cooperate to activate ERK1/2.'},
  {'pubmed': 15702478,
   'text': 'We found mutations in p53, K-ras, and BRAF genes in 35%, 30%, and 4% of tumors, respectively, and observed a minimal or no co-presence of these gene alterations.'},
  {'pubmed': 15705790,
   'text': 'KSHV-infected cell lines expressed higher levels of B-Raf and VEGF-A; B-Raf-induced VEGF-A expression was demonstrated to be sufficient to enhance tubule formation in endothelial cells'},
  {'pubmed': 15710605,
   'text': 'autoinhibition was negatively regulated by acidic substitutions at phosphorylation sites within the activation loop'},
  {'pubmed': 15765445,
   'text': 'Mutations in the BRAF protooncogene (V599E)may be an alternative pathway of tumorigenesis of familial colorectal cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 15782118,
   'text': 'BRAF mutations proved to be absent in tumors from hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome (HNPCC) families with germline mutations in the MMR genes MLH1 and MSH2.'},
  {'pubmed': 15791479,
   'text': 'The data of this study suggest that activating mutations of B-RAF are not a frequent event in gliomas; nevertheless, when present they are associated with high-grade malignant lesions.'},
  {'pubmed': 15791648,
   'text': 'B-raf mutations surrounding Thr439 found in human cancers are unlikely to contribute to increased oncogenic properties of B-raf'},
  {'pubmed': 15824163,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 15842051,
   'text': 'These results suggest that BRAF mutations do not have a role in tumorigenesis of neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors.'},
  {'pubmed': 15880523,
   'text': 'Anaplastic thyroid carcinomas which are derived from papillary carcinomas are due to BRAF and p53 mutations'},
  {'pubmed': 15904951,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 15935100,
   'text': 'B-raf V599E and V599K oncogenic mutations are likely to affect melanocyte-specific pathways controlling proliferation and differentiation'},
  {'pubmed': 15968271,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 15968271,
   'text': 'The increasing frequency of BRAF mutations as a function of age could help account for the well documented but poorly understood observation that age is a relevant prognostic indicator for patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 15980887,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation occurs later in thyroid tumor progression and is restricted mainly to papillary thyroid carcinoma and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma'},
  {'pubmed': 15994075,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 15998781,
   'text': 'Role of BRAF mutation in facilitating metastasis and progression of papillary thyroid cancer in lymph nodes.'},
  {'pubmed': 16007166,
   'text': 'determination of mutation specific gene expression profiles in papillary thyroid carcinoma'},
  {'pubmed': 16007203,
   'text': 'Single-cell clones with efficient knockdown of (V 600 E)B-RAF could be propagated in the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor but underwent apoptosis or senescence-like growth arrest upon withdrawal of this growth factor'},
  {'pubmed': 16015629,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 16024606,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 16079850,
   'text': 'sustained BRAF(V600E) expression in human melanocytes induces cell cycle arrest, which is accompanied by the induction of both p16(INK4a) and senescence-associated acidic beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-Gal) activity, a commonly used senescence marker'},
  {'pubmed': 16096377,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation in melanoma is most likely to occur prior to the development of metastatic disease'},
  {'pubmed': 16098042,
   'text': 'Although BRAF and NRAS mutations are likely to be important for the initiation and maintenance of some melanomas, other factors might be more significant for proliferation and prognosis in subgroups of aggressive melanoma'},
  {'pubmed': 16098042,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 16123397,
   'text': 'The results showed that conjunctival nevi, similar to skin nevi, have a high frequency of oncogenic BRAF mutations.'},
  {'pubmed': 16129781,
   'text': 'These data suggest that MITF is an anti-proliferation factor that is down-regulated by B-RAF signaling and that this is a crucial event for the progression of melanomas that harbor oncogenic B-RAF.'},
  {'pubmed': 16143028,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 16144912,
   'text': 'Mutations of the BRAF gene are partly involved in the malignant transformation of the endometrium.'},
  {'pubmed': 16144912,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 16172610,
   'text': 'selective reduction in catalytic activity and expression of B-Raf but not Raf-1 suggest that B-Raf may be playing an important role in altered ERK signaling in brain of suicide subjects, and thus in the pathophysiology of suicide'},
  {'pubmed': 16174717,
   'text': 'In patients with papillary thyroid cancer, BRAF mutation is associated with poorer clinicopathological outcomes and independently predicts recurrence.'},
  {'pubmed': 16174717,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 16179867,
   'text': 'As the BRAF oncogene is frequently found to be mutated in human cutaneous melanomas, it may constitute a risk factor for melanoma formation within CMN and DMN.'},
  {'pubmed': 16179870,
   'text': 'The oncogenic B-raf mutations V599E and V599K, as early events in melanocyte transformation, persist throughout metastasis with important prognostic implications.'},
  {'pubmed': 16181240,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 16181547,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 16199894,
   'text': 'copy number gain may represent another mechanism of BRAF activation in thyroid tumors'},
  {'pubmed': 16268813,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 16354196,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 16354196,
   'text': 'The estimated proportion of attributable risk of melanoma due to variants in BRAF is 1.6%, but the burden of disease associated with this variant is greater than that associated with the major melanoma locus (CDKN2A) which has a risk of 0.2%.'},
  {'pubmed': 16354586,
   'text': 'Mutation and elevated expression of BRAF is associated with the development of testicular germ cell tumors'},
  {'pubmed': 16361694,
   'text': 'The authors have developed and run a high-throughput screen to find inhibitors of V600E BRAF using an enzyme cascade assay in which oncogenic BRAF activates MEK1, which in turn activates ERK2, which then phosphorylates the transcription factor ELK1.'},
  {'pubmed': 16364920,
   'text': 'Data suggest that B-RAF activates C-RAF through a mechanism involving 14-3-3 mediated heterooligomerization and C-RAF transphosphorylation.'},
  {'pubmed': 16371460,
   'text': 'V600E B-Raf requires the Hsp90 chaperone for stability and is degraded in response to Hsp90 inhibitors.'},
  {'pubmed': 16373964,
   'text': 'activating mutations of PDGFR-alpha, c-kit and B-RAF are absent in gliosarcomas'},
  {'pubmed': 16376942,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 16376942,
   'text': 'V599E BRAF mutation was uncommon in Japanese lung cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 16382052,
   'text': 'aberrant B-Raf activity in angiomyolipomas leads to abnormal cellular differentiation and migration [review]'},
  {'pubmed': 16397024,
   'text': 'Observational study of genotype prevalence. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 16413100,
   'text': 'The most frequent B-RAF gene alterations are not involved in prostate carcinogenesis'},
  {'pubmed': 16417232,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation does not seem to be sufficient to produce MAPK activation in melanocytic nevi.'},
  {'pubmed': 16424035,
   'text': 'gain-of-function BRAF signaling is strongly associated with in vivo tumorigenicity'},
  {'pubmed': 16439621,
   'text': 'findings demonstrate that heterogeneous de novo missense mutations in three genes within the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, BRAF, MEK1 and MEK2 cause cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome'},
  {'pubmed': 16452469,
   'text': 'wild-type B-Raf-mediated ERK1/2 activation plays a major role in proliferation and transformation of uveal melanocytes; Raf-1 is not involved in this activation'},
  {'pubmed': 16452550,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 16462768,
   'text': 'NRAS and BRAF activating mutations can coexist in the same melanoma, but are mutually exclusive at the single-cell level'},
  {'pubmed': 16474404,
   'text': 'Cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome involves dysregulation of the RAS-RAF-ERK pathway.'},
  {'pubmed': 16487015,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 16537381,
   'text': 'Merlin and MLK3 can interact in situ and merlin can disrupt the interactions between B-Raf and Raf-1 or those between MLK3 and either B-Raf or Raf-1.'},
  {'pubmed': 16547495,
   'text': 'Melanoma cells require either B-RAF or phosphoinositide-3 kinase activation for protection from anoikis.'},
  {'pubmed': 16601293,
   'text': 'BRAF V600E is associated with a high risk of recurrence and less differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma due to the impairment of Na+/I- targeting to the membrane'},
  {'pubmed': 16601293,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 16618717,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-environment interaction and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 16687919,
   'text': 'Observational study of genotype prevalence. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 16691193,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 16691193,
   'text': 'UV light is not necessarily required for the acquisition of the BRAF(V600E) mutation, and non-mutagenic effects of UV light to melanocytes may be more important in the nevogenesis'},
  {'pubmed': 16721785,
   'text': 'BRAF mutations are as uncommon as KRAS mutations in prostate adenocarcinoma'},
  {'pubmed': 16728573,
   'text': 'B-RAF (V600E) was confirmed to be associated with the papillary growth pattern, but not with poorer differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma variants.'},
  {'pubmed': 16728573,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 16773193,
   'text': 'among 23 melanomas located at body sites with chronic UV exposure, only a single tumour harboured the B-raf V599E mutation which was a significantly lower frequency in comparison to melanomas from sun-protected body sites'},
  {'pubmed': 16786134,
   'text': 'a BRAFT1799A mutation may have a role in poor differentiation of thyroid carcinoma'},
  {'pubmed': 16799476,
   'text': 'A subset of Spitz nevi, some with atypical histologic features, possess BRAF mutations. The BRAF mutational status does not separate all Spitz nevi from spitzoid melanomas and non-Spitz types of melanocytic proliferations, contrary to previous reports.'},
  {'pubmed': 16803888,
   'text': 'Rheb has a central role in the regulation of the Ras/B-Raf/C-Raf/MEK signaling network'},
  {'pubmed': 16804544,
   'text': 'CpG island methylator phenotype-positive colorectal tumors represent a distinct subset, encompassing almost all cases of tumors with BRAF mutation'},
  {'pubmed': 16809487,
   'text': 'findings show that MC1R variants are strongly associated with BRAF mutations in non-chronic sun-induced damage melanomas; in this subtype, risk for melanoma associated with MC1R is due to increase in risk of developing melanomas with BRAF mutations'},
  {'pubmed': 16845322,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with melanoma and melanocytic nevi.'},
  {'pubmed': 16858395,
   'text': 'Thus, we propose that the hitherto unidentified function of the B-Raf amino-terminal region is to mediate calcium-dependent activation of B-Raf and the following MEK activation, which may occur in the absence of Ras activation.'},
  {'pubmed': 16858683,
   'text': 'Aberrant methylation and hence silencing of TIMP3, SLC5A8, DAPK and RARbeta2, in association with BRAF mutation, may be an important step in PTC tumorigenesis and progression.'},
  {'pubmed': 16879389,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation was frequent in hyperplastic polyps (67%) and sessile serrated adenomas (81%).'},
  {'pubmed': 16912199,
   'text': 'B-RAF has been identified as the most mutated gene in invasive cells and therefore an attractive therapeutic target in melanoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 16918136,
   'text': 'BRAF mutations are associated with colorectal cancers'},
  {'pubmed': 16918957,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 16924241,
   'text': 'Expression of p27Kip1 in melanoma is regulated by B-RAF at the mRNA level and via B-RAF control of Cks1/Skp2-mediated proteolysis.'},
  {'pubmed': 16932278,
   'text': 'Single nucleotide polymorphism found exclusively in papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 16937524,
   'text': 'BRAF, K-ras and BAT26 are expressed in colorectal polyps and stool'},
  {'pubmed': 16937524,
   'text': 'BRAF, K-ras and BAT26 are expressed in colorectal polyps and stool [BAT26]'},
  {'pubmed': 16946010, 'text': 'Braf mutations in thyroid tumorigenesis.'},
  {'pubmed': 16953233,
   'text': 'Concomitant KRAS and BRAF mutations increased along progression of MSS colorectal cancer, suggesting that activation of both genes is likely to harbour a synergistic effect'},
  {'pubmed': 16959844,
   'text': 'BRAFV600E activates not only MAPK but also NF-kappaB signaling pathway in human thyroid cancer cells, leading to an acquisition of apoptotic resistance and promotion of invasion.'},
  {'pubmed': 16960555,
   'text': 'Expression of active mutants of B-Raf induces fibronectin.'},
  {'pubmed': 16964379,
   'text': 'Extracellular signal-regulated kinase-3 (ERK3/MAPK6) is highly expressed in response to BRAF signaling.'},
  {'pubmed': 16973828,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 16987295,
   'text': 'BRAF T1976A mutation is present at high frequency in benign naevi such as Spitz and Reed.'},
  {'pubmed': 17001349,
   'text': 'data support a model in which mutational activation of BRAF in human melanomas contributes to constitutive induction of NF-kappaB activity and to increased survival of melanoma cells'},
  {'pubmed': 17018604,
   'text': 'Normally, BRAF alone is responsible for signaling to MEK. However, when RAS is mutated in melanoma, melanocytes switch their signaling from BRAF to CRAF.'},
  {'pubmed': 17044028,
   'text': 'Activating BRAF mutation is associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma'},
  {'pubmed': 17060774,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation remained a significant prognostic factor for lymph node metastasis (odds ratio = 10.8, 95% confidence interval, 3.5-34.0, P < 0.0001).'},
  {'pubmed': 17074813,
   'text': 'phosphorylation on both S365 and S429 participate in the differential regulation of B-Raf isoforms through distinct mechanisms'},
  {'pubmed': 17097223,
   'text': 'data provide evidence that oncogenic properties of BRAF contribute to the tumorigenesis of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm/carcinoma (IPMN/IPMC), but at a lower frequency than KRAS'},
  {'pubmed': 17119056,
   'text': 'BRAF-V600E mutations are mainly involved in colorectal cancer families characterized by an increased risk of other common malignancies'},
  {'pubmed': 17119447,
   'text': 'Association with preexisting nevi and pronounced infiltration of lymphocytes was significantly higher in BRAF mutated melanoma tumours'},
  {'pubmed': 17148775,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 17148775,
   'text': 'Previously identified associations between smoking and colon cancer, whether microsatellite unstable or stable, appear to be explained by the association of smoking with BRAF mutation.'},
  {'pubmed': 17159915,
   'text': 'BRAF(T1799A) mutation is associated with a lower rate of tumor proliferation.'},
  {'pubmed': 17159915,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 17170014,
   'text': 'RASSF1A methylation was observed in a high frequency in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma whereas K-ras and B-raf mutations were observed in a low frequency'},
  {'pubmed': 17179987,
   'text': 'The role for BRAF activation in thyroid cancer development and establishing the potential therapeutic efficacy of BRAF-targeted agents in patients with thyroid cancerwill be reviewed.'},
  {'pubmed': 17186541,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with thyroid carcinogenesis'},
  {'pubmed': 17186541,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 17195912,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 17195912,
   'text': 'there is a subgroup of colorectal carcinomas which develop via the microsatellite instability pathway that carry an alteration of the BRAF gene'},
  {'pubmed': 17199737,
   'text': 'Absence of association between BRAF mutation and activation of MAPK pathway in papillary thyroid carcinoma suggests the presence of mechanisms that downregulate MAPK activation.'},
  {'pubmed': 17227125,
   'text': 'Copy gain of PDGFB occurs in a subset of tumors showing no evidence of mutated BRAF or rearranged ret, suggesting that copy gain of PDGFB may underlie the increased expression of platelet-derived growth factor described recently in the literature.'},
  {'pubmed': 17270239,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 17297294,
   'text': 'characterization of the T1799-1801del and A1799-1816ins BRAF mutations in papillary thyroid cancer; the two new mutations resulted in constitutive activation of the BRAF kinase and caused NIH3T3 cell transformation'},
  {'pubmed': 17302867,
   'text': 'Overexpression of B-Raf mRNA and protein may be a feature of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas, highlighting overactivity of the Ras-B-Raf-MAP kinase pathway in these tumors.'},
  {'pubmed': 17309670,
   'text': 'BRAF gene plays a "gatekeeper" role but does not act as a predisposition gene in the development of low-grade ovarian serous carcinomas'},
  {'pubmed': 17309670,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 17312306,
   'text': 'Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 17315191,
   'text': 'BRAFV600E represents a detectable marker in the plasma/serum from melanoma patients for monitoring but not diagnostic purposes'},
  {'pubmed': 17318013,
   'text': 'B-RAF mutations are a rare event in pituitary tumorigenesis.'},
  {'pubmed': 17355635,
   'text': 'The aim of this study was to identify the effect that BRAF oncogene has on post-transcriptional regulation in papillary thyroid carcinoma by using microRNA analysis.'},
  {'pubmed': 17360030,
   'text': 'findings show that RASSF1A hypermethylation and KRAS mutations and BRAF mutations are inversely correlated and play an important role in the development of cervical adenocarcinomas'},
  {'pubmed': 17366577,
   'text': 'mutational analysis of KRAS, BRAF, and MAP2K1/2 in 56 patients with CFC syndrome; comparison of the genotype-phenotype correlation of CFC with that of Costello syndrome suggest a significant clinical overlap but not genotype overlap.'},
  {'pubmed': 17387744,
   'text': 'BRAF(V600E) mutation is identified in a subset of cutaneous metastases from papillary thyroid carcinomas'},
  {'pubmed': 17393356,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 17393356,
   'text': 'data suggest that BRAF mutations might be present less frequently than KRAS mutations in Greek patients with colorectal carcinomas'},
  {'pubmed': 17440063,
   'text': 'finding of a strong association between BRAF mutations and serrated histology in hyperplastic aberrant crypt foci supports the idea that these lesions are an early, sentinel, or a potentially initiating step on the serrated pathway to colorectal carcinoma'},
  {'pubmed': 17453004,
   'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation was occasionally observed in anaplastic carcinomas with papillary carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 17453358,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 17454879,
   'text': 'MSI is rare in UC-related neoplasia as well as non-neoplastic lesions, and does not contribute to the development of dysplasia.'},
  {'pubmed': 17464312,
   'text': 'prevalence of BRAF mutation and RET/PTC were determined in diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma; none of the cases showed a BRAF mutation'},
  {'pubmed': 17483702,
   'text': 'Molecular diagnosis and careful observations should be considered in children with Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome because they have germline mutations in BRAF and might develop malignancy.'},
  {'pubmed': 17487277,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 17487504,
   'text': 'c-kit expression is not alternative to BRAF and/or KRAS activation.'},
  {'pubmed': 17488796,
   'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation in PTCs is associated with reduced expression of key genes involved in iodine metabolism'},
  {'pubmed': 17507627,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 17507627,
   'text': 'data indicate that both early-life UV exposure and nevus propensity contribute to occurrence of BRAF+ melanoma, whereas nevus propensity and later-life sun exposure influence the occurrence of NRAS+ melanoma'},
  {'pubmed': 17516929,
   'text': 'analysis of a BRAF mutation-associated gene expression signature in melanoma'},
  {'pubmed': 17518771,
   'text': 'low rate of RAS-RAF mutations (2/22, 9.1%) observed in Spitz melanocytic nevi suggests that these lesions harbor as yet undetected activating mutations in other components of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK-MAPK pathway'},
  {'pubmed': 17520704,
   'text': 'Meta-analysis of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 17520704,
   'text': 'frequency of the BRAF mutation and the associations between BRAF mutation and clinicopathologic parameters in papillary thyroid carcinoma were evaluated by meta-analysis'},
  {'pubmed': 17525723,
   'text': 'T1790A BRAF mutation (L597Q) in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a functional oncogene'},
  {'pubmed': 17535994,
   'text': 'The heterogeneous distribution of BRAF mutations suggests that discrete tumor foci in multifocal PTC may occur as independent tumors.'},
  {'pubmed': 17542667,
   'text': 'Presence of BRAF V600E in very early stages of papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 17548320,
   'text': 'influence of B-RAF-specific RNA interference on the proliferation and apoptosis of gastric cancer BGC823 cell line'},
  {'pubmed': 17566669,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 17566669,
   'text': 'We conclude that screening for BRAF 15 exon mutation is an efficient tool in the diagnostic strategy for HNPCC'},
  {'pubmed': 17635919,
   'text': 'In contrast to C-RAF that requires farnesylated H-Ras, cytosolic B-RAF associates effectively and with significantly higher affinity with both farnesylated and nonfarnesylated H-Ras.'},
  {'pubmed': 17663506,
   'text': 'KLF6 and p53 mutations are involved in the development of nonpolypoid colorectal carcinoma, whereas K-ras and B-raf mutations are not'},
  {'pubmed': 17671688,
   'text': 'PPARbeta/delta has a role in growth of RAF-induced lung adenomas'},
  {'pubmed': 17685465,
   'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid may facilitate tumor cell growth and progression once seeded in the lymph nodes.'},
  {'pubmed': 17693984,
   'text': 'Observational study of genotype prevalence, gene-disease association, and genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 17693984,
   'text': 'There was no coexistence of BRAF (V600E) mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 17696195,
   'text': 'data showed differences in gene expression between nevi with and without the V600E BRAF mutation. Moreover, nevi with mutations showed over-expression of genes involved in melanocytic senescence and cell cycle inhibition'},
  {'pubmed': 17699719,
   'text': 'RNA interference and pharmacologic approaches were used to assess the role of B-Raf activation in the growth of human melanomas and additionally determined if a similar role for mutant B-Raf is seen for colorectal carcinoma cell lines.'},
  {'pubmed': 17704260,
   'text': '5 unreported mutations (T241P, Q262R, G464R, E501V, N581K) were found in cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome. A hotspot in exon 6 at Q257 was found.'},
  {'pubmed': 17714762,
   'text': 'diffuse expression of wild-type and/or mutant B-Raf may be involved in the tumorigenic process'},
  {'pubmed': 17717450,
   'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation is primarily present in conventional papillary thyroid cancer; it is associated with an aggressive tumor phenotype and higher risk of recurrent and persistent disease in patients with conventional papillary thyroid cancer'},
  {'pubmed': 17717450,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 17721188,
   'text': 'Develompment of malignant strumo ovarii with papillary thyroid carcinoma features is associated with BRAF mutations.'},
  {'pubmed': 17727338,
   'text': 'BRAF(V600E) mutation detected on fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens, more than RET/PTC rearrangements, is highly specific for papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 17785355,
   'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation is associated with high-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma'},
  {'pubmed': 17785355,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 17786355,
   'text': 'BRAFV600E mutations were found in 41.2% of the papillary thyroid carcinomas'},
  {'pubmed': 17854396,
   'text': 'Papillary thyroid cancers with no 131I uptake had a high frequency of BRAF mutations.'},
  {'pubmed': 17878251,
   'text': 'MEK inhibition is cytostatic in papillary thyroid cancer and anaplastic thyroid cancer cells bearing a BRAF mutation'},
  {'pubmed': 17911174,
   'text': 'effects of a MEK inhibitor, CI-1040, on thyroid cancer cells, some of which, particularly cell proliferation and tumor growth, seemed to be BRAF mutation or RAS mutation selective'},
  {'pubmed': 17914558,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated as early as the hyperplastic polyp stage followed by microsatellite instability at the carcinoma stage'},
  {'pubmed': 17924122,
   'text': 'Examined associations between BRAF mutations, morphology, and apoptosis in early colorectal cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 17940185,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation represents a novel indicator of the progression and aggressiveness of papillary thyroid cancer (Review)'},
  {'pubmed': 17942568,
   'text': 'BRAF interacts with PLCepsilon1 in nephrotic syndrome type 3. Both proteins are coexpressed and colocalize in developing and mature glomerular podocytes.'},
  {'pubmed': 17962436,
   'text': 'In this small study, the T1799A BRAF mutation was identified in almost half of the iris melanoma tissues samples examined. This finding suggests that there may be genetic as well as clinical differences between iris and posterior uveal melanomas.'},
  {'pubmed': 17972530,
   'text': 'These results suggest that papillary thyroid carcinomas with BRAF (V600E) mutation are more aggressive than those with wildtype BRAF.'},
  {'pubmed': 18000091,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 18008004,
   'text': 'mutation of N-RAS or B-RAF, signature genetic lesions present in most MMs, potently induced the expression of cell-surface CD200, a repressor of DC function.'},
  {'pubmed': 18024410,
   'text': 'no BRAF mutations identified in 65 screened JMML patients; this gene is unlikely to play a role in the pathogenesis of JMML.'},
  {'pubmed': 18032947,
   'text': 'The BRAF mutation is common in melanomas, but variation in rates across melanoma subtypes points to a complex interplay between BRAF activation and other factors (eg, sun exposure).'},
  {'pubmed': 18042262,
   'text': 'the results of HRAS, BRAF and MAP2K1/2 mutation screening in a large cohort of patients with CS and CFC'},
  {'pubmed': 18045960,
   'text': 'Detection of BRAF improves the diagnosis in fine-needle biopsy with cytological findings suspicious for papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 18045987,
   'text': 'These results identify Rnd3 as a regulator of cross talk between the RAF/MEK/ERK and Rho/ROCK signaling pathways, and a key contributor to oncogene-mediated reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesions.'},
  {'pubmed': 18060073,
   'text': 'BRAF and MEK1/2 mutations may be more common than anticipated in ovarian cancer which could have important implications for treatment of patients with this disease and suggests potential new therapeutic avenues'},
  {'pubmed': 18061181,
   'text': 'Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 18070147,
   'text': "BRAF(V600E)'alone' does not represent a marker for poor outcome"},
  {'pubmed': 18071315,
   'text': 'B-Raf(V600E) signaling deregulates the mitotic spindle checkpoint through stabilizing Mps1 levels in melanoma cells.'},
  {'pubmed': 18098337,
   'text': 'BRAF provides proliferation and survival signals in MSI colorectal carcinoma cells displaying BRAF(V600E) but not KRAS mutations.'},
  {'pubmed': 18172070,
   'text': 'Because of the very sensitive pyrophosphorolysis-activated polymerization (PAP)technology, B-RAF mutations were found in cell lines and primary uveal melanomas.'},
  {'pubmed': 18199160,
   'text': 'A worse clinical outcome was found for CIMP-high, microsatellite stable colorectal cancer with KRAS/BRAF mutation but not for those lacking KRAS/BRAF mutation.'},
  {'pubmed': 18224685,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 18226854,
   'text': 'frequency of the occurrence of BRAF mutation and/or RET/PTC in H4-PTEN positive tumors was extremely high (75%) in papillary thyroid carcinoma'},
  {'pubmed': 18227705,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation is not associated with cutaneous melanoma'},
  {'pubmed': 18228248,
   'text': 'Important signalling role in T cell development.'},
  {'pubmed': 18235983,
   'text': 'Follicular histotypes of oncocytic thyroid carcinomas do not carry BRAF mutations'},
  {'pubmed': 18246127,
   'text': 'Mutant B-RAF mediates resistance to anoikis via Bad and Bim.'},
  {'pubmed': 18267069,
   'text': 'A genome-wide RNA-interference screening to identify genes required for an activated BRAF oncogene to block proliferation of fibroblasts and melanocytes revealed that a IGFBP7, has a central role in BRAF-mediated senescence and apoptosis.'},
  {'pubmed': 18310286,
   'text': 'BRAF T1799A mutation is associated with aggressive pathological outcomes of papillary thyroid cancer'},
  {'pubmed': 18310287,
   'text': 'BRAF(V600E) mutation is asscoiated with papillary thyroid cancer'},
  {'pubmed': 18310288,
   'text': 'BRAF-V600E mutation is associated with familial non-medullary thyroid carcinoma'},
  {'pubmed': 18323787,
   'text': 'Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity is subject to regulation even in BRAF/NRAS mutant melanoma cells and that high MAPK pathway signaling may be important only in distinct subsets of tumor cells.'},
  {'pubmed': 18329792,
   'text': 'RKIP could play an important role in the down-regulation of wild-type BRAF, serving thus as an endogenous inhibitor of the MAPK pathway in nasal polyps and their adjacent turbinate mucosa.'},
  {'pubmed': 18337114,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation testing of papillary thyroid carcinoma might improve the diagnosis, prognostic stratification and treatment of these tumors.'},
  {'pubmed': 18343945,
   'text': 'Our data provide evidence that PIK3CA and BRAF contribute to the tumorigenesis of IPMN/IPMC, but at a lower frequency than KRAS.'},
  {'pubmed': 18368129,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 18368129,
   'text': 'This study confirms that the known MC1R-melanoma risk association is confined to subjects whose melanomas harbor BRAF mutations.'},
  {'pubmed': 18375819,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with disease stabilization in melanoma'},
  {'pubmed': 18381570,
   'text': 'Thyroid cancers with BRAF mutation are preferentially sensitive to MEK inhibitors.'},
  {'pubmed': 18382358,
   'text': 'Detecting BRAF mutation by pyrosequencing is more sensitive, faster, and less expensive than direct DNA sequencing.'},
  {'pubmed': 18383861,
   'text': 'K-RAS and BRAF mutations are a frequent genetic event in our samples of sporadic papillary and medullary thyroid carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 18383861,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 18397470,
   'text': 'is commonly activated by somatic point mutation, it may provide possible diagnostic and therapeutic targets in human malignant tumors.'},
  {'pubmed': 18398503,
   'text': 'Results implicate aberrant activation of the MAPK pathway due to gene duplication or mutation of BRAF as a molecular mechanism of pathogenesis in low-grade astrocytomas and suggest inhibition of the MAPK pathway as a potential treatment.'},
  {'pubmed': 18402768,
   'text': 'Aberrant BRAF and INK4A functionally interact to promote growth and survival of melanoma cells.'},
  {'pubmed': 18408659,
   'text': 'in melanocytic lesions, BRAF(V600E) mutation can affect a subset of the cells and is associated with the type and quantity of sun exposure'},
  {'pubmed': 18413255,
   'text': 'study describes the biochemical characterization of novel BRAF and MEK germline mutations in cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome'},
  {'pubmed': 18434602,
   'text': 'Cdk1/cyclin B has a role in regulating B-raf activation at mitosis'},
  {'pubmed': 18435933,
   'text': 'CpG island methylator phenotype in colorectal neoplasms may result from activating mutations in either BRAF or KRAS.'},
  {'pubmed': 18451171,
   'text': 'Akt3 and mutant V600E B-Raf cooperate to promote early melanoma development.'},
  {'pubmed': 18458053,
   'text': 'oncogenic BRAF inhibition can have a different effect on cell fate depending on the cellular type'},
  {'pubmed': 18470905,
   'text': 'aberrant methylation of the hMLH1 gene may play a role in BRAF mutation-promoted thyroid tumorigenesis'},
  {'pubmed': 18509003,
   'text': 'study revealed a significant correlation of BRAFV600E mutation with a lower expression of both sodium iodide symporter and thyroperoxidase in papillary thyroid cancer'},
  {'pubmed': 18509361,
   'text': 'Shorter overall survival in primary melanoma was associated with the presence of ulceration and BRAF exon 15 mutations, as well as the absence of nuclear activation of Akt and of cytoplasmic activation of ERK.'},
  {'pubmed': 18517279,
   'text': 'BRAF mutations in colorectal cancer microsatellite-stable cases are associated with high levels of chromosomal instability that are likely responsible for the adverse outcomes in these cases'},
  {'pubmed': 18519771,
   'text': 'a significant relationship in overall survival in colon cancer patients with defective DNA mismatch repair and the presence of a specific mutation in BRAF (V600E)'},
  {'pubmed': 18532874,
   'text': 'Compared to melanomas without BRAF mutations, melanomas with BRAF mutations showed statistically significantly higher degrees of intraepidermal scatter of melanocytes, and a higher proportion of melanocytes arranged in nests.'},
  {'pubmed': 18567582,
   'text': 'the scaffold protein IQGAP1 couples Ca(2+) and calmodulin signaling to B-Raf function'},
  {'pubmed': 18592405,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 18594528,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 18602919,
   'text': 'Rac1b and B-Raf(V600E) functionally cooperate to sustain colorectal cell viability and suggest they constitute an alternative survival pathway to oncogenic K-Ras'},
  {'pubmed': 18615679,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 18615679,
   'text': 'V600E BRAF mutation is associated with imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumors'},
  {'pubmed': 18615680,
   'text': 'MLH1 methylation and BRAF mutations are associated with microsatellite unstable colon tumors'},
  {'pubmed': 18615680,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 18621636,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 18628356,
   'text': 'The frequencies of LOHs of 17q21, 17p13, 10q23, and 22q13 were higher in tumors with lymph node metastasis, suggesting that these LOHs may be important in increased lymph node metastasis.'},
  {'pubmed': 18628431,
   'text': 'People of southern European origin had lower risk of colorectal cancers with CIMP and BRAF mutation than people of Anglo-Celtic origin, which may in part be due to genetic factors that are less common in people of southern European origin.'},
  {'pubmed': 18628967,
   'text': 'BRAF regulates melanoma proliferation through the lineage specific factor MITF'},
  {'pubmed': 18632627,
   'text': 'co-overexpression of KIT/CDK4 is a potential mechanism of oncogenic transformation in some BRAF/NRAS wild-type melanomas'},
  {'pubmed': 18636014,
   'text': 'lung adenocarcinoma of mixed type with a high incidence of papillary and lepidic growth may be worthwhile investigating for BRAF-V600E mutation as more genetically oriented drug therapies emerge.'},
  {'pubmed': 18650848,
   'text': 'hyperactivation of the MAPK pathway following activation of an inducible form of oncogenic C-Raf induces a senescence-like proliferation arrest in B-Raf mutant melanoma cells'},
  {'pubmed': 18668139,
   'text': "N-RAS(Q61K) and B-RAF(V600E) contribute to melanoma's resistance to apoptosis in part by downregulating Bim expression"},
  {'pubmed': 18669866,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 18676742,
   'text': 'CST6, CXCL14, DHRS3, and SPP1 are regulated by BRAF signaling and may play a role in papillary thyroid carcinoma pathogenesis'},
  {'pubmed': 18676756,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 18682506,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 18682506,
   'text': 'The BRAF(V600E) mutation was demonstrated to be a poor prognostic factor independent from other clinicopathological features.'},
  {'pubmed': 18697864,
   'text': 'Identification and functional characterization of a novel T599I-VKSR(600-603)del BRAF mutation in a patient with follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 18710471,
   'text': 'There is a higher frequency of the BRAF(V600E) mutation in papillary thyroid carcinomas than in normal thyroid tissue.'},
  {'pubmed': 18715233,
   'text': 'These data suggest that regulation of BIM expression by BRAF-->MEK-->ERK signaling is one mechanism by which oncogenic BRAF(V600E) can influence the aberrant physiology of melanoma cells.'},
  {'pubmed': 18716556,
   'text': 'focal gains at chromosome 7q34 and increased BRAF-MEK-ERK signaling are common findings in sporadic pilocytic astrocytomas'},
  {'pubmed': 18718023,
   'text': 'presence of the BRAF (V600E) mutation,the incidence of microsatellite instability high colorectal cancer in populations based study.'},
  {'pubmed': 18757341,
   'text': 'KRAS and BRAF mutations can impair response to anti-EGFR therapy for colorectal neoplasms'},
  {'pubmed': 18757433,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 18759827,
   'text': 'Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 18778891,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with the CpG island methylator phenotype in colorectal cancer from young patients'},
  {'pubmed': 18778891,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 18782444,
   'text': 'BRAF, KRAS and PIK3CA mutations occur prior to malignant transformation demonstrating that these oncogenic alterations are primary genetic events in colorectal carcinogenesis'},
  {'pubmed': 18782444,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 18787396,
   'text': 'These data implicates a mitotic role for B-Raf in regulating spindle formation and the spindle checkpoint in human somatic cells.'},
  {'pubmed': 18794094,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 18794803,
   'text': 'study identified a group of melanomas with low-activity BRAF mutations (G469E- and D594G) that are reliant upon CRAF-mediated survival activity'},
  {'pubmed': 18798261,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation occurs independently of CpG island methylator phenotype and MSI in all types of serrated polyps and may serve as a marker of serrated pathway of colorectal carcinogenesis'},
  {'pubmed': 18806830,
   'text': 'study concludes a single endogenous BRAF(V600E) allele is sufficient to repress BIM & prevent death from growth factor withdrawal; colorectal cancer cells with V600E mutations are addicted to the ERK1/2 pathway for repression of BIM'},
  {'pubmed': 18832519,
   'text': 'CIMP-high appears to be an independent predictor of a low colon cancer-specific mortality, while BRAF mutation is associated with a high colon cancer-specific mortality.'},
  {'pubmed': 18834226,
   'text': 'With at least 3 markers methylated, new CIMP-positive colorectal cancers were closely associated with proximal tumor location, low frequency of KRAS mutation, and high frequency of BRAF mutation.'},
  {'pubmed': 18840924,
   'text': 'BRAF(V600E) mutation may play some roles in local carcinoma development, there is no evidence that BRAF(V600E) mutation significantly reflects the aggressive characteristics and poor prognosis of patients with papillary carcinoma in Japan.'},
  {'pubmed': 18840924,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 18945298,
   'text': 'BRAF V600E appeared to be the most commonly mutated gene in both the melanocytic aggregate (seven of 18, 39%) and the melanoma (four of 18, 22%)'},
  {'pubmed': 18946221,
   'text': 'Hereditary pancreatitis patients with PRSS1 mutations also had mutations in BRAF and KRAS2.'},
  {'pubmed': 18953432,
   'text': 'study shows high expression of p16(INK4a) or the absence of activated B-RAF correlates with in vivo response of melanoma to cytotoxic drugs'},
  {'pubmed': 18974108,
   'text': 'rearrangement, which was not observed in a series of 244 higher-grade astrocytomas, results in an in-frame fusion gene incorporating the kinase domain of the BRAF oncogene'},
  {'pubmed': 18980976,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 18985043,
   'text': 'the T1799A BRAF mutation is present in a proportion of posterior uveal melanomas but within these tumours the distribution of the mutation is heterogeneous.'},
  {'pubmed': 18987552,
   'text': 'BRAF mutations may not play an important role in the oncogenesis or therapy of prostate adenocarcinoma'},
  {'pubmed': 18992635,
   'text': '8% of sporadic colorectal tumors in this study harbor mutation in the BRAF gene.'},
  {'pubmed': 18992635,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19001320,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19001320,
   'text': 'Wild-type BRAF is required for response to panitumumab or cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 19003996,
   'text': 'BRAF-V600E mutation is uncommon in endocrine tumors other than thyroid papillary carcinomas'},
  {'pubmed': 19012001,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19012001,
   'text': 'The result showed that the mutation rate of PIK3CA in nasopharyngeal carcinomas (n = 73) was 9.6%, whereas both BRAF (n = 65) and RAS (n = 45) were wild type in every specimen with adequate DNA for analysis.'},
  {'pubmed': 19014278,
   'text': 'In Korean patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma, the BRAFV600E mutation is associated with a lower frequency of background Hashimoto thyroiditis and a high frequency of lymph node metastasis.'},
  {'pubmed': 19014278,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19016743,
   'text': 'Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction-based sequencing revealed a fusion product between KIAA1549 and BRAF in pediatric low-grade astrocytomas'},
  {'pubmed': 19018267,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19018267,
   'text': 'ovarian cancer patients with KRAS or BRAF mutations may benefit from CI-1040 treatment'},
  {'pubmed': 19026650,
   'text': 'Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19033861,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19034577,
   'text': 'BRAF(V600E) mutation is assocciated with aggressive papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 19034577,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19037234,
   'text': 'NRAS and BRAF mutations increase from the radial to the vertical growth phase in cutaneous melanoma'},
  {'pubmed': 19064572,
   'text': 'Observational study and meta-analysis of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19079609,
   'text': 'Genetic extinction of BRAF(V600E) in established prostate tumors did not lead to tumor regression, indicating that while sufficient to initiate development of invasive prostate adenocarcinoma, BRAF(V600E) is not required for its maintenance.'},
  {'pubmed': 19087308,
   'text': 'G12D mutation may be more likely selected in a BRAF mutated context'},
  {'pubmed': 19098310,
   'text': 'ERK activation was induced by PKD2 overexpression via B-Raf signaling, providing a possible molecular mechanism of cystogenesis'},
  {'pubmed': 19107232,
   'text': 'BRAF pseudogene activation may play a role in thyroid tumor development.'},
  {'pubmed': 19126563,
   'text': 'Sessile serrated adenomas are encountered commonly in routine endoscopy practice and the histological diagnosis correlates strongly with the presence of BRAF mutation.'},
  {'pubmed': 19127559,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19133693,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19142971,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19147753,
   'text': 'BRAF and RET/PTC dual mutations are associated with recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma'},
  {'pubmed': 19147753,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19152441,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19159571,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19164452,
   'text': 'MLH1-hypermethylated tumors harbor fewer APC and KRAS mutations and more BRAF mutations, suggesting that they develop distinctly from an MGMT methylator pathway.'},
  {'pubmed': 19178815,
   'text': 'Mutations are absent or rare in the kinase domain of B-RAF in Japanese head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 19178815,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19190079,
   'text': 'Mutation in BRAF is associated with adrenocortical carcinomas.'},
  {'pubmed': 19190105,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19190129,
   'text': 'Distinct BRAF (V600E) and KRAS mutations in high microsatellite instability sporadic colorectal cancer in African Americans.'},
  {'pubmed': 19190129,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19194051,
   'text': 'Expression levels of fibronectin, vimentin and CITED1 were positively correlated with those of BRAFV600E, suggesting pathophysiological links between activated BRAF and overexpression of these genes.'},
  {'pubmed': 19200582,
   'text': '(novel) mutation in the activation kinase domain of the BRAF (A598V), this mutation led to the up-regulation of the BRAF kinase activity and its downstream signaling factors.'},
  {'pubmed': 19206169,
   'text': 'Findings provide evidence for a wide phenotypic diversity associated with mutations affecting BRAF, and occurrence of a clinical continuum associated with these molecular lesions.'},
  {'pubmed': 19207009,
   'text': 'the presence of the braf protein mutation increases prohibitin promoter activity and therefore potentially mediates effects of this mutation on the behavior of BRAF protein'},
  {'pubmed': 19208736,
   'text': 'BRAFT1799A mutation or RET/PTC rearrangement, mainly corresponding to follicular variants, maintain a thyroid differentiation expression level close to that of normal tissue.'},
  {'pubmed': 19226609,
   'text': 'BRAF* melanomas appear to be associated with a specific profile of DNA copy number aberrations that is distinct from those found in NRAS* and BRAF/NRAS(wt/wt) tumors.'},
  {'pubmed': 19237633,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19240718,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19255327,
   'text': 'Clinical trial of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19274086,
   'text': 'oncogenic BRAF(V600E) induces the uncoupling of LKB1-AMPKalpha complexes providing at the same time a possible mechanism in cell proliferation that engages cell growth and cell division in response to mitogenic stimuli'},
  {'pubmed': 19276360,
   'text': 'GDC-0879-mediated efficacy was associated strictly with BRAF(V600E) status, MEK inhibition also attenuated proliferation and tumor growth of cell lines expressing wild-type BRAF.'},
  {'pubmed': 19282104,
   'text': 'study of KRAS/BRAF mutation status in a large and well-documented cohort of primary and metastatic renal cell carcinoma'},
  {'pubmed': 19289622,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19289622,
   'text': 'a correlation between a gene mutation--BRAF V600E--and cisplatin resistance in nonseminomatous germ cell tumors.'},
  {'pubmed': 19342899,
   'text': 'Both BRAF and RKIP expression levels exhibit a decrease from normal skin tissue and actinic keratosis, going to squamous cell carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 19344998,
   'text': 'In BRAF mutated colorectal carcinoma cells quercetin, luteolin and ursolic acid decreased Akt phosphorylation'},
  {'pubmed': 19351817,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19355825,
   'text': 'BRAF(V600E) is associated some of the aggressive clinicopathological features of papillary thyroid carcinoma including younger age at diagnosis, larger tumor size, and classic histological type, as well as also extrathyroidal invasion.'},
  {'pubmed': 19355825,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19358278,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19362540,
   'text': 'Targets of phosphorylation by B-Raf signaling are investigated in melanoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 19369630,
   'text': 'K-ras, EGFR, and BRAF mutations are disproportionately seen in adenocarcinomas of lung with a dominant micropapillary growth pattern compared with conventional adenocarcinoma in our institutional experience.'},
  {'pubmed': 19369630,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19370505,
   'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation was significantly found in papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 19370505,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19372556,
   'text': 'Mutation in BRAF is associated with ERK1/2 activation and MEK1/2 inhibitor therapy in colorectal cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 19378335,
   'text': 'proliferation of cells harboring mutations in B-Raf, but not K-Ras, is exquisitely sensitive inhibition of the MAPK pathway'},
  {'pubmed': 19383313,
   'text': 'REVIEW summarizes the literature on NRAS and BRAF activating mutations in melanoma tumors with respect to available data on histogenetic classification as well as body site and presumed UV-exposure.'},
  {'pubmed': 19383316,
   'text': 'The genes whose expression is associated with BRAF mutations are not simply restricted to the MAPK/ERK signaling but also converge to enhanced immune responsiveness, cell motility and melanosomes processing involved in the adaptative UV response'},
  {'pubmed': 19389934,
   'text': 'a subpopulation of melanocytes possesses the ability to survive BRAF(V600E)-induced senescence'},
  {'pubmed': 19393416,
   'text': 'B-RAF mutation was found to be significantly higher in papillary carcinomas when compared to follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas (55.6% vs 14.3%, P = 0.05).'},
  {'pubmed': 19393416,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19398955,
   'text': 'The murine model of mutant BRAF-induced melanoma formation provides an important tool for identifying further genetic alterations that cooperates with BRAF and that may be useful in enhancing susceptibility to BRAF-targeted therapeutics in melanoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 19404844,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19404844,
   'text': 'elevated pERK expression occurs in urothelial carcinoma in the absence of B-Raf mutations and is not correlated with FGFR3 over-expression'},
  {'pubmed': 19404918,
   'text': 'Investigated BRAF mutations in 30 bladder tumors. Detected two tumor specimens bearing two different mutations, both of which were found in exon 15. One sample showed the T1799A (V600E) and the other the G1798T (V600L) mutation.'},
  {'pubmed': 19404918,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19414674,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19415957,
   'text': 'The T1799A BRAF mutation does not appear to play a role in the tumorigenesis of the cribriform-morular variant of papillary carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 19416762,
   'text': 'Novel BRAF mutation in a patient with LEOPARD syndrome and normal intelligence is reported.'},
  {'pubmed': 19424571,
   'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation is not the target gene for abnormal DNA mismatch repair in patients with sporadic endometrial cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 19424639,
   'text': "Report efficient molecular screening of Lynch syndrome by specific 3' promoter methylation of the MLH1 or BRAF mutation in colorectal cancer with high-frequency microsatellite instability."},
  {'pubmed': 19430562,
   'text': 'Mutations in BRAF were found 10% patients in the low-grade carcinoma group, however, they were not found in the high-grade carcinoma group. KRAS and BRAF mutations were mutually exclusive, and both mutations were observed in 40%.'},
  {'pubmed': 19430562,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19440799,
   'text': 'oncogenic properties of KRAS and BRAF but not NRAS, HRAS, and PIK3CA contribute to the tumorigenesis of periampullary and ampullary tumors'},
  {'pubmed': 19461239,
   'text': 'mismatch repair deficiency is not a crucial event for BRAF mutation in melanocytic tumors'},
  {'pubmed': 19464601,
   'text': 'The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway has emerged as a major player in the induction and maintenance of melanoma, particularly the protein kinase BRAF, mutated in approximately 44% of melanoma cases. Review.'},
  {'pubmed': 19474002,
   'text': 'data confirm that KRAS and BRAF mutations do occur in the same cell and that BRAF V600E mutation is associated with CIMP+ status.'},
  {'pubmed': 19483722,
   'text': 'B-Raf/MKK/ERK provides a permissive environment for melanoma genesis by modulating plexin B1.'},
  {'pubmed': 19487299,
   'text': 'If BRAF is mutated in the primary thyroid neoplasm, it is likely that the metastases will harbor the defect.'},
  {'pubmed': 19487299,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19492075,
   'text': 'Targeting NRAS alone or both BRAF and CRAF in combination or both BRAF and PIK3CA together showed delay in tumor growth.'},
  {'pubmed': 19498322,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19498322,
   'text': 'Results show that activating BRAF somatic mutations may be occasionally found in advanced adrenocortical carcinomas, while CTNNB1 activating mutations are early and common events in adrenal tumorigenesis.'},
  {'pubmed': 19504446,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19534622,
   'text': 'CTNNB1 and BRAF mutations may have roles in the cribriform-morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma'},
  {'pubmed': 19534623,
   'text': 'BRAF V600E may have a role in development of papillary thyroid carcinoma'},
  {'pubmed': 19543740,
   'text': 'Pilocytic astrocytomas had BRAF fusions in 70% of cases but not IDH1 or IDH2 mutations. Diffuse astrocytomas had IDH1 mutations in 76% of cases but not IDH2 mutations or BRAF fusions. Analysis of BRAF and IDH1 separates pilocytic from diffuse astrocytoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 19547661,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19551857,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19561230,
   'text': 'BRAF mutations represent an alternative molecular pathway in the early tumorigenesis of a subset of KIT/PDGFRA wild-type GISTs and are per se not associated with a high risk of malignancy.'},
  {'pubmed': 19561230,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19571295,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19571295,
   'text': 'study concludes that a BRAF mutation is a negative prognostic marker in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer'},
  {'pubmed': 19571709,
   'text': 'BRAF mutated tumors occurred with a much greater frequency in proximal colon tumors than in either distal colon or rectal tumors'},
  {'pubmed': 19571821,
   'text': 'We observed no association between germline MC1R status and somatic BRAF mutations in melanomas'},
  {'pubmed': 19574281,
   'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation analysis can significantly improve FNAB diagnostic accuracy.'},
  {'pubmed': 19584155,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19584155,
   'text': 'Results suggest that the mutations of EGFR, KRAS, BRAF between primary tumors and corresponding lymph node metastases should be considered whenever mutations are used for the selection of patients for EGFR-directed tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy.'},
  {'pubmed': 19603018,
   'text': 'Assessing KRAS and BRAF mutations might help optimising the selection of the candidate metastatic colorectal cancer patients to receive anti-EGFR moAbs.'},
  {'pubmed': 19603018,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19603024,
   'text': 'BRAF (P=0.01) mutations predicted reduced progress free survival in response to cetuximab salvage therapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer .'},
  {'pubmed': 19603024,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19624312,
   'text': 'Mutated BRAF is a target in metastatic melanomas'},
  {'pubmed': 19626635,
   'text': 'In this study, 28 matched tumor and serum samples obtained from patients with both benign and malignant thyroid disorders were analyzed for BRAF mutation.'},
  {'pubmed': 19626635,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19628078,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19633643,
   'text': 'Characterization of candidate gene copy number alterations in the 11q13 region along with BRAF and NRAS mutations in human melanoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 19637313,
   'text': 'strong inter-relation between DR4 AND DR5 overexpression and presence of oncogenic KRAS/ BRAF mutations in colon cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 19638574,
   'text': 'Sorafenib inhibits NSCLC cell growth by targeting B-RAF in cells with wild-type KRAS and C-RAF in those with mutant KRAS.'},
  {'pubmed': 19644722,
   'text': 'BRAFV600E mutation is associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 19652585,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19659611,
   'text': 'simultaneous depletion of both MITF and BRAF(V600E) significantly inhibited melanoma growth even for the melanoma cell lines resistant to MITF depletion'},
  {'pubmed': 19667985,
   'text': 'Studies indicate that in pilocytic astrocytomas, the BRAF fusion gene has been identified as a specific and frequent event leading to potentially targetable mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation.'},
  {'pubmed': 19669908,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and DATA ERROR. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19679016,
   'text': 'Studies indicate that drugs are effective in targeting essential molecular pathways of BRAF, PTEN, Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin.'},
  {'pubmed': 19679059,
   'text': 'Mutations in BRAF protein is associated with Colorectal Carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 19679059,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19681119,
   'text': 'Investigated the prevalence of PTPN11, HRAS, KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, MEK1, and MEK2 mutations in a relatively large cohort of primary embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) tumors. No mutation was observed in BRAF and MEK genes.'},
  {'pubmed': 19682280,
   'text': 'This study provides a basis for understanding the molecular processes that are regulated by (V600E)BRAF/MEK signalling in melanoma cells.'},
  {'pubmed': 19686742,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19690147,
   'text': 'a dual mechanism that affects the Sprouty2/B-Raf interaction: Sprouty phosphorylation and B-Raf conformation'},
  {'pubmed': 19693938,
   'text': 'Whenever necessary BRAF testing may be performed on the residual samples of thyroid nodules, without interfering with routine cytology.'},
  {'pubmed': 19704056,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19710001,
   'text': 'The BRAF(V600E) mutation can be used as a potential prognostic factor in PTMC patients in a BRAF(V600E)-prevalent area.'},
  {'pubmed': 19710016,
   'text': 'DGKeta acts as a novel critical regulatory component of the Ras/B-Raf/C-Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade via a previously unidentified mechanism.'},
  {'pubmed': 19718661,
   'text': 'analysis of the effect on the Ras/Raf signaling pathway of post-translational modifications of neurofibromin'},
  {'pubmed': 19724843,
   'text': 'This article focuses on reviewing the impact of the BRAFV600E mutation in the tumorigenesis of Papillary thyroid carcinoma'},
  {'pubmed': 19725049,
   'text': 'EPAC-mediated cellular effects require activation of the B-Raf/ERK and mTOR signaling cascades'},
  {'pubmed': 19735675,
   'text': 'Insights into the molecular function of the inactivating mutations of B-Raf involving the DFG motif.'},
  {'pubmed': 19738388,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19738460,
   'text': 'Papillary carcinomas of the thyroid with papillary growth and areas of follicular growth have a high frequency of BRAF mutations.'},
  {'pubmed': 19745699,
   'text': 'Beta-catenin nuclear labeling is a common feature of sessile serrated adenomas and correlates with early neoplastic progression after BRAF activation.'},
  {'pubmed': 19752400,
   'text': 'The polyclonality of BRAF mutations in acquired melanocytic nevi suggests that mutation of BRAF may not be an initial event in melanocyte transformation.'},
  {'pubmed': 19759551,
   'text': 'analysis of coexisting NRAS and BRAF mutations in primary familial melanomas with specific CDKN2A germline alterations'},
  {'pubmed': 19765726,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19794125,
   'text': 'As predicted from the genomic organization at this locus, 22 of 36 patients with sporadic pilocytic astrocytomas and B-Raf gene rearrangement also exhibit corresponding homeodomain interacting protein kinase-2 (HIPK2) gene amplification.'},
  {'pubmed': 19826477,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19829302,
   'text': 'data argues against obligatory downregulation in IGFBP7 expression in BRAF mutated melanoma cells'},
  {'pubmed': 19850689,
   'text': 'BRAF(T1799A) can be detected in the blood of papillary thyroid carcinoma patients with residual or metastatic disease and may provide diagnostic information'},
  {'pubmed': 19850689,
   'text': 'Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19855373,
   'text': 'BRAF V600E mutations were seen in 83% of proximal and 74% of distal hyperplastic colonic polyps'},
  {'pubmed': 19861538,
   'text': 'BRAFV600E oncogene induces transforming growth factor beta secretion leading to sodium iodide symporter repression and increased malignancy in thyroid cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 19861964,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19861964,
   'text': 'These data demonstrate the feasibility of BRAF mutation detection in cfDNA of patients with advanced melanoma. Future studies should aim to incorporate BRAF mutation testing in cfDNA to further validate this biomarker for patient selection.'},
  {'pubmed': 19878585,
   'text': 'Suppression of BRAF gene expression inhibited cell proliferation in cells with BRAF(V600E) mutation.'},
  {'pubmed': 19880519,
   'text': 'Hyperactivation of BRAF-MEK signaling activates MAP2 expression in melanoma cells by two independent mechanisms, promoter demethylation or down-regulation of neuronal transcription repressor HES1.'},
  {'pubmed': 19881948,
   'text': 'BRAF and KRAS oncogenes have different transforming capability in colon cancer'},
  {'pubmed': 19883729,
   'text': 'The knowledge of BRAF mutation status can facilitate more accurate risk stratification and better decision making at various steps in the management of papillary thyroid cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 19884549,
   'text': 'Clinical trial of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19884549,
   'text': 'KRAS and BRAF mutations in advanced colorectal cancer are associated with poor prognosis but do not preclude benefit from oxaliplatin or irinotecan.'},
  {'pubmed': 19884556,
   'text': 'BRAF status, EGFR amplification, and cytoplasmic expression of PTEN were associated with outcome measures in KRAS wild-type patients treated with a cetuximab-based regimen.'},
  {'pubmed': 19884556,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19893451,
   'text': 'Study identified the previously reported pathogenic mutation of NTRK3 in a KRAS/BRAF wild-type tumor and 2 somatic mutations in the Src family of kinases (YES1 and LYN) that would be expected to cause structural changes.'},
  {'pubmed': 19903786,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19908233,
   'text': 'BRAF gene mutation is associated with colorectal cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 19908233,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19913317,
   'text': 'BRAF mutations are not relevant for rectal carcinogenesis'},
  {'pubmed': 19913317,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19917255,
   'text': 'Data show that melanoma cells expressing B-Raf(V600E) display a reduced C-Raf:B-Raf ratio, and further suppression of C-Raf increases MAPK activation and proliferation.'},
  {'pubmed': 19919630,
   'text': 'The BRAF V600E mutational status appears to be of limited diagnostic utility in distinguishing genital naevi that exhibit atypia from those that do not.'},
  {'pubmed': 19919912,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19935791,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19955937,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19955937,
   'text': 'v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene mutations are common in ovarian serous bordeline tumors.'},
  {'pubmed': 19956635,
   'text': 'Uncategorized study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19958951,
   'text': 'clinical, cytologic, and pathologic parameters of 106 consecutive surgically treated patients with BRAF-positive PTC were compared with a concurrent cohort of 100 patients with BRAF-negative PTC (papillary thyroid carcinoma)'},
  {'pubmed': 19959686,
   'text': '2-fold increased risk of BRAF V600E colonic tumor mutation was observed in current and former cigarette smokers homozygous for the OGG1 polymorphism'},
  {'pubmed': 19960590,
   'text': 'BRAF T1796A mutation was identified in 27% of papillary thyroid cancer samples and its identification may be used to determine this risk factor of the development of papillary thyroid cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 19960590,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20008640,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20009493,
   'text': 'BRAFV600E mutation is associated with high-risk clinicopathological characteristics of papillary thyroid carcinoma and worse prognosis of patients'},
  {'pubmed': 20009493,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20012784,
   'text': 'Screening for BRAF, RET, KRAS, NRAS, and HRAS mutations, as well as RET-PTC1 and RET-PTC3 rearrangements, was performed on cases of Hashimoto thyroiditis with a dominant nodule'},
  {'pubmed': 20023270,
   'text': 'BRAF V600E detection in the tumor does not induce a higher expression of the B-raf protein or the preferential activation of the p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway compared with GISTs without the BRAF mutation.'},
  {'pubmed': 20027224,
   'text': 'CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)-specific inactivation of BRAF(V600E)-induced senescence and apoptosis pathways by IGFBP7 DNA hypermethylation might create a favorable context for the acquisition of BRAF(V600E) in CIMP+ colorectal cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 20043015,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20043015,
   'text': 'no support for MC1R variants with BRAF mutation for melanoma risk'},
  {'pubmed': 20044755,
   'text': 'BRAF gene rearrangements were more common in cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma than non-cerebellar tumors; clinical outcome was independent of BRAF status'},
  {'pubmed': 20049644,
   'text': 'BRAF mutations only in metastases is not associated with resistance to anti-EGFR treatment in primary colorectal tumors.'},
  {'pubmed': 20049644,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20051945,
   'text': 'Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20068183,
   'text': 'BRAF(V600E) mutation seems to define a subset of malignant astrocytomas in children, in which there is frequent concomitant homozygous deletion of CDKN2A (five of seven cases).'},
  {'pubmed': 20098682,
   'text': 'Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20118768,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20140953,
   'text': 'Formalin-fixed primary melanomas from relapsed and nonrelapsed patients were sequenced for common BRAF and NRAS mutations. BRAF/NRAS mutations were detected in 77% of relapsers and 58% of nonrelapsers and did not predict ulceration or mitotic rate.'},
  {'pubmed': 20146801,
   'text': 'Data demonstrate a signaling loop between B-Raf activation and p73 function, and suggest that low expression of TAp73 in colorectal cancer cell lines with mutated B-Raf may lead to lack of response to oxaliplatin/cetuximab.'},
  {'pubmed': 20156809,
   'text': 'BRAF activating mutations are a major genetic alteration in this histologic group of pediatric low-grade brain tumors.'},
  {'pubmed': 20162668,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20162668,
   'text': 'With MSI, specific KRAS and BRAF mutations, 3 distinct prognostic subgroups were observed: patients with (i) KRAS mutation G12D, G12V or BRAFmutation, (ii) KRAS/BRAFwild-type or KRAS G13D mutations in MSS/MSI-L and (iii) MSI-H and KRAS G13D mutations.'},
  {'pubmed': 20177422,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20182446,
   'text': 'High oncogenic BRAF levels trigger autophagy, which may have a role in melanoma tumor progression.'},
  {'pubmed': 20186801,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20187782,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20200438,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20200438,
   'text': 'we measured the prevalence and epidemiologic correlates of the BRAF V600E somatic mutation in cases collected as a part of a population-based case-control study of colorectal cancer in northern Israel.'},
  {'pubmed': 20230995,
   'text': 'pathogenesis of papillary thyroid cancer , and the clinical implications of BRAF(V600E) mutation in the diagnosis, prognosis and potential targeted therapeutic strategies for thyroid cancer [review]'},
  {'pubmed': 20233436,
   'text': 'data support the model of BRAF and K-ras mutations arising in distinct colorectal cancer subsets associated with different clinicopathological and dietary factors, acting as mutually exclusive mechanisms of activation of the same signalling pathway'},
  {'pubmed': 20234366,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20300843,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation is not associated with interval cancers but is a marker of poor prognosis, particularly in microsatellite stable cancers.'},
  {'pubmed': 20300843,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20302979,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20303012,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20303012,
   'text': 'Our study suggests that mutations of KRAS, not BRAF, may play a role in the pathogenesis of prostate carcinoma in Chinese patients.'},
  {'pubmed': 20305537,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20332228,
   'text': 'Studies show FOXD3 is suppressed by B-RAF, uncover a novel role and mechanism for FOXD3 as a negative cell cycle regulator, and have implications for the repression of melanocytic lineage cells.'},
  {'pubmed': 20351680, 'text': 'Mutated in melanoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 20379614,
   'text': 'Clinical trial of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20381121,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20406109,
   'text': 'The miR-146b expression levels in papillary thyroid carcinoma with BRAF mutation were significantly higher than those without this mutation'},
  {'pubmed': 20407018,
   'text': 'Activated Raf-1 induces focal adhesion kinase expression and regulates neuroendocrine and metastatic phenotypes in gastrointestinal carcinoid cell line BON.'},
  {'pubmed': 20410389,
   'text': 'thyroid carcinoma with the BRAF(V600E) mutation tends to be taller than wide and is not associated with the presence of calcifications on ultrasound.'},
  {'pubmed': 20413299,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20444249,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20445557,
   'text': 'B-RAF(V600E) can protect melanocytes from anoikis independently of cell cycle inhibition'},
  {'pubmed': 20453000,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20454969,
   'text': 'This study identified an exceptionally high frequency of KIAA1549-BRAF fusions in pilocytic astrocytoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 20460314,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20460314,
   'text': 'These data demonstrate a high prevalence of B-RAF mutations in the present study population, underscoring the possibility of strong regional differences.'},
  {'pubmed': 20473281,
   'text': 'Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha is expressed in papillary thyroid carcinomas and is regulated not only by hypoxia but also by BRAF(V600E)-mediated signaling pathway.'},
  {'pubmed': 20473281,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20478260,
   'text': 'Study concludes that the secreted protein IGFBP7 is dispensable for B-RAF(V600E)-induced senescence in human melanocytes.'},
  {'pubmed': 20485284,
   'text': 'BRAF V600E mutations are associated with MSI-H status and cyclin D1 overexpression and characterize a subgroup of patients with poor prognosis.'},
  {'pubmed': 20485284,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20489114,
   'text': 'Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20495538,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20496269,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20498063,
   'text': 'Knockdown of B-Raf(V600E) resulted in thrombospondin-1 down-regulation and a reduction of adhesion and migration/invasion of human thyroid cancer cells.'},
  {'pubmed': 20501503,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20501503,
   'text': 'The V600E BRAF mutation confers a worse prognosis to stage II and stage III colon cancer patients independently of disease stage and therapy.'},
  {'pubmed': 20501689,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20514492,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation may be used a biomarker for the selection of patients with colorectal cancer patients who might benefit from anti-egf receptor monoclonal antibodies.'},
  {'pubmed': 20514492,
   'text': 'Meta-analysis of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20519626,
   'text': 'Studies identified the oncogenic BRAF V600E mutation in 35 of 61 archived specimens (57%).'},
  {'pubmed': 20526288,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20526288,
   'text': 'The BRAF 1799T>A mutation was found in 5 of 19 (26%) of infiltrative follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas and in none of the encapsulated carcinomas'},
  {'pubmed': 20543023,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20563851,
   'text': 'HER2, but not EGFR gene amplification, is frequently observed in KRAS and BRAF wild type colorectal cancer patients'},
  {'pubmed': 20563851,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20569675,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20569675,
   'text': 'reports the low frequency of PIK3CA and B-RAF mutations in astrocytomas, despite the presence of activated ERK and AKT proteins'},
  {'pubmed': 20570909,
   'text': 'Incidence of cancer in FDRs of index CRC patients with the p.V600E BRAF mutation may be explained by a genetic predisposition to develop cancer through the serrated pathway of colorectal carcinogenesis.'},
  {'pubmed': 20570909,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20571907,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20571907,
   'text': 'PIK3CA mutations may have a role in KRAS and BRAF wild type colorectal cancer'},
  {'pubmed': 20573852,
   'text': 'BRAF mutational status of metastases is not required when the primary tumour is BRAF wild type.'},
  {'pubmed': 20576522,
   'text': 'allele specific Taqman-based real-time PCR assay allows the sensitive, accurate and reliable measurement of BRAF(V600E) mutated DNA in plasma'},
  {'pubmed': 20591910,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20605766,
   'text': 'in melanomas activation of the MAPK pathway can occur through signaling pathways operating independently of BRAF T1799A'},
  {'pubmed': 20607849,
   'text': 'V600E BRAF mutation is not associated with seminoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 20616366,
   'text': 'Using traditional PCR and direct sequencing, we found KRAS mutations in 47 (40%) patients and BRAF(V600E) in 10 (8.5%)'},
  {'pubmed': 20619739,
   'text': 'if KRAS is not mutated, assessing BRAF, NRAS, and PIK3CA exon 20 mutations (in that order) gives additional information about the efficacy of cetuximab plus chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 20627194,
   'text': 'PCR is practically applicable to KRAS/BRAF genotyping using small amounts of biopsied colorectal tumor cells.'},
  {'pubmed': 20631031,
   'text': 'No significant difference in BRAF alterations was found between pT1 tumors and thyroid capsule invasion and pT3 tumors.'},
  {'pubmed': 20631031,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20635392,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20640859,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20645028,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20645028,
   'text': 'samples of metastatic colorectal cancer were tested for the presence of the seven most common mutations in the KRAS gene and the V600E mutation in the BRAF gene'},
  {'pubmed': 20647301,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20647317,
   'text': 'Findings delineate how mutant B-RAF protects melanoma cells from apoptosis and provide insight into possible resistance mechanisms to B-RAF inhibitors.'},
  {'pubmed': 20652941,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20670148,
   'text': 'Traditional DNA sequencing and the somewhat more-sensitive pyrosequencing method can detect multiple alternative BRAF mutations.'},
  {'pubmed': 20679909,
   'text': 'Mutant Braf can be detected in RNA from mixed populations with as few as 0.1% Braf(V600E) mutant cells.'},
  {'pubmed': 20689758,
   'text': 'PLX4032 has robust activity in BRAF mutated melanoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 20702649,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20703476,
   'text': 'Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20720566,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20720566,
   'text': 'association between MC1 receptor germline variation and BRAF/NRAS mutations in melanoma'},
  {'pubmed': 20736745,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20802181,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation is rare in advanced-stage low-grade ovarian serous carcinomas.'},
  {'pubmed': 20802181,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20807807,
   'text': 'Mutant protein kinase elicits significant therapeutic responses in mutant BRAF-driven human melanoma xenografts.'},
  {'pubmed': 20813562,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20813562,
   'text': 'first report implicating BRAF mutation in OSCC. study supports that mutations in the BRAF gene makes at least a minor contribution to OSCC tumorigenesis.'},
  {'pubmed': 20837233,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation detection in fine needle biopsy may be an adjunct tool for preoperative didagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 20840674,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20840674,
   'text': 'RET rearrangements and BRAF mutation in undifferentiated thyroid carcinomas having papillary carcinoma components'},
  {'pubmed': 20843808,
   'text': 'A BRAF aberrant splice variant with an intact kinase domain and partial loss of the N-terminal autoinhibitory domain was identified in fibroblasts from an additional patient, and fibroblast proliferation was inhibited by BRAF-specific siRNA.'},
  {'pubmed': 20853079,
   'text': 'reduced RKIP mRNA levels and the elevated levels of B-RAF in pT1, grade III tumors vs. normal tissue, corroborate that these genes are involved in the pathogenesis of urinary bladder cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 20857202,
   'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation is associated with lack of response in wild-type KRAS metastatic colorectal cancer treated with anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies.'},
  {'pubmed': 20860430,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20881644,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20944096,
   'text': 'Determination of the BRAF mutation and the growth fraction of melanomas may add a prognostic value.'},
  {'pubmed': 20944096,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20945104,
   'text': 'BRAF(V600E) mutation is associated with thyroid nodules.'},
  {'pubmed': 20945104,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20947270,
   'text': 'In the present series, no BRAF mutation was detected. The presence of KRAS mutations and loss of PTEN expression were not associated with impaired response to cetuximab-based chemoradiotherapy and 3-year disease free survival.'},
  {'pubmed': 20947270,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20950194,
   'text': 'BRAF is mutated in a low percentage of follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma, and most of these mutated cases are suspicious or positive on fine-needle aspiration.'},
  {'pubmed': 20953721,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 20955560,
   'text': 'Anti-BRAF autoantibodies from RA patients preferentially recognize one BRAF peptide: P2'},
  {'pubmed': 20959481,
   'text': 'Braf mutation is associated with basal and treatment-induced regulation of the PI3K-AKT pathway as a critical regulator of AZD6244 sensitivity in cutaneous melanoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 20962618,
   'text': 'Describe benign serrated colorectal fibroblastic polyps/intramucosal perineuriomas are true mixed epithelial-stromal polyps (hybrid hyperplastic polyp/mucosal perineurioma) with frequent BRAF mutations.'},
  {'pubmed': 20975100,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20979647,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 21048031,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 21049459,
   'text': 'Although many studies document BRAF mutation as a prognostic factor in PTC our results underline that it is too early to consider it as a routine clinical predictive factor.'},
  {'pubmed': 21049459,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 21051183,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 21051183,
   'text': 'findings indicate that somatic mutations in KRAS and PIK3CA but not BRAF oncogenes are closely associated with the development of cholangiocarcinoma in Chinese population'},
  {'pubmed': 21068756,
   'text': 'The dermoscopical and histopathological patterns of nevi correlate with the frequency of BRAF mutations.'},
  {'pubmed': 21076620,
   'text': 'Data show that BRAF knockdown led to suppression of the expression of the GABPbeta, which involved in regulating HPR1 promoter activity.'},
  {'pubmed': 21098728,
   'text': 'BRAF gene amplification can promote acquired resistance to MEK inhibitors in cancer cells harboring the BRAF V600E mutation.'},
  {'pubmed': 21102258,
   'text': 'Mutations of EGFR, BRAF, and KRAS in adenocarcinoma were mutually exclusive and inversely correlated with RASSF1A methylation'},
  {'pubmed': 21102416,
   'text': 'We show a strong association between concordant methylation of >/= 3 of five 3p22 genes with the CpG island methylator phenotype and the BRAF V600E mutation.'},
  {'pubmed': 21103049,
   'text': 'Data show that among 181 CRC patients, stratified by microsatellite instability status, DNA sequence changes were identified in KRAS (32%), BRAF (16%), PIK3CA (4%), PTEN (14%) and TP53 (51%).'},
  {'pubmed': 21107320,
   'text': 'identification of MAP3K8 (the gene encoding COT/Tpl2) as a MAPK pathway agonist that drives resistance to RAF inhibition in B-RAF(V600E) cell lines'},
  {'pubmed': 21107323,
   'text': 'melanomas escape B-RAF(V600E) targeting not through secondary B-RAF(V600E) mutations but via receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-mediated activation of alternative survival pathway(s) or activated RAS-mediated reactivation of the MAPK pathway'},
  {'pubmed': 21129611,
   'text': 'It therefore appears that BRAF mutations may play a strong negative prognostic role and only a slight role in resistance to anti-EGFR Abs.'},
  {'pubmed': 21131919,
   'text': 'Primary esophageal melanomas of Caucasian patients harbor mutations of c-Kit, KRAS and BRAF in varied frequencies.'},
  {'pubmed': 21134544,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma is associated with an increased risk of palpable nodal recurrence and the need for reoperative surgery.'},
  {'pubmed': 21134562,
   'text': 'BRAF mutations activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and confer an aggressive thyroid cancer phenotype.'},
  {'pubmed': 21161938,
   'text': 'KRAS mutations arise more frequently than BRAF mutations in Moroccan patients with colorectal carcinomas.'},
  {'pubmed': 21166657,
   'text': 'The BRAF mutation was frequently detected in patients with superficial spreading melanoma (OR=2.021; P<0.001) and in melanomas arising in nonchronic sun-damaged skin (OR=2.043; P=0.001).'},
  {'pubmed': 21167555,
   'text': 'concluded that follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma differs from conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma in the rate of BRAF mutation'},
  {'pubmed': 21176117,
   'text': 'These results show that melanoma cell phenotype is an important factor in MAPK pathway inhibition response, as invasive phenotype cell response is dependent on BRAF mutation status.'},
  {'pubmed': 21185263,
   'text': 'this study has confirmed that the BRAF(T1799A) mutation confers cancer cells sensitivity to PLX4032 and demonstrated its specific potential as an effective and BRAF(T1799A) mutation-selective therapeutic agent for thyroid cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 21190184,
   'text': 'B-Raf(insT) and B-Raf(V600E) , but not B-Raf(wt) , provoke drastic morphological alterations in human astrocytes.'},
  {'pubmed': 21203559,
   'text': 'BRAF alternative splicing is differentially regulated in human and mouse. BRAF exon 9b is required for learning and memory associated with the hippocampus.'},
  {'pubmed': 21215707,
   'text': 'In melanoma cells, oncogenic (V600E) BRAF signaling downregulates PDE5A through the transcription factor BRN2, leading to increased cGMP and Ca2+ and the induction of invasion through increased cell contractility.'},
  {'pubmed': 21223556,
   'text': 'B-Raf signaling has a key function in the altered expression of contractile receptors in the cerebrovasculature.'},
  {'pubmed': 21223812,
   'text': 'The high expression of activated ERK is not caused by BRAF gene mutation in nasal mucosa malignant melanomas.'},
  {'pubmed': 21224857,
   'text': 'Acquisition of a BRAF mutation is not a founder event, but may be one of the multiple clonal events in melanoma development, which is selected for during the progression.'},
  {'pubmed': 21239517,
   'text': 'We found that performing BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis on the fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens was of great help to make a therapeutic decision for thyroid nodules when the fine-needle aspiration biopsy results were equivocal'},
  {'pubmed': 21249150,
   'text': 'the oncogenic effect of BRAF(V600E) is associated with the inhibition of MST1 tumor suppressor pathways, and the activity of RASSF1A-MST1-FoxO3 pathways determines the phenotypes of BRAF(V600E) tumors.'},
  {'pubmed': 21263251,
   'text': 'These findings suggest that BRAF mutations may be associated with the pathogenesis of sessile serrated colorectal adenomas.'},
  {'pubmed': 21270111,
   'text': 'Findings suggest inhibition of autophagy in combination with ER stress-inducing agents may represent a means by which to harness autophagy for the therapeutic benefit of B-RAF wild-type melanoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 21274671,
   'text': 'B-Raf mutations, microsatellite instability and p53 protein expression is not associated with sporadic basal cell carcinomas.'},
  {'pubmed': 21274720,
   'text': 'The analysis of BRAF V600E mutation in 1,320 nervous system tumors reveals high mutation frequencies in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, ganglioglioma and extra-cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 21285991,
   'text': 'Presence of mutated BRAF is one of the most powerful prognostic factors for advanced and recurrent CRC'},
  {'pubmed': 21289333,
   'text': '803 metastatic colorectal cancer samples studied for KRAS exon 2 and BRAF exon 15 mutations; BRAF mutated samples were characterized for mismatch repair function; 344 tumours were mutated -34 involving BRAF mutations (8 of microsatellite instability type)'},
  {'pubmed': 21303778,
   'text': 'Ras/Raf/MAPK and RhoA/ROCKII signalling pathways are abnormally activated in eutopic endometrial stromal cells of patients with endometriosis'},
  {'pubmed': 21305640,
   'text': '78 colorectal tumor samples were mutant for BRAF.'},
  {'pubmed': 21307665,
   'text': 'analysis of gallbladder carcinomas, gallbladder adenomas, and high-grade dysplastic lesions for the BRAF and the KRAS mutations'},
  {'pubmed': 21317202,
   'text': 'Findings suggest that inhibition of Raf-MEK-Erk pathway might offer a novel therapeutic strategy in neuroendocrine tumors'},
  {'pubmed': 21317224,
   'text': 'Studies showed that siRNA knockdown of BIM significantly blunted the apoptotic response in PTEN+ melanoma cells.'},
  {'pubmed': 21317286,
   'text': 'identified BAD serine 134 to be strongly involved in survival signaling of B-RAF-V600E-containing tumor cells and found that phosphorylation of BAD at this residue is critical for efficient proliferation in these cells.'},
  {'pubmed': 21321384,
   'text': 'identifying downstream events from the BRAFV600E/ERK1/2 pathway will eventually identify novel biomarkers that can be used to correlate with disease outcome and overall survival.'},
  {'pubmed': 21324100,
   'text': 'Data show that BRAF-mutated melanomas occur in a younger age group on skin without marked solar elastosis and less frequently affect the head and neck area, compared to melanomas without BRAF mutations.'},
  {'pubmed': 21326296,
   'text': 'BRAF mutations have a smaller role in the carcinogenesis of malignant melanoma in Chinese Han than in Western patients.'},
  {'pubmed': 21332555,
   'text': 'BRAF mutations were rare in colorectal laterally-spreading tumors.'},
  {'pubmed': 21343559,
   'text': 'The presence of mutant BRAF had no impact on the disease-free interval from diagnosis of first-ever melanoma to first distant metastasis; however, it may have impacted survival thereafter.'},
  {'pubmed': 21345796,
   'text': 'B-Raf associates with and stimulates NHE1 activity and that B-Raf(V600E) also increases NHE1 activity that raises intracellular pH.'},
  {'pubmed': 21351275,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with selective inhibition of thyroid cancer cells by the novel MEK inhibitor RDEA119 and genetic-potentiated synergism with the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus'},
  {'pubmed': 21356389,
   'text': 'IDH1 mutation works with other oncogenic mutations and could contribute to the metastasis in melanoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 21362156,
   'text': 'Regulation of NR4A nuclear receptor expression by oncogenic BRAF in melanoma cells.'},
  {'pubmed': 21383284,
   'text': 'BRAF mutational status yielded no useful prognostic information in predicting recurrence and benefits from adjuvant chemotherapy in colorectal cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 21383288,
   'text': 'Thus, MEK1(C121S) or functionally similar mutations are predicted to confer drug resistance of neoplasms to combined MEK/RAF inhibition.'},
  {'pubmed': 21383698,
   'text': 'tumor initiation by oncogenic BRAF renders thyroid cells susceptible to TGFbeta-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition, through a MAPK-dependent process'},
  {'pubmed': 21390154,
   'text': 'K-ras gene mutation is a common event in Chinese colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, but may not be a prognostic factor in CRC , while BRAF is rarely mutated in Chinese CRC patients.'},
  {'pubmed': 21408138,
   'text': 'Allele-specific qPCR assays for the most frequent activating mutations in EGFR, KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA in tumor-positive fine needle cytological aspirates were compared against histological material of primary tumors.'},
  {'pubmed': 21412762,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with papillary thyroid cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 21424126,
   'text': 'study suggested that both KRAS and BRAF mutations are exclusive, but KRAS and PIK3CA mutations are coexistent'},
  {'pubmed': 21424530,
   'text': 'This study demonistrated that the role of RAF kinase fusions as a central oncogenic mechanism in the development of pilocytic astrocytoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 21426297,
   'text': 'Mutations at the position V600 of BRAF were described in approximately 8% of all solid tumors, including 50% of melanomas, 30 to 70% of papillary thyroid carcinomas and 5 to 8% of colorectal adenocarcinomas.'},
  {'pubmed': 21427714,
   'text': 'There were no significant differences in the frequency of BRAF mutations among lesions exhibiting the hyperplastic, adenomatous, or mixed patterns.'},
  {'pubmed': 21430505,
   'text': 'The presence of the BRAF(V600E) mutation may play different roles between medium and giant CMNs in melanocytic tumorigenesis.'},
  {'pubmed': 21431280,
   'text': 'BRAF T1799A mutation may be an early and essential carcinogenic event in nearly all Korean papillary thyroid carcinomas'},
  {'pubmed': 21441079,
   'text': 'In papilary thyroid carcinoma, the BRAFT1799A mutation is associated with age over 60 & a tumor size of 1cm or greater, but not with other clinicopathological characteristics, tumor recurrence or persistence.'},
  {'pubmed': 21441910,
   'text': "KSR interacts with a regulatory Raf molecule in cis to induce a conformational switch of MEK, facilitating MEK's phosphorylation by a separate catalytic Raf molecule in trans"},
  {'pubmed': 21447798,
   'text': 'Amplification of the driving oncogene, KRAS or BRAF, underpins acquired resistance to MEK1/2 inhibitors in colorectal cancer cells.'},
  {'pubmed': 21451543,
   'text': 'Activated BRAF promotes melanoma cell growth by matrix metalloproteinase-1'},
  {'pubmed': 21455633,
   'text': 'No V600E mutation was identified in the BRAF gene in any sample.'},
  {'pubmed': 21456008,
   'text': 'the impact of BRAF mutation and microsatellite instability on prognosis in metastatic colorectal cancer'},
  {'pubmed': 21457162,
   'text': 'BRAF mutations are specific for serrated adenocarcinoma and identify a subset of serrated adenocarcinomas with gene methylation and a tendency for MSI-H'},
  {'pubmed': 21479234,
   'text': 'BRAF V600E mutations are common in the majority of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 21483104,
   'text': 'Heterogeneity of KRAS and BRAF mutation status intra-tumorally in colorectal cancer was assessed.'},
  {'pubmed': 21498916,
   'text': 'findings support the notion that BRAF(V600E), which can be detected preoperatively in papillary thyroid carcinoma fine-needle aspiration biopsy material, has a potential to contribute to patients stratification into high- and low-risk groups.'},
  {'pubmed': 21512141,
   'text': 'Mutated BRAF is detected in approximately 45% of papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC).'},
  {'pubmed': 21514245,
   'text': 'Ablation of B-Raf had no significant effect on development of K-Ras oncogene-driven non-small cell lung carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 21553007,
   'text': 'BRAF mutations, but not KRAS mutations, were associated with a worse outcome in Chinese colorectal cancer patients.'},
  {'pubmed': 21557216,
   'text': 'MSS/BRAF mutant cancers were more commonly proximal (38/54, 70.3%).'},
  {'pubmed': 21570823,
   'text': 'Analysis showed that blood samples with PCR evidence for CMC were heterogeneous for BRAF status under limiting-dilution conditions, suggestive of heterogeneity of CMC'},
  {'pubmed': 21577205,
   'text': 'Studies indicate that Raf kinases are excellent molecular targets for anticancer therapy.'},
  {'pubmed': 21587258,
   'text': 'Wnt5a methylation was strongly associated with tumour microsatellite instability tumours after adjustment for age, sex, and tumour location and with BRAF V600E mutation, a marker of CpG island methylator phenotype'},
  {'pubmed': 21594703,
   'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation is associated with recurrent papillary thyroid cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 21636552,
   'text': 'introduction of constitutively active BRAF V600E into human cortical stem and progenitor cells initially promotes clonogenic growth in soft agar but ultimately results in dramatically reduced proliferation and arrested growth of the culture.'},
  {'pubmed': 21653734,
   'text': 'Compared with BRAF-wt papillary thyroid cancer, those harboring BRAF(V600E) exhibit downregulated VEGFA, VEGFR, and PDGFRbeta expression, suggesting presence of BRAF mutation does not imply stronger response to drugs targeting VEGF and PDGFB signal pathways.'},
  {'pubmed': 21663470,
   'text': 'The BRAF V600E mutation was present in all patients with hairy-cell leukemia who were evaluated.'},
  {'pubmed': 21681432,
   'text': 'The BRAF V600E mutation did not show association with clinical or molecular characteristics of colorectal cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 21693616,
   'text': 'Eight of 16 primary tumor samples and 4 of 6 metastatic samples showed BRAF V600E gene mutations and no copy number changes were associated exclusively with metastatic cancer'},
  {'pubmed': 21696415,
   'text': 'The frequency of BRAF-KIAA1549 fusion transcripts is significantly lower in adult patients with pilocytic astrocytoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 21705440,
   'text': 'MEK1(F129L) mutation also strengthened binding to c-Raf, suggesting an underlying mechanism of higher intrinsic kinase activity'},
  {'pubmed': 21707687,
   'text': 'The application of BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis in US-guided FNAB can improve the diagnostic accuracy of thyroid nodules.'},
  {'pubmed': 21716161,
   'text': 'We describe a new mutation of BRAF, T599dup, in a case of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma with tall cell papillary thyroid carcinomas component.'},
  {'pubmed': 21725359,
   'text': 'identified concurrent mutational inactivation of the PTEN and RB1 tumor suppressors as a mechanism for loss of BRAF/MEK dependence in melanomas harboring (V600E)BRAF mutations'},
  {'pubmed': 21750338,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation of papillary thyroid carcinoma may have differential predictive values for LN metastasis, according to tumor size.'},
  {'pubmed': 21774961,
   'text': 'BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis using residual liquid-based preparation cytologic samples is, therefore, a powerful additional diagnostic tool for diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 21788131,
   'text': 'Patients with mutations in BRAF or NRAS gene are frequently present with ulceration, and mutation in BRAF or NRAS gene is indicator for poor prognosis.'},
  {'pubmed': 21796448,
   'text': 'Importance of infiltrative growth pattern and invasiveness over presence of BRAF mutation in classic and follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma for development of nodal metastases.'},
  {'pubmed': 21803329,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation is not indicative for predicting papillary thyroid cancer prognosis.'},
  {'pubmed': 21825258,
   'text': 'study reports that V600E and non-V600E BRAF mutations affect different patients with non-small-cell lung cancer; V600E mutations are significantly associated with female sex and represent a negative prognostic factor'},
  {'pubmed': 21826673,
   'text': 'BRAF mutations and llelic loss of susceptibility loci are associated with familial non-medullary thyroid cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 21835307,
   'text': 'The BRAF/MEK/ERK pathway is upregulated in progressive retinal arterial macroaneurysm patients, caused by mutation in IGFBP7.'},
  {'pubmed': 21863388,
   'text': 'Braf mutation in metastatic melanoma treated with BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib.'},
  {'pubmed': 21871821,
   'text': 'Genetic analysis revealed individual heterozygous mutations in the KRAS (phenotype of CFC/Noonan syndrome) and BRAF genes (phenotype of CFC syndrome)'},
  {'pubmed': 21875464,
   'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation has a significant correlation with papillary thyroid carcinomas.'},
  {'pubmed': 21882184,
   'text': 'the BRAF(V600E) mutation should be considered as a poor prognostic marker in papillary thyroid cancer (Meta-Analysis)'},
  {'pubmed': 21900390,
   'text': 'Studies indicate that BRAF V600E mutation initiates follicular cell transformation.'},
  {'pubmed': 21901162,
   'text': 'In sporadic colorectal tumourspatients, the most frequently mutated gene was APC (68.9% of tumours), followed by KRAS (31.1%), TP53 (27.2%), BRAF (8.7%) and CTNNB1 (1.9%).'},
  {'pubmed': 21903858,
   'text': 'BRAF(V600E) causes upregulation of TIMP-1 via NF-kappaB. TIMP-1 binds then its surface receptor CD63, leading eventually to Akt activation, which in turn confers antiapoptotic behavior and promotion of cell invasion.'},
  {'pubmed': 21906875,
   'text': 'BRAF mutations are of pathogenetic significance in wild type gastrointestinal stromal tumors.'},
  {'pubmed': 21909080,
   'text': "CXCR4 expression and BRAF mutation status could cooperatively induce and promote a more aggressive phenotype in papillary thyroid carcinoma through several pathways and specifically increase the tumors' spread outside of the thyroid gland."},
  {'pubmed': 21915661,
   'text': 'Aberrant CIMP was detected in 16% of chromosomal instable tumors and in 44% of both microsatellite instable and microsatellite and chromosomally stable carcinomas'},
  {'pubmed': 21936566,
   'text': 'this novel B-Raf fusion protein (SND-1 was identified as the B-Raf fusion partner) presents a novel target with potential clinical implications in the treatment of patients resistant to c-Met inhibitors.'},
  {'pubmed': 21937738,
   'text': 'A prominent epigenetic mechanism through which BRAF V600E can promote papillary thyroid cancer tumorigenesis by altering the methylation and hence the expression of numerous important genes.'},
  {'pubmed': 21943101,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation V600E significantly induces cell migration and invasion properties in vitro in colon cancer cells'},
  {'pubmed': 21948220,
   'text': 'In malignant FNABs in papillary thyroid carcinoma, BRAF(V600E) mutation was significantly associated with presence of extra-thyroidal extension and metastases after surgery.'},
  {'pubmed': 22006538,
   'text': 'DNA methylation of each marker was quantified using combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA) and analyzed along with various genetic factors associated with CRC [the BRAF and KRAS mutations, MLH1 methylation and microsatellite instability'},
  {'pubmed': 22012135,
   'text': 'An integrated approach combining both VE1 mutant protein immunohistochemistry and genetic analysis may increase the diagnostic accuracy of BRAF mutation analysis.'},
  {'pubmed': 22027477,
   'text': 'Postmenopausal hormone therapy was associated with borderline statistically significant risk reductions for BRAF-wildtype tumours among women with prolonged exposure to Postmenopausal hormone therapy.'},
  {'pubmed': 22028477,
   'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation is associated with hairy cell leukemia and B-cell neoplasms'},
  {'pubmed': 22033631,
   'text': 'high prevalence of BRAF (V600E) mutation is associated with synchronous bilateral papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 22038996,
   'text': 'Results support evaluation of BRAF(V600E)-specific inhibitors for treating BRAF(V600E) malignant astrocytomas (MA) patients.'},
  {'pubmed': 22039425,
   'text': 'study examined the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with mutant BRAF advanced cancer; conclude that BRAF appears to be a druggable mutation that also defines subgroups of patients with phenotypic overlap, albeit with differences that correlate with histology or site of mutation'},
  {'pubmed': 22043994,
   'text': 'This article reviewes the spectrum of KRAS/BRAF genotype and the impact of KRAS/BRAF mutations on the clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer. [review]'},
  {'pubmed': 22065586,
   'text': 'Ras induces DR5 expression through co-activation of ERK/RSK and JNK signaling pathways'},
  {'pubmed': 22072557,
   'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation is associated with hairy cell leukemia and other mature B-cell neoplasms'},
  {'pubmed': 22072743,
   'text': 'BAG3 protein sustains anaplastic thyroid tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. The underlying molecular mechanism appears to rely on BAG3 binding to BRAF, thus protecting it from proteasome-dependent degradation.'},
  {'pubmed': 22105174,
   'text': 'Murine thyroid tumors carrying the human BRAF(V600E) mutations are exquisitely dependent on the oncoprotein for viability.'},
  {'pubmed': 22105775,
   'text': 'BRAF (V600E) is a prevalent genetic alteration in adult sporadic papillary thyroid carcinoma in Indian cohort and it may be responsible for the progression of its classic variant.'},
  {'pubmed': 22114137,
   'text': 'Overall, no difference existed in microsatellite instability or BRAF mutation frequencies between African Americans and Caucasians with colorectal neoplasms.'},
  {'pubmed': 22133769,
   'text': 'BRAF mutations are associated with hairy cell leukemia and related lymphoproliferative disorders.'},
  {'pubmed': 22136270,
   'text': 'Case Report: describe case of follicular thyroid carcinoma with BRAF mutation.'},
  {'pubmed': 22137342,
   'text': 'thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines are B-Raf inhibitors'},
  {'pubmed': 22145942,
   'text': 'Pyrosequencing of BRAF V600E in routine samples of hairy cell leukaemia identifies CD5+ variant hairy cell leukaemia that lacks V600E.'},
  {'pubmed': 22147429,
   'text': 'V600E mutation of the BRAF gene reported to be associated with poor prognosis of germ cell tumors in adults prognostic biomarkers cannot necessarily be transferred from one age group to the other.'},
  {'pubmed': 22147942,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with inferior survival in stage III colon cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 22150560,
   'text': 'papillary thyroid cancers in young patients display a low prevalence of the already identified oncogenic alterations; the increasing prevalence with age is mainly due to V600E BRAF mutation'},
  {'pubmed': 22156467,
   'text': 'The BRAF V600E mutation is associated with a higher pathological stage at surgery and a higher rate of recurrence.'},
  {'pubmed': 22156468,
   'text': 'BRAF mutations enhance the predictability of malignancy in thyroid follicular lesions of undetermined significance.'},
  {'pubmed': 22157687,
   'text': 'BRAF and KRAS mutations were observed in six (46.2%) and four (30.3%) filiform serrated adenomaS, respectively.'},
  {'pubmed': 22170714,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma is a later subclonal event, its intratumoral heterogeneity may hamper the efficacy of targeted pharmacotherapy, and its association with a more aggressive disease should be reevaluated.'},
  {'pubmed': 22174938,
   'text': 'The antibody response against the catalytic domain of BRAF is not specific for rheumatoid arthritis.'},
  {'pubmed': 22178589,
   'text': 'Report mutations in KRAS, EGFR, and BRAF in cholangiocarcinoma and identify therapeutic targets for tyrosine kinase inhibitors.'},
  {'pubmed': 22180495,
   'text': 'Findings suggest that the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib in combination with standard-of-care or novel targeted therapies may lead to enhanced and sustained clinical antitumor efficacy in CRCs harboring the BRAF(V600E) mutation.'},
  {'pubmed': 22189819,
   'text': 'Aberrant gene methylation driven by BRAF(V600E) altered expression of the DNA methyltransferase 1 and histone methyltransferase EZH2 profoundly.'},
  {'pubmed': 22190222,
   'text': 'The BRAF(V600E) mutation was associated with high-risk clinicopathologic characteristics in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). The BRAF(V600E) mutation may be a potential prognostic factor in PTC patients.'},
  {'pubmed': 22190283,
   'text': 'B-Raf gene mutation primarily occurs at two loci--the exon 11 glycine loop and the activation area of exon 15--in surgically resected specimens of hepatocellular carcinoma patients.'},
  {'pubmed': 22194995,
   'text': 'These data support a model where the continuous regenerative process initiated by oncogenic B-RAF-driven alveolar disruption provides a tumor-promoting environment associated with chronic inflammation.'},
  {'pubmed': 22199277,
   'text': 'RET mutations may have a role in medullary thyroid carcinoma, while BRAF, AKT1, and CTNNB1 do not; the role of HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS mutations are not determined'},
  {'pubmed': 22199339,
   'text': 'analysis of BRAF gene mutations in non-small cell lung cancer'},
  {'pubmed': 22203991,
   'text': 'These results provide a functional link between oncogenic BRAF and angiogenesis.'},
  {'pubmed': 22210186,
   'text': 'Patients with microsatellite instability tumor phenotype had favorable prognosis, but in those with the V600E BRAF mutation higher recurrence rate was observed.'},
  {'pubmed': 22210875,
   'text': 'Our results suggest that HCLv and IGHV4-34(+) HCLs have a different pathogenesis than HCLc and that a significant minority of other HCLc are also wild-type for BRAF V600.'},
  {'pubmed': 22214007,
   'text': 'Although it constitutes a poor prognostic factor in colorectal cancer, it is not conclusive if it interferes with a poor therapeutic effect when cetuximab is used.[review]'},
  {'pubmed': 22227015,
   'text': 'The findings show mutant BRAF-induced oncogenic stress manifests itself by DNA damage and growth arrest by activating the pCHK2-p53-p21 pathway.It also confers tumor-promoting phenotypes such as the up-regulation of GLUT1 and enhances glucose metabolism.'},
  {'pubmed': 22228154,
   'text': 'In patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma, there were significant differences between BRAF wild-type and mutant tumors in age, female sex, proximal tumor location, frequency of microsatellite instability, and survival.'},
  {'pubmed': 22230299,
   'text': 'One chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patient and one patient with B-prolymphocytic leukaemia were found to harbour the BRAF V600E mutation'},
  {'pubmed': 22233696,
   'text': 'Sessile serrated adenomas are precursors of sporadic colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability.Identified a novel surface microstructure, the Type II open-shape pit pattern (Type II-O), which was specific to SSAs with BRAF mutation and CIMP.'},
  {'pubmed': 22235286,
   'text': 'evidence for heterogeneity of the BRAF(V600E) mutation within individual melanoma tumor specimens'},
  {'pubmed': 22245873,
   'text': 'No BRAF mutations were found in colon adenocarcinomas from renal transplant recipients.'},
  {'pubmed': 22246856,
   'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation in low and intermediate grade lymphomas is associated with frequent occurrence in hairy cell leukaemia.'},
  {'pubmed': 22249628,
   'text': 'None of the molecular marker mutations that were analyzed in this study, including the BRAF mutation, predicted lymph node metastasis in classic papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 22250191,
   'text': 'During therapy with selective BRAF inhibitors, panniculitis with arthralgia represents a new adverse effect that can require dose reduction.'},
  {'pubmed': 22258409,
   'text': 'Mutational activation of both BRAF and PIK3CA genes does contribute to hepatocellular tumorigenesis at somatic level in Southern Italian population.'},
  {'pubmed': 22282465,
   'text': 'In naive GISTs carrying activating mutations in KIT or PDGFRA a concomitant activating mutation was detected in KRAS (5%) or BRAF (about 2%) genes. I'},
  {'pubmed': 22287190,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with colorectal serrated adenocarcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 22294102,
   'text': 'No hotspot mutations in Braf were found in oral squamous cell carcinoma in a Greek population.'},
  {'pubmed': 22314188,
   'text': 'Colon adenocarcinomas with BRAF mutations have morphologic characteristics distinct from those with KRAS mutations and BRAF-mutated proximal colonic adenocarcinomas with proficient DNA mismatch repair have an aggressive clinical course.'},
  {'pubmed': 22317764,
   'text': 'Data indicate that 266 (76.2%) tumors harbored EGFR mutations, 16 (4.6%) HER2 mutations, 15 (4.3%) EML4-ALK fusions, 7 (2.0%) KRAS mutations, and 2 (0.6%) BRAF mutations.'},
  {'pubmed': 22317887,
   'text': 'Report of oncogenic BRAF/KRAS mutations in sporadic glomus tumors.'},
  {'pubmed': 22331186,
   'text': 'BRAFmut as a useful marker in hairy cell leukemia.'},
  {'pubmed': 22331825,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation is an independent prognostic biomarker for colorectal liver metastasectomy.'},
  {'pubmed': 22335197,
   'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation-positive papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) displayed infiltrative growth, stromal fibrosis, psammoma bodies, plump eosinophilic tumour cells, and classic fully developed nuclear features of PTC.'},
  {'pubmed': 22339435,
   'text': 'Data suggest that the BRAF V600E mutation does not seem to play a role in myeloid malignant transformation.'},
  {'pubmed': 22358007,
   'text': '(BRAF(V600E))detected in 141/170 malignant thyroid nodules (82.9%) (140 PTCs and one follicular variant of PTC). BRAF status not associated with US features with the exception of a negative relation between BRAF(V600E) and an irregular shape (p = 0.004).'},
  {'pubmed': 22361037,
   'text': 'This is the first reported study of the relationship between CK20/CK7 immunophenotype, BRAF mutations and microsatellite status in colorectal carcinomas'},
  {'pubmed': 22367297,
   'text': 'A distinct subset of atypical Spitz tumors is characterized by BRAF mutation and loss of BAP1 expression.'},
  {'pubmed': 22368298,
   'text': "review demonstrates that tumour BRAF V600E mutation, and MLH1 promoter 'C region' methylation specifically, are strong predictors of negative MMR mutation status[review]"},
  {'pubmed': 22374786,
   'text': 'The presence of activating GNAS mutations, in association with KRAS or BRAF mutations, is a characteristic genetic feature of colorectal villous adenoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 22376079,
   'text': 'evidence presented that ERK activation occurs in a K-ras or B-raf -independent manner in the majority of primary colon cancer cases; B-raf mutations are not associated with mismatch-repair deficiency through loss of hMLH1 or hMSH2 expression'},
  {'pubmed': 22376167,
   'text': 'The V600E BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid carcinomas may contribute to the initiation of the glycolytic phenotype and confers growth advantages in cancer'},
  {'pubmed': 22382362,
   'text': 'Eleven patients displayed Durable Disease Control (DDC) of which 55% had BRAF-V600E mutation positive tumors and 45% did not.'},
  {'pubmed': 22393095,
   'text': 'Patient diagnosed with colon cancer shows poor prognosis with BRAF genetic mutation.'},
  {'pubmed': 22395615,
   'text': 'findings show (V600E)B-RAF copy-number gain as a mechanism of acquired B-RAF inhibitor resistance in 4 out of 20 patients treated with B-RAF inhibitor'},
  {'pubmed': 22398042,
   'text': 'In a cohort of Indian patients with ulcerative colitis, with or without neoplasia, none showed the BRAF mutation.'},
  {'pubmed': 22417847,
   'text': 'we have analyzed the prevalence of somatic mutations in the FGFR3, PIK3CA, AKT1, KRAS, HRAS, and BRAF genes in bladder cancers'},
  {'pubmed': 22426079,
   'text': 'Data indicate that TaqMan(R) Mutation Detection assay is an important technology to consider in the field of mutation detection for KRAS, BRAF and EGFR point mutation screening.'},
  {'pubmed': 22426956,
   'text': 'genetic association studies in population in Turkey: Data suggest that a mutation in BRAF (V600E; found in 39.45% of patients) is associated with aggressiveness of papillary thyroid neoplasms; lymph node metastasis increases when mutation is present.'},
  {'pubmed': 22427190,
   'text': 'Investigation the prevalence of mutations in the BRAF gene and its correlation with demographic characteristics, tumor location and stage in 100 colorectal carcinoma patients from India.'},
  {'pubmed': 22429583,
   'text': 'Article reviews the current understanding of BRAF gene, its structure, expression, and signal pathway in non-small cell lung cancer. [Review]'},
  {'pubmed': 22430133,
   'text': 'The prevalence of EGFR, KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA somatic mutations in 861 randomly selected Chinese patients with non-small cell lung cancer'},
  {'pubmed': 22430208,
   'text': 'We propose that , and that persistent phosphorylation of Mps1 through BRAF(V600E) signaling is a key event in disrupting the control of centrosome duplication and chromosome stability that may contribute to tumorigenesis.'},
  {'pubmed': 22430215,
   'text': 'expression of these oncogenes markedly stimulated ERK1/2 activities and morphologically transformed IECs. Importantly however'},
  {'pubmed': 22431777,
   'text': 'Effective use of PDT in the treatment of BRAF inhibitor-associated KAs and SCCs.'},
  {'pubmed': 22431868,
   'text': 'EFVPTC 1 patient BRAFV600E mutation, NVPTC 2 patients, FVPTC 2 patients.'},
  {'pubmed': 22435913,
   'text': 'analysis of a patient with pancreatic metastasis arising from a BRAF(V600E)-positive papillary thyroid cancer [case report]'},
  {'pubmed': 22451557,
   'text': 'The BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis from FNA specimens for calcified thyroid nodules may be performed for a greater negative predictive value and unveil the malignancy in 25% of indeterminate or nondiagnostic cytology.'},
  {'pubmed': 22456166,
   'text': 'Report marked differences in the genetic pattern of the BRAF or NRAS mutated and wild-type melanoma subgroups.'},
  {'pubmed': 22459936,
   'text': 'BRAF mutations play a limited role in the development of sinonasal cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 22471241,
   'text': 'Out of 1041 Korean patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma, 0.4% had rare types of BRAF mutation and three new somatic mutations were identified'},
  {'pubmed': 22471666,
   'text': 'An update on malignancies displaying high frequencies of BRAF mutations and the mechanisms underlying the side effects and drug resistance phenomena associated with Raf inhibitors.'},
  {'pubmed': 22488961,
   'text': 'prevalence of the BRAF(V600E) mutation increased with increased tumor size'},
  {'pubmed': 22492957, 'text': 'BRAF V600E is associated with gliomas.'},
  {'pubmed': 22498935,
   'text': 'No BRAF V600E mutations were indentified in this study of patients with endometrial cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 22500044,
   'text': 'Highly sensitive and specific molecular assays such as MEMO sequencing are optimal for detecting the BRAF mutations in thyroid FNAC because these techniques can detect PTC that might be missed by cytology or less sensitive molecular assays.'},
  {'pubmed': 22506009,
   'text': 'The (600DLAT)B-RAF and (V600E)B-RAF mutations were found enriched in DNA and mRNA from the CD1a+ fraction of granuloma.'},
  {'pubmed': 22508706,
   'text': 'The analysis of BRAF mutations by pyrosequencing is useful to refine the risk stratification of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 22510757,
   'text': 'Patients with serrated polyposis syndrome referred to genetics clinics had a pan-colonic disease with a high polyp burden and a high rate of BRAF mutation.'},
  {'pubmed': 22510884,
   'text': 'It was shown that the dimer interface within the kinase domain plays a pivotal role for the activity of B-Raf and several of its gain-of-function mutants.'},
  {'pubmed': 22514085,
   'text': 'The tumor with T1799A BRAF mutation and tumor sizes of 2 cm or more were clinicopathologic parameters associated with lower STAT1 activity.'},
  {'pubmed': 22515292,
   'text': 'BRAF V600E is common in patients with low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma but does not predict recurrence.'},
  {'pubmed': 22515520,
   'text': 'Mutation BRAF transforms cells through cross talk with developmental pathways Hedgehog and Wnt, as well as by deregulation of colorectal cancer related kinase pathways.'},
  {'pubmed': 22516966,
   'text': 'Report upregulation of Bim and the splicing factor SRp55 in melanoma cells from patients treated with selective BRAF inhibitors.'},
  {'pubmed': 22522845,
   'text': 'In signet ring cell carcinoma, BRAF V600E mutation adversely affects survival in microsatellite-stable tumors, but not in high-level microsatellite-unstable tumor'},
  {'pubmed': 22531127,
   'text': 'study concludes that generally, overweight increases the risk of colorectal cancer; taller individuals have an increased risk of developing a tumour with a BRAF mutation or microsatellite instability'},
  {'pubmed': 22531170,
   'text': 'Demonstrate that BRAF V600E mutation-specific antibody can be used in immunohistochemical diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia.'},
  {'pubmed': 22534474,
   'text': 'BRAF and KIT mutations have been found in Japanese melanoma patients.'},
  {'pubmed': 22535154,
   'text': 'study shows there are clinically and biologically distinct subtypes of BRAF-mutant metastatic melanoma, defined by genotype, with distinct etiology and behavior; cumulative sun-induced damage in primary cutaneous melanoma and older age are associated with V600K BRAF mutations;it establishes prevalence of the BRAF mutation by age-decade'},
  {'pubmed': 22535974,
   'text': 'The diagnostic sensitivity for thyroid cancer is significantly increased by BRAF V600E mutation analysis, indicating that the screening for BRAF mutation in FNAB samples has a relevant diagnostic potential.'},
  {'pubmed': 22549559,
   'text': 'Recurrent/persistent PTC in the central compartment typically harbors the BRAF mutation'},
  {'pubmed': 22549727,
   'text': 'abrogation of BRAFV600E-induced senescence contributes to melanomagenesis.'},
  {'pubmed': 22549934,
   'text': 'The mTOR pathway could be a good target to enhance therapy effects in certain types of thyroid carcinoma, namely in those harboring the BRAF(V600E) mutation.'},
  {'pubmed': 22568401,
   'text': 'These results suggest that low-grade diffuse gliomas with 1p/19q loss have frequent BRAF gains'},
  {'pubmed': 22579930,
   'text': 'KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations in colorectal cancer have sustained prevalence rate in the Taiwanese population.'},
  {'pubmed': 22581800,
   'text': 'BRAF regulates expression of long noncoding RNAs in melanocytes and melanoma cells'},
  {'pubmed': 22586484,
   'text': 'In the present study, we did not find any significant correlations between KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA mutations and the loss of PTEN expression and various clinicopathological features in Chinese patients with colorectal cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 22591444,
   'text': 'Our results suggest that in a small fraction of diffuse gliomas, KIAA1549-BRAF fusion gene and BRAF(v600E) mutation may be responsible for deregulation of the Ras-RAF-ERK signaling pathway'},
  {'pubmed': 22592144,
   'text': 'Immunohistochemical detection of the mutated V600E BRAF protein in papillary thyroid carcinoma may facilitate mutational analysis in the clinical setting.'},
  {'pubmed': 22614711,
   'text': 'BRAF p.Val600Lys mutations were present at a relatively high frequency in the cohort of metastatic melanoma patients (27/183, 15%)'},
  {'pubmed': 22614978,
   'text': 'BRAF/NRAS mutations were identified in 58% of primary melanomas (43% BRAF; 15% NRAS)'},
  {'pubmed': 22628551,
   'text': 'Data show that RNF149 (RING finger protein 149) interacts with wild-type BRAF.'},
  {'pubmed': 22639828,
   'text': 'Data suggest that BRAF V600E mutation may not be widespread in hematologic malignancies, excluding hairy-cell leukemia (HCL).'},
  {'pubmed': 22649091,
   'text': "Patient's BRAF mutation was likely responsible for his tumor's marked response to dasatinib, suggesting that tumors bearing kinase-impaired BRAF mutations may be exquisitely sensitive to dasatinib."},
  {'pubmed': 22681706,
   'text': 'BRAFV600E mutation is associated with lymph node metastasis in multiple papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 22684223,
   'text': 'The presence of BRAF mutations in these adenomatous precursors to colon cancer suggests that they represent sessile serrated adenomas with complete cytologic dysplasia.'},
  {'pubmed': 22694820,
   'text': 'In papillary thyroid cancer, significant correlations between the methylation status of four genes (TIMP3, RASSF1A, RARbeta2 and DCC) and the V600E BRAF mutation were found.'},
  {'pubmed': 22699145,
   'text': 'Data indicate that 14% with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) and 7% ampullary adenocarcinomas (A-ACs) had mutations in both KRAS and BRAF.'},
  {'pubmed': 22702340,
   'text': 'In papillary thyroid carcinoma BRAFV600E is associated with increased expression of the urokinase plasminogen activator and its cognate receptor, but not with disease-free interval.'},
  {'pubmed': 22705994,
   'text': 'Hairy cell leukemia cell lines expressing annexin A1 and displaying B-cell receptor signals characteristic of primary tumor cells lack the signature BRAF mutation to reveal unrepresentative origins.'},
  {'pubmed': 22706026,
   'text': 'The combined effects of EGFR downregulation, ligand competition, and immune effector function conspire to inhibit tumor growth in xenograft models of cetuximab-resistant BRAF and KRAS mutant cancers.'},
  {'pubmed': 22727996,
   'text': 'BRAF V600E mutations are present in approximately 90% of all kidney metanephric adenoma cases, serving as a potential valuable diagnostic tool in the differential diagnosis.'},
  {'pubmed': 22730329,
   'text': 'Reactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway by FGF receptor 3 (FGFR3)/Ras mediates resistance to vemurafenib in human B-RAF V600E mutant melanoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 22732794,
   'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation revealed a strong association with specific histological variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 22740704,
   'text': 'These results clearly prove that the BRAFV600E mutation is not associated with the development of distant metastases or fatal outcome in papillary thyroid carcinoma'},
  {'pubmed': 22742884,
   'text': 'Vemurafenib is effective for advanced melanomas expressing the BRAF V600E mutations [review]'},
  {'pubmed': 22743296,
   'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation is associated with response to vemurafenib in lung adenocarcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 22751131,
   'text': 'B-Raf/MKK/ERK controls key aspects of cancer cell behavior and gene expression by modulating a network of miRNAs with cross-regulatory functions.'},
  {'pubmed': 22752848,
   'text': 'study reports a novel complex BRAF mutation identified in 4/492 Japanese papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC) cases; findings suggest the BRAF(V600delinsYM)mutation, is a gain-of-function mutation and plays an important role in PTC development'},
  {'pubmed': 22767446,
   'text': 'study found a relatively higher B-Raf serine/threonine-protein kinase (BRAF)(V600E) mutation rate in classical type papillary thyroid carcinomas than in other similar studies'},
  {'pubmed': 22770943,
   'text': 'BRAF mRNA expression may help to identify PTC among thyroid nodules independently of the presence of BRAFV600E mutation.'},
  {'pubmed': 22772867,
   'text': 'BRAF (V600) mutations are are associated with melanomas.'},
  {'pubmed': 22773810,
   'text': 'Lung cancers with acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors occasionally harbor BRAF gene mutations but lack mutations in KRAS, NRAS, or MEK1.'},
  {'pubmed': 22797077,
   'text': 'RSK regulates activated BRAF signalling to mTORC1 and promotes melanoma growth'},
  {'pubmed': 22798288,
   'text': 'Data show clinical significance to BRAF(L597) mutations in melanoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 22798500,
   'text': 'In CRC patients treated with cetuximab, activating mutation signatures for BRAF (58 genes) were developed.'},
  {'pubmed': 22799316,
   'text': 'Preoperative BRAF mutation was a predictive factor for occult contralateral papillary thyroid microcarcinoma presence.'},
  {'pubmed': 22809251,
   'text': 'As has been reported in other common types of melanoma, V600 BRAF mutation is the most common mutation of those tested in spindle cell melanoma. NRAS or KIT mutation appears to be rare, if not completely absent.'},
  {'pubmed': 22814862,
   'text': 'we found no cases of Rosette-forming glioneuronal tumors of the fourth ventricle showing KIAA1549-BRAF gene fusion or BRAF (V600E) mutation'},
  {'pubmed': 22820187,
   'text': 'these results link epigenetic genes to methylation and suppression of tumor suppressor genes as a mechanism involved in BRAFV600E-promoted melanoma tumorigenesis and uncover a novel molecular signature that predicts a poor prognosis of melanoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 22820660,
   'text': 'No BRAF V600E mutations were detected in nonserous epithelial ovarian tumors.'},
  {'pubmed': 22824468,
   'text': 'Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in BRAF gene is associated with diseases.'},
  {'pubmed': 22826122,
   'text': 'It was concluded that extracellular kinase-mediated up-regulation of c-myc by K-Ras or B-Raf oncogenes disrupts the establishment of apical/basolateral polarity in colon epithelial cells independently of its effect on proliferation.'},
  {'pubmed': 22826437,
   'text': 'RAF1(D486N), as well as other kinase-impaired RAF1 mutants, showed increased heterodimerization with BRAF, which was necessary and sufficient to promote increased MEK/ERK activation.'},
  {'pubmed': 22833462,
   'text': 'Investigated BRAF and RAF1 alterations in Chinese prostate cancer.Found BRAF truncated in five of 200 informative Chinese cases & RAF1 was truncated in three of 204 informative cases and genomic rearrangements were correlated w/high Gleason scores.'},
  {'pubmed': 22850568,
   'text': 'This study reveals a novel mechanism of immune suppression sensitive to BRAF(V600E) inhibition, and indicates that clinical blockade of IL-1 may benefit patients'},
  {'pubmed': 22858857,
   'text': 'A review summarizes the role of the BRAF V600E mutation in the development and progression of thyroid cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 22859608,
   'text': 'BRAFV600E mutation is associated with Langerhans cell histiocytosis.'},
  {'pubmed': 22863493,
   'text': 'The BRAFV600E occurs exclusively in papillary thyroid carcinoma and papillary carcinoma-derived anaplastic cancer, rising as a specific diagnostic marker for this tumor when identified in cytological / histological exams'},
  {'pubmed': 22870241,
   'text': 'High-throughput genotyping in metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma identifies phosphoinositide-3-kinase and BRAF mutations.'},
  {'pubmed': 22876591,
   'text': 'Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome is caused by heterogeneous mutations in BRAF gene.'},
  {'pubmed': 22879539,
   'text': 'High prevalence of BRAF V600E mutations is associated with Erdheim-Chester disease but not in other non-Langerhans cell histiocytoses.'},
  {'pubmed': 22880048,
   'text': 'This study reveals a novel molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of feedback loops between the MAPK and AKT pathways.'},
  {'pubmed': 22887810,
   'text': 'A K601E BRAF mutation is associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 22892521,
   'text': 'The results of this study supported an important role for BRAF duplication and MAPK pathway activation in gliomas of the optic nerve proper.'},
  {'pubmed': 22898351,
   'text': 'MSI status, KRAS and BRAF mutation rates varied remarkably among the colonic carcinoma subsites irrespective of right- and left-sided origin.'},
  {'pubmed': 22899730,
   'text': 'The presence of a BRAF c.1799T>A (p.V600E) mutation is associated with significantly poorer prognosis after colorectal cancer diagnosis among subgroups of patients.'},
  {'pubmed': 22912864,
   'text': 'Data indicate that mutation frequency in malanoma patients was found witih BRAF(V600) in 51%, NRAS in 19%, PI3K pathway in 41% and PTEN in 22%.'},
  {'pubmed': 22918165,
   'text': 'BRAF(V600E) mutation is an early event in thyroid carcinogenesis, and is associated with distinctive morphology and aggressive features even in papillary thyroid microcarcinomas'},
  {'pubmed': 22926515,
   'text': 'ARAF seems to stabilize BRAF:CRAF complexes in cells treated with RAF inhibitors and thereby regulate cell signaling in a subtle manner to ensure signaling efficiency'},
  {'pubmed': 22930283,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with early stage disease and improved outcome in patients with low-grade serous ovarian cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 22931913,
   'text': 'We conclude that the presence of BRAF mutation, NRAS mutation, and the absence of an immune-related expressed gene profile predict poor outcome in melanoma patients with macroscopic stage III disease.'},
  {'pubmed': 22932786,
   'text': 'Thus, in this meta-analysis, the BRAF mutation in PTC was significantly associated with PTC recurrence, lymph node metastasis, extrathyroidal extension, and advanced stage AJCC III/IV.'},
  {'pubmed': 22938585,
   'text': 'Data indicate that KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, and AKT1 mutations can be rapidly and accurately detected for cancer diagnosis.'},
  {'pubmed': 22941165,
   'text': 'The BRAF V600E mutation is the only independent predictor of compartment lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 22946697,
   'text': 'Data indicate that of the 32 cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (CFC) patients, 28 (88%) had a known mutation in a gene that is causative for CFC, including BRAF (n = 21), MEK1 (n = 2), MEK2 (n = 4), and KRAS (n = 1).'},
  {'pubmed': 22972589,
   'text': 'Higher response rates and longer time to progression were observed with selumetinib-containing regimens in patients who had melanoma that harbored a BRAF mutation.'},
  {'pubmed': 22973979,
   'text': 'found a significantly increased risk of papillary thyroid carcinoma attributed to the SNP variants rs17161747, rs1042179, and rs3748093 for those with a family history of cancer, for smokers, and for both those of age <45 years and nondrinkers'},
  {'pubmed': 22996177,
   'text': 'This report is the first to identify the rare, variant BRAF V600D mutation in LCH, and provides support for constitutively activated BRAF oncogene-induced cell senescence as a mechanism of regression in congenital, benign LCH.'},
  {'pubmed': 23009221,
   'text': 'consistent with previous studies, it was concluded that the incidence of BRAF V600E mutation in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia, if any, is extremely infrequent'},
  {'pubmed': 23010278,
   'text': 'B-RAF upregulates SGLT1 activity, an effect requiring vesicle insertion into the cell membrane.'},
  {'pubmed': 23010994,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation is suggested to be poor prognostic factors in CRLM.'},
  {'pubmed': 23014346,
   'text': 'Braf mutation status is not significantly associated with poor survival for melanoma in Koreans.'},
  {'pubmed': 23021375,
   'text': 'EGFR and downstream genetic alterations in KRAS/BRAF and PI3K/AKT pathways have roles in colorectal cancer and treatment [review]'},
  {'pubmed': 23026937,
   'text': 'Immunohistochemistry is highly sensitive and specific for the detection of V600E BRAF mutation in melanoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 23033302,
   'text': 'the spectrum and frequency distribution of the identified KRAS and BRAF mutations in Serbian patient with colorectal cancer are in good accordance with literature data.'},
  {'pubmed': 23036672,
   'text': 'We describe 3 patients with BRAF V600E mutation metastatic melanoma in whom treatment with vemurafenib resulted in prompt extracranial disease response but progression of metastatic disease in the brain.'},
  {'pubmed': 23039341,
   'text': 'Studied the cytotoxicity and anti-tumour activity of novel MEK inhibitor, E6201, in a panel of melanoma cell lines. Most melanoma cell lines were sensitive or hypersensitive to E6201; the sensitivity correlated with wildtype PTEN and mutant BRAF status.'},
  {'pubmed': 23041829,
   'text': 'Findings support the potential use of immunohistochemistry as an ancillary screening tool to assess the BRAFV600E mutation status in primary cutaneous melanoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 23051629,
   'text': 'Increased BRAF mutation with age along with the lack of a UVR magnitude-BRAF mutation association suggests that duration of exposure rather than UVR exposure dose is the more likely link to acquiring mutations in melanocytic nevi.'},
  {'pubmed': 23055340,
   'text': 'KRAS and BRAF mutations are infrequent or absent, respectively in Intestinal-type sinonasal adenocarcinoma'},
  {'pubmed': 23055546,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation was associated with lymph node metastases (LNM), advanced stage, extrathyroidal extension, tumor size, male gender, multifocality, absence of capsule, classic PTC, and tall-cell variant papillary thyroid cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 23056577,
   'text': 'A systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that BRAF mutation is an absolute risk factor for patient survival in colorectal cancer and melanoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 23062653,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation was not found to be significantly associated with lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid cancer'},
  {'pubmed': 23066120,
   'text': 'The BRAF(V600E) mutation was demonstrated to be a poor prognostic factor for the persistence of the disease independent from other clinical-pathological features in low-risk intrathyroid papillary thyroid carcinoma patients.'},
  {'pubmed': 23069257,
   'text': 'Histopathologic changes suggesting prolapsed rectal mucosa should take precedence over BRAF results in diagnosing sessile serrated adenomas in the rectum.'},
  {'pubmed': 23088640,
   'text': 'analysis suggests that BRAF mutations occur at a low frequency in chronic lymphocytic leukemia'},
  {'pubmed': 23095503,
   'text': 'Desmoplastic malignant melanoma: a study of ten cases and status of BRAF mutation.'},
  {'pubmed': 23096133,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas with anaplastic features.'},
  {'pubmed': 23096702,
   'text': 'We found that NRAS-mutant melanomas were significantly more likely from older patients and BRAF-mutant melanomas were more frequent in melanomas from the trunk.'},
  {'pubmed': 23098991,
   'text': 'Studied differential miRNA expression in metastatic colorectal cancer by microarrays from primary tumors of 33 patients who had wild-type KRAS/BRAF and third- to sixth-line anti-EGFRmAb treatment, with/without irinotecan.'},
  {'pubmed': 23110075,
   'text': 'Study demonstrates that chromosomal instability commonly occurs in advanced BRAF mutant/MSS colorectal cancers where it may contribute to poorer survival, and further highlights molecular similarities occurring between these and BRAF wild type cancers.'},
  {'pubmed': 23125007,
   'text': 'One hundred and ten patients (51%) were identified who were potentially nonresponders to anti-EGFR therapy:  13/117 (11.1%) had the V600E BRAF mutation.'},
  {'pubmed': 23132792,
   'text': 'BRAFV600E mutation is associated with cervical lymph node metastasis and recurrence in papillary thyroid cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 23138171,
   'text': 'Clinical characteristics of colorectal cancer with the V600E BRAF mutation.'},
  {'pubmed': 23153455,
   'text': 'These findings indicate that ABCG2 confers resistance to vemurafenib in A375 cells, suggesting involvement of this transporter in acquired resistance to vemurafenib.'},
  {'pubmed': 23157614,
   'text': 'Data indicate that the presence of the BRAF V600E mutation was more frequent in women, but this gender difference was not statistically significant.'},
  {'pubmed': 23157823,
   'text': 'In Chinese colorectal carcinoma patients, BRAF mutation is associated with tumor differentiation and primary tumor sites.'},
  {'pubmed': 23157824,
   'text': 'Codon 12, 13 in KRAS gene and codon 600 in BRAF gene are the most common mutation points in Chinese colorectal cancer. KRAS and BRAF mutations are mutually exclusive. KRAS and BRAF gene mutation is higher in females than that in males.'},
  {'pubmed': 23158172,
   'text': 'BRAF mutational status is predictive of papillary thyroid carcinoma recurrence'},
  {'pubmed': 23159116,
   'text': 'V600E point mutation was identified in the BRAF gene in 3 intramucosal nevi and in 2 melanomas. Only 1 blue nevus harbored the GNAQ209 mutation'},
  {'pubmed': 23161556,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation as a new serum marker for papillary thyroid carcinomas were not detectable in patientts diagnosed with thyroid neoplasms.'},
  {'pubmed': 23161722,
   'text': 'data confirm that among lymphoproliferative disorders, BRAF V600E mutation is restricted to hairy cell leukemia (HCL); no mutations were identified in variant HCL, NMZL, ENMZL, PTLD, PTCL, ALCL, or LGL proliferations'},
  {'pubmed': 23163107,
   'text': 'The BRAF(V600E) mutation might be associated with a more aggressive phenotype and a poor prognosis in classic variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas.'},
  {'pubmed': 23179992,
   'text': 'BRAF (V600E) mutation is associated with papillary thyroid carcinomas.'},
  {'pubmed': 23188063,
   'text': 'BRAF mutations were correlated with poor overall survival in the full patient cohort'},
  {'pubmed': 23190154,
   'text': 'Our findings suggest that RAS pathway activation due to BRAF V600E and KRAS mutations is an important event in a subset of peripheral nerve sheath tumours not related to neurofibromatosis'},
  {'pubmed': 23190890,
   'text': 'Oncogenic B-RAF(V600E) signaling induces the T-Box3 transcriptional repressor to repress E-cadherin and enhance melanoma cell invasion.'},
  {'pubmed': 23192464,
   'text': 'Aim of this work is to provide a detailed comparison of clinical-pathologic features between well-differentiated and poorly differentiated tumors according to their BRAF and RASSF1A status.'},
  {'pubmed': 23192956,
   'text': 'BRAF (V600E) mutation is associated with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 23203004,
   'text': 'BRAF (V600E) is non-associated with Gal-3 expression, whereas it is associated with cytoplasmatic localization of p27kip1 and higher CK19 expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 23207070,
   'text': 'The present study revealed that ESCC of Brazilian patients do not present mutations in hot spots of EGFR, K-RAS and BRAF and only a minor proportion present overexpression of EGFR or HER2.'},
  {'pubmed': 23208503,
   'text': 'results suggest that mutant B-RAF signaling downregulates Tiam1/Rac activity resulting in an increase in N-cadherin levels and a decrease in E-cadherin levels and ultimately enhanced invasion'},
  {'pubmed': 23224067,
   'text': 'Mutations affecting BRAF, EGFR, PIK3CA, and KRAS are not associated with sporadic vestibular schwannomas.'},
  {'pubmed': 23235345,
   'text': 'the BRAF V600E mutation is not pathobiologically relevant in primary central nervous system lymphoma'},
  {'pubmed': 23237741,
   'text': 'Patients with V600R BRAF mutations can be treated successfully with oral BRAF inhibitors.'},
  {'pubmed': 23242808,
   'text': 'Data indicate that BRAF and EGF receptor or SRC family kinase inhibition blocked proliferation and invasion of the resistant tumors.'},
  {'pubmed': 23246082,
   'text': 'the role of BRAF mutations in melanoma and colorectal cancer, focusing on similarities and differences of BRAF mutations (Review)'},
  {'pubmed': 23253715,
   'text': 'The status of BRAF(V600E) mutation was more frequent in multifocal PTC patients with lymph node metastasis and diagnosis at later age.'},
  {'pubmed': 23263826,
   'text': 'we deduce that in the absence of mutation activation, B-Raf overexpression or downregulation is a protective event, since it delays the development of both malignant and benign thyroid tumors.'},
  {'pubmed': 23274581,
   'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 23280049,
   'text': 'Preoperative mutation screening for BRAF(V600E) does not meaningfully improve risk stratification and is unlikely to alter the initial management of patients with indeterminate nodules.'},
  {'pubmed': 23287985,
   'text': 'Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis appears to be a clonal proliferation that may or may not have BRAF V600E mutations.'},
  {'pubmed': 23290787,
   'text': 'Studies indicate that BRAF mutations are identified in 40-50% of patients with melanoma, and treatment with either of two BRAF inhibitors (vemurafenib, dabrafenib) or the MEK inhibitor trametinib is associated with improved clinical benefit.'},
  {'pubmed': 23297805,
   'text': 'No point mutations were identified in BRAF codon Val600Glu in the studied colorectal adenocarcinomas in the Turkish population.'},
  {'pubmed': 23307859,
   'text': 'High BRAF is associated with metastatic melanoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 23310942,
   'text': 'This study shows that BRAF mutation occurs in Nigerian colorectal cancers.'},
  {'pubmed': 23317446,
   'text': 'Results demonstrated the action of Dabrafenib and the inhibition of MAPK pathway in melanoma cell lines carrying BRAFV600D/R mutations; these results could be helpful to enlarge the number of patients who may benefit of a more effective targeted treatment'},
  {'pubmed': 23324583,
   'text': 'BRAF mutations is associated with colorectal cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 23334329,
   'text': 'Human neural crest progenitor cells are susceptible to BRAF(V600E)-induced transformation.'},
  {'pubmed': 23343956,
   'text': 'no association with BRAF-V600E mutation in gastroeosophageal tumors'},
  {'pubmed': 23349307,
   'text': 'Data indicate that besides confirming the constant presence of BRAF-V600E in all patients with hairy cell leukemia, phospho-ERK1/ERK2 expression was observed.'},
  {'pubmed': 23352452,
   'text': 'Ras pathway activation via EGF treatment induced strong binding between B-Raf and C-Raf and a low level of binding between B-Raf and A-Raf.'},
  {'pubmed': 23354951,
   'text': 'Alternative splicing of exons 14, 15, 15b, 16b and 16c occurs in a considerable fraction of BRAF mRNA in normal colon and colorectal cancer cells and is independent of the V600E mutational status of the parental allele.'},
  {'pubmed': 23355004,
   'text': 'The detected Merkel cell polyomavirus prevalence in non-small cell lung cancer in combination with the deregulated expression of BRAF and Bcl-2 genes suggests that these events are likely to contribute to the pathogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 23359496,
   'text': 'Kidins220 is a novel T-cell receptor (TCR)-interacting protein that couples B-Raf to the TCR. Kidins220 is mandatory for sustained Erk signaling and is crucial for TCR-mediated T cell activation.'},
  {'pubmed': 23370429,
   'text': 'This is the first report of BRAF V600E mutation in endometrial cancer, indicating that it may contribute to tumorigenesis of endometrial cancer, although at a low frequency compared with KRAS mutations.'},
  {'pubmed': 23370668,
   'text': 'study suggests that highly aggressive papillary thyroid microcarcinoma may arise in a subset of patients with BRAF(V600E) mutation and tumors greater than 5 mm; multivariate analysis showed that tumor recurrence was not associated with BRAF(V600E)mutation'},
  ...],
 'genomic_pos': {'chr': '7',
  'end': 140924928,
  'ensemblgene': 'ENSG00000157764',
  'start': 140719327,
  'strand': -1},
 'genomic_pos_hg19': {'chr': '7',
  'end': 140624564,
  'start': 140419127,
  'strand': -1},
 'go': {'BP': [{'evidence': 'IBA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0000165',
    'pubmed': 21873635,
    'term': 'MAPK cascade'},
   {'evidence': 'TAS',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0000165',
    'term': 'MAPK cascade'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0000186',
    'term': 'activation of MAPKK activity'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0002318',
    'term': 'myeloid progenitor cell differentiation'},
   {'evidence': 'IDA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0006468',
    'pubmed': 17563371,
    'term': 'protein phosphorylation'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0008542',
    'term': 'visual learning'},
   {'evidence': 'TAS',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0009887',
    'pubmed': 9207797,
    'term': 'animal organ morphogenesis'},
   {'evidence': 'IMP',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0010628',
    'pubmed': 22065586,
    'term': 'positive regulation of gene expression'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0010764',
    'term': 'negative regulation of fibroblast migration'},
   {'evidence': 'IDA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0010828',
    'pubmed': 23010278,
    'term': 'positive regulation of glucose transmembrane transport'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0030878',
    'term': 'thyroid gland development'},
   {'evidence': 'IDA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0033138',
    'pubmed': 19667065,
    'term': 'positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0035019',
    'term': 'somatic stem cell population maintenance'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0035690',
    'term': 'cellular response to drug'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0042127',
    'term': 'regulation of cell proliferation'},
   {'evidence': 'IDA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0043066',
    'pubmed': 19667065,
    'term': 'negative regulation of apoptotic process'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0043367',
    'term': 'CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0043369',
    'term': 'CD4-positive or CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell lineage commitment'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0043434',
    'term': 'response to peptide hormone'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0043524',
    'term': 'negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0045580',
    'term': 'regulation of T cell differentiation'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0048538',
    'term': 'thymus development'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0048680',
    'term': 'positive regulation of axon regeneration'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0050772',
    'term': 'positive regulation of axonogenesis'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0050852',
    'term': 'T cell receptor signaling pathway'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0051291',
    'term': 'protein heterooligomerization'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0051496',
    'term': 'positive regulation of stress fiber assembly'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0051591',
    'term': 'response to cAMP'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0060291',
    'term': 'long-term synaptic potentiation'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0060323',
    'term': 'head morphogenesis'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0060324',
    'term': 'face development'},
   {'evidence': 'IDA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0070374',
    'pubmed': 22065586,
    'term': 'positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade'},
   {'evidence': 'IMP',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0070413',
    'pubmed': 9837904,
    'term': 'trehalose metabolism in response to stress'},
   {'evidence': 'IDA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0071277',
    'pubmed': 18567582,
    'term': 'cellular response to calcium ion'},
   {'evidence': 'IDA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0090150',
    'pubmed': 23010278,
    'term': 'establishment of protein localization to membrane'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:1900026',
    'term': 'positive regulation of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:1990090',
    'term': 'cellular response to nerve growth factor stimulus'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:2000301',
    'term': 'negative regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:2000352',
    'term': 'negative regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process'}],
  'CC': [{'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0005634',
    'term': 'nucleus'},
   {'evidence': 'IBA',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0005739',
    'pubmed': 21873635,
    'term': 'mitochondrion'},
   {'evidence': 'IBA',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0005829',
    'pubmed': 21873635,
    'term': 'cytosol'},
   {'evidence': 'IDA',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0005829',
    'term': 'cytosol'},
   {'evidence': 'TAS',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0005829',
    'term': 'cytosol'},
   {'evidence': 'IBA',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0005886',
    'pubmed': 21873635,
    'term': 'plasma membrane'},
   {'evidence': 'TAS',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0005886',
    'term': 'plasma membrane'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0043005',
    'term': 'neuron projection'},
   {'evidence': 'IDA',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0043231',
    'term': 'intracellular membrane-bounded organelle'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0044297',
    'term': 'cell body'}],
  'MF': [{'category': 'MF',
    'evidence': 'IDA',
    'id': 'GO:0004672',
    'pubmed': 17563371,
    'term': 'protein kinase activity'},
   {'category': 'MF',
    'evidence': 'IBA',
    'id': 'GO:0004674',
    'pubmed': 21873635,
    'term': 'protein serine/threonine kinase activity'},
   {'category': 'MF',
    'evidence': 'IDA',
    'id': 'GO:0004674',
    'pubmed': 19667065,
    'term': 'protein serine/threonine kinase activity'},
   {'category': 'MF',
    'evidence': 'IEA',
    'id': 'GO:0004709',
    'term': 'MAP kinase kinase kinase activity'},
   {'category': 'MF',
    'evidence': 'IDA',
    'id': 'GO:0005509',
    'pubmed': 18567582,
    'term': 'calcium ion binding'},
   {'category': 'MF',
    'evidence': 'IPI',
    'id': 'GO:0005515',
    'pubmed': [12620389,
     15161933,
     16810323,
     16888650,
     17380122,
     17563371,
     17979178,
     18567582,
     20130576,
     20141835,
     21441910,
     21478863,
     22169110,
     22510884,
     22939624,
     23153539,
     23680146,
     23934108,
     24255178,
     24441586,
     24746704,
     25155755,
     25241761,
     25437913,
     25600339,
     26165597,
     26466569,
     26496610,
     27353360],
    'term': 'protein binding'},
   {'category': 'MF',
    'evidence': 'IEA',
    'id': 'GO:0005524',
    'term': 'ATP binding'},
   {'category': 'MF',
    'evidence': 'IPI',
    'id': 'GO:0031267',
    'pubmed': 12194967,
    'qualifier': 'NOT',
    'term': 'small GTPase binding'},
   {'category': 'MF',
    'evidence': 'IEA',
    'id': 'GO:0031434',
    'term': 'mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase binding'},
   {'category': 'MF',
    'evidence': 'IPI',
    'id': 'GO:0042802',
    'pubmed': [16858395, 19727074, 22169110, 22510884, 25155755, 25437913],
    'term': 'identical protein binding'},
   {'category': 'MF',
    'evidence': 'IEA',
    'id': 'GO:0046982',
    'term': 'protein heterodimerization activity'}]},
 'homologene': {'genes': [[6239, 177436],
   [7165, 1278538],
   [7227, 31221],
   [7955, 403065],
   [8364, 779570],
   [9031, 396239],
   [9544, 693554],
   [9598, 463781],
   [9606, 673],
   [9615, 475526],
   [9913, 536051],
   [10090, 109880],
   [10116, 114486]],
  'id': 3197},
 'interpro': [{'desc': 'Protein kinase domain',
   'id': 'IPR000719',
   'short_desc': 'Prot_kinase_dom'},
  {'desc': 'Serine-threonine/tyrosine-protein kinase, catalytic domain',
   'id': 'IPR001245',
   'short_desc': 'Ser-Thr/Tyr_kinase_cat_dom'},
  {'desc': 'Protein kinase C-like, phorbol ester/diacylglycerol-binding domain',
   'id': 'IPR002219',
   'short_desc': 'PE/DAG-bd'},
  {'desc': 'Raf-like Ras-binding', 'id': 'IPR003116', 'short_desc': 'RBD_dom'},
  {'desc': 'Serine/threonine-protein kinase, active site',
   'id': 'IPR008271',
   'short_desc': 'Ser/Thr_kinase_AS'},
  {'desc': 'Protein kinase-like domain superfamily',
   'id': 'IPR011009',
   'short_desc': 'Kinase-like_dom_sf'},
  {'desc': 'Protein kinase, ATP binding site',
   'id': 'IPR017441',
   'short_desc': 'Protein_kinase_ATP_BS'},
  {'desc': 'Diacylglycerol/phorbol-ester binding',
   'id': 'IPR020454',
   'short_desc': 'DAG/PE-bd'},
  {'desc': 'Ubiquitin-like domain superfamily',
   'id': 'IPR029071',
   'short_desc': 'Ubiquitin-like_domsf'}],
 'ipi': 'IPI00303797',
 'map_location': '7q34',
 'name': 'B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase',
 'other_names': ['94 kDa B-raf protein',
  'B-Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase (p94)',
  'B-Raf serine/threonine-protein',
  'murine sarcoma viral (v-raf) oncogene homolog B1',
  'proto-oncogene B-Raf',
  'serine/threonine-protein kinase B-raf',
  'v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B',
  'v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1'],
 'pantherdb': {'HGNC': '1097',
  'ortholog': [{'MGI': '88190',
    'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
    'taxid': 10090,
    'uniprot_kb': 'P28028'},
   {'RGD': '619908',
    'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
    'taxid': 10116,
    'uniprot_kb': 'F1M9C3'},
   {'Ensembl': 'ENSGALG00000012865',
    'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
    'taxid': 9031,
    'uniprot_kb': 'Q04982'},
   {'ZFIN': 'ZDB-GENE-040805-1',
    'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
    'taxid': 7955,
    'uniprot_kb': 'Q1LYG2'},
   {'WormBase': 'WBGene00003030',
    'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
    'taxid': 6239,
    'uniprot_kb': 'Q07292'},
   {'FlyBase': 'FBgn0003079',
    'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
    'taxid': 7227,
    'uniprot_kb': 'P11346'},
   {'HGNC': '42952',
    'ortholog_type': 'P',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
    'taxid': 9606,
    'uniprot_kb': 'V9GXZ4'},
   {'HGNC': '26617',
    'ortholog_type': 'P',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
    'taxid': 9606,
    'uniprot_kb': 'Q8NB16'},
   {'HGNC': '6850',
    'ortholog_type': 'P',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
    'taxid': 9606,
    'uniprot_kb': 'Q16584'},
   {'HGNC': '10019',
    'ortholog_type': 'P',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
    'taxid': 9606,
    'uniprot_kb': 'Q13546'},
   {'HGNC': '10020',
    'ortholog_type': 'P',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
    'taxid': 9606,
    'uniprot_kb': 'O43353'},
   {'HGNC': '6851',
    'ortholog_type': 'P',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
    'taxid': 9606,
    'uniprot_kb': 'Q12852'},
   {'HGNC': '6849',
    'ortholog_type': 'P',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
    'taxid': 9606,
    'uniprot_kb': 'Q02779'},
   {'HGNC': '6852',
    'ortholog_type': 'P',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
    'taxid': 9606,
    'uniprot_kb': 'O43283'},
   {'HGNC': '6861',
    'ortholog_type': 'P',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
    'taxid': 9606,
    'uniprot_kb': 'P80192'},
   {'dictyBase': 'DDB_G0273445',
    'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
    'taxid': 352472,
    'uniprot_kb': 'Q86AT8'},
   {'dictyBase': 'DDB_G0278909',
    'ortholog_type': 'O',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
    'taxid': 352472,
    'uniprot_kb': 'Q54XI9'},
   {'dictyBase': 'DDB_G0289555',
    'ortholog_type': 'O',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
    'taxid': 352472,
    'uniprot_kb': 'Q54HC6'},
   {'dictyBase': 'DDB_G0278535',
    'ortholog_type': 'O',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
    'taxid': 352472,
    'uniprot_kb': 'Q54XX5'},
   {'TAIR': 'AT4G24480',
    'ortholog_type': 'O',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
    'taxid': 3702,
    'uniprot_kb': 'F4JQX7'},
   {'TAIR': 'AT5G03730',
    'ortholog_type': 'O',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
    'taxid': 3702,
    'uniprot_kb': 'Q05609'}],
  'uniprot_kb': 'P15056'},
 'pathway': {'kegg': [{'id': 'hsa04010',
    'name': 'MAPK signaling pathway - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa04012', 'name': 'ErbB signaling pathway - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa04015', 'name': 'Rap1 signaling pathway - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa04024', 'name': 'cAMP signaling pathway - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa04062',
    'name': 'Chemokine signaling pathway - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa04068', 'name': 'FoxO signaling pathway - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa04150', 'name': 'mTOR signaling pathway - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa04270',
    'name': 'Vascular smooth muscle contraction - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa04510', 'name': 'Focal adhesion - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa04650',
    'name': 'Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa04720', 'name': 'Long-term potentiation - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa04722',
    'name': 'Neurotrophin signaling pathway - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa04726', 'name': 'Serotonergic synapse - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa04730', 'name': 'Long-term depression - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa04810',
    'name': 'Regulation of actin cytoskeleton - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa04910',
    'name': 'Insulin signaling pathway - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa04914',
    'name': 'Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa04934', 'name': 'Cushing,s syndrome - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa05034', 'name': 'Alcoholism - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa05160', 'name': 'Hepatitis C - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa05200', 'name': 'Pathways in cancer - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa05205',
    'name': 'Proteoglycans in cancer - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa05210', 'name': 'Colorectal cancer - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa05211', 'name': 'Renal cell carcinoma - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa05212', 'name': 'Pancreatic cancer - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa05213', 'name': 'Endometrial cancer - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa05214', 'name': 'Glioma - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa05215', 'name': 'Prostate cancer - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa05216', 'name': 'Thyroid cancer - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa05218', 'name': 'Melanoma - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa05219', 'name': 'Bladder cancer - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa05220',
    'name': 'Chronic myeloid leukemia - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa05221', 'name': 'Acute myeloid leukemia - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa05223',
    'name': 'Non-small cell lung cancer - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa05224', 'name': 'Breast cancer - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa05225',
    'name': 'Hepatocellular carcinoma - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa05226', 'name': 'Gastric cancer - Homo sapiens (human)'}],
  'netpath': {'id': 'Pathway_EGFR1', 'name': 'EGFR1'},
  'pharmgkb': [{'id': 'PA165959425', 'name': 'Pathway_PA165959425'},
   {'id': 'PA165959584', 'name': 'Sorafenib Pharmacodynamics'},
   {'id': 'PA165980050', 'name': 'Vemurafenib Pathway, Pharmacodynamics'},
   {'id': 'PA165980050', 'name': 'update your name in edit mode'}],
  'pid': [{'id': 'cd8tcrdownstreampathway',
    'name': 'Downstream signaling in na&#xef;ve CD8+ T cells'},
   {'id': 'cdc42_pathway', 'name': 'CDC42 signaling events'},
   {'id': 'erbb1_downstream_pathway', 'name': 'ErbB1 downstream signaling'},
   {'id': 'fak_pathway',
    'name': 'Signaling events mediated by focal adhesion kinase'},
   {'id': 'mapktrkpathway',
    'name': 'Trk receptor signaling mediated by the MAPK pathway'},
   {'id': 'mtor_4pathway', 'name': 'mTOR signaling pathway'},
   {'id': 'pdgfrbpathway', 'name': 'PDGFR-beta signaling pathway'},
   {'id': 'tcrraspathway', 'name': 'Ras signaling in the CD4+ TCR pathway'},
   {'id': 'vegfr1_2_pathway',
    'name': 'Signaling events mediated by VEGFR1 and VEGFR2'}],
  'reactome': [{'id': 'R-HSA-112314',
    'name': 'Neurotransmitter receptors and postsynaptic signal transmission'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-112315', 'name': 'Transmission across Chemical Synapses'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-112316', 'name': 'Neuronal System'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-1295596', 'name': 'Spry regulation of FGF signaling'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-162582', 'name': 'Signal Transduction'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-162582', 'name': 'Signal Transduction'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-1643685', 'name': 'Disease'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-166520', 'name': 'Signaling by NTRKs'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-169893', 'name': 'Prolonged ERK activation events'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-170968', 'name': 'Frs2-mediated activation'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-170984', 'name': 'ARMS-mediated activation'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-187037', 'name': 'Signaling by NTRK1 (TRKA)'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-187687', 'name': 'Signalling to ERKs'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-187706', 'name': 'Signalling to p38 via RIT and RIN'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-190236', 'name': 'Signaling by FGFR'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-438064', 'name': 'Post NMDA receptor activation events'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-442742',
    'name': 'CREB phosphorylation through the activation of Ras'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-442755',
    'name': 'Activation of NMDA receptors and postsynaptic events'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-5654726', 'name': 'Negative regulation of FGFR1 signaling'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-5654727', 'name': 'Negative regulation of FGFR2 signaling'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-5654732', 'name': 'Negative regulation of FGFR3 signaling'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-5654733', 'name': 'Negative regulation of FGFR4 signaling'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-5654736', 'name': 'Signaling by FGFR1'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-5654738', 'name': 'Signaling by FGFR2'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-5654741', 'name': 'Signaling by FGFR3'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-5654743', 'name': 'Signaling by FGFR4'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-5663202', 'name': 'Diseases of signal transduction'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-5673000', 'name': 'RAF activation'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-5673001', 'name': 'RAF/MAP kinase cascade'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-5674135', 'name': 'MAP2K and MAPK activation'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-5674499',
    'name': 'Negative feedback regulation of MAPK pathway'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-5675221', 'name': 'Negative regulation of MAPK pathway'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-5683057', 'name': 'MAPK family signaling cascades'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-5684996', 'name': 'MAPK1/MAPK3 signaling'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-6802946',
    'name': 'Signaling by moderate kinase activity BRAF mutants'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-6802948',
    'name': 'Signaling by high-kinase activity BRAF mutants'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-6802949', 'name': 'Signaling by RAS mutants'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-6802952', 'name': 'Signaling by BRAF and RAF fusions'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-6802955',
    'name': 'Paradoxical activation of RAF signaling by kinase inactive BRAF'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-6802957', 'name': 'Oncogenic MAPK signaling'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-9006934', 'name': 'Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-9006934', 'name': 'Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases'}],
  'smpdb': [{'id': 'SMP00320',
    'name': 'Intracellular Signalling Through Adenosine Receptor A2a and Adenosine'},
   {'id': 'SMP00321',
    'name': 'Intracellular Signalling Through Adenosine Receptor A2b and Adenosine'}],
  'wikipathways': [{'id': 'WP185', 'name': 'Integrin-mediated Cell Adhesion'},
   {'id': 'WP2032',
    'name': 'Human Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) signaling pathway'},
   {'id': 'WP2261', 'name': 'Signaling Pathways in Glioblastoma'},
   {'id': 'WP23', 'name': 'B Cell Receptor Signaling Pathway'},
   {'id': 'WP2355',
    'name': 'Corticotropin-releasing hormone signaling pathway'},
   {'id': 'WP2512', 'name': 'Integrated Lung Cancer Pathway'},
   {'id': 'WP2571', 'name': 'Polycystic Kidney Disease Pathway'},
   {'id': 'WP2828', 'name': 'Bladder Cancer'},
   {'id': 'WP306', 'name': 'Focal Adhesion'},
   {'id': 'WP3676', 'name': 'BDNF-TrkB Signaling'},
   {'id': 'WP382', 'name': 'MAPK Signaling Pathway'},
   {'id': 'WP3929', 'name': 'Chemokine signaling pathway'},
   {'id': 'WP3931', 'name': 'ESC Pluripotency Pathways'},
   {'id': 'WP4155', 'name': 'Endometrial cancer'},
   {'id': 'WP4205', 'name': 'MET in type 1 papillary renal cell carcinoma'},
   {'id': 'WP4216',
    'name': 'Chromosomal and microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer'},
   {'id': 'WP422', 'name': 'MAPK Cascade'},
   {'id': 'WP437', 'name': 'EGF-EGFR Signaling Pathway'},
   {'id': 'WP51', 'name': 'Regulation of Actin Cytoskeleton'},
   {'id': 'WP615', 'name': 'Senescence and Autophagy in Cancer'},
   {'id': 'WP712', 'name': 'Estrogen signaling pathway'},
   {'id': 'WP722', 'name': 'Serotonin HTR1 Group and FOS Pathway'},
   {'id': 'WP734', 'name': 'Serotonin Receptor 4-6-7 and NR3C Signaling'}]},
 'pdb': ['1UWH',
  '1UWJ',
  '2FB8',
  '2L05',
  '3C4C',
  '3D4Q',
  '3IDP',
  '3II5',
  '3NY5',
  '3OG7',
  '3PPJ',
  '3PPK',
  '3PRF',
  '3PRI',
  '3PSB',
  '3PSD',
  '3Q4C',
  '3Q96',
  '3SKC',
  '3TV4',
  '3TV6',
  '4CQE',
  '4DBN',
  '4E26',
  '4E4X',
  '4EHE',
  '4EHG',
  '4FC0',
  '4FK3',
  '4G9C',
  '4G9R',
  '4H58',
  '4JVG',
  '4KSP',
  '4KSQ',
  '4MBJ',
  '4MNE',
  '4MNF',
  '4PP7',
  '4R5Y',
  '4RZV',
  '4RZW',
  '4WO5',
  '4XV1',
  '4XV2',
  '4XV3',
  '4XV9',
  '4YHT',
  '5C9C',
  '5CSW',
  '5CSX',
  '5CT7',
  '5FD2',
  '5HI2',
  '5HID',
  '5HIE',
  '5ITA',
  '5J17',
  '5J18',
  '5J2R',
  '5JRQ',
  '5JSM',
  '5JT2',
  '5VAL',
  '5VAM',
  '5VR3',
  '5VYK',
  '6B8U',
  '6CAD'],
 'pfam': ['PF00130', 'PF02196', 'PF07714'],
 'pharmgkb': 'PA25408',
 'pharos': {'target_id': 1932},
 'pir': 'A57977',
 'prosite': ['PS50011', 'PS50081', 'PS50898'],
 'reagent': {'GNF_Qia_hs-genome_v1_siRNA': [{'id': 'GNF246467',
    'relationship': 'is'},
   {'id': 'GNF246468', 'relationship': 'is'},
   {'id': 'GNF246469', 'relationship': 'is'},
   {'id': 'GNF246470', 'relationship': 'is'}],
  'GNF_hs-Origene': [{'id': 'GNF033097', 'relationship': 'similar to'},
   {'id': 'GNF036220', 'relationship': 'is'},
   {'id': 'GNF046927', 'relationship': 'weakly similar to'}],
  'GNF_hs-druggable_lenti-shRNA': [{'id': 'GNF092340', 'relationship': 'is'},
   {'id': 'GNF092341', 'relationship': 'is'},
   {'id': 'GNF092342', 'relationship': 'is'}],
  'GNF_hs-druggable_plasmid-shRNA': [{'id': 'GNF051312', 'relationship': 'is'},
   {'id': 'GNF056078', 'relationship': 'is'},
   {'id': 'GNF060793', 'relationship': 'is'}],
  'GNF_hs-druggable_siRNA': [{'id': 'GNF067889', 'relationship': 'is'},
   {'id': 'GNF067890', 'relationship': 'is'}],
  'GNF_hs-pkinase_IDT-siRNA': [{'id': 'GNF165248', 'relationship': 'is'},
   {'id': 'GNF165249', 'relationship': 'is'},
   {'id': 'GNF165250', 'relationship': 'is'},
   {'id': 'GNF165251', 'relationship': 'is'}],
  'GNF_mm+hs-MGC': {'id': 'GNF279495', 'relationship': 'is'},
  'Invitrogen_IVTHSSIPKv2': [{'id': 'GNF324655', 'relationship': 'is'},
   {'id': 'GNF324656', 'relationship': 'is'}],
  'NIBRI_hs-Secretome_pDEST': {'id': 'GNF339157', 'relationship': 'is'},
  'NOVART_hs-genome_siRNA': [{'id': 'GNF092847', 'relationship': 'is'},
   {'id': 'GNF132545', 'relationship': 'is'}]},
 'refseq': {'genomic': ['NC_000007.14', 'NG_007873.3'],
  'protein': ['NP_001341538.1',
   'NP_004324.2',
   'XP_016868047.1',
   'XP_016868048.1'],
  'rna': ['NM_001354609.1',
   'NM_004333.5',
   'NR_148928.1',
   'XM_017012558.1',
   'XM_017012559.1',
   'XR_001744857.1',
   'XR_001744858.1'],
  'translation': [{'protein': 'XP_016868047.1', 'rna': 'XM_017012558.1'},
   {'protein': 'XP_016868048.1', 'rna': 'XM_017012559.1'},
   {'protein': 'NP_001341538.1', 'rna': 'NM_001354609.1'},
   {'protein': 'NP_004324.2', 'rna': 'NM_004333.5'}]},
 'reporter': {'HG-U133_Plus_2': ['206044_s_at',
   '226391_at',
   '236402_at',
   '243829_at'],
  'HG-U95Av2': ['1654_at', '40306_at'],
  'HG-U95B': '55694_at',
  'HTA-2_0': ['TC07001926.hg.1', 'TC07001927.hg.1', 'TC07003197.hg.1'],
  'HuEx-1_0': ['2320411', '3076340', '3982172'],
  'HuGene-1_1': ['7897745', '8143417'],
  'HuGene-2_1': ['16659054', '17063631']},
 'summary': 'This gene encodes a protein belonging to the RAF family of serine/threonine protein kinases. This protein plays a role in regulating the MAP kinase/ERK signaling pathway, which affects cell division, differentiation, and secretion. Mutations in this gene, most commonly the V600E mutation, are the most frequently identified cancer-causing mutations in melanoma, and have been identified in various other cancers as well, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma, colorectal cancer, thyroid carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, hairy cell leukemia and adenocarcinoma of lung. Mutations in this gene are also associated with cardiofaciocutaneous, Noonan, and Costello syndromes, which exhibit overlapping phenotypes. A pseudogene of this gene has been identified on the X chromosome. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017].',
 'symbol': 'BRAF',
 'taxid': 9606,
 'type_of_gene': 'protein-coding',
 'umls': {'cui': 'C0812241'},
 'unigene': ['Hs.550061', 'Hs.324250', 'Hs.600998', 'Hs.659507', 'Hs.684552'],
 'uniprot': {'Swiss-Prot': 'P15056',
  'TrEMBL': ['H7C4S5',
   'A0A2R8Y8E0',
   'A0A2U3TZI2',
   'A0A2R8Y492',
   'A0A2R8Y467',
   'H7C560',
   'A0A2R8Y679',
   'A0A2R8YES9',
   'H7C5K3',
   'A0A2R8YDP5']},
 'wikipedia': {'url_stub': 'BRAF (gene)'}}

















In [30]:



    


braf_info = braf_response.json()
braf_info['summary']



    


















    
Out[30]:








'This gene encodes a protein belonging to the RAF family of serine/threonine protein kinases. This protein plays a role in regulating the MAP kinase/ERK signaling pathway, which affects cell division, differentiation, and secretion. Mutations in this gene, most commonly the V600E mutation, are the most frequently identified cancer-causing mutations in melanoma, and have been identified in various other cancers as well, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma, colorectal cancer, thyroid carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, hairy cell leukemia and adenocarcinoma of lung. Mutations in this gene are also associated with cardiofaciocutaneous, Noonan, and Costello syndromes, which exhibit overlapping phenotypes. A pseudogene of this gene has been identified on the X chromosome. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017].'

















In [31]:



    


payload = {'ids': '673,1017', 'species': 'human'}
response = requests.post('http://mygene.info/v3/gene', data=payload)
response.json()



    


















    
Out[31]:








[{'query': '673',
  'HGNC': '1097',
  'MIM': '164757',
  'Vega': 'OTTHUMG00000157457',
  '_id': '673',
  '_score': 20.348886,
  'accession': {'genomic': ['AC006006.2',
    'AC006344.2',
    'AC006347.2',
    'AC079339.5',
    'CH236950.1',
    'CH471070.1',
    'EU600171.1',
    'HB432546.1',
    'HC464558.1',
    'HM459603.1',
    'HQ224878.1',
    'KF481581.1',
    'KT584890.1',
    'KY769663.1',
    'KY769664.1',
    'KY769665.1',
    'KY769666.1',
    'KY769667.1',
    'KY769668.1',
    'NC_000007.14',
    'NG_007873.3',
    'X65187.1'],
   'protein': ['AAA35609.2',
    'AAA96495.1',
    'AAD15551.1',
    'AAD43193.1',
    'AAI01758.1',
    'AAI12080.1',
    'AAS00359.1',
    'ACD11489.1',
    'ADN43065.1',
    'ADQ00186.1',
    'ADX94397.1',
    'AIE38317.1',
    'ARR27440.1',
    'ARR27441.1',
    'ARR27442.1',
    'ARR27443.1',
    'ARR27444.1',
    'ARR27445.1',
    'CAA46301.1',
    'CAB81553.1',
    'CAZ68014.1',
    'CBK51920.1',
    'EAL24023.1',
    'EAW83964.1',
    'EAW83965.1',
    'NP_001341538.1',
    'NP_004324.2',
    'P15056.4',
    'XP_016868047.1',
    'XP_016868048.1'],
   'rna': ['AA252358.1',
    'AA834931.1',
    'AA975673.1',
    'AI203435.1',
    'AJ276310.1',
    'AK054801.1',
    'AK094023.1',
    'AK098095.1',
    'AK124257.1',
    'AK314346.1',
    'AW971583.1',
    'BC038966.1',
    'BC101757.1',
    'BC112079.1',
    'BM263585.1',
    'DB454480.1',
    'DN996440.1',
    'HM437233.1',
    'M21001.1',
    'M95712.2',
    'NM_001354609.1',
    'NM_004333.5',
    'NR_148928.1',
    'XM_017012558.1',
    'XM_017012559.1',
    'XR_001744857.1',
    'XR_001744858.1'],
   'translation': [{'protein': 'AAA35609.2', 'rna': 'M95712.2'},
    {'protein': 'AAA96495.1', 'rna': 'M21001.1'},
    {'protein': 'XP_016868048.1', 'rna': 'XM_017012559.1'},
    {'protein': 'ADN43065.1', 'rna': 'HM437233.1'},
    {'protein': 'AAI01758.1', 'rna': 'BC101757.1'},
    {'protein': 'NP_001341538.1', 'rna': 'NM_001354609.1'},
    {'protein': 'XP_016868047.1', 'rna': 'XM_017012558.1'},
    {'protein': 'CAB81553.1', 'rna': 'AJ276310.1'},
    {'protein': 'AAI12080.1', 'rna': 'BC112079.1'},
    {'protein': 'NP_004324.2', 'rna': 'NM_004333.5'}]},
  'alias': ['B-RAF1', 'B-raf', 'BRAF1', 'NS7', 'RAFB1'],
  'ec': '2.7.11.1',
  'ensembl': {'gene': 'ENSG00000157764',
   'protein': ['ENSP00000288602',
    'ENSP00000418033',
    'ENSP00000419060',
    'ENSP00000420119',
    'ENSP00000493543',
    'ENSP00000493678',
    'ENSP00000493783',
    'ENSP00000494784',
    'ENSP00000495132',
    'ENSP00000495858',
    'ENSP00000496776'],
   'transcript': ['ENST00000288602',
    'ENST00000469930',
    'ENST00000479537',
    'ENST00000496384',
    'ENST00000497784',
    'ENST00000642228',
    'ENST00000642272',
    'ENST00000642808',
    'ENST00000642875',
    'ENST00000643356',
    'ENST00000643790',
    'ENST00000644120',
    'ENST00000644650',
    'ENST00000644905',
    'ENST00000644969',
    'ENST00000645443',
    'ENST00000646334',
    'ENST00000646427',
    'ENST00000646730',
    'ENST00000646891',
    'ENST00000647434'],
   'translation': [{'protein': 'ENSP00000419060', 'rna': 'ENST00000496384'},
    {'protein': 'ENSP00000496776', 'rna': 'ENST00000644969'},
    {'protein': 'ENSP00000493543', 'rna': 'ENST00000646891'},
    {'protein': 'ENSP00000493678', 'rna': 'ENST00000642228'},
    {'protein': 'ENSP00000288602', 'rna': 'ENST00000288602'},
    {'protein': 'ENSP00000494784', 'rna': 'ENST00000646730'},
    {'protein': 'ENSP00000418033', 'rna': 'ENST00000479537'},
    {'protein': 'ENSP00000495132', 'rna': 'ENST00000647434'},
    {'protein': 'ENSP00000493783', 'rna': 'ENST00000644650'},
    {'protein': 'ENSP00000420119', 'rna': 'ENST00000497784'},
    {'protein': 'ENSP00000495858', 'rna': 'ENST00000469930'}],
   'type_of_gene': 'protein_coding'},
  'entrezgene': '673',
  'exac': {'all': {'exp_lof': 38.7898242736,
    'exp_mis': 222.804792623,
    'exp_syn': 91.8960727685,
    'lof_z': 5.85138231407808,
    'mis_z': 3.99133872234548,
    'mu_lof': 2.88380412169e-06,
    'mu_mis': 2.2184090402e-05,
    'mu_syn': 9.8889618129e-06,
    'n_lof': 2.0,
    'n_mis': 101.0,
    'n_syn': 92.0,
    'p_li': 0.999978196041997,
    'p_null': 3.88216441101404e-14,
    'p_rec': 2.18039579639691e-05,
    'syn_z': -0.00672112442056413},
   'bp': 2301,
   'cds_end': 140624503,
   'cds_start': 140434396,
   'n_exons': 18,
   'nonpsych': {'exp_lof': 34.7601572454,
    'exp_mis': 201.311466134,
    'exp_syn': 82.8264394585,
    'lof_z': 5.62361517113138,
    'mis_z': 4.02811051726418,
    'mu_lof': 2.88380412169e-06,
    'mu_mis': 2.2184090402e-05,
    'mu_syn': 9.8889618129e-06,
    'n_lof': 1.0,
    'n_mis': 88.0,
    'n_syn': 82.0,
    'p_li': 0.999983482649624,
    'p_null': 1.18961221524589e-13,
    'p_rec': 1.65173502566583e-05,
    'syn_z': 0.057172913417909},
   'nontcga': {'exp_lof': 35.6526822996,
    'exp_mis': 204.94646599,
    'exp_syn': 84.5104358173,
    'lof_z': 5.55974482036514,
    'mis_z': 4.03503314525409,
    'mu_lof': 2.88380412169e-06,
    'mu_mis': 2.2184090402e-05,
    'mu_syn': 9.8889618129e-06,
    'n_lof': 2.0,
    'n_mis': 89.0,
    'n_syn': 81.0,
    'p_li': 0.999932334264256,
    'p_null': 6.11297736772402e-13,
    'p_rec': 6.76657351324938e-05,
    'syn_z': 0.241784586564238},
   'transcript': 'ENST00000288602.6'},
  'exons': [{'cdsend': 140924703,
    'cdsstart': 140726493,
    'chr': '7',
    'position': [[140719326, 140726516],
     [140734616, 140734770],
     [140739811, 140739946],
     [140749286, 140749418],
     [140753274, 140753393],
     [140754186, 140754233],
     [140776911, 140777088],
     [140777990, 140778075],
     [140781575, 140781693],
     [140783020, 140783157],
     [140787547, 140787584],
     [140794307, 140794467],
     [140800361, 140800481],
     [140801411, 140801560],
     [140807959, 140808062],
     [140808891, 140808995],
     [140834608, 140834872],
     [140850110, 140850212],
     [140924565, 140924928]],
    'strand': -1,
    'transcript': 'NM_001354609',
    'txend': 140924928,
    'txstart': 140719326},
   {'cdsend': 140924703,
    'cdsstart': 140734596,
    'chr': '7',
    'position': [[140732563, 140734770],
     [140739811, 140739946],
     [140749286, 140749418],
     [140753274, 140753393],
     [140754186, 140754233],
     [140776911, 140777088],
     [140777990, 140778075],
     [140781575, 140781693],
     [140783020, 140783157],
     [140787547, 140787584],
     [140794307, 140794467],
     [140800361, 140800481],
     [140801411, 140801560],
     [140807959, 140808062],
     [140808891, 140808995],
     [140834608, 140834872],
     [140850110, 140850212],
     [140924565, 140924928]],
    'strand': -1,
    'transcript': 'NM_004333',
    'txend': 140924928,
    'txstart': 140732563},
   {'cdsend': 140924928,
    'cdsstart': 140924928,
    'chr': '7',
    'position': [[140732563, 140734770],
     [140739811, 140739946],
     [140749286, 140749418],
     [140753274, 140754233],
     [140776911, 140777088],
     [140777990, 140778075],
     [140781575, 140781693],
     [140783020, 140783157],
     [140787547, 140787584],
     [140794307, 140794467],
     [140800361, 140800481],
     [140801411, 140801560],
     [140807959, 140808062],
     [140808236, 140808316],
     [140808891, 140808995],
     [140834608, 140834872],
     [140850110, 140850212],
     [140924565, 140924928]],
    'strand': -1,
    'transcript': 'NR_148928',
    'txend': 140924928,
    'txstart': 140732563}],
  'exons_hg19': [{'cdsend': 140624503,
    'cdsstart': 140426293,
    'chr': '7',
    'position': [[140419126, 140426316],
     [140434416, 140434570],
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    'strand': -1,
    'transcript': 'NM_001354609',
    'txend': 140624728,
    'txstart': 140419126},
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    'chr': '7',
    'position': [[140432363, 140434570],
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    'strand': -1,
    'transcript': 'NM_004333',
    'txend': 140624728,
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    'cdsstart': 140624728,
    'chr': '7',
    'position': [[140432363, 140434570],
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    'strand': -1,
    'transcript': 'NR_148928',
    'txend': 140624728,
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  'generif': [{'pubmed': 8621729, 'text': 'MEK1 interacts with B-Raf.'},
   {'pubmed': 12068308,
    'text': 'somatic missense mutations in 66% of malignant melanomas and at lower frequency in a wide range of human cancers'},
   {'pubmed': 12198537,
    'text': 'BRAF mutations in colorectal cancers occur only in tumours that do not carry mutations in a RAS gene known as KRAS, and BRAF mutation is linked to the proficiency of these tumours in repairing mismatched bases in DNA'},
   {'pubmed': 12447372, 'text': 'High frequency of BRAF mutations in nevi'},
   {'pubmed': 12619120,
    'text': 'The V599E BRAF mutation appears to be a somatic mutation associated with melanoma development and/or progression in a proportion of affected individuals.'},
   {'pubmed': 12644542,
    'text': 'results demonstrate that the mutational status of BRAF and KRAS is distinctly different among histologic types of ovarian serous carcinoma, occurring most frequently in invasive micropapillary serous carcinomas and its precursors, serous borderline tumors'},
   {'pubmed': 12670889,
    'text': 'High prevalence of BRAF mutations in thyroid cancer is genetic evidence for constitutive activation of the RET/PTC-RAS-BRAF signaling pathway in papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 12697856,
    'text': 'activating BRAF mutations may be an important event in the development of papillary thyroid cancer'},
   {'pubmed': 12753285,
    'text': 'cAMP activates ERK and increases proliferation of autosomal dominant polycystic kindey epithelial cells through the sequential phosphorylation of PKA, B-Raf and MAPK in a pathway separate from the classical receptor tyrosine kinase cascade'},
   {'pubmed': 12778069,
    'text': 'gene is mutated in skin melanoma, but not in uveal melanomas'},
   {'pubmed': 12810628,
    'text': '13 germline BRAF variants, 4 of which were silent mutations in coding regions & 9 nucleotide substitutions in introns, were found in melanoma patients and melanoma family, but none appeared statistically likely to be a melanoma susceptibility gene.'},
   {'pubmed': 12821662,
    'text': 'B-raf is involved in adhesion-independent ERK1/2 signaling in melanocytes'},
   {'pubmed': 12824225,
    'text': 'Data suggest that BRAF T1796A activating mutation is not common in primary uveal melanoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 12855697,
    'text': 'B-Raf has a role in extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling in T cells and prevents antigen-presenting cell-induced anergy'},
   {'pubmed': 12879021,
    'text': 'BRAF has a role in in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck through uncommon mutations'},
   {'pubmed': 12881714,
    'text': 'The BRAF(V599E) mutation appears to be an alternative event to RET/PTC rearrangement rather than to RAS mutations, which are rare in PTC. BRAF(V599E) may represent an alternative pathway to oncogenic MAPK activation in PTCs without RET/PTC activation.'},
   {'pubmed': 12893203,
    'text': 'Mucinous ovarian cancers without a KRAS mutation have not sustained alternative activation of this signaling pathway through mutation of the BRAF oncogene.'},
   {'pubmed': 12917419,
    'text': '3 cell lines derived from human choroidal melanoma express B-Raf containing the V599E mutation and showed a 10-fold increase in endogenous B-RafV599E kinase activity and a constitutive activation of the MEK/ERK pathway that is independent of Ras'},
   {'pubmed': 12931219,
    'text': 'Mutations are not detectable in plasma cell leukemia and multiple myeloma.'},
   {'pubmed': 12970315,
    'text': 'mutation of BRAF gene could be a potentially useful marker of prognosis of patients with advanced thyroid cancers'},
   {'pubmed': 14501284,
    'text': 'Our findings of a high frequency of BRAF mutations at codon 599 in benign melanocytic lesions of the skin indicate that this mutation is not sufficient by itself for malignant transformation.'},
   {'pubmed': 14507635,
    'text': 'Both BRAF and FBXW7 mutations functionally activate kinase effectors important in pancreatic cancer and extend potential options for therapeutic targeting of kinases in treatment of phenotypically distinct pancreatic adenocarcinoma subsets.'},
   {'pubmed': 14513361,
    'text': 'BRAF mutations, which are present in a variety of other human cancers, do not seem to be involved in gastric cancer development'},
   {'pubmed': 14522897,
    'text': 'Uceal melanomas arise independent of oncogenic BRAF and NRAS mutations.'},
   {'pubmed': 14534542,
    'text': 'BRAF mutations were seen in stomach neoplasms.'},
   {'pubmed': 14602780,
    'text': 'BRAF mutations are restricted to papillary carcinomas and poorly differentiated and anaplastic carcinomas arising from papillary carcinomas'},
   {'pubmed': 14612909,
    'text': 'BRAF is occasionally mutated in NHL, and BRAF mutation may contribute to tumor development in some NHLs'},
   {'pubmed': 14618633,
    'text': 'None of the cases of gastric cancer showed braf mutations'},
   {'pubmed': 14639609,
    'text': 'Mutations of BRAF are associated with extensive hMLH1 promoter methylation in sporadic colorectal carcinomas'},
   {'pubmed': 14668801,
    'text': 'Missense mutation is marker of colonic but not gastric cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 14688025,
    'text': 'Mutations were found in exon 15 in colorectal adenocarcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 14691295,
    'text': 'Our data indicate that BRAF gene mutations are rare to absent events in uveal melanoma of humans.'},
   {'pubmed': 14695152,
    'text': 'NRAS and BRAF mutations arise early during melanoma pathogenesis and are preserved throughout tumor progression'},
   {'pubmed': 14695993,
    'text': 'BRAF mutations are associated with proximal colon tumors with mismatch repair deficiency and MLH1 hypermethylation.'},
   {'pubmed': 14719068,
    'text': 'New enriched PCR-RFLP assay for detecting mutations of BRAF codon 599 mutation in pleural mesotheliomas.'},
   {'pubmed': 14722037,
    'text': 'Observational study of genotype prevalence and gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 14724583,
    'text': "RAS or BRAF mutations are detected in about 32% of all Barrett's adenocarcinomas; the disruption of the Raf/MEK/ERK (MAPK) kinase pathway is a frequent but also early event in the development of Barrett's adenocarcinoma"},
   {'pubmed': 14734469,
    'text': 'BRAF mutations are frequently present in sporadic colorectal cancer with methylated hMLH1'},
   {'pubmed': 14961576,
    'text': 'Mutations in BRAF gene is associated with malignant melanomas'},
   {'pubmed': 14966563,
    'text': 'These studies identify isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase as a potential target for reducing the growth of K-Ras- and B-Raf-induced malignancies.'},
   {'pubmed': 15001635,
    'text': 'The lack or low prevalence of BRAF mutation in other thyroid neoplasms is consistent with the notion that other previously defined genetic alterations on the same signaling pathway are sufficient to cause tumorigenesis in most thyroid neoplasms.'},
   {'pubmed': 15009714,
    'text': 'possible cooperation between BRAF activation and PTEN loss in melanoma development.'},
   {'pubmed': 15009715,
    'text': 'mutations in the BRAF gene and to some extent in the N-ras gene represent early somatic events that occur in melanocytic nevi'},
   {'pubmed': 15014028,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation may be acquired during development of metastasis but is not a significant factor for primary melanoma development and disease outcome.'},
   {'pubmed': 15077125,
    'text': 'ovarian serous cystadenomas do not contain mutations in either BRAF or KRAS genes'},
   {'pubmed': 15104286,
    'text': 'These results suggest that the BRAF mutation is unlikely to be involved in gastric carcinogenesis.'},
   {'pubmed': 15126572,
    'text': 'BRAF(V599E) is more common genetic alteration found to date in adult sporadic papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs). It is unique for this thyroid cancer histotype, and it might drive the development of PTCs of classic papillary subtype.'},
   {'pubmed': 15140228,
    'text': 'The finding of tandem mutations in thin melanomas makes it more likely that they arise as a simultaneous rather than sequential event.'},
   {'pubmed': 15145515,
    'text': 'Radiation-induced tumors have a low prevalence of BRAF point mutations and high prevalence of RET/PTC rearrangements'},
   {'pubmed': 15150271,
    'text': 'B-Raf kinase activity regulation by tuberin and Rheb is mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-independent'},
   {'pubmed': 15161700,
    'text': 'mucosal melanomas of the head and neck do not frequently harbor an activating mutation of BRAF'},
   {'pubmed': 15179189,
    'text': 'in contrast to cutaneous melanoma, BRAF does not appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of uveal melanoma'},
   {'pubmed': 15186612,
    'text': 'BRAF mutations are rather rare in solitary cold adenomas and adenomatous nodules and do not explain the molecular etiology of ras mutation-negative cold thyroid nodules.'},
   {'pubmed': 15191558,
    'text': 'activation of this gene may be one of the early events in the pathogenesis of some melanomas.'},
   {'pubmed': 15263001,
    'text': 'B-Raf and ERK are activated by cyclic AMP after calcium restriction'},
   {'pubmed': 15273715, 'text': 'mutated in papillary thyroid cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 15277467,
    'text': 'In this study, this BRAF mutation was demonstrated in some conjunctival melanoma tissue samples, suggesting that some conjunctival melanomas may share biological features in common with cutaneous melanoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 15313890,
    'text': 'Data suggest that SPRY2, an inhibitor of ERK signaling, may be bypassed in melanoma cells either by down-regulation of its expression in WT BRAF cells, or by the presence of the BRAF mutation.'},
   {'pubmed': 15330192,
    'text': 'Mutations within the BRAF gene are useful markers for the differential diagnosis between Spitz nevus and malignant melanoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 15331929,
    'text': 'we found 19 cases (38%) to harbor somatic B-raf exon 15 mutations.'},
   {'pubmed': 15339934,
    'text': 'Data provide evidence that B-Raf is a positive regulator of T cell receptor-mediated sustained ERK activation, which is required for NFAT activation and the full production of IL-2.'},
   {'pubmed': 15373778,
    'text': 'BRAF(V599E) mutation is seven times higher in lesions with structural changes and 13 times higher in growing lesions as compared with lesions without changes'},
   {'pubmed': 15488754,
    'text': 'REVIEW: our understanding of B-RAF as an oncogene and of its role in cancer'},
   {'pubmed': 15489648,
    'text': 'Mutations of BRAF or KRAS oncogenes are early events in the serrated polyp neoplasia pathway. CpG island methylation plays a role in serrated polyp progression to colorectal carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 15538400,
    'text': 'mutated in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.'},
   {'pubmed': 15577314,
    'text': 'BRAF mutations are associated with conjunctival neoplasms'},
   {'pubmed': 15630448,
    'text': 'AKAP9-BRAF fusion was preferentially found in radiation-induced papillary carcinomas developing after a short latency, whereas BRAF point mutations were absent in this group'},
   {'pubmed': 15632082,
    'text': 'Data suggest that Rit is involved in a novel pathway of neuronal development and regeneration by coupling specific trophic factor signals to sustained activation of the B-Raf/ERK and p38 MAP kinase cascades.'},
   {'pubmed': 15653554,
    'text': 'a novel Ras-independent ERK1/2 activation system in which p110gamma/Raf-1/MEK1/2 and PKA/B-Raf/MEK1/2 cooperate to activate ERK1/2.'},
   {'pubmed': 15702478,
    'text': 'We found mutations in p53, K-ras, and BRAF genes in 35%, 30%, and 4% of tumors, respectively, and observed a minimal or no co-presence of these gene alterations.'},
   {'pubmed': 15705790,
    'text': 'KSHV-infected cell lines expressed higher levels of B-Raf and VEGF-A; B-Raf-induced VEGF-A expression was demonstrated to be sufficient to enhance tubule formation in endothelial cells'},
   {'pubmed': 15710605,
    'text': 'autoinhibition was negatively regulated by acidic substitutions at phosphorylation sites within the activation loop'},
   {'pubmed': 15765445,
    'text': 'Mutations in the BRAF protooncogene (V599E)may be an alternative pathway of tumorigenesis of familial colorectal cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 15782118,
    'text': 'BRAF mutations proved to be absent in tumors from hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome (HNPCC) families with germline mutations in the MMR genes MLH1 and MSH2.'},
   {'pubmed': 15791479,
    'text': 'The data of this study suggest that activating mutations of B-RAF are not a frequent event in gliomas; nevertheless, when present they are associated with high-grade malignant lesions.'},
   {'pubmed': 15791648,
    'text': 'B-raf mutations surrounding Thr439 found in human cancers are unlikely to contribute to increased oncogenic properties of B-raf'},
   {'pubmed': 15824163,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 15842051,
    'text': 'These results suggest that BRAF mutations do not have a role in tumorigenesis of neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors.'},
   {'pubmed': 15880523,
    'text': 'Anaplastic thyroid carcinomas which are derived from papillary carcinomas are due to BRAF and p53 mutations'},
   {'pubmed': 15904951,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 15935100,
    'text': 'B-raf V599E and V599K oncogenic mutations are likely to affect melanocyte-specific pathways controlling proliferation and differentiation'},
   {'pubmed': 15968271,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 15968271,
    'text': 'The increasing frequency of BRAF mutations as a function of age could help account for the well documented but poorly understood observation that age is a relevant prognostic indicator for patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 15980887,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation occurs later in thyroid tumor progression and is restricted mainly to papillary thyroid carcinoma and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma'},
   {'pubmed': 15994075,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 15998781,
    'text': 'Role of BRAF mutation in facilitating metastasis and progression of papillary thyroid cancer in lymph nodes.'},
   {'pubmed': 16007166,
    'text': 'determination of mutation specific gene expression profiles in papillary thyroid carcinoma'},
   {'pubmed': 16007203,
    'text': 'Single-cell clones with efficient knockdown of (V 600 E)B-RAF could be propagated in the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor but underwent apoptosis or senescence-like growth arrest upon withdrawal of this growth factor'},
   {'pubmed': 16015629,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 16024606,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 16079850,
    'text': 'sustained BRAF(V600E) expression in human melanocytes induces cell cycle arrest, which is accompanied by the induction of both p16(INK4a) and senescence-associated acidic beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-Gal) activity, a commonly used senescence marker'},
   {'pubmed': 16096377,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation in melanoma is most likely to occur prior to the development of metastatic disease'},
   {'pubmed': 16098042,
    'text': 'Although BRAF and NRAS mutations are likely to be important for the initiation and maintenance of some melanomas, other factors might be more significant for proliferation and prognosis in subgroups of aggressive melanoma'},
   {'pubmed': 16098042,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 16123397,
    'text': 'The results showed that conjunctival nevi, similar to skin nevi, have a high frequency of oncogenic BRAF mutations.'},
   {'pubmed': 16129781,
    'text': 'These data suggest that MITF is an anti-proliferation factor that is down-regulated by B-RAF signaling and that this is a crucial event for the progression of melanomas that harbor oncogenic B-RAF.'},
   {'pubmed': 16143028,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 16144912,
    'text': 'Mutations of the BRAF gene are partly involved in the malignant transformation of the endometrium.'},
   {'pubmed': 16144912,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 16172610,
    'text': 'selective reduction in catalytic activity and expression of B-Raf but not Raf-1 suggest that B-Raf may be playing an important role in altered ERK signaling in brain of suicide subjects, and thus in the pathophysiology of suicide'},
   {'pubmed': 16174717,
    'text': 'In patients with papillary thyroid cancer, BRAF mutation is associated with poorer clinicopathological outcomes and independently predicts recurrence.'},
   {'pubmed': 16174717,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 16179867,
    'text': 'As the BRAF oncogene is frequently found to be mutated in human cutaneous melanomas, it may constitute a risk factor for melanoma formation within CMN and DMN.'},
   {'pubmed': 16179870,
    'text': 'The oncogenic B-raf mutations V599E and V599K, as early events in melanocyte transformation, persist throughout metastasis with important prognostic implications.'},
   {'pubmed': 16181240,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 16181547,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 16199894,
    'text': 'copy number gain may represent another mechanism of BRAF activation in thyroid tumors'},
   {'pubmed': 16268813,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 16354196,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 16354196,
    'text': 'The estimated proportion of attributable risk of melanoma due to variants in BRAF is 1.6%, but the burden of disease associated with this variant is greater than that associated with the major melanoma locus (CDKN2A) which has a risk of 0.2%.'},
   {'pubmed': 16354586,
    'text': 'Mutation and elevated expression of BRAF is associated with the development of testicular germ cell tumors'},
   {'pubmed': 16361694,
    'text': 'The authors have developed and run a high-throughput screen to find inhibitors of V600E BRAF using an enzyme cascade assay in which oncogenic BRAF activates MEK1, which in turn activates ERK2, which then phosphorylates the transcription factor ELK1.'},
   {'pubmed': 16364920,
    'text': 'Data suggest that B-RAF activates C-RAF through a mechanism involving 14-3-3 mediated heterooligomerization and C-RAF transphosphorylation.'},
   {'pubmed': 16371460,
    'text': 'V600E B-Raf requires the Hsp90 chaperone for stability and is degraded in response to Hsp90 inhibitors.'},
   {'pubmed': 16373964,
    'text': 'activating mutations of PDGFR-alpha, c-kit and B-RAF are absent in gliosarcomas'},
   {'pubmed': 16376942,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 16376942,
    'text': 'V599E BRAF mutation was uncommon in Japanese lung cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 16382052,
    'text': 'aberrant B-Raf activity in angiomyolipomas leads to abnormal cellular differentiation and migration [review]'},
   {'pubmed': 16397024,
    'text': 'Observational study of genotype prevalence. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 16413100,
    'text': 'The most frequent B-RAF gene alterations are not involved in prostate carcinogenesis'},
   {'pubmed': 16417232,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation does not seem to be sufficient to produce MAPK activation in melanocytic nevi.'},
   {'pubmed': 16424035,
    'text': 'gain-of-function BRAF signaling is strongly associated with in vivo tumorigenicity'},
   {'pubmed': 16439621,
    'text': 'findings demonstrate that heterogeneous de novo missense mutations in three genes within the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, BRAF, MEK1 and MEK2 cause cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome'},
   {'pubmed': 16452469,
    'text': 'wild-type B-Raf-mediated ERK1/2 activation plays a major role in proliferation and transformation of uveal melanocytes; Raf-1 is not involved in this activation'},
   {'pubmed': 16452550,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 16462768,
    'text': 'NRAS and BRAF activating mutations can coexist in the same melanoma, but are mutually exclusive at the single-cell level'},
   {'pubmed': 16474404,
    'text': 'Cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome involves dysregulation of the RAS-RAF-ERK pathway.'},
   {'pubmed': 16487015,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 16537381,
    'text': 'Merlin and MLK3 can interact in situ and merlin can disrupt the interactions between B-Raf and Raf-1 or those between MLK3 and either B-Raf or Raf-1.'},
   {'pubmed': 16547495,
    'text': 'Melanoma cells require either B-RAF or phosphoinositide-3 kinase activation for protection from anoikis.'},
   {'pubmed': 16601293,
    'text': 'BRAF V600E is associated with a high risk of recurrence and less differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma due to the impairment of Na+/I- targeting to the membrane'},
   {'pubmed': 16601293,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 16618717,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-environment interaction and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 16687919,
    'text': 'Observational study of genotype prevalence. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 16691193,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 16691193,
    'text': 'UV light is not necessarily required for the acquisition of the BRAF(V600E) mutation, and non-mutagenic effects of UV light to melanocytes may be more important in the nevogenesis'},
   {'pubmed': 16721785,
    'text': 'BRAF mutations are as uncommon as KRAS mutations in prostate adenocarcinoma'},
   {'pubmed': 16728573,
    'text': 'B-RAF (V600E) was confirmed to be associated with the papillary growth pattern, but not with poorer differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma variants.'},
   {'pubmed': 16728573,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 16773193,
    'text': 'among 23 melanomas located at body sites with chronic UV exposure, only a single tumour harboured the B-raf V599E mutation which was a significantly lower frequency in comparison to melanomas from sun-protected body sites'},
   {'pubmed': 16786134,
    'text': 'a BRAFT1799A mutation may have a role in poor differentiation of thyroid carcinoma'},
   {'pubmed': 16799476,
    'text': 'A subset of Spitz nevi, some with atypical histologic features, possess BRAF mutations. The BRAF mutational status does not separate all Spitz nevi from spitzoid melanomas and non-Spitz types of melanocytic proliferations, contrary to previous reports.'},
   {'pubmed': 16803888,
    'text': 'Rheb has a central role in the regulation of the Ras/B-Raf/C-Raf/MEK signaling network'},
   {'pubmed': 16804544,
    'text': 'CpG island methylator phenotype-positive colorectal tumors represent a distinct subset, encompassing almost all cases of tumors with BRAF mutation'},
   {'pubmed': 16809487,
    'text': 'findings show that MC1R variants are strongly associated with BRAF mutations in non-chronic sun-induced damage melanomas; in this subtype, risk for melanoma associated with MC1R is due to increase in risk of developing melanomas with BRAF mutations'},
   {'pubmed': 16845322,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with melanoma and melanocytic nevi.'},
   {'pubmed': 16858395,
    'text': 'Thus, we propose that the hitherto unidentified function of the B-Raf amino-terminal region is to mediate calcium-dependent activation of B-Raf and the following MEK activation, which may occur in the absence of Ras activation.'},
   {'pubmed': 16858683,
    'text': 'Aberrant methylation and hence silencing of TIMP3, SLC5A8, DAPK and RARbeta2, in association with BRAF mutation, may be an important step in PTC tumorigenesis and progression.'},
   {'pubmed': 16879389,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation was frequent in hyperplastic polyps (67%) and sessile serrated adenomas (81%).'},
   {'pubmed': 16912199,
    'text': 'B-RAF has been identified as the most mutated gene in invasive cells and therefore an attractive therapeutic target in melanoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 16918136,
    'text': 'BRAF mutations are associated with colorectal cancers'},
   {'pubmed': 16918957,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 16924241,
    'text': 'Expression of p27Kip1 in melanoma is regulated by B-RAF at the mRNA level and via B-RAF control of Cks1/Skp2-mediated proteolysis.'},
   {'pubmed': 16932278,
    'text': 'Single nucleotide polymorphism found exclusively in papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 16937524,
    'text': 'BRAF, K-ras and BAT26 are expressed in colorectal polyps and stool'},
   {'pubmed': 16937524,
    'text': 'BRAF, K-ras and BAT26 are expressed in colorectal polyps and stool [BAT26]'},
   {'pubmed': 16946010, 'text': 'Braf mutations in thyroid tumorigenesis.'},
   {'pubmed': 16953233,
    'text': 'Concomitant KRAS and BRAF mutations increased along progression of MSS colorectal cancer, suggesting that activation of both genes is likely to harbour a synergistic effect'},
   {'pubmed': 16959844,
    'text': 'BRAFV600E activates not only MAPK but also NF-kappaB signaling pathway in human thyroid cancer cells, leading to an acquisition of apoptotic resistance and promotion of invasion.'},
   {'pubmed': 16960555,
    'text': 'Expression of active mutants of B-Raf induces fibronectin.'},
   {'pubmed': 16964379,
    'text': 'Extracellular signal-regulated kinase-3 (ERK3/MAPK6) is highly expressed in response to BRAF signaling.'},
   {'pubmed': 16973828,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 16987295,
    'text': 'BRAF T1976A mutation is present at high frequency in benign naevi such as Spitz and Reed.'},
   {'pubmed': 17001349,
    'text': 'data support a model in which mutational activation of BRAF in human melanomas contributes to constitutive induction of NF-kappaB activity and to increased survival of melanoma cells'},
   {'pubmed': 17018604,
    'text': 'Normally, BRAF alone is responsible for signaling to MEK. However, when RAS is mutated in melanoma, melanocytes switch their signaling from BRAF to CRAF.'},
   {'pubmed': 17044028,
    'text': 'Activating BRAF mutation is associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma'},
   {'pubmed': 17060774,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation remained a significant prognostic factor for lymph node metastasis (odds ratio = 10.8, 95% confidence interval, 3.5-34.0, P < 0.0001).'},
   {'pubmed': 17074813,
    'text': 'phosphorylation on both S365 and S429 participate in the differential regulation of B-Raf isoforms through distinct mechanisms'},
   {'pubmed': 17097223,
    'text': 'data provide evidence that oncogenic properties of BRAF contribute to the tumorigenesis of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm/carcinoma (IPMN/IPMC), but at a lower frequency than KRAS'},
   {'pubmed': 17119056,
    'text': 'BRAF-V600E mutations are mainly involved in colorectal cancer families characterized by an increased risk of other common malignancies'},
   {'pubmed': 17119447,
    'text': 'Association with preexisting nevi and pronounced infiltration of lymphocytes was significantly higher in BRAF mutated melanoma tumours'},
   {'pubmed': 17148775,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 17148775,
    'text': 'Previously identified associations between smoking and colon cancer, whether microsatellite unstable or stable, appear to be explained by the association of smoking with BRAF mutation.'},
   {'pubmed': 17159915,
    'text': 'BRAF(T1799A) mutation is associated with a lower rate of tumor proliferation.'},
   {'pubmed': 17159915,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 17170014,
    'text': 'RASSF1A methylation was observed in a high frequency in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma whereas K-ras and B-raf mutations were observed in a low frequency'},
   {'pubmed': 17179987,
    'text': 'The role for BRAF activation in thyroid cancer development and establishing the potential therapeutic efficacy of BRAF-targeted agents in patients with thyroid cancerwill be reviewed.'},
   {'pubmed': 17186541,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with thyroid carcinogenesis'},
   {'pubmed': 17186541,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 17195912,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 17195912,
    'text': 'there is a subgroup of colorectal carcinomas which develop via the microsatellite instability pathway that carry an alteration of the BRAF gene'},
   {'pubmed': 17199737,
    'text': 'Absence of association between BRAF mutation and activation of MAPK pathway in papillary thyroid carcinoma suggests the presence of mechanisms that downregulate MAPK activation.'},
   {'pubmed': 17227125,
    'text': 'Copy gain of PDGFB occurs in a subset of tumors showing no evidence of mutated BRAF or rearranged ret, suggesting that copy gain of PDGFB may underlie the increased expression of platelet-derived growth factor described recently in the literature.'},
   {'pubmed': 17270239,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 17297294,
    'text': 'characterization of the T1799-1801del and A1799-1816ins BRAF mutations in papillary thyroid cancer; the two new mutations resulted in constitutive activation of the BRAF kinase and caused NIH3T3 cell transformation'},
   {'pubmed': 17302867,
    'text': 'Overexpression of B-Raf mRNA and protein may be a feature of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas, highlighting overactivity of the Ras-B-Raf-MAP kinase pathway in these tumors.'},
   {'pubmed': 17309670,
    'text': 'BRAF gene plays a "gatekeeper" role but does not act as a predisposition gene in the development of low-grade ovarian serous carcinomas'},
   {'pubmed': 17309670,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 17312306,
    'text': 'Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 17315191,
    'text': 'BRAFV600E represents a detectable marker in the plasma/serum from melanoma patients for monitoring but not diagnostic purposes'},
   {'pubmed': 17318013,
    'text': 'B-RAF mutations are a rare event in pituitary tumorigenesis.'},
   {'pubmed': 17355635,
    'text': 'The aim of this study was to identify the effect that BRAF oncogene has on post-transcriptional regulation in papillary thyroid carcinoma by using microRNA analysis.'},
   {'pubmed': 17360030,
    'text': 'findings show that RASSF1A hypermethylation and KRAS mutations and BRAF mutations are inversely correlated and play an important role in the development of cervical adenocarcinomas'},
   {'pubmed': 17366577,
    'text': 'mutational analysis of KRAS, BRAF, and MAP2K1/2 in 56 patients with CFC syndrome; comparison of the genotype-phenotype correlation of CFC with that of Costello syndrome suggest a significant clinical overlap but not genotype overlap.'},
   {'pubmed': 17387744,
    'text': 'BRAF(V600E) mutation is identified in a subset of cutaneous metastases from papillary thyroid carcinomas'},
   {'pubmed': 17393356,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 17393356,
    'text': 'data suggest that BRAF mutations might be present less frequently than KRAS mutations in Greek patients with colorectal carcinomas'},
   {'pubmed': 17440063,
    'text': 'finding of a strong association between BRAF mutations and serrated histology in hyperplastic aberrant crypt foci supports the idea that these lesions are an early, sentinel, or a potentially initiating step on the serrated pathway to colorectal carcinoma'},
   {'pubmed': 17453004,
    'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation was occasionally observed in anaplastic carcinomas with papillary carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 17453358,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 17454879,
    'text': 'MSI is rare in UC-related neoplasia as well as non-neoplastic lesions, and does not contribute to the development of dysplasia.'},
   {'pubmed': 17464312,
    'text': 'prevalence of BRAF mutation and RET/PTC were determined in diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma; none of the cases showed a BRAF mutation'},
   {'pubmed': 17483702,
    'text': 'Molecular diagnosis and careful observations should be considered in children with Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome because they have germline mutations in BRAF and might develop malignancy.'},
   {'pubmed': 17487277,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 17487504,
    'text': 'c-kit expression is not alternative to BRAF and/or KRAS activation.'},
   {'pubmed': 17488796,
    'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation in PTCs is associated with reduced expression of key genes involved in iodine metabolism'},
   {'pubmed': 17507627,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 17507627,
    'text': 'data indicate that both early-life UV exposure and nevus propensity contribute to occurrence of BRAF+ melanoma, whereas nevus propensity and later-life sun exposure influence the occurrence of NRAS+ melanoma'},
   {'pubmed': 17516929,
    'text': 'analysis of a BRAF mutation-associated gene expression signature in melanoma'},
   {'pubmed': 17518771,
    'text': 'low rate of RAS-RAF mutations (2/22, 9.1%) observed in Spitz melanocytic nevi suggests that these lesions harbor as yet undetected activating mutations in other components of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK-MAPK pathway'},
   {'pubmed': 17520704,
    'text': 'Meta-analysis of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 17520704,
    'text': 'frequency of the BRAF mutation and the associations between BRAF mutation and clinicopathologic parameters in papillary thyroid carcinoma were evaluated by meta-analysis'},
   {'pubmed': 17525723,
    'text': 'T1790A BRAF mutation (L597Q) in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a functional oncogene'},
   {'pubmed': 17535994,
    'text': 'The heterogeneous distribution of BRAF mutations suggests that discrete tumor foci in multifocal PTC may occur as independent tumors.'},
   {'pubmed': 17542667,
    'text': 'Presence of BRAF V600E in very early stages of papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 17548320,
    'text': 'influence of B-RAF-specific RNA interference on the proliferation and apoptosis of gastric cancer BGC823 cell line'},
   {'pubmed': 17566669,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 17566669,
    'text': 'We conclude that screening for BRAF 15 exon mutation is an efficient tool in the diagnostic strategy for HNPCC'},
   {'pubmed': 17635919,
    'text': 'In contrast to C-RAF that requires farnesylated H-Ras, cytosolic B-RAF associates effectively and with significantly higher affinity with both farnesylated and nonfarnesylated H-Ras.'},
   {'pubmed': 17663506,
    'text': 'KLF6 and p53 mutations are involved in the development of nonpolypoid colorectal carcinoma, whereas K-ras and B-raf mutations are not'},
   {'pubmed': 17671688,
    'text': 'PPARbeta/delta has a role in growth of RAF-induced lung adenomas'},
   {'pubmed': 17685465,
    'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid may facilitate tumor cell growth and progression once seeded in the lymph nodes.'},
   {'pubmed': 17693984,
    'text': 'Observational study of genotype prevalence, gene-disease association, and genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 17693984,
    'text': 'There was no coexistence of BRAF (V600E) mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 17696195,
    'text': 'data showed differences in gene expression between nevi with and without the V600E BRAF mutation. Moreover, nevi with mutations showed over-expression of genes involved in melanocytic senescence and cell cycle inhibition'},
   {'pubmed': 17699719,
    'text': 'RNA interference and pharmacologic approaches were used to assess the role of B-Raf activation in the growth of human melanomas and additionally determined if a similar role for mutant B-Raf is seen for colorectal carcinoma cell lines.'},
   {'pubmed': 17704260,
    'text': '5 unreported mutations (T241P, Q262R, G464R, E501V, N581K) were found in cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome. A hotspot in exon 6 at Q257 was found.'},
   {'pubmed': 17714762,
    'text': 'diffuse expression of wild-type and/or mutant B-Raf may be involved in the tumorigenic process'},
   {'pubmed': 17717450,
    'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation is primarily present in conventional papillary thyroid cancer; it is associated with an aggressive tumor phenotype and higher risk of recurrent and persistent disease in patients with conventional papillary thyroid cancer'},
   {'pubmed': 17717450,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 17721188,
    'text': 'Develompment of malignant strumo ovarii with papillary thyroid carcinoma features is associated with BRAF mutations.'},
   {'pubmed': 17727338,
    'text': 'BRAF(V600E) mutation detected on fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens, more than RET/PTC rearrangements, is highly specific for papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 17785355,
    'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation is associated with high-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma'},
   {'pubmed': 17785355,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 17786355,
    'text': 'BRAFV600E mutations were found in 41.2% of the papillary thyroid carcinomas'},
   {'pubmed': 17854396,
    'text': 'Papillary thyroid cancers with no 131I uptake had a high frequency of BRAF mutations.'},
   {'pubmed': 17878251,
    'text': 'MEK inhibition is cytostatic in papillary thyroid cancer and anaplastic thyroid cancer cells bearing a BRAF mutation'},
   {'pubmed': 17911174,
    'text': 'effects of a MEK inhibitor, CI-1040, on thyroid cancer cells, some of which, particularly cell proliferation and tumor growth, seemed to be BRAF mutation or RAS mutation selective'},
   {'pubmed': 17914558,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated as early as the hyperplastic polyp stage followed by microsatellite instability at the carcinoma stage'},
   {'pubmed': 17924122,
    'text': 'Examined associations between BRAF mutations, morphology, and apoptosis in early colorectal cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 17940185,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation represents a novel indicator of the progression and aggressiveness of papillary thyroid cancer (Review)'},
   {'pubmed': 17942568,
    'text': 'BRAF interacts with PLCepsilon1 in nephrotic syndrome type 3. Both proteins are coexpressed and colocalize in developing and mature glomerular podocytes.'},
   {'pubmed': 17962436,
    'text': 'In this small study, the T1799A BRAF mutation was identified in almost half of the iris melanoma tissues samples examined. This finding suggests that there may be genetic as well as clinical differences between iris and posterior uveal melanomas.'},
   {'pubmed': 17972530,
    'text': 'These results suggest that papillary thyroid carcinomas with BRAF (V600E) mutation are more aggressive than those with wildtype BRAF.'},
   {'pubmed': 18000091,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 18008004,
    'text': 'mutation of N-RAS or B-RAF, signature genetic lesions present in most MMs, potently induced the expression of cell-surface CD200, a repressor of DC function.'},
   {'pubmed': 18024410,
    'text': 'no BRAF mutations identified in 65 screened JMML patients; this gene is unlikely to play a role in the pathogenesis of JMML.'},
   {'pubmed': 18032947,
    'text': 'The BRAF mutation is common in melanomas, but variation in rates across melanoma subtypes points to a complex interplay between BRAF activation and other factors (eg, sun exposure).'},
   {'pubmed': 18042262,
    'text': 'the results of HRAS, BRAF and MAP2K1/2 mutation screening in a large cohort of patients with CS and CFC'},
   {'pubmed': 18045960,
    'text': 'Detection of BRAF improves the diagnosis in fine-needle biopsy with cytological findings suspicious for papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 18045987,
    'text': 'These results identify Rnd3 as a regulator of cross talk between the RAF/MEK/ERK and Rho/ROCK signaling pathways, and a key contributor to oncogene-mediated reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesions.'},
   {'pubmed': 18060073,
    'text': 'BRAF and MEK1/2 mutations may be more common than anticipated in ovarian cancer which could have important implications for treatment of patients with this disease and suggests potential new therapeutic avenues'},
   {'pubmed': 18061181,
    'text': 'Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 18070147,
    'text': "BRAF(V600E)'alone' does not represent a marker for poor outcome"},
   {'pubmed': 18071315,
    'text': 'B-Raf(V600E) signaling deregulates the mitotic spindle checkpoint through stabilizing Mps1 levels in melanoma cells.'},
   {'pubmed': 18098337,
    'text': 'BRAF provides proliferation and survival signals in MSI colorectal carcinoma cells displaying BRAF(V600E) but not KRAS mutations.'},
   {'pubmed': 18172070,
    'text': 'Because of the very sensitive pyrophosphorolysis-activated polymerization (PAP)technology, B-RAF mutations were found in cell lines and primary uveal melanomas.'},
   {'pubmed': 18199160,
    'text': 'A worse clinical outcome was found for CIMP-high, microsatellite stable colorectal cancer with KRAS/BRAF mutation but not for those lacking KRAS/BRAF mutation.'},
   {'pubmed': 18224685,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 18226854,
    'text': 'frequency of the occurrence of BRAF mutation and/or RET/PTC in H4-PTEN positive tumors was extremely high (75%) in papillary thyroid carcinoma'},
   {'pubmed': 18227705,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation is not associated with cutaneous melanoma'},
   {'pubmed': 18228248,
    'text': 'Important signalling role in T cell development.'},
   {'pubmed': 18235983,
    'text': 'Follicular histotypes of oncocytic thyroid carcinomas do not carry BRAF mutations'},
   {'pubmed': 18246127,
    'text': 'Mutant B-RAF mediates resistance to anoikis via Bad and Bim.'},
   {'pubmed': 18267069,
    'text': 'A genome-wide RNA-interference screening to identify genes required for an activated BRAF oncogene to block proliferation of fibroblasts and melanocytes revealed that a IGFBP7, has a central role in BRAF-mediated senescence and apoptosis.'},
   {'pubmed': 18310286,
    'text': 'BRAF T1799A mutation is associated with aggressive pathological outcomes of papillary thyroid cancer'},
   {'pubmed': 18310287,
    'text': 'BRAF(V600E) mutation is asscoiated with papillary thyroid cancer'},
   {'pubmed': 18310288,
    'text': 'BRAF-V600E mutation is associated with familial non-medullary thyroid carcinoma'},
   {'pubmed': 18323787,
    'text': 'Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity is subject to regulation even in BRAF/NRAS mutant melanoma cells and that high MAPK pathway signaling may be important only in distinct subsets of tumor cells.'},
   {'pubmed': 18329792,
    'text': 'RKIP could play an important role in the down-regulation of wild-type BRAF, serving thus as an endogenous inhibitor of the MAPK pathway in nasal polyps and their adjacent turbinate mucosa.'},
   {'pubmed': 18337114,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation testing of papillary thyroid carcinoma might improve the diagnosis, prognostic stratification and treatment of these tumors.'},
   {'pubmed': 18343945,
    'text': 'Our data provide evidence that PIK3CA and BRAF contribute to the tumorigenesis of IPMN/IPMC, but at a lower frequency than KRAS.'},
   {'pubmed': 18368129,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 18368129,
    'text': 'This study confirms that the known MC1R-melanoma risk association is confined to subjects whose melanomas harbor BRAF mutations.'},
   {'pubmed': 18375819,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with disease stabilization in melanoma'},
   {'pubmed': 18381570,
    'text': 'Thyroid cancers with BRAF mutation are preferentially sensitive to MEK inhibitors.'},
   {'pubmed': 18382358,
    'text': 'Detecting BRAF mutation by pyrosequencing is more sensitive, faster, and less expensive than direct DNA sequencing.'},
   {'pubmed': 18383861,
    'text': 'K-RAS and BRAF mutations are a frequent genetic event in our samples of sporadic papillary and medullary thyroid carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 18383861,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 18397470,
    'text': 'is commonly activated by somatic point mutation, it may provide possible diagnostic and therapeutic targets in human malignant tumors.'},
   {'pubmed': 18398503,
    'text': 'Results implicate aberrant activation of the MAPK pathway due to gene duplication or mutation of BRAF as a molecular mechanism of pathogenesis in low-grade astrocytomas and suggest inhibition of the MAPK pathway as a potential treatment.'},
   {'pubmed': 18402768,
    'text': 'Aberrant BRAF and INK4A functionally interact to promote growth and survival of melanoma cells.'},
   {'pubmed': 18408659,
    'text': 'in melanocytic lesions, BRAF(V600E) mutation can affect a subset of the cells and is associated with the type and quantity of sun exposure'},
   {'pubmed': 18413255,
    'text': 'study describes the biochemical characterization of novel BRAF and MEK germline mutations in cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome'},
   {'pubmed': 18434602,
    'text': 'Cdk1/cyclin B has a role in regulating B-raf activation at mitosis'},
   {'pubmed': 18435933,
    'text': 'CpG island methylator phenotype in colorectal neoplasms may result from activating mutations in either BRAF or KRAS.'},
   {'pubmed': 18451171,
    'text': 'Akt3 and mutant V600E B-Raf cooperate to promote early melanoma development.'},
   {'pubmed': 18458053,
    'text': 'oncogenic BRAF inhibition can have a different effect on cell fate depending on the cellular type'},
   {'pubmed': 18470905,
    'text': 'aberrant methylation of the hMLH1 gene may play a role in BRAF mutation-promoted thyroid tumorigenesis'},
   {'pubmed': 18509003,
    'text': 'study revealed a significant correlation of BRAFV600E mutation with a lower expression of both sodium iodide symporter and thyroperoxidase in papillary thyroid cancer'},
   {'pubmed': 18509361,
    'text': 'Shorter overall survival in primary melanoma was associated with the presence of ulceration and BRAF exon 15 mutations, as well as the absence of nuclear activation of Akt and of cytoplasmic activation of ERK.'},
   {'pubmed': 18517279,
    'text': 'BRAF mutations in colorectal cancer microsatellite-stable cases are associated with high levels of chromosomal instability that are likely responsible for the adverse outcomes in these cases'},
   {'pubmed': 18519771,
    'text': 'a significant relationship in overall survival in colon cancer patients with defective DNA mismatch repair and the presence of a specific mutation in BRAF (V600E)'},
   {'pubmed': 18532874,
    'text': 'Compared to melanomas without BRAF mutations, melanomas with BRAF mutations showed statistically significantly higher degrees of intraepidermal scatter of melanocytes, and a higher proportion of melanocytes arranged in nests.'},
   {'pubmed': 18567582,
    'text': 'the scaffold protein IQGAP1 couples Ca(2+) and calmodulin signaling to B-Raf function'},
   {'pubmed': 18592405,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 18594528,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 18602919,
    'text': 'Rac1b and B-Raf(V600E) functionally cooperate to sustain colorectal cell viability and suggest they constitute an alternative survival pathway to oncogenic K-Ras'},
   {'pubmed': 18615679,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 18615679,
    'text': 'V600E BRAF mutation is associated with imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumors'},
   {'pubmed': 18615680,
    'text': 'MLH1 methylation and BRAF mutations are associated with microsatellite unstable colon tumors'},
   {'pubmed': 18615680,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 18621636,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 18628356,
    'text': 'The frequencies of LOHs of 17q21, 17p13, 10q23, and 22q13 were higher in tumors with lymph node metastasis, suggesting that these LOHs may be important in increased lymph node metastasis.'},
   {'pubmed': 18628431,
    'text': 'People of southern European origin had lower risk of colorectal cancers with CIMP and BRAF mutation than people of Anglo-Celtic origin, which may in part be due to genetic factors that are less common in people of southern European origin.'},
   {'pubmed': 18628967,
    'text': 'BRAF regulates melanoma proliferation through the lineage specific factor MITF'},
   {'pubmed': 18632627,
    'text': 'co-overexpression of KIT/CDK4 is a potential mechanism of oncogenic transformation in some BRAF/NRAS wild-type melanomas'},
   {'pubmed': 18636014,
    'text': 'lung adenocarcinoma of mixed type with a high incidence of papillary and lepidic growth may be worthwhile investigating for BRAF-V600E mutation as more genetically oriented drug therapies emerge.'},
   {'pubmed': 18650848,
    'text': 'hyperactivation of the MAPK pathway following activation of an inducible form of oncogenic C-Raf induces a senescence-like proliferation arrest in B-Raf mutant melanoma cells'},
   {'pubmed': 18668139,
    'text': "N-RAS(Q61K) and B-RAF(V600E) contribute to melanoma's resistance to apoptosis in part by downregulating Bim expression"},
   {'pubmed': 18669866,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 18676742,
    'text': 'CST6, CXCL14, DHRS3, and SPP1 are regulated by BRAF signaling and may play a role in papillary thyroid carcinoma pathogenesis'},
   {'pubmed': 18676756,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 18682506,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 18682506,
    'text': 'The BRAF(V600E) mutation was demonstrated to be a poor prognostic factor independent from other clinicopathological features.'},
   {'pubmed': 18697864,
    'text': 'Identification and functional characterization of a novel T599I-VKSR(600-603)del BRAF mutation in a patient with follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 18710471,
    'text': 'There is a higher frequency of the BRAF(V600E) mutation in papillary thyroid carcinomas than in normal thyroid tissue.'},
   {'pubmed': 18715233,
    'text': 'These data suggest that regulation of BIM expression by BRAF-->MEK-->ERK signaling is one mechanism by which oncogenic BRAF(V600E) can influence the aberrant physiology of melanoma cells.'},
   {'pubmed': 18716556,
    'text': 'focal gains at chromosome 7q34 and increased BRAF-MEK-ERK signaling are common findings in sporadic pilocytic astrocytomas'},
   {'pubmed': 18718023,
    'text': 'presence of the BRAF (V600E) mutation,the incidence of microsatellite instability high colorectal cancer in populations based study.'},
   {'pubmed': 18757341,
    'text': 'KRAS and BRAF mutations can impair response to anti-EGFR therapy for colorectal neoplasms'},
   {'pubmed': 18757433,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 18759827,
    'text': 'Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 18778891,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with the CpG island methylator phenotype in colorectal cancer from young patients'},
   {'pubmed': 18778891,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 18782444,
    'text': 'BRAF, KRAS and PIK3CA mutations occur prior to malignant transformation demonstrating that these oncogenic alterations are primary genetic events in colorectal carcinogenesis'},
   {'pubmed': 18782444,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 18787396,
    'text': 'These data implicates a mitotic role for B-Raf in regulating spindle formation and the spindle checkpoint in human somatic cells.'},
   {'pubmed': 18794094,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 18794803,
    'text': 'study identified a group of melanomas with low-activity BRAF mutations (G469E- and D594G) that are reliant upon CRAF-mediated survival activity'},
   {'pubmed': 18798261,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation occurs independently of CpG island methylator phenotype and MSI in all types of serrated polyps and may serve as a marker of serrated pathway of colorectal carcinogenesis'},
   {'pubmed': 18806830,
    'text': 'study concludes a single endogenous BRAF(V600E) allele is sufficient to repress BIM & prevent death from growth factor withdrawal; colorectal cancer cells with V600E mutations are addicted to the ERK1/2 pathway for repression of BIM'},
   {'pubmed': 18832519,
    'text': 'CIMP-high appears to be an independent predictor of a low colon cancer-specific mortality, while BRAF mutation is associated with a high colon cancer-specific mortality.'},
   {'pubmed': 18834226,
    'text': 'With at least 3 markers methylated, new CIMP-positive colorectal cancers were closely associated with proximal tumor location, low frequency of KRAS mutation, and high frequency of BRAF mutation.'},
   {'pubmed': 18840924,
    'text': 'BRAF(V600E) mutation may play some roles in local carcinoma development, there is no evidence that BRAF(V600E) mutation significantly reflects the aggressive characteristics and poor prognosis of patients with papillary carcinoma in Japan.'},
   {'pubmed': 18840924,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 18945298,
    'text': 'BRAF V600E appeared to be the most commonly mutated gene in both the melanocytic aggregate (seven of 18, 39%) and the melanoma (four of 18, 22%)'},
   {'pubmed': 18946221,
    'text': 'Hereditary pancreatitis patients with PRSS1 mutations also had mutations in BRAF and KRAS2.'},
   {'pubmed': 18953432,
    'text': 'study shows high expression of p16(INK4a) or the absence of activated B-RAF correlates with in vivo response of melanoma to cytotoxic drugs'},
   {'pubmed': 18974108,
    'text': 'rearrangement, which was not observed in a series of 244 higher-grade astrocytomas, results in an in-frame fusion gene incorporating the kinase domain of the BRAF oncogene'},
   {'pubmed': 18980976,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 18985043,
    'text': 'the T1799A BRAF mutation is present in a proportion of posterior uveal melanomas but within these tumours the distribution of the mutation is heterogeneous.'},
   {'pubmed': 18987552,
    'text': 'BRAF mutations may not play an important role in the oncogenesis or therapy of prostate adenocarcinoma'},
   {'pubmed': 18992635,
    'text': '8% of sporadic colorectal tumors in this study harbor mutation in the BRAF gene.'},
   {'pubmed': 18992635,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19001320,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19001320,
    'text': 'Wild-type BRAF is required for response to panitumumab or cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 19003996,
    'text': 'BRAF-V600E mutation is uncommon in endocrine tumors other than thyroid papillary carcinomas'},
   {'pubmed': 19012001,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19012001,
    'text': 'The result showed that the mutation rate of PIK3CA in nasopharyngeal carcinomas (n = 73) was 9.6%, whereas both BRAF (n = 65) and RAS (n = 45) were wild type in every specimen with adequate DNA for analysis.'},
   {'pubmed': 19014278,
    'text': 'In Korean patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma, the BRAFV600E mutation is associated with a lower frequency of background Hashimoto thyroiditis and a high frequency of lymph node metastasis.'},
   {'pubmed': 19014278,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19016743,
    'text': 'Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction-based sequencing revealed a fusion product between KIAA1549 and BRAF in pediatric low-grade astrocytomas'},
   {'pubmed': 19018267,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19018267,
    'text': 'ovarian cancer patients with KRAS or BRAF mutations may benefit from CI-1040 treatment'},
   {'pubmed': 19026650,
    'text': 'Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19033861,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19034577,
    'text': 'BRAF(V600E) mutation is assocciated with aggressive papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 19034577,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19037234,
    'text': 'NRAS and BRAF mutations increase from the radial to the vertical growth phase in cutaneous melanoma'},
   {'pubmed': 19064572,
    'text': 'Observational study and meta-analysis of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19079609,
    'text': 'Genetic extinction of BRAF(V600E) in established prostate tumors did not lead to tumor regression, indicating that while sufficient to initiate development of invasive prostate adenocarcinoma, BRAF(V600E) is not required for its maintenance.'},
   {'pubmed': 19087308,
    'text': 'G12D mutation may be more likely selected in a BRAF mutated context'},
   {'pubmed': 19098310,
    'text': 'ERK activation was induced by PKD2 overexpression via B-Raf signaling, providing a possible molecular mechanism of cystogenesis'},
   {'pubmed': 19107232,
    'text': 'BRAF pseudogene activation may play a role in thyroid tumor development.'},
   {'pubmed': 19126563,
    'text': 'Sessile serrated adenomas are encountered commonly in routine endoscopy practice and the histological diagnosis correlates strongly with the presence of BRAF mutation.'},
   {'pubmed': 19127559,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19133693,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19142971,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19147753,
    'text': 'BRAF and RET/PTC dual mutations are associated with recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma'},
   {'pubmed': 19147753,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19152441,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19159571,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19164452,
    'text': 'MLH1-hypermethylated tumors harbor fewer APC and KRAS mutations and more BRAF mutations, suggesting that they develop distinctly from an MGMT methylator pathway.'},
   {'pubmed': 19178815,
    'text': 'Mutations are absent or rare in the kinase domain of B-RAF in Japanese head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 19178815,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19190079,
    'text': 'Mutation in BRAF is associated with adrenocortical carcinomas.'},
   {'pubmed': 19190105,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19190129,
    'text': 'Distinct BRAF (V600E) and KRAS mutations in high microsatellite instability sporadic colorectal cancer in African Americans.'},
   {'pubmed': 19190129,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19194051,
    'text': 'Expression levels of fibronectin, vimentin and CITED1 were positively correlated with those of BRAFV600E, suggesting pathophysiological links between activated BRAF and overexpression of these genes.'},
   {'pubmed': 19200582,
    'text': '(novel) mutation in the activation kinase domain of the BRAF (A598V), this mutation led to the up-regulation of the BRAF kinase activity and its downstream signaling factors.'},
   {'pubmed': 19206169,
    'text': 'Findings provide evidence for a wide phenotypic diversity associated with mutations affecting BRAF, and occurrence of a clinical continuum associated with these molecular lesions.'},
   {'pubmed': 19207009,
    'text': 'the presence of the braf protein mutation increases prohibitin promoter activity and therefore potentially mediates effects of this mutation on the behavior of BRAF protein'},
   {'pubmed': 19208736,
    'text': 'BRAFT1799A mutation or RET/PTC rearrangement, mainly corresponding to follicular variants, maintain a thyroid differentiation expression level close to that of normal tissue.'},
   {'pubmed': 19226609,
    'text': 'BRAF* melanomas appear to be associated with a specific profile of DNA copy number aberrations that is distinct from those found in NRAS* and BRAF/NRAS(wt/wt) tumors.'},
   {'pubmed': 19237633,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19240718,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19255327,
    'text': 'Clinical trial of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19274086,
    'text': 'oncogenic BRAF(V600E) induces the uncoupling of LKB1-AMPKalpha complexes providing at the same time a possible mechanism in cell proliferation that engages cell growth and cell division in response to mitogenic stimuli'},
   {'pubmed': 19276360,
    'text': 'GDC-0879-mediated efficacy was associated strictly with BRAF(V600E) status, MEK inhibition also attenuated proliferation and tumor growth of cell lines expressing wild-type BRAF.'},
   {'pubmed': 19282104,
    'text': 'study of KRAS/BRAF mutation status in a large and well-documented cohort of primary and metastatic renal cell carcinoma'},
   {'pubmed': 19289622,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19289622,
    'text': 'a correlation between a gene mutation--BRAF V600E--and cisplatin resistance in nonseminomatous germ cell tumors.'},
   {'pubmed': 19342899,
    'text': 'Both BRAF and RKIP expression levels exhibit a decrease from normal skin tissue and actinic keratosis, going to squamous cell carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 19344998,
    'text': 'In BRAF mutated colorectal carcinoma cells quercetin, luteolin and ursolic acid decreased Akt phosphorylation'},
   {'pubmed': 19351817,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19355825,
    'text': 'BRAF(V600E) is associated some of the aggressive clinicopathological features of papillary thyroid carcinoma including younger age at diagnosis, larger tumor size, and classic histological type, as well as also extrathyroidal invasion.'},
   {'pubmed': 19355825,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19358278,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19362540,
    'text': 'Targets of phosphorylation by B-Raf signaling are investigated in melanoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 19369630,
    'text': 'K-ras, EGFR, and BRAF mutations are disproportionately seen in adenocarcinomas of lung with a dominant micropapillary growth pattern compared with conventional adenocarcinoma in our institutional experience.'},
   {'pubmed': 19369630,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19370505,
    'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation was significantly found in papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 19370505,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19372556,
    'text': 'Mutation in BRAF is associated with ERK1/2 activation and MEK1/2 inhibitor therapy in colorectal cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 19378335,
    'text': 'proliferation of cells harboring mutations in B-Raf, but not K-Ras, is exquisitely sensitive inhibition of the MAPK pathway'},
   {'pubmed': 19383313,
    'text': 'REVIEW summarizes the literature on NRAS and BRAF activating mutations in melanoma tumors with respect to available data on histogenetic classification as well as body site and presumed UV-exposure.'},
   {'pubmed': 19383316,
    'text': 'The genes whose expression is associated with BRAF mutations are not simply restricted to the MAPK/ERK signaling but also converge to enhanced immune responsiveness, cell motility and melanosomes processing involved in the adaptative UV response'},
   {'pubmed': 19389934,
    'text': 'a subpopulation of melanocytes possesses the ability to survive BRAF(V600E)-induced senescence'},
   {'pubmed': 19393416,
    'text': 'B-RAF mutation was found to be significantly higher in papillary carcinomas when compared to follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas (55.6% vs 14.3%, P = 0.05).'},
   {'pubmed': 19393416,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19398955,
    'text': 'The murine model of mutant BRAF-induced melanoma formation provides an important tool for identifying further genetic alterations that cooperates with BRAF and that may be useful in enhancing susceptibility to BRAF-targeted therapeutics in melanoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 19404844,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19404844,
    'text': 'elevated pERK expression occurs in urothelial carcinoma in the absence of B-Raf mutations and is not correlated with FGFR3 over-expression'},
   {'pubmed': 19404918,
    'text': 'Investigated BRAF mutations in 30 bladder tumors. Detected two tumor specimens bearing two different mutations, both of which were found in exon 15. One sample showed the T1799A (V600E) and the other the G1798T (V600L) mutation.'},
   {'pubmed': 19404918,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19414674,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19415957,
    'text': 'The T1799A BRAF mutation does not appear to play a role in the tumorigenesis of the cribriform-morular variant of papillary carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 19416762,
    'text': 'Novel BRAF mutation in a patient with LEOPARD syndrome and normal intelligence is reported.'},
   {'pubmed': 19424571,
    'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation is not the target gene for abnormal DNA mismatch repair in patients with sporadic endometrial cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 19424639,
    'text': "Report efficient molecular screening of Lynch syndrome by specific 3' promoter methylation of the MLH1 or BRAF mutation in colorectal cancer with high-frequency microsatellite instability."},
   {'pubmed': 19430562,
    'text': 'Mutations in BRAF were found 10% patients in the low-grade carcinoma group, however, they were not found in the high-grade carcinoma group. KRAS and BRAF mutations were mutually exclusive, and both mutations were observed in 40%.'},
   {'pubmed': 19430562,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19440799,
    'text': 'oncogenic properties of KRAS and BRAF but not NRAS, HRAS, and PIK3CA contribute to the tumorigenesis of periampullary and ampullary tumors'},
   {'pubmed': 19461239,
    'text': 'mismatch repair deficiency is not a crucial event for BRAF mutation in melanocytic tumors'},
   {'pubmed': 19464601,
    'text': 'The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway has emerged as a major player in the induction and maintenance of melanoma, particularly the protein kinase BRAF, mutated in approximately 44% of melanoma cases. Review.'},
   {'pubmed': 19474002,
    'text': 'data confirm that KRAS and BRAF mutations do occur in the same cell and that BRAF V600E mutation is associated with CIMP+ status.'},
   {'pubmed': 19483722,
    'text': 'B-Raf/MKK/ERK provides a permissive environment for melanoma genesis by modulating plexin B1.'},
   {'pubmed': 19487299,
    'text': 'If BRAF is mutated in the primary thyroid neoplasm, it is likely that the metastases will harbor the defect.'},
   {'pubmed': 19487299,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19492075,
    'text': 'Targeting NRAS alone or both BRAF and CRAF in combination or both BRAF and PIK3CA together showed delay in tumor growth.'},
   {'pubmed': 19498322,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19498322,
    'text': 'Results show that activating BRAF somatic mutations may be occasionally found in advanced adrenocortical carcinomas, while CTNNB1 activating mutations are early and common events in adrenal tumorigenesis.'},
   {'pubmed': 19504446,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19534622,
    'text': 'CTNNB1 and BRAF mutations may have roles in the cribriform-morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma'},
   {'pubmed': 19534623,
    'text': 'BRAF V600E may have a role in development of papillary thyroid carcinoma'},
   {'pubmed': 19543740,
    'text': 'Pilocytic astrocytomas had BRAF fusions in 70% of cases but not IDH1 or IDH2 mutations. Diffuse astrocytomas had IDH1 mutations in 76% of cases but not IDH2 mutations or BRAF fusions. Analysis of BRAF and IDH1 separates pilocytic from diffuse astrocytoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 19547661,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19551857,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19561230,
    'text': 'BRAF mutations represent an alternative molecular pathway in the early tumorigenesis of a subset of KIT/PDGFRA wild-type GISTs and are per se not associated with a high risk of malignancy.'},
   {'pubmed': 19561230,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19571295,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19571295,
    'text': 'study concludes that a BRAF mutation is a negative prognostic marker in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer'},
   {'pubmed': 19571709,
    'text': 'BRAF mutated tumors occurred with a much greater frequency in proximal colon tumors than in either distal colon or rectal tumors'},
   {'pubmed': 19571821,
    'text': 'We observed no association between germline MC1R status and somatic BRAF mutations in melanomas'},
   {'pubmed': 19574281,
    'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation analysis can significantly improve FNAB diagnostic accuracy.'},
   {'pubmed': 19584155,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19584155,
    'text': 'Results suggest that the mutations of EGFR, KRAS, BRAF between primary tumors and corresponding lymph node metastases should be considered whenever mutations are used for the selection of patients for EGFR-directed tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy.'},
   {'pubmed': 19603018,
    'text': 'Assessing KRAS and BRAF mutations might help optimising the selection of the candidate metastatic colorectal cancer patients to receive anti-EGFR moAbs.'},
   {'pubmed': 19603018,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19603024,
    'text': 'BRAF (P=0.01) mutations predicted reduced progress free survival in response to cetuximab salvage therapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer .'},
   {'pubmed': 19603024,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19624312,
    'text': 'Mutated BRAF is a target in metastatic melanomas'},
   {'pubmed': 19626635,
    'text': 'In this study, 28 matched tumor and serum samples obtained from patients with both benign and malignant thyroid disorders were analyzed for BRAF mutation.'},
   {'pubmed': 19626635,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19628078,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19633643,
    'text': 'Characterization of candidate gene copy number alterations in the 11q13 region along with BRAF and NRAS mutations in human melanoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 19637313,
    'text': 'strong inter-relation between DR4 AND DR5 overexpression and presence of oncogenic KRAS/ BRAF mutations in colon cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 19638574,
    'text': 'Sorafenib inhibits NSCLC cell growth by targeting B-RAF in cells with wild-type KRAS and C-RAF in those with mutant KRAS.'},
   {'pubmed': 19644722,
    'text': 'BRAFV600E mutation is associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 19652585,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19659611,
    'text': 'simultaneous depletion of both MITF and BRAF(V600E) significantly inhibited melanoma growth even for the melanoma cell lines resistant to MITF depletion'},
   {'pubmed': 19667985,
    'text': 'Studies indicate that in pilocytic astrocytomas, the BRAF fusion gene has been identified as a specific and frequent event leading to potentially targetable mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation.'},
   {'pubmed': 19669908,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and DATA ERROR. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19679016,
    'text': 'Studies indicate that drugs are effective in targeting essential molecular pathways of BRAF, PTEN, Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin.'},
   {'pubmed': 19679059,
    'text': 'Mutations in BRAF protein is associated with Colorectal Carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 19679059,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19681119,
    'text': 'Investigated the prevalence of PTPN11, HRAS, KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, MEK1, and MEK2 mutations in a relatively large cohort of primary embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) tumors. No mutation was observed in BRAF and MEK genes.'},
   {'pubmed': 19682280,
    'text': 'This study provides a basis for understanding the molecular processes that are regulated by (V600E)BRAF/MEK signalling in melanoma cells.'},
   {'pubmed': 19686742,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19690147,
    'text': 'a dual mechanism that affects the Sprouty2/B-Raf interaction: Sprouty phosphorylation and B-Raf conformation'},
   {'pubmed': 19693938,
    'text': 'Whenever necessary BRAF testing may be performed on the residual samples of thyroid nodules, without interfering with routine cytology.'},
   {'pubmed': 19704056,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19710001,
    'text': 'The BRAF(V600E) mutation can be used as a potential prognostic factor in PTMC patients in a BRAF(V600E)-prevalent area.'},
   {'pubmed': 19710016,
    'text': 'DGKeta acts as a novel critical regulatory component of the Ras/B-Raf/C-Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade via a previously unidentified mechanism.'},
   {'pubmed': 19718661,
    'text': 'analysis of the effect on the Ras/Raf signaling pathway of post-translational modifications of neurofibromin'},
   {'pubmed': 19724843,
    'text': 'This article focuses on reviewing the impact of the BRAFV600E mutation in the tumorigenesis of Papillary thyroid carcinoma'},
   {'pubmed': 19725049,
    'text': 'EPAC-mediated cellular effects require activation of the B-Raf/ERK and mTOR signaling cascades'},
   {'pubmed': 19735675,
    'text': 'Insights into the molecular function of the inactivating mutations of B-Raf involving the DFG motif.'},
   {'pubmed': 19738388,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19738460,
    'text': 'Papillary carcinomas of the thyroid with papillary growth and areas of follicular growth have a high frequency of BRAF mutations.'},
   {'pubmed': 19745699,
    'text': 'Beta-catenin nuclear labeling is a common feature of sessile serrated adenomas and correlates with early neoplastic progression after BRAF activation.'},
   {'pubmed': 19752400,
    'text': 'The polyclonality of BRAF mutations in acquired melanocytic nevi suggests that mutation of BRAF may not be an initial event in melanocyte transformation.'},
   {'pubmed': 19759551,
    'text': 'analysis of coexisting NRAS and BRAF mutations in primary familial melanomas with specific CDKN2A germline alterations'},
   {'pubmed': 19765726,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19794125,
    'text': 'As predicted from the genomic organization at this locus, 22 of 36 patients with sporadic pilocytic astrocytomas and B-Raf gene rearrangement also exhibit corresponding homeodomain interacting protein kinase-2 (HIPK2) gene amplification.'},
   {'pubmed': 19826477,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19829302,
    'text': 'data argues against obligatory downregulation in IGFBP7 expression in BRAF mutated melanoma cells'},
   {'pubmed': 19850689,
    'text': 'BRAF(T1799A) can be detected in the blood of papillary thyroid carcinoma patients with residual or metastatic disease and may provide diagnostic information'},
   {'pubmed': 19850689,
    'text': 'Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19855373,
    'text': 'BRAF V600E mutations were seen in 83% of proximal and 74% of distal hyperplastic colonic polyps'},
   {'pubmed': 19861538,
    'text': 'BRAFV600E oncogene induces transforming growth factor beta secretion leading to sodium iodide symporter repression and increased malignancy in thyroid cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 19861964,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19861964,
    'text': 'These data demonstrate the feasibility of BRAF mutation detection in cfDNA of patients with advanced melanoma. Future studies should aim to incorporate BRAF mutation testing in cfDNA to further validate this biomarker for patient selection.'},
   {'pubmed': 19878585,
    'text': 'Suppression of BRAF gene expression inhibited cell proliferation in cells with BRAF(V600E) mutation.'},
   {'pubmed': 19880519,
    'text': 'Hyperactivation of BRAF-MEK signaling activates MAP2 expression in melanoma cells by two independent mechanisms, promoter demethylation or down-regulation of neuronal transcription repressor HES1.'},
   {'pubmed': 19881948,
    'text': 'BRAF and KRAS oncogenes have different transforming capability in colon cancer'},
   {'pubmed': 19883729,
    'text': 'The knowledge of BRAF mutation status can facilitate more accurate risk stratification and better decision making at various steps in the management of papillary thyroid cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 19884549,
    'text': 'Clinical trial of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19884549,
    'text': 'KRAS and BRAF mutations in advanced colorectal cancer are associated with poor prognosis but do not preclude benefit from oxaliplatin or irinotecan.'},
   {'pubmed': 19884556,
    'text': 'BRAF status, EGFR amplification, and cytoplasmic expression of PTEN were associated with outcome measures in KRAS wild-type patients treated with a cetuximab-based regimen.'},
   {'pubmed': 19884556,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19893451,
    'text': 'Study identified the previously reported pathogenic mutation of NTRK3 in a KRAS/BRAF wild-type tumor and 2 somatic mutations in the Src family of kinases (YES1 and LYN) that would be expected to cause structural changes.'},
   {'pubmed': 19903786,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19908233,
    'text': 'BRAF gene mutation is associated with colorectal cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 19908233,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19913317,
    'text': 'BRAF mutations are not relevant for rectal carcinogenesis'},
   {'pubmed': 19913317,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19917255,
    'text': 'Data show that melanoma cells expressing B-Raf(V600E) display a reduced C-Raf:B-Raf ratio, and further suppression of C-Raf increases MAPK activation and proliferation.'},
   {'pubmed': 19919630,
    'text': 'The BRAF V600E mutational status appears to be of limited diagnostic utility in distinguishing genital naevi that exhibit atypia from those that do not.'},
   {'pubmed': 19919912,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19935791,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19955937,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19955937,
    'text': 'v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene mutations are common in ovarian serous bordeline tumors.'},
   {'pubmed': 19956635,
    'text': 'Uncategorized study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19958951,
    'text': 'clinical, cytologic, and pathologic parameters of 106 consecutive surgically treated patients with BRAF-positive PTC were compared with a concurrent cohort of 100 patients with BRAF-negative PTC (papillary thyroid carcinoma)'},
   {'pubmed': 19959686,
    'text': '2-fold increased risk of BRAF V600E colonic tumor mutation was observed in current and former cigarette smokers homozygous for the OGG1 polymorphism'},
   {'pubmed': 19960590,
    'text': 'BRAF T1796A mutation was identified in 27% of papillary thyroid cancer samples and its identification may be used to determine this risk factor of the development of papillary thyroid cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 19960590,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20008640,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20009493,
    'text': 'BRAFV600E mutation is associated with high-risk clinicopathological characteristics of papillary thyroid carcinoma and worse prognosis of patients'},
   {'pubmed': 20009493,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20012784,
    'text': 'Screening for BRAF, RET, KRAS, NRAS, and HRAS mutations, as well as RET-PTC1 and RET-PTC3 rearrangements, was performed on cases of Hashimoto thyroiditis with a dominant nodule'},
   {'pubmed': 20023270,
    'text': 'BRAF V600E detection in the tumor does not induce a higher expression of the B-raf protein or the preferential activation of the p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway compared with GISTs without the BRAF mutation.'},
   {'pubmed': 20027224,
    'text': 'CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)-specific inactivation of BRAF(V600E)-induced senescence and apoptosis pathways by IGFBP7 DNA hypermethylation might create a favorable context for the acquisition of BRAF(V600E) in CIMP+ colorectal cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 20043015,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20043015,
    'text': 'no support for MC1R variants with BRAF mutation for melanoma risk'},
   {'pubmed': 20044755,
    'text': 'BRAF gene rearrangements were more common in cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma than non-cerebellar tumors; clinical outcome was independent of BRAF status'},
   {'pubmed': 20049644,
    'text': 'BRAF mutations only in metastases is not associated with resistance to anti-EGFR treatment in primary colorectal tumors.'},
   {'pubmed': 20049644,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20051945,
    'text': 'Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20068183,
    'text': 'BRAF(V600E) mutation seems to define a subset of malignant astrocytomas in children, in which there is frequent concomitant homozygous deletion of CDKN2A (five of seven cases).'},
   {'pubmed': 20098682,
    'text': 'Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20118768,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20140953,
    'text': 'Formalin-fixed primary melanomas from relapsed and nonrelapsed patients were sequenced for common BRAF and NRAS mutations. BRAF/NRAS mutations were detected in 77% of relapsers and 58% of nonrelapsers and did not predict ulceration or mitotic rate.'},
   {'pubmed': 20146801,
    'text': 'Data demonstrate a signaling loop between B-Raf activation and p73 function, and suggest that low expression of TAp73 in colorectal cancer cell lines with mutated B-Raf may lead to lack of response to oxaliplatin/cetuximab.'},
   {'pubmed': 20156809,
    'text': 'BRAF activating mutations are a major genetic alteration in this histologic group of pediatric low-grade brain tumors.'},
   {'pubmed': 20162668,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20162668,
    'text': 'With MSI, specific KRAS and BRAF mutations, 3 distinct prognostic subgroups were observed: patients with (i) KRAS mutation G12D, G12V or BRAFmutation, (ii) KRAS/BRAFwild-type or KRAS G13D mutations in MSS/MSI-L and (iii) MSI-H and KRAS G13D mutations.'},
   {'pubmed': 20177422,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20182446,
    'text': 'High oncogenic BRAF levels trigger autophagy, which may have a role in melanoma tumor progression.'},
   {'pubmed': 20186801,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20187782,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20200438,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20200438,
    'text': 'we measured the prevalence and epidemiologic correlates of the BRAF V600E somatic mutation in cases collected as a part of a population-based case-control study of colorectal cancer in northern Israel.'},
   {'pubmed': 20230995,
    'text': 'pathogenesis of papillary thyroid cancer , and the clinical implications of BRAF(V600E) mutation in the diagnosis, prognosis and potential targeted therapeutic strategies for thyroid cancer [review]'},
   {'pubmed': 20233436,
    'text': 'data support the model of BRAF and K-ras mutations arising in distinct colorectal cancer subsets associated with different clinicopathological and dietary factors, acting as mutually exclusive mechanisms of activation of the same signalling pathway'},
   {'pubmed': 20234366,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20300843,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation is not associated with interval cancers but is a marker of poor prognosis, particularly in microsatellite stable cancers.'},
   {'pubmed': 20300843,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20302979,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20303012,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20303012,
    'text': 'Our study suggests that mutations of KRAS, not BRAF, may play a role in the pathogenesis of prostate carcinoma in Chinese patients.'},
   {'pubmed': 20305537,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20332228,
    'text': 'Studies show FOXD3 is suppressed by B-RAF, uncover a novel role and mechanism for FOXD3 as a negative cell cycle regulator, and have implications for the repression of melanocytic lineage cells.'},
   {'pubmed': 20351680, 'text': 'Mutated in melanoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 20379614,
    'text': 'Clinical trial of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20381121,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20406109,
    'text': 'The miR-146b expression levels in papillary thyroid carcinoma with BRAF mutation were significantly higher than those without this mutation'},
   {'pubmed': 20407018,
    'text': 'Activated Raf-1 induces focal adhesion kinase expression and regulates neuroendocrine and metastatic phenotypes in gastrointestinal carcinoid cell line BON.'},
   {'pubmed': 20410389,
    'text': 'thyroid carcinoma with the BRAF(V600E) mutation tends to be taller than wide and is not associated with the presence of calcifications on ultrasound.'},
   {'pubmed': 20413299,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20444249,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20445557,
    'text': 'B-RAF(V600E) can protect melanocytes from anoikis independently of cell cycle inhibition'},
   {'pubmed': 20453000,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20454969,
    'text': 'This study identified an exceptionally high frequency of KIAA1549-BRAF fusions in pilocytic astrocytoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 20460314,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20460314,
    'text': 'These data demonstrate a high prevalence of B-RAF mutations in the present study population, underscoring the possibility of strong regional differences.'},
   {'pubmed': 20473281,
    'text': 'Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha is expressed in papillary thyroid carcinomas and is regulated not only by hypoxia but also by BRAF(V600E)-mediated signaling pathway.'},
   {'pubmed': 20473281,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20478260,
    'text': 'Study concludes that the secreted protein IGFBP7 is dispensable for B-RAF(V600E)-induced senescence in human melanocytes.'},
   {'pubmed': 20485284,
    'text': 'BRAF V600E mutations are associated with MSI-H status and cyclin D1 overexpression and characterize a subgroup of patients with poor prognosis.'},
   {'pubmed': 20485284,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20489114,
    'text': 'Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20495538,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20496269,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20498063,
    'text': 'Knockdown of B-Raf(V600E) resulted in thrombospondin-1 down-regulation and a reduction of adhesion and migration/invasion of human thyroid cancer cells.'},
   {'pubmed': 20501503,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20501503,
    'text': 'The V600E BRAF mutation confers a worse prognosis to stage II and stage III colon cancer patients independently of disease stage and therapy.'},
   {'pubmed': 20501689,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20514492,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation may be used a biomarker for the selection of patients with colorectal cancer patients who might benefit from anti-egf receptor monoclonal antibodies.'},
   {'pubmed': 20514492,
    'text': 'Meta-analysis of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20519626,
    'text': 'Studies identified the oncogenic BRAF V600E mutation in 35 of 61 archived specimens (57%).'},
   {'pubmed': 20526288,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20526288,
    'text': 'The BRAF 1799T>A mutation was found in 5 of 19 (26%) of infiltrative follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas and in none of the encapsulated carcinomas'},
   {'pubmed': 20543023,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20563851,
    'text': 'HER2, but not EGFR gene amplification, is frequently observed in KRAS and BRAF wild type colorectal cancer patients'},
   {'pubmed': 20563851,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20569675,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20569675,
    'text': 'reports the low frequency of PIK3CA and B-RAF mutations in astrocytomas, despite the presence of activated ERK and AKT proteins'},
   {'pubmed': 20570909,
    'text': 'Incidence of cancer in FDRs of index CRC patients with the p.V600E BRAF mutation may be explained by a genetic predisposition to develop cancer through the serrated pathway of colorectal carcinogenesis.'},
   {'pubmed': 20570909,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20571907,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20571907,
    'text': 'PIK3CA mutations may have a role in KRAS and BRAF wild type colorectal cancer'},
   {'pubmed': 20573852,
    'text': 'BRAF mutational status of metastases is not required when the primary tumour is BRAF wild type.'},
   {'pubmed': 20576522,
    'text': 'allele specific Taqman-based real-time PCR assay allows the sensitive, accurate and reliable measurement of BRAF(V600E) mutated DNA in plasma'},
   {'pubmed': 20591910,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20605766,
    'text': 'in melanomas activation of the MAPK pathway can occur through signaling pathways operating independently of BRAF T1799A'},
   {'pubmed': 20607849,
    'text': 'V600E BRAF mutation is not associated with seminoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 20616366,
    'text': 'Using traditional PCR and direct sequencing, we found KRAS mutations in 47 (40%) patients and BRAF(V600E) in 10 (8.5%)'},
   {'pubmed': 20619739,
    'text': 'if KRAS is not mutated, assessing BRAF, NRAS, and PIK3CA exon 20 mutations (in that order) gives additional information about the efficacy of cetuximab plus chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 20627194,
    'text': 'PCR is practically applicable to KRAS/BRAF genotyping using small amounts of biopsied colorectal tumor cells.'},
   {'pubmed': 20631031,
    'text': 'No significant difference in BRAF alterations was found between pT1 tumors and thyroid capsule invasion and pT3 tumors.'},
   {'pubmed': 20631031,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20635392,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20640859,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20645028,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20645028,
    'text': 'samples of metastatic colorectal cancer were tested for the presence of the seven most common mutations in the KRAS gene and the V600E mutation in the BRAF gene'},
   {'pubmed': 20647301,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20647317,
    'text': 'Findings delineate how mutant B-RAF protects melanoma cells from apoptosis and provide insight into possible resistance mechanisms to B-RAF inhibitors.'},
   {'pubmed': 20652941,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20670148,
    'text': 'Traditional DNA sequencing and the somewhat more-sensitive pyrosequencing method can detect multiple alternative BRAF mutations.'},
   {'pubmed': 20679909,
    'text': 'Mutant Braf can be detected in RNA from mixed populations with as few as 0.1% Braf(V600E) mutant cells.'},
   {'pubmed': 20689758,
    'text': 'PLX4032 has robust activity in BRAF mutated melanoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 20702649,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20703476,
    'text': 'Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20720566,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20720566,
    'text': 'association between MC1 receptor germline variation and BRAF/NRAS mutations in melanoma'},
   {'pubmed': 20736745,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20802181,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation is rare in advanced-stage low-grade ovarian serous carcinomas.'},
   {'pubmed': 20802181,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20807807,
    'text': 'Mutant protein kinase elicits significant therapeutic responses in mutant BRAF-driven human melanoma xenografts.'},
   {'pubmed': 20813562,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20813562,
    'text': 'first report implicating BRAF mutation in OSCC. study supports that mutations in the BRAF gene makes at least a minor contribution to OSCC tumorigenesis.'},
   {'pubmed': 20837233,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation detection in fine needle biopsy may be an adjunct tool for preoperative didagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 20840674,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20840674,
    'text': 'RET rearrangements and BRAF mutation in undifferentiated thyroid carcinomas having papillary carcinoma components'},
   {'pubmed': 20843808,
    'text': 'A BRAF aberrant splice variant with an intact kinase domain and partial loss of the N-terminal autoinhibitory domain was identified in fibroblasts from an additional patient, and fibroblast proliferation was inhibited by BRAF-specific siRNA.'},
   {'pubmed': 20853079,
    'text': 'reduced RKIP mRNA levels and the elevated levels of B-RAF in pT1, grade III tumors vs. normal tissue, corroborate that these genes are involved in the pathogenesis of urinary bladder cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 20857202,
    'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation is associated with lack of response in wild-type KRAS metastatic colorectal cancer treated with anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies.'},
   {'pubmed': 20860430,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20881644,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20944096,
    'text': 'Determination of the BRAF mutation and the growth fraction of melanomas may add a prognostic value.'},
   {'pubmed': 20944096,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20945104,
    'text': 'BRAF(V600E) mutation is associated with thyroid nodules.'},
   {'pubmed': 20945104,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20947270,
    'text': 'In the present series, no BRAF mutation was detected. The presence of KRAS mutations and loss of PTEN expression were not associated with impaired response to cetuximab-based chemoradiotherapy and 3-year disease free survival.'},
   {'pubmed': 20947270,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20950194,
    'text': 'BRAF is mutated in a low percentage of follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma, and most of these mutated cases are suspicious or positive on fine-needle aspiration.'},
   {'pubmed': 20953721,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 20955560,
    'text': 'Anti-BRAF autoantibodies from RA patients preferentially recognize one BRAF peptide: P2'},
   {'pubmed': 20959481,
    'text': 'Braf mutation is associated with basal and treatment-induced regulation of the PI3K-AKT pathway as a critical regulator of AZD6244 sensitivity in cutaneous melanoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 20962618,
    'text': 'Describe benign serrated colorectal fibroblastic polyps/intramucosal perineuriomas are true mixed epithelial-stromal polyps (hybrid hyperplastic polyp/mucosal perineurioma) with frequent BRAF mutations.'},
   {'pubmed': 20975100,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20979647,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 21048031,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 21049459,
    'text': 'Although many studies document BRAF mutation as a prognostic factor in PTC our results underline that it is too early to consider it as a routine clinical predictive factor.'},
   {'pubmed': 21049459,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 21051183,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 21051183,
    'text': 'findings indicate that somatic mutations in KRAS and PIK3CA but not BRAF oncogenes are closely associated with the development of cholangiocarcinoma in Chinese population'},
   {'pubmed': 21068756,
    'text': 'The dermoscopical and histopathological patterns of nevi correlate with the frequency of BRAF mutations.'},
   {'pubmed': 21076620,
    'text': 'Data show that BRAF knockdown led to suppression of the expression of the GABPbeta, which involved in regulating HPR1 promoter activity.'},
   {'pubmed': 21098728,
    'text': 'BRAF gene amplification can promote acquired resistance to MEK inhibitors in cancer cells harboring the BRAF V600E mutation.'},
   {'pubmed': 21102258,
    'text': 'Mutations of EGFR, BRAF, and KRAS in adenocarcinoma were mutually exclusive and inversely correlated with RASSF1A methylation'},
   {'pubmed': 21102416,
    'text': 'We show a strong association between concordant methylation of >/= 3 of five 3p22 genes with the CpG island methylator phenotype and the BRAF V600E mutation.'},
   {'pubmed': 21103049,
    'text': 'Data show that among 181 CRC patients, stratified by microsatellite instability status, DNA sequence changes were identified in KRAS (32%), BRAF (16%), PIK3CA (4%), PTEN (14%) and TP53 (51%).'},
   {'pubmed': 21107320,
    'text': 'identification of MAP3K8 (the gene encoding COT/Tpl2) as a MAPK pathway agonist that drives resistance to RAF inhibition in B-RAF(V600E) cell lines'},
   {'pubmed': 21107323,
    'text': 'melanomas escape B-RAF(V600E) targeting not through secondary B-RAF(V600E) mutations but via receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-mediated activation of alternative survival pathway(s) or activated RAS-mediated reactivation of the MAPK pathway'},
   {'pubmed': 21129611,
    'text': 'It therefore appears that BRAF mutations may play a strong negative prognostic role and only a slight role in resistance to anti-EGFR Abs.'},
   {'pubmed': 21131919,
    'text': 'Primary esophageal melanomas of Caucasian patients harbor mutations of c-Kit, KRAS and BRAF in varied frequencies.'},
   {'pubmed': 21134544,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma is associated with an increased risk of palpable nodal recurrence and the need for reoperative surgery.'},
   {'pubmed': 21134562,
    'text': 'BRAF mutations activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and confer an aggressive thyroid cancer phenotype.'},
   {'pubmed': 21161938,
    'text': 'KRAS mutations arise more frequently than BRAF mutations in Moroccan patients with colorectal carcinomas.'},
   {'pubmed': 21166657,
    'text': 'The BRAF mutation was frequently detected in patients with superficial spreading melanoma (OR=2.021; P<0.001) and in melanomas arising in nonchronic sun-damaged skin (OR=2.043; P=0.001).'},
   {'pubmed': 21167555,
    'text': 'concluded that follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma differs from conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma in the rate of BRAF mutation'},
   {'pubmed': 21176117,
    'text': 'These results show that melanoma cell phenotype is an important factor in MAPK pathway inhibition response, as invasive phenotype cell response is dependent on BRAF mutation status.'},
   {'pubmed': 21185263,
    'text': 'this study has confirmed that the BRAF(T1799A) mutation confers cancer cells sensitivity to PLX4032 and demonstrated its specific potential as an effective and BRAF(T1799A) mutation-selective therapeutic agent for thyroid cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 21190184,
    'text': 'B-Raf(insT) and B-Raf(V600E) , but not B-Raf(wt) , provoke drastic morphological alterations in human astrocytes.'},
   {'pubmed': 21203559,
    'text': 'BRAF alternative splicing is differentially regulated in human and mouse. BRAF exon 9b is required for learning and memory associated with the hippocampus.'},
   {'pubmed': 21215707,
    'text': 'In melanoma cells, oncogenic (V600E) BRAF signaling downregulates PDE5A through the transcription factor BRN2, leading to increased cGMP and Ca2+ and the induction of invasion through increased cell contractility.'},
   {'pubmed': 21223556,
    'text': 'B-Raf signaling has a key function in the altered expression of contractile receptors in the cerebrovasculature.'},
   {'pubmed': 21223812,
    'text': 'The high expression of activated ERK is not caused by BRAF gene mutation in nasal mucosa malignant melanomas.'},
   {'pubmed': 21224857,
    'text': 'Acquisition of a BRAF mutation is not a founder event, but may be one of the multiple clonal events in melanoma development, which is selected for during the progression.'},
   {'pubmed': 21239517,
    'text': 'We found that performing BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis on the fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens was of great help to make a therapeutic decision for thyroid nodules when the fine-needle aspiration biopsy results were equivocal'},
   {'pubmed': 21249150,
    'text': 'the oncogenic effect of BRAF(V600E) is associated with the inhibition of MST1 tumor suppressor pathways, and the activity of RASSF1A-MST1-FoxO3 pathways determines the phenotypes of BRAF(V600E) tumors.'},
   {'pubmed': 21263251,
    'text': 'These findings suggest that BRAF mutations may be associated with the pathogenesis of sessile serrated colorectal adenomas.'},
   {'pubmed': 21270111,
    'text': 'Findings suggest inhibition of autophagy in combination with ER stress-inducing agents may represent a means by which to harness autophagy for the therapeutic benefit of B-RAF wild-type melanoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 21274671,
    'text': 'B-Raf mutations, microsatellite instability and p53 protein expression is not associated with sporadic basal cell carcinomas.'},
   {'pubmed': 21274720,
    'text': 'The analysis of BRAF V600E mutation in 1,320 nervous system tumors reveals high mutation frequencies in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, ganglioglioma and extra-cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 21285991,
    'text': 'Presence of mutated BRAF is one of the most powerful prognostic factors for advanced and recurrent CRC'},
   {'pubmed': 21289333,
    'text': '803 metastatic colorectal cancer samples studied for KRAS exon 2 and BRAF exon 15 mutations; BRAF mutated samples were characterized for mismatch repair function; 344 tumours were mutated -34 involving BRAF mutations (8 of microsatellite instability type)'},
   {'pubmed': 21303778,
    'text': 'Ras/Raf/MAPK and RhoA/ROCKII signalling pathways are abnormally activated in eutopic endometrial stromal cells of patients with endometriosis'},
   {'pubmed': 21305640,
    'text': '78 colorectal tumor samples were mutant for BRAF.'},
   {'pubmed': 21307665,
    'text': 'analysis of gallbladder carcinomas, gallbladder adenomas, and high-grade dysplastic lesions for the BRAF and the KRAS mutations'},
   {'pubmed': 21317202,
    'text': 'Findings suggest that inhibition of Raf-MEK-Erk pathway might offer a novel therapeutic strategy in neuroendocrine tumors'},
   {'pubmed': 21317224,
    'text': 'Studies showed that siRNA knockdown of BIM significantly blunted the apoptotic response in PTEN+ melanoma cells.'},
   {'pubmed': 21317286,
    'text': 'identified BAD serine 134 to be strongly involved in survival signaling of B-RAF-V600E-containing tumor cells and found that phosphorylation of BAD at this residue is critical for efficient proliferation in these cells.'},
   {'pubmed': 21321384,
    'text': 'identifying downstream events from the BRAFV600E/ERK1/2 pathway will eventually identify novel biomarkers that can be used to correlate with disease outcome and overall survival.'},
   {'pubmed': 21324100,
    'text': 'Data show that BRAF-mutated melanomas occur in a younger age group on skin without marked solar elastosis and less frequently affect the head and neck area, compared to melanomas without BRAF mutations.'},
   {'pubmed': 21326296,
    'text': 'BRAF mutations have a smaller role in the carcinogenesis of malignant melanoma in Chinese Han than in Western patients.'},
   {'pubmed': 21332555,
    'text': 'BRAF mutations were rare in colorectal laterally-spreading tumors.'},
   {'pubmed': 21343559,
    'text': 'The presence of mutant BRAF had no impact on the disease-free interval from diagnosis of first-ever melanoma to first distant metastasis; however, it may have impacted survival thereafter.'},
   {'pubmed': 21345796,
    'text': 'B-Raf associates with and stimulates NHE1 activity and that B-Raf(V600E) also increases NHE1 activity that raises intracellular pH.'},
   {'pubmed': 21351275,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with selective inhibition of thyroid cancer cells by the novel MEK inhibitor RDEA119 and genetic-potentiated synergism with the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus'},
   {'pubmed': 21356389,
    'text': 'IDH1 mutation works with other oncogenic mutations and could contribute to the metastasis in melanoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 21362156,
    'text': 'Regulation of NR4A nuclear receptor expression by oncogenic BRAF in melanoma cells.'},
   {'pubmed': 21383284,
    'text': 'BRAF mutational status yielded no useful prognostic information in predicting recurrence and benefits from adjuvant chemotherapy in colorectal cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 21383288,
    'text': 'Thus, MEK1(C121S) or functionally similar mutations are predicted to confer drug resistance of neoplasms to combined MEK/RAF inhibition.'},
   {'pubmed': 21383698,
    'text': 'tumor initiation by oncogenic BRAF renders thyroid cells susceptible to TGFbeta-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition, through a MAPK-dependent process'},
   {'pubmed': 21390154,
    'text': 'K-ras gene mutation is a common event in Chinese colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, but may not be a prognostic factor in CRC , while BRAF is rarely mutated in Chinese CRC patients.'},
   {'pubmed': 21408138,
    'text': 'Allele-specific qPCR assays for the most frequent activating mutations in EGFR, KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA in tumor-positive fine needle cytological aspirates were compared against histological material of primary tumors.'},
   {'pubmed': 21412762,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with papillary thyroid cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 21424126,
    'text': 'study suggested that both KRAS and BRAF mutations are exclusive, but KRAS and PIK3CA mutations are coexistent'},
   {'pubmed': 21424530,
    'text': 'This study demonistrated that the role of RAF kinase fusions as a central oncogenic mechanism in the development of pilocytic astrocytoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 21426297,
    'text': 'Mutations at the position V600 of BRAF were described in approximately 8% of all solid tumors, including 50% of melanomas, 30 to 70% of papillary thyroid carcinomas and 5 to 8% of colorectal adenocarcinomas.'},
   {'pubmed': 21427714,
    'text': 'There were no significant differences in the frequency of BRAF mutations among lesions exhibiting the hyperplastic, adenomatous, or mixed patterns.'},
   {'pubmed': 21430505,
    'text': 'The presence of the BRAF(V600E) mutation may play different roles between medium and giant CMNs in melanocytic tumorigenesis.'},
   {'pubmed': 21431280,
    'text': 'BRAF T1799A mutation may be an early and essential carcinogenic event in nearly all Korean papillary thyroid carcinomas'},
   {'pubmed': 21441079,
    'text': 'In papilary thyroid carcinoma, the BRAFT1799A mutation is associated with age over 60 & a tumor size of 1cm or greater, but not with other clinicopathological characteristics, tumor recurrence or persistence.'},
   {'pubmed': 21441910,
    'text': "KSR interacts with a regulatory Raf molecule in cis to induce a conformational switch of MEK, facilitating MEK's phosphorylation by a separate catalytic Raf molecule in trans"},
   {'pubmed': 21447798,
    'text': 'Amplification of the driving oncogene, KRAS or BRAF, underpins acquired resistance to MEK1/2 inhibitors in colorectal cancer cells.'},
   {'pubmed': 21451543,
    'text': 'Activated BRAF promotes melanoma cell growth by matrix metalloproteinase-1'},
   {'pubmed': 21455633,
    'text': 'No V600E mutation was identified in the BRAF gene in any sample.'},
   {'pubmed': 21456008,
    'text': 'the impact of BRAF mutation and microsatellite instability on prognosis in metastatic colorectal cancer'},
   {'pubmed': 21457162,
    'text': 'BRAF mutations are specific for serrated adenocarcinoma and identify a subset of serrated adenocarcinomas with gene methylation and a tendency for MSI-H'},
   {'pubmed': 21479234,
    'text': 'BRAF V600E mutations are common in the majority of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 21483104,
    'text': 'Heterogeneity of KRAS and BRAF mutation status intra-tumorally in colorectal cancer was assessed.'},
   {'pubmed': 21498916,
    'text': 'findings support the notion that BRAF(V600E), which can be detected preoperatively in papillary thyroid carcinoma fine-needle aspiration biopsy material, has a potential to contribute to patients stratification into high- and low-risk groups.'},
   {'pubmed': 21512141,
    'text': 'Mutated BRAF is detected in approximately 45% of papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC).'},
   {'pubmed': 21514245,
    'text': 'Ablation of B-Raf had no significant effect on development of K-Ras oncogene-driven non-small cell lung carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 21553007,
    'text': 'BRAF mutations, but not KRAS mutations, were associated with a worse outcome in Chinese colorectal cancer patients.'},
   {'pubmed': 21557216,
    'text': 'MSS/BRAF mutant cancers were more commonly proximal (38/54, 70.3%).'},
   {'pubmed': 21570823,
    'text': 'Analysis showed that blood samples with PCR evidence for CMC were heterogeneous for BRAF status under limiting-dilution conditions, suggestive of heterogeneity of CMC'},
   {'pubmed': 21577205,
    'text': 'Studies indicate that Raf kinases are excellent molecular targets for anticancer therapy.'},
   {'pubmed': 21587258,
    'text': 'Wnt5a methylation was strongly associated with tumour microsatellite instability tumours after adjustment for age, sex, and tumour location and with BRAF V600E mutation, a marker of CpG island methylator phenotype'},
   {'pubmed': 21594703,
    'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation is associated with recurrent papillary thyroid cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 21636552,
    'text': 'introduction of constitutively active BRAF V600E into human cortical stem and progenitor cells initially promotes clonogenic growth in soft agar but ultimately results in dramatically reduced proliferation and arrested growth of the culture.'},
   {'pubmed': 21653734,
    'text': 'Compared with BRAF-wt papillary thyroid cancer, those harboring BRAF(V600E) exhibit downregulated VEGFA, VEGFR, and PDGFRbeta expression, suggesting presence of BRAF mutation does not imply stronger response to drugs targeting VEGF and PDGFB signal pathways.'},
   {'pubmed': 21663470,
    'text': 'The BRAF V600E mutation was present in all patients with hairy-cell leukemia who were evaluated.'},
   {'pubmed': 21681432,
    'text': 'The BRAF V600E mutation did not show association with clinical or molecular characteristics of colorectal cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 21693616,
    'text': 'Eight of 16 primary tumor samples and 4 of 6 metastatic samples showed BRAF V600E gene mutations and no copy number changes were associated exclusively with metastatic cancer'},
   {'pubmed': 21696415,
    'text': 'The frequency of BRAF-KIAA1549 fusion transcripts is significantly lower in adult patients with pilocytic astrocytoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 21705440,
    'text': 'MEK1(F129L) mutation also strengthened binding to c-Raf, suggesting an underlying mechanism of higher intrinsic kinase activity'},
   {'pubmed': 21707687,
    'text': 'The application of BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis in US-guided FNAB can improve the diagnostic accuracy of thyroid nodules.'},
   {'pubmed': 21716161,
    'text': 'We describe a new mutation of BRAF, T599dup, in a case of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma with tall cell papillary thyroid carcinomas component.'},
   {'pubmed': 21725359,
    'text': 'identified concurrent mutational inactivation of the PTEN and RB1 tumor suppressors as a mechanism for loss of BRAF/MEK dependence in melanomas harboring (V600E)BRAF mutations'},
   {'pubmed': 21750338,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation of papillary thyroid carcinoma may have differential predictive values for LN metastasis, according to tumor size.'},
   {'pubmed': 21774961,
    'text': 'BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis using residual liquid-based preparation cytologic samples is, therefore, a powerful additional diagnostic tool for diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 21788131,
    'text': 'Patients with mutations in BRAF or NRAS gene are frequently present with ulceration, and mutation in BRAF or NRAS gene is indicator for poor prognosis.'},
   {'pubmed': 21796448,
    'text': 'Importance of infiltrative growth pattern and invasiveness over presence of BRAF mutation in classic and follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma for development of nodal metastases.'},
   {'pubmed': 21803329,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation is not indicative for predicting papillary thyroid cancer prognosis.'},
   {'pubmed': 21825258,
    'text': 'study reports that V600E and non-V600E BRAF mutations affect different patients with non-small-cell lung cancer; V600E mutations are significantly associated with female sex and represent a negative prognostic factor'},
   {'pubmed': 21826673,
    'text': 'BRAF mutations and llelic loss of susceptibility loci are associated with familial non-medullary thyroid cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 21835307,
    'text': 'The BRAF/MEK/ERK pathway is upregulated in progressive retinal arterial macroaneurysm patients, caused by mutation in IGFBP7.'},
   {'pubmed': 21863388,
    'text': 'Braf mutation in metastatic melanoma treated with BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib.'},
   {'pubmed': 21871821,
    'text': 'Genetic analysis revealed individual heterozygous mutations in the KRAS (phenotype of CFC/Noonan syndrome) and BRAF genes (phenotype of CFC syndrome)'},
   {'pubmed': 21875464,
    'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation has a significant correlation with papillary thyroid carcinomas.'},
   {'pubmed': 21882184,
    'text': 'the BRAF(V600E) mutation should be considered as a poor prognostic marker in papillary thyroid cancer (Meta-Analysis)'},
   {'pubmed': 21900390,
    'text': 'Studies indicate that BRAF V600E mutation initiates follicular cell transformation.'},
   {'pubmed': 21901162,
    'text': 'In sporadic colorectal tumourspatients, the most frequently mutated gene was APC (68.9% of tumours), followed by KRAS (31.1%), TP53 (27.2%), BRAF (8.7%) and CTNNB1 (1.9%).'},
   {'pubmed': 21903858,
    'text': 'BRAF(V600E) causes upregulation of TIMP-1 via NF-kappaB. TIMP-1 binds then its surface receptor CD63, leading eventually to Akt activation, which in turn confers antiapoptotic behavior and promotion of cell invasion.'},
   {'pubmed': 21906875,
    'text': 'BRAF mutations are of pathogenetic significance in wild type gastrointestinal stromal tumors.'},
   {'pubmed': 21909080,
    'text': "CXCR4 expression and BRAF mutation status could cooperatively induce and promote a more aggressive phenotype in papillary thyroid carcinoma through several pathways and specifically increase the tumors' spread outside of the thyroid gland."},
   {'pubmed': 21915661,
    'text': 'Aberrant CIMP was detected in 16% of chromosomal instable tumors and in 44% of both microsatellite instable and microsatellite and chromosomally stable carcinomas'},
   {'pubmed': 21936566,
    'text': 'this novel B-Raf fusion protein (SND-1 was identified as the B-Raf fusion partner) presents a novel target with potential clinical implications in the treatment of patients resistant to c-Met inhibitors.'},
   {'pubmed': 21937738,
    'text': 'A prominent epigenetic mechanism through which BRAF V600E can promote papillary thyroid cancer tumorigenesis by altering the methylation and hence the expression of numerous important genes.'},
   {'pubmed': 21943101,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation V600E significantly induces cell migration and invasion properties in vitro in colon cancer cells'},
   {'pubmed': 21948220,
    'text': 'In malignant FNABs in papillary thyroid carcinoma, BRAF(V600E) mutation was significantly associated with presence of extra-thyroidal extension and metastases after surgery.'},
   {'pubmed': 22006538,
    'text': 'DNA methylation of each marker was quantified using combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA) and analyzed along with various genetic factors associated with CRC [the BRAF and KRAS mutations, MLH1 methylation and microsatellite instability'},
   {'pubmed': 22012135,
    'text': 'An integrated approach combining both VE1 mutant protein immunohistochemistry and genetic analysis may increase the diagnostic accuracy of BRAF mutation analysis.'},
   {'pubmed': 22027477,
    'text': 'Postmenopausal hormone therapy was associated with borderline statistically significant risk reductions for BRAF-wildtype tumours among women with prolonged exposure to Postmenopausal hormone therapy.'},
   {'pubmed': 22028477,
    'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation is associated with hairy cell leukemia and B-cell neoplasms'},
   {'pubmed': 22033631,
    'text': 'high prevalence of BRAF (V600E) mutation is associated with synchronous bilateral papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 22038996,
    'text': 'Results support evaluation of BRAF(V600E)-specific inhibitors for treating BRAF(V600E) malignant astrocytomas (MA) patients.'},
   {'pubmed': 22039425,
    'text': 'study examined the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with mutant BRAF advanced cancer; conclude that BRAF appears to be a druggable mutation that also defines subgroups of patients with phenotypic overlap, albeit with differences that correlate with histology or site of mutation'},
   {'pubmed': 22043994,
    'text': 'This article reviewes the spectrum of KRAS/BRAF genotype and the impact of KRAS/BRAF mutations on the clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer. [review]'},
   {'pubmed': 22065586,
    'text': 'Ras induces DR5 expression through co-activation of ERK/RSK and JNK signaling pathways'},
   {'pubmed': 22072557,
    'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation is associated with hairy cell leukemia and other mature B-cell neoplasms'},
   {'pubmed': 22072743,
    'text': 'BAG3 protein sustains anaplastic thyroid tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. The underlying molecular mechanism appears to rely on BAG3 binding to BRAF, thus protecting it from proteasome-dependent degradation.'},
   {'pubmed': 22105174,
    'text': 'Murine thyroid tumors carrying the human BRAF(V600E) mutations are exquisitely dependent on the oncoprotein for viability.'},
   {'pubmed': 22105775,
    'text': 'BRAF (V600E) is a prevalent genetic alteration in adult sporadic papillary thyroid carcinoma in Indian cohort and it may be responsible for the progression of its classic variant.'},
   {'pubmed': 22114137,
    'text': 'Overall, no difference existed in microsatellite instability or BRAF mutation frequencies between African Americans and Caucasians with colorectal neoplasms.'},
   {'pubmed': 22133769,
    'text': 'BRAF mutations are associated with hairy cell leukemia and related lymphoproliferative disorders.'},
   {'pubmed': 22136270,
    'text': 'Case Report: describe case of follicular thyroid carcinoma with BRAF mutation.'},
   {'pubmed': 22137342,
    'text': 'thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines are B-Raf inhibitors'},
   {'pubmed': 22145942,
    'text': 'Pyrosequencing of BRAF V600E in routine samples of hairy cell leukaemia identifies CD5+ variant hairy cell leukaemia that lacks V600E.'},
   {'pubmed': 22147429,
    'text': 'V600E mutation of the BRAF gene reported to be associated with poor prognosis of germ cell tumors in adults prognostic biomarkers cannot necessarily be transferred from one age group to the other.'},
   {'pubmed': 22147942,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with inferior survival in stage III colon cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 22150560,
    'text': 'papillary thyroid cancers in young patients display a low prevalence of the already identified oncogenic alterations; the increasing prevalence with age is mainly due to V600E BRAF mutation'},
   {'pubmed': 22156467,
    'text': 'The BRAF V600E mutation is associated with a higher pathological stage at surgery and a higher rate of recurrence.'},
   {'pubmed': 22156468,
    'text': 'BRAF mutations enhance the predictability of malignancy in thyroid follicular lesions of undetermined significance.'},
   {'pubmed': 22157687,
    'text': 'BRAF and KRAS mutations were observed in six (46.2%) and four (30.3%) filiform serrated adenomaS, respectively.'},
   {'pubmed': 22170714,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma is a later subclonal event, its intratumoral heterogeneity may hamper the efficacy of targeted pharmacotherapy, and its association with a more aggressive disease should be reevaluated.'},
   {'pubmed': 22174938,
    'text': 'The antibody response against the catalytic domain of BRAF is not specific for rheumatoid arthritis.'},
   {'pubmed': 22178589,
    'text': 'Report mutations in KRAS, EGFR, and BRAF in cholangiocarcinoma and identify therapeutic targets for tyrosine kinase inhibitors.'},
   {'pubmed': 22180495,
    'text': 'Findings suggest that the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib in combination with standard-of-care or novel targeted therapies may lead to enhanced and sustained clinical antitumor efficacy in CRCs harboring the BRAF(V600E) mutation.'},
   {'pubmed': 22189819,
    'text': 'Aberrant gene methylation driven by BRAF(V600E) altered expression of the DNA methyltransferase 1 and histone methyltransferase EZH2 profoundly.'},
   {'pubmed': 22190222,
    'text': 'The BRAF(V600E) mutation was associated with high-risk clinicopathologic characteristics in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). The BRAF(V600E) mutation may be a potential prognostic factor in PTC patients.'},
   {'pubmed': 22190283,
    'text': 'B-Raf gene mutation primarily occurs at two loci--the exon 11 glycine loop and the activation area of exon 15--in surgically resected specimens of hepatocellular carcinoma patients.'},
   {'pubmed': 22194995,
    'text': 'These data support a model where the continuous regenerative process initiated by oncogenic B-RAF-driven alveolar disruption provides a tumor-promoting environment associated with chronic inflammation.'},
   {'pubmed': 22199277,
    'text': 'RET mutations may have a role in medullary thyroid carcinoma, while BRAF, AKT1, and CTNNB1 do not; the role of HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS mutations are not determined'},
   {'pubmed': 22199339,
    'text': 'analysis of BRAF gene mutations in non-small cell lung cancer'},
   {'pubmed': 22203991,
    'text': 'These results provide a functional link between oncogenic BRAF and angiogenesis.'},
   {'pubmed': 22210186,
    'text': 'Patients with microsatellite instability tumor phenotype had favorable prognosis, but in those with the V600E BRAF mutation higher recurrence rate was observed.'},
   {'pubmed': 22210875,
    'text': 'Our results suggest that HCLv and IGHV4-34(+) HCLs have a different pathogenesis than HCLc and that a significant minority of other HCLc are also wild-type for BRAF V600.'},
   {'pubmed': 22214007,
    'text': 'Although it constitutes a poor prognostic factor in colorectal cancer, it is not conclusive if it interferes with a poor therapeutic effect when cetuximab is used.[review]'},
   {'pubmed': 22227015,
    'text': 'The findings show mutant BRAF-induced oncogenic stress manifests itself by DNA damage and growth arrest by activating the pCHK2-p53-p21 pathway.It also confers tumor-promoting phenotypes such as the up-regulation of GLUT1 and enhances glucose metabolism.'},
   {'pubmed': 22228154,
    'text': 'In patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma, there were significant differences between BRAF wild-type and mutant tumors in age, female sex, proximal tumor location, frequency of microsatellite instability, and survival.'},
   {'pubmed': 22230299,
    'text': 'One chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patient and one patient with B-prolymphocytic leukaemia were found to harbour the BRAF V600E mutation'},
   {'pubmed': 22233696,
    'text': 'Sessile serrated adenomas are precursors of sporadic colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability.Identified a novel surface microstructure, the Type II open-shape pit pattern (Type II-O), which was specific to SSAs with BRAF mutation and CIMP.'},
   {'pubmed': 22235286,
    'text': 'evidence for heterogeneity of the BRAF(V600E) mutation within individual melanoma tumor specimens'},
   {'pubmed': 22245873,
    'text': 'No BRAF mutations were found in colon adenocarcinomas from renal transplant recipients.'},
   {'pubmed': 22246856,
    'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation in low and intermediate grade lymphomas is associated with frequent occurrence in hairy cell leukaemia.'},
   {'pubmed': 22249628,
    'text': 'None of the molecular marker mutations that were analyzed in this study, including the BRAF mutation, predicted lymph node metastasis in classic papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 22250191,
    'text': 'During therapy with selective BRAF inhibitors, panniculitis with arthralgia represents a new adverse effect that can require dose reduction.'},
   {'pubmed': 22258409,
    'text': 'Mutational activation of both BRAF and PIK3CA genes does contribute to hepatocellular tumorigenesis at somatic level in Southern Italian population.'},
   {'pubmed': 22282465,
    'text': 'In naive GISTs carrying activating mutations in KIT or PDGFRA a concomitant activating mutation was detected in KRAS (5%) or BRAF (about 2%) genes. I'},
   {'pubmed': 22287190,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with colorectal serrated adenocarcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 22294102,
    'text': 'No hotspot mutations in Braf were found in oral squamous cell carcinoma in a Greek population.'},
   {'pubmed': 22314188,
    'text': 'Colon adenocarcinomas with BRAF mutations have morphologic characteristics distinct from those with KRAS mutations and BRAF-mutated proximal colonic adenocarcinomas with proficient DNA mismatch repair have an aggressive clinical course.'},
   {'pubmed': 22317764,
    'text': 'Data indicate that 266 (76.2%) tumors harbored EGFR mutations, 16 (4.6%) HER2 mutations, 15 (4.3%) EML4-ALK fusions, 7 (2.0%) KRAS mutations, and 2 (0.6%) BRAF mutations.'},
   {'pubmed': 22317887,
    'text': 'Report of oncogenic BRAF/KRAS mutations in sporadic glomus tumors.'},
   {'pubmed': 22331186,
    'text': 'BRAFmut as a useful marker in hairy cell leukemia.'},
   {'pubmed': 22331825,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation is an independent prognostic biomarker for colorectal liver metastasectomy.'},
   {'pubmed': 22335197,
    'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation-positive papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) displayed infiltrative growth, stromal fibrosis, psammoma bodies, plump eosinophilic tumour cells, and classic fully developed nuclear features of PTC.'},
   {'pubmed': 22339435,
    'text': 'Data suggest that the BRAF V600E mutation does not seem to play a role in myeloid malignant transformation.'},
   {'pubmed': 22358007,
    'text': '(BRAF(V600E))detected in 141/170 malignant thyroid nodules (82.9%) (140 PTCs and one follicular variant of PTC). BRAF status not associated with US features with the exception of a negative relation between BRAF(V600E) and an irregular shape (p = 0.004).'},
   {'pubmed': 22361037,
    'text': 'This is the first reported study of the relationship between CK20/CK7 immunophenotype, BRAF mutations and microsatellite status in colorectal carcinomas'},
   {'pubmed': 22367297,
    'text': 'A distinct subset of atypical Spitz tumors is characterized by BRAF mutation and loss of BAP1 expression.'},
   {'pubmed': 22368298,
    'text': "review demonstrates that tumour BRAF V600E mutation, and MLH1 promoter 'C region' methylation specifically, are strong predictors of negative MMR mutation status[review]"},
   {'pubmed': 22374786,
    'text': 'The presence of activating GNAS mutations, in association with KRAS or BRAF mutations, is a characteristic genetic feature of colorectal villous adenoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 22376079,
    'text': 'evidence presented that ERK activation occurs in a K-ras or B-raf -independent manner in the majority of primary colon cancer cases; B-raf mutations are not associated with mismatch-repair deficiency through loss of hMLH1 or hMSH2 expression'},
   {'pubmed': 22376167,
    'text': 'The V600E BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid carcinomas may contribute to the initiation of the glycolytic phenotype and confers growth advantages in cancer'},
   {'pubmed': 22382362,
    'text': 'Eleven patients displayed Durable Disease Control (DDC) of which 55% had BRAF-V600E mutation positive tumors and 45% did not.'},
   {'pubmed': 22393095,
    'text': 'Patient diagnosed with colon cancer shows poor prognosis with BRAF genetic mutation.'},
   {'pubmed': 22395615,
    'text': 'findings show (V600E)B-RAF copy-number gain as a mechanism of acquired B-RAF inhibitor resistance in 4 out of 20 patients treated with B-RAF inhibitor'},
   {'pubmed': 22398042,
    'text': 'In a cohort of Indian patients with ulcerative colitis, with or without neoplasia, none showed the BRAF mutation.'},
   {'pubmed': 22417847,
    'text': 'we have analyzed the prevalence of somatic mutations in the FGFR3, PIK3CA, AKT1, KRAS, HRAS, and BRAF genes in bladder cancers'},
   {'pubmed': 22426079,
    'text': 'Data indicate that TaqMan(R) Mutation Detection assay is an important technology to consider in the field of mutation detection for KRAS, BRAF and EGFR point mutation screening.'},
   {'pubmed': 22426956,
    'text': 'genetic association studies in population in Turkey: Data suggest that a mutation in BRAF (V600E; found in 39.45% of patients) is associated with aggressiveness of papillary thyroid neoplasms; lymph node metastasis increases when mutation is present.'},
   {'pubmed': 22427190,
    'text': 'Investigation the prevalence of mutations in the BRAF gene and its correlation with demographic characteristics, tumor location and stage in 100 colorectal carcinoma patients from India.'},
   {'pubmed': 22429583,
    'text': 'Article reviews the current understanding of BRAF gene, its structure, expression, and signal pathway in non-small cell lung cancer. [Review]'},
   {'pubmed': 22430133,
    'text': 'The prevalence of EGFR, KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA somatic mutations in 861 randomly selected Chinese patients with non-small cell lung cancer'},
   {'pubmed': 22430208,
    'text': 'We propose that , and that persistent phosphorylation of Mps1 through BRAF(V600E) signaling is a key event in disrupting the control of centrosome duplication and chromosome stability that may contribute to tumorigenesis.'},
   {'pubmed': 22430215,
    'text': 'expression of these oncogenes markedly stimulated ERK1/2 activities and morphologically transformed IECs. Importantly however'},
   {'pubmed': 22431777,
    'text': 'Effective use of PDT in the treatment of BRAF inhibitor-associated KAs and SCCs.'},
   {'pubmed': 22431868,
    'text': 'EFVPTC 1 patient BRAFV600E mutation, NVPTC 2 patients, FVPTC 2 patients.'},
   {'pubmed': 22435913,
    'text': 'analysis of a patient with pancreatic metastasis arising from a BRAF(V600E)-positive papillary thyroid cancer [case report]'},
   {'pubmed': 22451557,
    'text': 'The BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis from FNA specimens for calcified thyroid nodules may be performed for a greater negative predictive value and unveil the malignancy in 25% of indeterminate or nondiagnostic cytology.'},
   {'pubmed': 22456166,
    'text': 'Report marked differences in the genetic pattern of the BRAF or NRAS mutated and wild-type melanoma subgroups.'},
   {'pubmed': 22459936,
    'text': 'BRAF mutations play a limited role in the development of sinonasal cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 22471241,
    'text': 'Out of 1041 Korean patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma, 0.4% had rare types of BRAF mutation and three new somatic mutations were identified'},
   {'pubmed': 22471666,
    'text': 'An update on malignancies displaying high frequencies of BRAF mutations and the mechanisms underlying the side effects and drug resistance phenomena associated with Raf inhibitors.'},
   {'pubmed': 22488961,
    'text': 'prevalence of the BRAF(V600E) mutation increased with increased tumor size'},
   {'pubmed': 22492957, 'text': 'BRAF V600E is associated with gliomas.'},
   {'pubmed': 22498935,
    'text': 'No BRAF V600E mutations were indentified in this study of patients with endometrial cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 22500044,
    'text': 'Highly sensitive and specific molecular assays such as MEMO sequencing are optimal for detecting the BRAF mutations in thyroid FNAC because these techniques can detect PTC that might be missed by cytology or less sensitive molecular assays.'},
   {'pubmed': 22506009,
    'text': 'The (600DLAT)B-RAF and (V600E)B-RAF mutations were found enriched in DNA and mRNA from the CD1a+ fraction of granuloma.'},
   {'pubmed': 22508706,
    'text': 'The analysis of BRAF mutations by pyrosequencing is useful to refine the risk stratification of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 22510757,
    'text': 'Patients with serrated polyposis syndrome referred to genetics clinics had a pan-colonic disease with a high polyp burden and a high rate of BRAF mutation.'},
   {'pubmed': 22510884,
    'text': 'It was shown that the dimer interface within the kinase domain plays a pivotal role for the activity of B-Raf and several of its gain-of-function mutants.'},
   {'pubmed': 22514085,
    'text': 'The tumor with T1799A BRAF mutation and tumor sizes of 2 cm or more were clinicopathologic parameters associated with lower STAT1 activity.'},
   {'pubmed': 22515292,
    'text': 'BRAF V600E is common in patients with low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma but does not predict recurrence.'},
   {'pubmed': 22515520,
    'text': 'Mutation BRAF transforms cells through cross talk with developmental pathways Hedgehog and Wnt, as well as by deregulation of colorectal cancer related kinase pathways.'},
   {'pubmed': 22516966,
    'text': 'Report upregulation of Bim and the splicing factor SRp55 in melanoma cells from patients treated with selective BRAF inhibitors.'},
   {'pubmed': 22522845,
    'text': 'In signet ring cell carcinoma, BRAF V600E mutation adversely affects survival in microsatellite-stable tumors, but not in high-level microsatellite-unstable tumor'},
   {'pubmed': 22531127,
    'text': 'study concludes that generally, overweight increases the risk of colorectal cancer; taller individuals have an increased risk of developing a tumour with a BRAF mutation or microsatellite instability'},
   {'pubmed': 22531170,
    'text': 'Demonstrate that BRAF V600E mutation-specific antibody can be used in immunohistochemical diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia.'},
   {'pubmed': 22534474,
    'text': 'BRAF and KIT mutations have been found in Japanese melanoma patients.'},
   {'pubmed': 22535154,
    'text': 'study shows there are clinically and biologically distinct subtypes of BRAF-mutant metastatic melanoma, defined by genotype, with distinct etiology and behavior; cumulative sun-induced damage in primary cutaneous melanoma and older age are associated with V600K BRAF mutations;it establishes prevalence of the BRAF mutation by age-decade'},
   {'pubmed': 22535974,
    'text': 'The diagnostic sensitivity for thyroid cancer is significantly increased by BRAF V600E mutation analysis, indicating that the screening for BRAF mutation in FNAB samples has a relevant diagnostic potential.'},
   {'pubmed': 22549559,
    'text': 'Recurrent/persistent PTC in the central compartment typically harbors the BRAF mutation'},
   {'pubmed': 22549727,
    'text': 'abrogation of BRAFV600E-induced senescence contributes to melanomagenesis.'},
   {'pubmed': 22549934,
    'text': 'The mTOR pathway could be a good target to enhance therapy effects in certain types of thyroid carcinoma, namely in those harboring the BRAF(V600E) mutation.'},
   {'pubmed': 22568401,
    'text': 'These results suggest that low-grade diffuse gliomas with 1p/19q loss have frequent BRAF gains'},
   {'pubmed': 22579930,
    'text': 'KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations in colorectal cancer have sustained prevalence rate in the Taiwanese population.'},
   {'pubmed': 22581800,
    'text': 'BRAF regulates expression of long noncoding RNAs in melanocytes and melanoma cells'},
   {'pubmed': 22586484,
    'text': 'In the present study, we did not find any significant correlations between KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA mutations and the loss of PTEN expression and various clinicopathological features in Chinese patients with colorectal cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 22591444,
    'text': 'Our results suggest that in a small fraction of diffuse gliomas, KIAA1549-BRAF fusion gene and BRAF(v600E) mutation may be responsible for deregulation of the Ras-RAF-ERK signaling pathway'},
   {'pubmed': 22592144,
    'text': 'Immunohistochemical detection of the mutated V600E BRAF protein in papillary thyroid carcinoma may facilitate mutational analysis in the clinical setting.'},
   {'pubmed': 22614711,
    'text': 'BRAF p.Val600Lys mutations were present at a relatively high frequency in the cohort of metastatic melanoma patients (27/183, 15%)'},
   {'pubmed': 22614978,
    'text': 'BRAF/NRAS mutations were identified in 58% of primary melanomas (43% BRAF; 15% NRAS)'},
   {'pubmed': 22628551,
    'text': 'Data show that RNF149 (RING finger protein 149) interacts with wild-type BRAF.'},
   {'pubmed': 22639828,
    'text': 'Data suggest that BRAF V600E mutation may not be widespread in hematologic malignancies, excluding hairy-cell leukemia (HCL).'},
   {'pubmed': 22649091,
    'text': "Patient's BRAF mutation was likely responsible for his tumor's marked response to dasatinib, suggesting that tumors bearing kinase-impaired BRAF mutations may be exquisitely sensitive to dasatinib."},
   {'pubmed': 22681706,
    'text': 'BRAFV600E mutation is associated with lymph node metastasis in multiple papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 22684223,
    'text': 'The presence of BRAF mutations in these adenomatous precursors to colon cancer suggests that they represent sessile serrated adenomas with complete cytologic dysplasia.'},
   {'pubmed': 22694820,
    'text': 'In papillary thyroid cancer, significant correlations between the methylation status of four genes (TIMP3, RASSF1A, RARbeta2 and DCC) and the V600E BRAF mutation were found.'},
   {'pubmed': 22699145,
    'text': 'Data indicate that 14% with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) and 7% ampullary adenocarcinomas (A-ACs) had mutations in both KRAS and BRAF.'},
   {'pubmed': 22702340,
    'text': 'In papillary thyroid carcinoma BRAFV600E is associated with increased expression of the urokinase plasminogen activator and its cognate receptor, but not with disease-free interval.'},
   {'pubmed': 22705994,
    'text': 'Hairy cell leukemia cell lines expressing annexin A1 and displaying B-cell receptor signals characteristic of primary tumor cells lack the signature BRAF mutation to reveal unrepresentative origins.'},
   {'pubmed': 22706026,
    'text': 'The combined effects of EGFR downregulation, ligand competition, and immune effector function conspire to inhibit tumor growth in xenograft models of cetuximab-resistant BRAF and KRAS mutant cancers.'},
   {'pubmed': 22727996,
    'text': 'BRAF V600E mutations are present in approximately 90% of all kidney metanephric adenoma cases, serving as a potential valuable diagnostic tool in the differential diagnosis.'},
   {'pubmed': 22730329,
    'text': 'Reactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway by FGF receptor 3 (FGFR3)/Ras mediates resistance to vemurafenib in human B-RAF V600E mutant melanoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 22732794,
    'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation revealed a strong association with specific histological variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 22740704,
    'text': 'These results clearly prove that the BRAFV600E mutation is not associated with the development of distant metastases or fatal outcome in papillary thyroid carcinoma'},
   {'pubmed': 22742884,
    'text': 'Vemurafenib is effective for advanced melanomas expressing the BRAF V600E mutations [review]'},
   {'pubmed': 22743296,
    'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation is associated with response to vemurafenib in lung adenocarcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 22751131,
    'text': 'B-Raf/MKK/ERK controls key aspects of cancer cell behavior and gene expression by modulating a network of miRNAs with cross-regulatory functions.'},
   {'pubmed': 22752848,
    'text': 'study reports a novel complex BRAF mutation identified in 4/492 Japanese papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC) cases; findings suggest the BRAF(V600delinsYM)mutation, is a gain-of-function mutation and plays an important role in PTC development'},
   {'pubmed': 22767446,
    'text': 'study found a relatively higher B-Raf serine/threonine-protein kinase (BRAF)(V600E) mutation rate in classical type papillary thyroid carcinomas than in other similar studies'},
   {'pubmed': 22770943,
    'text': 'BRAF mRNA expression may help to identify PTC among thyroid nodules independently of the presence of BRAFV600E mutation.'},
   {'pubmed': 22772867,
    'text': 'BRAF (V600) mutations are are associated with melanomas.'},
   {'pubmed': 22773810,
    'text': 'Lung cancers with acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors occasionally harbor BRAF gene mutations but lack mutations in KRAS, NRAS, or MEK1.'},
   {'pubmed': 22797077,
    'text': 'RSK regulates activated BRAF signalling to mTORC1 and promotes melanoma growth'},
   {'pubmed': 22798288,
    'text': 'Data show clinical significance to BRAF(L597) mutations in melanoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 22798500,
    'text': 'In CRC patients treated with cetuximab, activating mutation signatures for BRAF (58 genes) were developed.'},
   {'pubmed': 22799316,
    'text': 'Preoperative BRAF mutation was a predictive factor for occult contralateral papillary thyroid microcarcinoma presence.'},
   {'pubmed': 22809251,
    'text': 'As has been reported in other common types of melanoma, V600 BRAF mutation is the most common mutation of those tested in spindle cell melanoma. NRAS or KIT mutation appears to be rare, if not completely absent.'},
   {'pubmed': 22814862,
    'text': 'we found no cases of Rosette-forming glioneuronal tumors of the fourth ventricle showing KIAA1549-BRAF gene fusion or BRAF (V600E) mutation'},
   {'pubmed': 22820187,
    'text': 'these results link epigenetic genes to methylation and suppression of tumor suppressor genes as a mechanism involved in BRAFV600E-promoted melanoma tumorigenesis and uncover a novel molecular signature that predicts a poor prognosis of melanoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 22820660,
    'text': 'No BRAF V600E mutations were detected in nonserous epithelial ovarian tumors.'},
   {'pubmed': 22824468,
    'text': 'Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in BRAF gene is associated with diseases.'},
   {'pubmed': 22826122,
    'text': 'It was concluded that extracellular kinase-mediated up-regulation of c-myc by K-Ras or B-Raf oncogenes disrupts the establishment of apical/basolateral polarity in colon epithelial cells independently of its effect on proliferation.'},
   {'pubmed': 22826437,
    'text': 'RAF1(D486N), as well as other kinase-impaired RAF1 mutants, showed increased heterodimerization with BRAF, which was necessary and sufficient to promote increased MEK/ERK activation.'},
   {'pubmed': 22833462,
    'text': 'Investigated BRAF and RAF1 alterations in Chinese prostate cancer.Found BRAF truncated in five of 200 informative Chinese cases & RAF1 was truncated in three of 204 informative cases and genomic rearrangements were correlated w/high Gleason scores.'},
   {'pubmed': 22850568,
    'text': 'This study reveals a novel mechanism of immune suppression sensitive to BRAF(V600E) inhibition, and indicates that clinical blockade of IL-1 may benefit patients'},
   {'pubmed': 22858857,
    'text': 'A review summarizes the role of the BRAF V600E mutation in the development and progression of thyroid cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 22859608,
    'text': 'BRAFV600E mutation is associated with Langerhans cell histiocytosis.'},
   {'pubmed': 22863493,
    'text': 'The BRAFV600E occurs exclusively in papillary thyroid carcinoma and papillary carcinoma-derived anaplastic cancer, rising as a specific diagnostic marker for this tumor when identified in cytological / histological exams'},
   {'pubmed': 22870241,
    'text': 'High-throughput genotyping in metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma identifies phosphoinositide-3-kinase and BRAF mutations.'},
   {'pubmed': 22876591,
    'text': 'Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome is caused by heterogeneous mutations in BRAF gene.'},
   {'pubmed': 22879539,
    'text': 'High prevalence of BRAF V600E mutations is associated with Erdheim-Chester disease but not in other non-Langerhans cell histiocytoses.'},
   {'pubmed': 22880048,
    'text': 'This study reveals a novel molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of feedback loops between the MAPK and AKT pathways.'},
   {'pubmed': 22887810,
    'text': 'A K601E BRAF mutation is associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 22892521,
    'text': 'The results of this study supported an important role for BRAF duplication and MAPK pathway activation in gliomas of the optic nerve proper.'},
   {'pubmed': 22898351,
    'text': 'MSI status, KRAS and BRAF mutation rates varied remarkably among the colonic carcinoma subsites irrespective of right- and left-sided origin.'},
   {'pubmed': 22899730,
    'text': 'The presence of a BRAF c.1799T>A (p.V600E) mutation is associated with significantly poorer prognosis after colorectal cancer diagnosis among subgroups of patients.'},
   {'pubmed': 22912864,
    'text': 'Data indicate that mutation frequency in malanoma patients was found witih BRAF(V600) in 51%, NRAS in 19%, PI3K pathway in 41% and PTEN in 22%.'},
   {'pubmed': 22918165,
    'text': 'BRAF(V600E) mutation is an early event in thyroid carcinogenesis, and is associated with distinctive morphology and aggressive features even in papillary thyroid microcarcinomas'},
   {'pubmed': 22926515,
    'text': 'ARAF seems to stabilize BRAF:CRAF complexes in cells treated with RAF inhibitors and thereby regulate cell signaling in a subtle manner to ensure signaling efficiency'},
   {'pubmed': 22930283,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with early stage disease and improved outcome in patients with low-grade serous ovarian cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 22931913,
    'text': 'We conclude that the presence of BRAF mutation, NRAS mutation, and the absence of an immune-related expressed gene profile predict poor outcome in melanoma patients with macroscopic stage III disease.'},
   {'pubmed': 22932786,
    'text': 'Thus, in this meta-analysis, the BRAF mutation in PTC was significantly associated with PTC recurrence, lymph node metastasis, extrathyroidal extension, and advanced stage AJCC III/IV.'},
   {'pubmed': 22938585,
    'text': 'Data indicate that KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, and AKT1 mutations can be rapidly and accurately detected for cancer diagnosis.'},
   {'pubmed': 22941165,
    'text': 'The BRAF V600E mutation is the only independent predictor of compartment lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 22946697,
    'text': 'Data indicate that of the 32 cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (CFC) patients, 28 (88%) had a known mutation in a gene that is causative for CFC, including BRAF (n = 21), MEK1 (n = 2), MEK2 (n = 4), and KRAS (n = 1).'},
   {'pubmed': 22972589,
    'text': 'Higher response rates and longer time to progression were observed with selumetinib-containing regimens in patients who had melanoma that harbored a BRAF mutation.'},
   {'pubmed': 22973979,
    'text': 'found a significantly increased risk of papillary thyroid carcinoma attributed to the SNP variants rs17161747, rs1042179, and rs3748093 for those with a family history of cancer, for smokers, and for both those of age <45 years and nondrinkers'},
   {'pubmed': 22996177,
    'text': 'This report is the first to identify the rare, variant BRAF V600D mutation in LCH, and provides support for constitutively activated BRAF oncogene-induced cell senescence as a mechanism of regression in congenital, benign LCH.'},
   {'pubmed': 23009221,
    'text': 'consistent with previous studies, it was concluded that the incidence of BRAF V600E mutation in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia, if any, is extremely infrequent'},
   {'pubmed': 23010278,
    'text': 'B-RAF upregulates SGLT1 activity, an effect requiring vesicle insertion into the cell membrane.'},
   {'pubmed': 23010994,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation is suggested to be poor prognostic factors in CRLM.'},
   {'pubmed': 23014346,
    'text': 'Braf mutation status is not significantly associated with poor survival for melanoma in Koreans.'},
   {'pubmed': 23021375,
    'text': 'EGFR and downstream genetic alterations in KRAS/BRAF and PI3K/AKT pathways have roles in colorectal cancer and treatment [review]'},
   {'pubmed': 23026937,
    'text': 'Immunohistochemistry is highly sensitive and specific for the detection of V600E BRAF mutation in melanoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 23033302,
    'text': 'the spectrum and frequency distribution of the identified KRAS and BRAF mutations in Serbian patient with colorectal cancer are in good accordance with literature data.'},
   {'pubmed': 23036672,
    'text': 'We describe 3 patients with BRAF V600E mutation metastatic melanoma in whom treatment with vemurafenib resulted in prompt extracranial disease response but progression of metastatic disease in the brain.'},
   {'pubmed': 23039341,
    'text': 'Studied the cytotoxicity and anti-tumour activity of novel MEK inhibitor, E6201, in a panel of melanoma cell lines. Most melanoma cell lines were sensitive or hypersensitive to E6201; the sensitivity correlated with wildtype PTEN and mutant BRAF status.'},
   {'pubmed': 23041829,
    'text': 'Findings support the potential use of immunohistochemistry as an ancillary screening tool to assess the BRAFV600E mutation status in primary cutaneous melanoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 23051629,
    'text': 'Increased BRAF mutation with age along with the lack of a UVR magnitude-BRAF mutation association suggests that duration of exposure rather than UVR exposure dose is the more likely link to acquiring mutations in melanocytic nevi.'},
   {'pubmed': 23055340,
    'text': 'KRAS and BRAF mutations are infrequent or absent, respectively in Intestinal-type sinonasal adenocarcinoma'},
   {'pubmed': 23055546,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation was associated with lymph node metastases (LNM), advanced stage, extrathyroidal extension, tumor size, male gender, multifocality, absence of capsule, classic PTC, and tall-cell variant papillary thyroid cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 23056577,
    'text': 'A systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that BRAF mutation is an absolute risk factor for patient survival in colorectal cancer and melanoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 23062653,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation was not found to be significantly associated with lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid cancer'},
   {'pubmed': 23066120,
    'text': 'The BRAF(V600E) mutation was demonstrated to be a poor prognostic factor for the persistence of the disease independent from other clinical-pathological features in low-risk intrathyroid papillary thyroid carcinoma patients.'},
   {'pubmed': 23069257,
    'text': 'Histopathologic changes suggesting prolapsed rectal mucosa should take precedence over BRAF results in diagnosing sessile serrated adenomas in the rectum.'},
   {'pubmed': 23088640,
    'text': 'analysis suggests that BRAF mutations occur at a low frequency in chronic lymphocytic leukemia'},
   {'pubmed': 23095503,
    'text': 'Desmoplastic malignant melanoma: a study of ten cases and status of BRAF mutation.'},
   {'pubmed': 23096133,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas with anaplastic features.'},
   {'pubmed': 23096702,
    'text': 'We found that NRAS-mutant melanomas were significantly more likely from older patients and BRAF-mutant melanomas were more frequent in melanomas from the trunk.'},
   {'pubmed': 23098991,
    'text': 'Studied differential miRNA expression in metastatic colorectal cancer by microarrays from primary tumors of 33 patients who had wild-type KRAS/BRAF and third- to sixth-line anti-EGFRmAb treatment, with/without irinotecan.'},
   {'pubmed': 23110075,
    'text': 'Study demonstrates that chromosomal instability commonly occurs in advanced BRAF mutant/MSS colorectal cancers where it may contribute to poorer survival, and further highlights molecular similarities occurring between these and BRAF wild type cancers.'},
   {'pubmed': 23125007,
    'text': 'One hundred and ten patients (51%) were identified who were potentially nonresponders to anti-EGFR therapy:  13/117 (11.1%) had the V600E BRAF mutation.'},
   {'pubmed': 23132792,
    'text': 'BRAFV600E mutation is associated with cervical lymph node metastasis and recurrence in papillary thyroid cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 23138171,
    'text': 'Clinical characteristics of colorectal cancer with the V600E BRAF mutation.'},
   {'pubmed': 23153455,
    'text': 'These findings indicate that ABCG2 confers resistance to vemurafenib in A375 cells, suggesting involvement of this transporter in acquired resistance to vemurafenib.'},
   {'pubmed': 23157614,
    'text': 'Data indicate that the presence of the BRAF V600E mutation was more frequent in women, but this gender difference was not statistically significant.'},
   {'pubmed': 23157823,
    'text': 'In Chinese colorectal carcinoma patients, BRAF mutation is associated with tumor differentiation and primary tumor sites.'},
   {'pubmed': 23157824,
    'text': 'Codon 12, 13 in KRAS gene and codon 600 in BRAF gene are the most common mutation points in Chinese colorectal cancer. KRAS and BRAF mutations are mutually exclusive. KRAS and BRAF gene mutation is higher in females than that in males.'},
   {'pubmed': 23158172,
    'text': 'BRAF mutational status is predictive of papillary thyroid carcinoma recurrence'},
   {'pubmed': 23159116,
    'text': 'V600E point mutation was identified in the BRAF gene in 3 intramucosal nevi and in 2 melanomas. Only 1 blue nevus harbored the GNAQ209 mutation'},
   {'pubmed': 23161556,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation as a new serum marker for papillary thyroid carcinomas were not detectable in patientts diagnosed with thyroid neoplasms.'},
   {'pubmed': 23161722,
    'text': 'data confirm that among lymphoproliferative disorders, BRAF V600E mutation is restricted to hairy cell leukemia (HCL); no mutations were identified in variant HCL, NMZL, ENMZL, PTLD, PTCL, ALCL, or LGL proliferations'},
   {'pubmed': 23163107,
    'text': 'The BRAF(V600E) mutation might be associated with a more aggressive phenotype and a poor prognosis in classic variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas.'},
   {'pubmed': 23179992,
    'text': 'BRAF (V600E) mutation is associated with papillary thyroid carcinomas.'},
   {'pubmed': 23188063,
    'text': 'BRAF mutations were correlated with poor overall survival in the full patient cohort'},
   {'pubmed': 23190154,
    'text': 'Our findings suggest that RAS pathway activation due to BRAF V600E and KRAS mutations is an important event in a subset of peripheral nerve sheath tumours not related to neurofibromatosis'},
   {'pubmed': 23190890,
    'text': 'Oncogenic B-RAF(V600E) signaling induces the T-Box3 transcriptional repressor to repress E-cadherin and enhance melanoma cell invasion.'},
   {'pubmed': 23192464,
    'text': 'Aim of this work is to provide a detailed comparison of clinical-pathologic features between well-differentiated and poorly differentiated tumors according to their BRAF and RASSF1A status.'},
   {'pubmed': 23192956,
    'text': 'BRAF (V600E) mutation is associated with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 23203004,
    'text': 'BRAF (V600E) is non-associated with Gal-3 expression, whereas it is associated with cytoplasmatic localization of p27kip1 and higher CK19 expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 23207070,
    'text': 'The present study revealed that ESCC of Brazilian patients do not present mutations in hot spots of EGFR, K-RAS and BRAF and only a minor proportion present overexpression of EGFR or HER2.'},
   {'pubmed': 23208503,
    'text': 'results suggest that mutant B-RAF signaling downregulates Tiam1/Rac activity resulting in an increase in N-cadherin levels and a decrease in E-cadherin levels and ultimately enhanced invasion'},
   {'pubmed': 23224067,
    'text': 'Mutations affecting BRAF, EGFR, PIK3CA, and KRAS are not associated with sporadic vestibular schwannomas.'},
   {'pubmed': 23235345,
    'text': 'the BRAF V600E mutation is not pathobiologically relevant in primary central nervous system lymphoma'},
   {'pubmed': 23237741,
    'text': 'Patients with V600R BRAF mutations can be treated successfully with oral BRAF inhibitors.'},
   {'pubmed': 23242808,
    'text': 'Data indicate that BRAF and EGF receptor or SRC family kinase inhibition blocked proliferation and invasion of the resistant tumors.'},
   {'pubmed': 23246082,
    'text': 'the role of BRAF mutations in melanoma and colorectal cancer, focusing on similarities and differences of BRAF mutations (Review)'},
   {'pubmed': 23253715,
    'text': 'The status of BRAF(V600E) mutation was more frequent in multifocal PTC patients with lymph node metastasis and diagnosis at later age.'},
   {'pubmed': 23263826,
    'text': 'we deduce that in the absence of mutation activation, B-Raf overexpression or downregulation is a protective event, since it delays the development of both malignant and benign thyroid tumors.'},
   {'pubmed': 23274581,
    'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 23280049,
    'text': 'Preoperative mutation screening for BRAF(V600E) does not meaningfully improve risk stratification and is unlikely to alter the initial management of patients with indeterminate nodules.'},
   {'pubmed': 23287985,
    'text': 'Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis appears to be a clonal proliferation that may or may not have BRAF V600E mutations.'},
   {'pubmed': 23290787,
    'text': 'Studies indicate that BRAF mutations are identified in 40-50% of patients with melanoma, and treatment with either of two BRAF inhibitors (vemurafenib, dabrafenib) or the MEK inhibitor trametinib is associated with improved clinical benefit.'},
   {'pubmed': 23297805,
    'text': 'No point mutations were identified in BRAF codon Val600Glu in the studied colorectal adenocarcinomas in the Turkish population.'},
   {'pubmed': 23307859,
    'text': 'High BRAF is associated with metastatic melanoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 23310942,
    'text': 'This study shows that BRAF mutation occurs in Nigerian colorectal cancers.'},
   {'pubmed': 23317446,
    'text': 'Results demonstrated the action of Dabrafenib and the inhibition of MAPK pathway in melanoma cell lines carrying BRAFV600D/R mutations; these results could be helpful to enlarge the number of patients who may benefit of a more effective targeted treatment'},
   {'pubmed': 23324583,
    'text': 'BRAF mutations is associated with colorectal cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 23334329,
    'text': 'Human neural crest progenitor cells are susceptible to BRAF(V600E)-induced transformation.'},
   {'pubmed': 23343956,
    'text': 'no association with BRAF-V600E mutation in gastroeosophageal tumors'},
   {'pubmed': 23349307,
    'text': 'Data indicate that besides confirming the constant presence of BRAF-V600E in all patients with hairy cell leukemia, phospho-ERK1/ERK2 expression was observed.'},
   {'pubmed': 23352452,
    'text': 'Ras pathway activation via EGF treatment induced strong binding between B-Raf and C-Raf and a low level of binding between B-Raf and A-Raf.'},
   {'pubmed': 23354951,
    'text': 'Alternative splicing of exons 14, 15, 15b, 16b and 16c occurs in a considerable fraction of BRAF mRNA in normal colon and colorectal cancer cells and is independent of the V600E mutational status of the parental allele.'},
   {'pubmed': 23355004,
    'text': 'The detected Merkel cell polyomavirus prevalence in non-small cell lung cancer in combination with the deregulated expression of BRAF and Bcl-2 genes suggests that these events are likely to contribute to the pathogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 23359496,
    'text': 'Kidins220 is a novel T-cell receptor (TCR)-interacting protein that couples B-Raf to the TCR. Kidins220 is mandatory for sustained Erk signaling and is crucial for TCR-mediated T cell activation.'},
   {'pubmed': 23370429,
    'text': 'This is the first report of BRAF V600E mutation in endometrial cancer, indicating that it may contribute to tumorigenesis of endometrial cancer, although at a low frequency compared with KRAS mutations.'},
   {'pubmed': 23370668,
    'text': 'study suggests that highly aggressive papillary thyroid microcarcinoma may arise in a subset of patients with BRAF(V600E) mutation and tumors greater than 5 mm; multivariate analysis showed that tumor recurrence was not associated with BRAF(V600E)mutation'},
   ...],
  'genomic_pos': {'chr': '7',
   'end': 140924928,
   'ensemblgene': 'ENSG00000157764',
   'start': 140719327,
   'strand': -1},
  'genomic_pos_hg19': {'chr': '7',
   'end': 140624564,
   'start': 140419127,
   'strand': -1},
  'go': {'BP': [{'evidence': 'IBA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0000165',
     'pubmed': 21873635,
     'term': 'MAPK cascade'},
    {'evidence': 'TAS',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0000165',
     'term': 'MAPK cascade'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0000186',
     'term': 'activation of MAPKK activity'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0002318',
     'term': 'myeloid progenitor cell differentiation'},
    {'evidence': 'IDA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0006468',
     'pubmed': 17563371,
     'term': 'protein phosphorylation'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0008542',
     'term': 'visual learning'},
    {'evidence': 'TAS',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0009887',
     'pubmed': 9207797,
     'term': 'animal organ morphogenesis'},
    {'evidence': 'IMP',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0010628',
     'pubmed': 22065586,
     'term': 'positive regulation of gene expression'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0010764',
     'term': 'negative regulation of fibroblast migration'},
    {'evidence': 'IDA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0010828',
     'pubmed': 23010278,
     'term': 'positive regulation of glucose transmembrane transport'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0030878',
     'term': 'thyroid gland development'},
    {'evidence': 'IDA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0033138',
     'pubmed': 19667065,
     'term': 'positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0035019',
     'term': 'somatic stem cell population maintenance'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0035690',
     'term': 'cellular response to drug'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0042127',
     'term': 'regulation of cell proliferation'},
    {'evidence': 'IDA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0043066',
     'pubmed': 19667065,
     'term': 'negative regulation of apoptotic process'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0043367',
     'term': 'CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0043369',
     'term': 'CD4-positive or CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell lineage commitment'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0043434',
     'term': 'response to peptide hormone'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0043524',
     'term': 'negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0045580',
     'term': 'regulation of T cell differentiation'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0048538',
     'term': 'thymus development'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0048680',
     'term': 'positive regulation of axon regeneration'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0050772',
     'term': 'positive regulation of axonogenesis'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0050852',
     'term': 'T cell receptor signaling pathway'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0051291',
     'term': 'protein heterooligomerization'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0051496',
     'term': 'positive regulation of stress fiber assembly'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0051591',
     'term': 'response to cAMP'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0060291',
     'term': 'long-term synaptic potentiation'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0060323',
     'term': 'head morphogenesis'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0060324',
     'term': 'face development'},
    {'evidence': 'IDA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0070374',
     'pubmed': 22065586,
     'term': 'positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade'},
    {'evidence': 'IMP',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0070413',
     'pubmed': 9837904,
     'term': 'trehalose metabolism in response to stress'},
    {'evidence': 'IDA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0071277',
     'pubmed': 18567582,
     'term': 'cellular response to calcium ion'},
    {'evidence': 'IDA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0090150',
     'pubmed': 23010278,
     'term': 'establishment of protein localization to membrane'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:1900026',
     'term': 'positive regulation of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:1990090',
     'term': 'cellular response to nerve growth factor stimulus'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:2000301',
     'term': 'negative regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:2000352',
     'term': 'negative regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process'}],
   'CC': [{'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0005634',
     'term': 'nucleus'},
    {'evidence': 'IBA',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0005739',
     'pubmed': 21873635,
     'term': 'mitochondrion'},
    {'evidence': 'IBA',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0005829',
     'pubmed': 21873635,
     'term': 'cytosol'},
    {'evidence': 'IDA',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0005829',
     'term': 'cytosol'},
    {'evidence': 'TAS',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0005829',
     'term': 'cytosol'},
    {'evidence': 'IBA',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0005886',
     'pubmed': 21873635,
     'term': 'plasma membrane'},
    {'evidence': 'TAS',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0005886',
     'term': 'plasma membrane'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0043005',
     'term': 'neuron projection'},
    {'evidence': 'IDA',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0043231',
     'term': 'intracellular membrane-bounded organelle'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0044297',
     'term': 'cell body'}],
   'MF': [{'category': 'MF',
     'evidence': 'IDA',
     'id': 'GO:0004672',
     'pubmed': 17563371,
     'term': 'protein kinase activity'},
    {'category': 'MF',
     'evidence': 'IBA',
     'id': 'GO:0004674',
     'pubmed': 21873635,
     'term': 'protein serine/threonine kinase activity'},
    {'category': 'MF',
     'evidence': 'IDA',
     'id': 'GO:0004674',
     'pubmed': 19667065,
     'term': 'protein serine/threonine kinase activity'},
    {'category': 'MF',
     'evidence': 'IEA',
     'id': 'GO:0004709',
     'term': 'MAP kinase kinase kinase activity'},
    {'category': 'MF',
     'evidence': 'IDA',
     'id': 'GO:0005509',
     'pubmed': 18567582,
     'term': 'calcium ion binding'},
    {'category': 'MF',
     'evidence': 'IPI',
     'id': 'GO:0005515',
     'pubmed': [12620389,
      15161933,
      16810323,
      16888650,
      17380122,
      17563371,
      17979178,
      18567582,
      20130576,
      20141835,
      21441910,
      21478863,
      22169110,
      22510884,
      22939624,
      23153539,
      23680146,
      23934108,
      24255178,
      24441586,
      24746704,
      25155755,
      25241761,
      25437913,
      25600339,
      26165597,
      26466569,
      26496610,
      27353360],
     'term': 'protein binding'},
    {'category': 'MF',
     'evidence': 'IEA',
     'id': 'GO:0005524',
     'term': 'ATP binding'},
    {'category': 'MF',
     'evidence': 'IPI',
     'id': 'GO:0031267',
     'pubmed': 12194967,
     'qualifier': 'NOT',
     'term': 'small GTPase binding'},
    {'category': 'MF',
     'evidence': 'IEA',
     'id': 'GO:0031434',
     'term': 'mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase binding'},
    {'category': 'MF',
     'evidence': 'IPI',
     'id': 'GO:0042802',
     'pubmed': [16858395, 19727074, 22169110, 22510884, 25155755, 25437913],
     'term': 'identical protein binding'},
    {'category': 'MF',
     'evidence': 'IEA',
     'id': 'GO:0046982',
     'term': 'protein heterodimerization activity'}]},
  'homologene': {'genes': [[6239, 177436],
    [7165, 1278538],
    [7227, 31221],
    [7955, 403065],
    [8364, 779570],
    [9031, 396239],
    [9544, 693554],
    [9598, 463781],
    [9606, 673],
    [9615, 475526],
    [9913, 536051],
    [10090, 109880],
    [10116, 114486]],
   'id': 3197},
  'interpro': [{'desc': 'Protein kinase domain',
    'id': 'IPR000719',
    'short_desc': 'Prot_kinase_dom'},
   {'desc': 'Serine-threonine/tyrosine-protein kinase, catalytic domain',
    'id': 'IPR001245',
    'short_desc': 'Ser-Thr/Tyr_kinase_cat_dom'},
   {'desc': 'Protein kinase C-like, phorbol ester/diacylglycerol-binding domain',
    'id': 'IPR002219',
    'short_desc': 'PE/DAG-bd'},
   {'desc': 'Raf-like Ras-binding',
    'id': 'IPR003116',
    'short_desc': 'RBD_dom'},
   {'desc': 'Serine/threonine-protein kinase, active site',
    'id': 'IPR008271',
    'short_desc': 'Ser/Thr_kinase_AS'},
   {'desc': 'Protein kinase-like domain superfamily',
    'id': 'IPR011009',
    'short_desc': 'Kinase-like_dom_sf'},
   {'desc': 'Protein kinase, ATP binding site',
    'id': 'IPR017441',
    'short_desc': 'Protein_kinase_ATP_BS'},
   {'desc': 'Diacylglycerol/phorbol-ester binding',
    'id': 'IPR020454',
    'short_desc': 'DAG/PE-bd'},
   {'desc': 'Ubiquitin-like domain superfamily',
    'id': 'IPR029071',
    'short_desc': 'Ubiquitin-like_domsf'}],
  'ipi': 'IPI00303797',
  'map_location': '7q34',
  'name': 'B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase',
  'other_names': ['94 kDa B-raf protein',
   'B-Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase (p94)',
   'B-Raf serine/threonine-protein',
   'murine sarcoma viral (v-raf) oncogene homolog B1',
   'proto-oncogene B-Raf',
   'serine/threonine-protein kinase B-raf',
   'v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B',
   'v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1'],
  'pantherdb': {'HGNC': '1097',
   'ortholog': [{'MGI': '88190',
     'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
     'taxid': 10090,
     'uniprot_kb': 'P28028'},
    {'RGD': '619908',
     'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
     'taxid': 10116,
     'uniprot_kb': 'F1M9C3'},
    {'Ensembl': 'ENSGALG00000012865',
     'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
     'taxid': 9031,
     'uniprot_kb': 'Q04982'},
    {'ZFIN': 'ZDB-GENE-040805-1',
     'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
     'taxid': 7955,
     'uniprot_kb': 'Q1LYG2'},
    {'WormBase': 'WBGene00003030',
     'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
     'taxid': 6239,
     'uniprot_kb': 'Q07292'},
    {'FlyBase': 'FBgn0003079',
     'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
     'taxid': 7227,
     'uniprot_kb': 'P11346'},
    {'HGNC': '42952',
     'ortholog_type': 'P',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
     'taxid': 9606,
     'uniprot_kb': 'V9GXZ4'},
    {'HGNC': '26617',
     'ortholog_type': 'P',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
     'taxid': 9606,
     'uniprot_kb': 'Q8NB16'},
    {'HGNC': '6850',
     'ortholog_type': 'P',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
     'taxid': 9606,
     'uniprot_kb': 'Q16584'},
    {'HGNC': '10019',
     'ortholog_type': 'P',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
     'taxid': 9606,
     'uniprot_kb': 'Q13546'},
    {'HGNC': '10020',
     'ortholog_type': 'P',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
     'taxid': 9606,
     'uniprot_kb': 'O43353'},
    {'HGNC': '6851',
     'ortholog_type': 'P',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
     'taxid': 9606,
     'uniprot_kb': 'Q12852'},
    {'HGNC': '6849',
     'ortholog_type': 'P',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
     'taxid': 9606,
     'uniprot_kb': 'Q02779'},
    {'HGNC': '6852',
     'ortholog_type': 'P',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
     'taxid': 9606,
     'uniprot_kb': 'O43283'},
    {'HGNC': '6861',
     'ortholog_type': 'P',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
     'taxid': 9606,
     'uniprot_kb': 'P80192'},
    {'dictyBase': 'DDB_G0273445',
     'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
     'taxid': 352472,
     'uniprot_kb': 'Q86AT8'},
    {'dictyBase': 'DDB_G0278909',
     'ortholog_type': 'O',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
     'taxid': 352472,
     'uniprot_kb': 'Q54XI9'},
    {'dictyBase': 'DDB_G0289555',
     'ortholog_type': 'O',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
     'taxid': 352472,
     'uniprot_kb': 'Q54HC6'},
    {'dictyBase': 'DDB_G0278535',
     'ortholog_type': 'O',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
     'taxid': 352472,
     'uniprot_kb': 'Q54XX5'},
    {'TAIR': 'AT4G24480',
     'ortholog_type': 'O',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
     'taxid': 3702,
     'uniprot_kb': 'F4JQX7'},
    {'TAIR': 'AT5G03730',
     'ortholog_type': 'O',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR44329',
     'taxid': 3702,
     'uniprot_kb': 'Q05609'}],
   'uniprot_kb': 'P15056'},
  'pathway': {'kegg': [{'id': 'hsa04010',
     'name': 'MAPK signaling pathway - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa04012',
     'name': 'ErbB signaling pathway - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa04015',
     'name': 'Rap1 signaling pathway - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa04024',
     'name': 'cAMP signaling pathway - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa04062',
     'name': 'Chemokine signaling pathway - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa04068',
     'name': 'FoxO signaling pathway - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa04150',
     'name': 'mTOR signaling pathway - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa04270',
     'name': 'Vascular smooth muscle contraction - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa04510', 'name': 'Focal adhesion - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa04650',
     'name': 'Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa04720',
     'name': 'Long-term potentiation - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa04722',
     'name': 'Neurotrophin signaling pathway - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa04726', 'name': 'Serotonergic synapse - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa04730', 'name': 'Long-term depression - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa04810',
     'name': 'Regulation of actin cytoskeleton - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa04910',
     'name': 'Insulin signaling pathway - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa04914',
     'name': 'Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa04934', 'name': 'Cushing,s syndrome - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa05034', 'name': 'Alcoholism - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa05160', 'name': 'Hepatitis C - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa05200', 'name': 'Pathways in cancer - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa05205',
     'name': 'Proteoglycans in cancer - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa05210', 'name': 'Colorectal cancer - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa05211', 'name': 'Renal cell carcinoma - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa05212', 'name': 'Pancreatic cancer - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa05213', 'name': 'Endometrial cancer - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa05214', 'name': 'Glioma - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa05215', 'name': 'Prostate cancer - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa05216', 'name': 'Thyroid cancer - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa05218', 'name': 'Melanoma - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa05219', 'name': 'Bladder cancer - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa05220',
     'name': 'Chronic myeloid leukemia - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa05221',
     'name': 'Acute myeloid leukemia - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa05223',
     'name': 'Non-small cell lung cancer - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa05224', 'name': 'Breast cancer - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa05225',
     'name': 'Hepatocellular carcinoma - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa05226', 'name': 'Gastric cancer - Homo sapiens (human)'}],
   'netpath': {'id': 'Pathway_EGFR1', 'name': 'EGFR1'},
   'pharmgkb': [{'id': 'PA165959425', 'name': 'Pathway_PA165959425'},
    {'id': 'PA165959584', 'name': 'Sorafenib Pharmacodynamics'},
    {'id': 'PA165980050', 'name': 'Vemurafenib Pathway, Pharmacodynamics'},
    {'id': 'PA165980050', 'name': 'update your name in edit mode'}],
   'pid': [{'id': 'cd8tcrdownstreampathway',
     'name': 'Downstream signaling in na&#xef;ve CD8+ T cells'},
    {'id': 'cdc42_pathway', 'name': 'CDC42 signaling events'},
    {'id': 'erbb1_downstream_pathway', 'name': 'ErbB1 downstream signaling'},
    {'id': 'fak_pathway',
     'name': 'Signaling events mediated by focal adhesion kinase'},
    {'id': 'mapktrkpathway',
     'name': 'Trk receptor signaling mediated by the MAPK pathway'},
    {'id': 'mtor_4pathway', 'name': 'mTOR signaling pathway'},
    {'id': 'pdgfrbpathway', 'name': 'PDGFR-beta signaling pathway'},
    {'id': 'tcrraspathway', 'name': 'Ras signaling in the CD4+ TCR pathway'},
    {'id': 'vegfr1_2_pathway',
     'name': 'Signaling events mediated by VEGFR1 and VEGFR2'}],
   'reactome': [{'id': 'R-HSA-112314',
     'name': 'Neurotransmitter receptors and postsynaptic signal transmission'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-112315', 'name': 'Transmission across Chemical Synapses'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-112316', 'name': 'Neuronal System'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-1295596', 'name': 'Spry regulation of FGF signaling'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-162582', 'name': 'Signal Transduction'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-162582', 'name': 'Signal Transduction'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-1643685', 'name': 'Disease'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-166520', 'name': 'Signaling by NTRKs'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-169893', 'name': 'Prolonged ERK activation events'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-170968', 'name': 'Frs2-mediated activation'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-170984', 'name': 'ARMS-mediated activation'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-187037', 'name': 'Signaling by NTRK1 (TRKA)'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-187687', 'name': 'Signalling to ERKs'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-187706', 'name': 'Signalling to p38 via RIT and RIN'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-190236', 'name': 'Signaling by FGFR'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-438064', 'name': 'Post NMDA receptor activation events'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-442742',
     'name': 'CREB phosphorylation through the activation of Ras'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-442755',
     'name': 'Activation of NMDA receptors and postsynaptic events'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-5654726', 'name': 'Negative regulation of FGFR1 signaling'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-5654727', 'name': 'Negative regulation of FGFR2 signaling'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-5654732', 'name': 'Negative regulation of FGFR3 signaling'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-5654733', 'name': 'Negative regulation of FGFR4 signaling'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-5654736', 'name': 'Signaling by FGFR1'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-5654738', 'name': 'Signaling by FGFR2'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-5654741', 'name': 'Signaling by FGFR3'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-5654743', 'name': 'Signaling by FGFR4'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-5663202', 'name': 'Diseases of signal transduction'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-5673000', 'name': 'RAF activation'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-5673001', 'name': 'RAF/MAP kinase cascade'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-5674135', 'name': 'MAP2K and MAPK activation'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-5674499',
     'name': 'Negative feedback regulation of MAPK pathway'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-5675221', 'name': 'Negative regulation of MAPK pathway'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-5683057', 'name': 'MAPK family signaling cascades'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-5684996', 'name': 'MAPK1/MAPK3 signaling'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-6802946',
     'name': 'Signaling by moderate kinase activity BRAF mutants'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-6802948',
     'name': 'Signaling by high-kinase activity BRAF mutants'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-6802949', 'name': 'Signaling by RAS mutants'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-6802952', 'name': 'Signaling by BRAF and RAF fusions'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-6802955',
     'name': 'Paradoxical activation of RAF signaling by kinase inactive BRAF'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-6802957', 'name': 'Oncogenic MAPK signaling'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-9006934', 'name': 'Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-9006934', 'name': 'Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases'}],
   'smpdb': [{'id': 'SMP00320',
     'name': 'Intracellular Signalling Through Adenosine Receptor A2a and Adenosine'},
    {'id': 'SMP00321',
     'name': 'Intracellular Signalling Through Adenosine Receptor A2b and Adenosine'}],
   'wikipathways': [{'id': 'WP185', 'name': 'Integrin-mediated Cell Adhesion'},
    {'id': 'WP2032',
     'name': 'Human Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) signaling pathway'},
    {'id': 'WP2261', 'name': 'Signaling Pathways in Glioblastoma'},
    {'id': 'WP23', 'name': 'B Cell Receptor Signaling Pathway'},
    {'id': 'WP2355',
     'name': 'Corticotropin-releasing hormone signaling pathway'},
    {'id': 'WP2512', 'name': 'Integrated Lung Cancer Pathway'},
    {'id': 'WP2571', 'name': 'Polycystic Kidney Disease Pathway'},
    {'id': 'WP2828', 'name': 'Bladder Cancer'},
    {'id': 'WP306', 'name': 'Focal Adhesion'},
    {'id': 'WP3676', 'name': 'BDNF-TrkB Signaling'},
    {'id': 'WP382', 'name': 'MAPK Signaling Pathway'},
    {'id': 'WP3929', 'name': 'Chemokine signaling pathway'},
    {'id': 'WP3931', 'name': 'ESC Pluripotency Pathways'},
    {'id': 'WP4155', 'name': 'Endometrial cancer'},
    {'id': 'WP4205', 'name': 'MET in type 1 papillary renal cell carcinoma'},
    {'id': 'WP4216',
     'name': 'Chromosomal and microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer'},
    {'id': 'WP422', 'name': 'MAPK Cascade'},
    {'id': 'WP437', 'name': 'EGF-EGFR Signaling Pathway'},
    {'id': 'WP51', 'name': 'Regulation of Actin Cytoskeleton'},
    {'id': 'WP615', 'name': 'Senescence and Autophagy in Cancer'},
    {'id': 'WP712', 'name': 'Estrogen signaling pathway'},
    {'id': 'WP722', 'name': 'Serotonin HTR1 Group and FOS Pathway'},
    {'id': 'WP734', 'name': 'Serotonin Receptor 4-6-7 and NR3C Signaling'}]},
  'pdb': ['1UWH',
   '1UWJ',
   '2FB8',
   '2L05',
   '3C4C',
   '3D4Q',
   '3IDP',
   '3II5',
   '3NY5',
   '3OG7',
   '3PPJ',
   '3PPK',
   '3PRF',
   '3PRI',
   '3PSB',
   '3PSD',
   '3Q4C',
   '3Q96',
   '3SKC',
   '3TV4',
   '3TV6',
   '4CQE',
   '4DBN',
   '4E26',
   '4E4X',
   '4EHE',
   '4EHG',
   '4FC0',
   '4FK3',
   '4G9C',
   '4G9R',
   '4H58',
   '4JVG',
   '4KSP',
   '4KSQ',
   '4MBJ',
   '4MNE',
   '4MNF',
   '4PP7',
   '4R5Y',
   '4RZV',
   '4RZW',
   '4WO5',
   '4XV1',
   '4XV2',
   '4XV3',
   '4XV9',
   '4YHT',
   '5C9C',
   '5CSW',
   '5CSX',
   '5CT7',
   '5FD2',
   '5HI2',
   '5HID',
   '5HIE',
   '5ITA',
   '5J17',
   '5J18',
   '5J2R',
   '5JRQ',
   '5JSM',
   '5JT2',
   '5VAL',
   '5VAM',
   '5VR3',
   '5VYK',
   '6B8U',
   '6CAD'],
  'pfam': ['PF00130', 'PF02196', 'PF07714'],
  'pharmgkb': 'PA25408',
  'pharos': {'target_id': 1932},
  'pir': 'A57977',
  'prosite': ['PS50011', 'PS50081', 'PS50898'],
  'reagent': {'GNF_Qia_hs-genome_v1_siRNA': [{'id': 'GNF246467',
     'relationship': 'is'},
    {'id': 'GNF246468', 'relationship': 'is'},
    {'id': 'GNF246469', 'relationship': 'is'},
    {'id': 'GNF246470', 'relationship': 'is'}],
   'GNF_hs-Origene': [{'id': 'GNF033097', 'relationship': 'similar to'},
    {'id': 'GNF036220', 'relationship': 'is'},
    {'id': 'GNF046927', 'relationship': 'weakly similar to'}],
   'GNF_hs-druggable_lenti-shRNA': [{'id': 'GNF092340', 'relationship': 'is'},
    {'id': 'GNF092341', 'relationship': 'is'},
    {'id': 'GNF092342', 'relationship': 'is'}],
   'GNF_hs-druggable_plasmid-shRNA': [{'id': 'GNF051312',
     'relationship': 'is'},
    {'id': 'GNF056078', 'relationship': 'is'},
    {'id': 'GNF060793', 'relationship': 'is'}],
   'GNF_hs-druggable_siRNA': [{'id': 'GNF067889', 'relationship': 'is'},
    {'id': 'GNF067890', 'relationship': 'is'}],
   'GNF_hs-pkinase_IDT-siRNA': [{'id': 'GNF165248', 'relationship': 'is'},
    {'id': 'GNF165249', 'relationship': 'is'},
    {'id': 'GNF165250', 'relationship': 'is'},
    {'id': 'GNF165251', 'relationship': 'is'}],
   'GNF_mm+hs-MGC': {'id': 'GNF279495', 'relationship': 'is'},
   'Invitrogen_IVTHSSIPKv2': [{'id': 'GNF324655', 'relationship': 'is'},
    {'id': 'GNF324656', 'relationship': 'is'}],
   'NIBRI_hs-Secretome_pDEST': {'id': 'GNF339157', 'relationship': 'is'},
   'NOVART_hs-genome_siRNA': [{'id': 'GNF092847', 'relationship': 'is'},
    {'id': 'GNF132545', 'relationship': 'is'}]},
  'refseq': {'genomic': ['NC_000007.14', 'NG_007873.3'],
   'protein': ['NP_001341538.1',
    'NP_004324.2',
    'XP_016868047.1',
    'XP_016868048.1'],
   'rna': ['NM_001354609.1',
    'NM_004333.5',
    'NR_148928.1',
    'XM_017012558.1',
    'XM_017012559.1',
    'XR_001744857.1',
    'XR_001744858.1'],
   'translation': [{'protein': 'XP_016868047.1', 'rna': 'XM_017012558.1'},
    {'protein': 'XP_016868048.1', 'rna': 'XM_017012559.1'},
    {'protein': 'NP_001341538.1', 'rna': 'NM_001354609.1'},
    {'protein': 'NP_004324.2', 'rna': 'NM_004333.5'}]},
  'reporter': {'HG-U133_Plus_2': ['206044_s_at',
    '226391_at',
    '236402_at',
    '243829_at'],
   'HG-U95Av2': ['1654_at', '40306_at'],
   'HG-U95B': '55694_at',
   'HTA-2_0': ['TC07001926.hg.1', 'TC07001927.hg.1', 'TC07003197.hg.1'],
   'HuEx-1_0': ['2320411', '3076340', '3982172'],
   'HuGene-1_1': ['7897745', '8143417'],
   'HuGene-2_1': ['16659054', '17063631']},
  'summary': 'This gene encodes a protein belonging to the RAF family of serine/threonine protein kinases. This protein plays a role in regulating the MAP kinase/ERK signaling pathway, which affects cell division, differentiation, and secretion. Mutations in this gene, most commonly the V600E mutation, are the most frequently identified cancer-causing mutations in melanoma, and have been identified in various other cancers as well, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma, colorectal cancer, thyroid carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, hairy cell leukemia and adenocarcinoma of lung. Mutations in this gene are also associated with cardiofaciocutaneous, Noonan, and Costello syndromes, which exhibit overlapping phenotypes. A pseudogene of this gene has been identified on the X chromosome. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017].',
  'symbol': 'BRAF',
  'taxid': 9606,
  'type_of_gene': 'protein-coding',
  'umls': {'cui': 'C0812241'},
  'unigene': ['Hs.550061', 'Hs.324250', 'Hs.600998', 'Hs.659507', 'Hs.684552'],
  'uniprot': {'Swiss-Prot': 'P15056',
   'TrEMBL': ['H7C4S5',
    'A0A2R8Y8E0',
    'A0A2U3TZI2',
    'A0A2R8Y492',
    'A0A2R8Y467',
    'H7C560',
    'A0A2R8Y679',
    'A0A2R8YES9',
    'H7C5K3',
    'A0A2R8YDP5']},
  'wikipedia': {'url_stub': 'BRAF (gene)'}},
 {'query': '1017',
  'HGNC': '1771',
  'MIM': '116953',
  'Vega': 'OTTHUMG00000170575',
  '_id': '1017',
  '_score': 20.411018,
  'accession': {'genomic': ['AC025162.48',
    'AC034102.32',
    'AF512553.1',
    'AJ223951.1',
    'CH471054.1',
    'KT584459.1',
    'NC_000012.12',
    'NG_034014.1',
    'U50730.2'],
   'protein': ['AAA35667.1',
    'AAH03065.1',
    'AAM34794.1',
    'AAP35467.1',
    'BAA32794.1',
    'BAF84630.1',
    'BAG56780.1',
    'CAA43807.1',
    'CAA43985.1',
    'EAW96856.1',
    'EAW96857.1',
    'EAW96858.1',
    'EAW96859.1',
    'EAW96860.1',
    'NP_001277159.1',
    'NP_001789.2',
    'NP_439892.2',
    'P24941.2',
    'XP_011536034.1'],
   'rna': ['AA789250.1',
    'AA810989.1',
    'AB012305.1',
    'AK291941.1',
    'AK293246.1',
    'BC003065.2',
    'BJ991087.1',
    'BT006821.1',
    'DA814453.1',
    'M68520.1',
    'NM_001290230.1',
    'NM_001798.4',
    'NM_052827.3',
    'X61622.1',
    'X62071.1',
    'XM_011537732.2'],
   'translation': [{'protein': 'BAA32794.1', 'rna': 'AB012305.1'},
    {'protein': 'BAF84630.1', 'rna': 'AK291941.1'},
    {'protein': 'BAG56780.1', 'rna': 'AK293246.1'},
    {'protein': 'AAA35667.1', 'rna': 'M68520.1'},
    {'protein': 'AAP35467.1', 'rna': 'BT006821.1'},
    {'protein': 'CAA43985.1', 'rna': 'X62071.1'},
    {'protein': 'AAH03065.1', 'rna': 'BC003065.2'},
    {'protein': 'XP_011536034.1', 'rna': 'XM_011537732.2'},
    {'protein': 'NP_001277159.1', 'rna': 'NM_001290230.1'},
    {'protein': 'NP_001789.2', 'rna': 'NM_001798.4'},
    {'protein': 'CAA43807.1', 'rna': 'X61622.1'},
    {'protein': 'NP_439892.2', 'rna': 'NM_052827.3'}]},
  'alias': ['CDKN2', 'p33(CDK2)'],
  'ec': '2.7.11.22',
  'ensembl': {'gene': 'ENSG00000123374',
   'protein': ['ENSP00000243067',
    'ENSP00000266970',
    'ENSP00000393605',
    'ENSP00000450983',
    'ENSP00000452138',
    'ENSP00000452514'],
   'transcript': ['ENST00000266970',
    'ENST00000354056',
    'ENST00000440311',
    'ENST00000553376',
    'ENST00000554545',
    'ENST00000554619',
    'ENST00000555357',
    'ENST00000555408',
    'ENST00000556146',
    'ENST00000556276',
    'ENST00000556464',
    'ENST00000556656'],
   'translation': [{'protein': 'ENSP00000266970', 'rna': 'ENST00000266970'},
    {'protein': 'ENSP00000450983', 'rna': 'ENST00000555408'},
    {'protein': 'ENSP00000452514', 'rna': 'ENST00000553376'},
    {'protein': 'ENSP00000393605', 'rna': 'ENST00000440311'},
    {'protein': 'ENSP00000452138', 'rna': 'ENST00000555357'},
    {'protein': 'ENSP00000243067', 'rna': 'ENST00000354056'}],
   'type_of_gene': 'protein_coding'},
  'entrezgene': '1017',
  'exac': {'all': {'exp_lof': 14.064243652,
    'exp_mis': 103.582926056,
    'exp_syn': 40.3209373824,
    'lof_z': 3.45076866809409,
    'mis_z': 3.05571457340068,
    'mu_lof': 1.02721752647e-06,
    'mu_mis': 9.19091133625e-06,
    'mu_syn': 3.45583178284e-06,
    'n_lof': 1.0,
    'n_mis': 40.0,
    'n_syn': 40.0,
    'p_li': 0.958299189494179,
    'p_null': 2.00659367791929e-05,
    'p_rec': 0.041680744569042,
    'syn_z': 0.0313334362386},
   'bp': 897,
   'cds_end': 56365409,
   'cds_start': 56360792,
   'n_exons': 7,
   'nonpsych': {'exp_lof': 12.5888844843,
    'exp_mis': 93.611933068,
    'exp_syn': 36.3537267212,
    'lof_z': 3.48454051513261,
    'mis_z': 2.89910545322279,
    'mu_lof': 1.02721752647e-06,
    'mu_mis': 9.19091133625e-06,
    'mu_syn': 3.45583178284e-06,
    'n_lof': 0.0,
    'n_mis': 38.0,
    'n_syn': 36.0,
    'p_li': 0.987477460052364,
    'p_null': 6.18333159581444e-06,
    'p_rec': 0.0125163566160399,
    'syn_z': 0.0369369403215127},
   'nontcga': {'exp_lof': 12.9253985908,
    'exp_mis': 95.282592769,
    'exp_syn': 37.0815586845,
    'lof_z': 3.27214293719079,
    'mis_z': 3.02573046413952,
    'mu_lof': 1.02721752647e-06,
    'mu_mis': 9.19091133625e-06,
    'mu_syn': 3.45583178284e-06,
    'n_lof': 1.0,
    'n_mis': 36.0,
    'n_syn': 38.0,
    'p_li': 0.939863326722736,
    'p_null': 5.01892923357667e-05,
    'p_rec': 0.0600864839849285,
    'syn_z': -0.0954979610569747},
   'transcript': 'ENST00000266970.4'},
  'exons': [{'cdsend': 55971625,
    'cdsstart': 55967008,
    'chr': '12',
    'position': [[55966768, 55967124],
     [55968048, 55968169],
     [55968777, 55968948],
     [55971043, 55971247],
     [55971520, 55972789]],
    'strand': 1,
    'transcript': 'NM_001290230',
    'txend': 55972789,
    'txstart': 55966768},
   {'cdsend': 55971625,
    'cdsstart': 55967008,
    'chr': '12',
    'position': [[55966768, 55967124],
     [55967856, 55967934],
     [55968048, 55968169],
     [55968777, 55968948],
     [55969474, 55969576],
     [55971043, 55971247],
     [55971520, 55972789]],
    'strand': 1,
    'transcript': 'NM_001798',
    'txend': 55972789,
    'txstart': 55966768},
   {'cdsend': 55971625,
    'cdsstart': 55967008,
    'chr': '12',
    'position': [[55966768, 55967124],
     [55967856, 55967934],
     [55968048, 55968169],
     [55968777, 55968948],
     [55971043, 55971247],
     [55971520, 55972789]],
    'strand': 1,
    'transcript': 'NM_052827',
    'txend': 55972789,
    'txstart': 55966768}],
  'exons_hg19': [{'cdsend': 56365409,
    'cdsstart': 56360792,
    'chr': '12',
    'position': [[56360552, 56360908],
     [56361832, 56361953],
     [56362561, 56362732],
     [56364827, 56365031],
     [56365304, 56366573]],
    'strand': 1,
    'transcript': 'NM_001290230',
    'txend': 56366573,
    'txstart': 56360552},
   {'cdsend': 56365409,
    'cdsstart': 56360792,
    'chr': '12',
    'position': [[56360552, 56360908],
     [56361640, 56361718],
     [56361832, 56361953],
     [56362561, 56362732],
     [56363258, 56363360],
     [56364827, 56365031],
     [56365304, 56366573]],
    'strand': 1,
    'transcript': 'NM_001798',
    'txend': 56366573,
    'txstart': 56360552},
   {'cdsend': 56365409,
    'cdsstart': 56360792,
    'chr': '12',
    'position': [[56360552, 56360908],
     [56361640, 56361718],
     [56361832, 56361953],
     [56362561, 56362732],
     [56364827, 56365031],
     [56365304, 56366573]],
    'strand': 1,
    'transcript': 'NM_052827',
    'txend': 56366573,
    'txstart': 56360552}],
  'generif': [{'pubmed': 11907280,
    'text': 'Cyclin A/Cdk2 and cyclin E/cdk2 continuously shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm'},
   {'pubmed': 12049628,
    'text': 'results argue that TTK-associated CDK2 may function to maintain target-specific phosphorylation of RNA Pol II that is essential for Tat transactivation of HIV-1 promoter'},
   {'pubmed': 12081504,
    'text': 'Activation mechanism role of cyclin binding versus phosphorylation'},
   {'pubmed': 12114499,
    'text': 'CDK2/cyclin E is required for Tat-dependent transcription in vitro.'},
   {'pubmed': 12149264,
    'text': 'CDK2 binding to cyclin E is required to drive cells from G(1) into S phase'},
   {'pubmed': 12531694,
    'text': 'Interferon gamma reduces the activity of Cdk4 and Cdk2, inhibiting he G1 cell cycle in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.'},
   {'pubmed': 12676582,
    'text': 'CDK2 is not required for sustained cell division.'},
   {'pubmed': 12729791,
    'text': 'Data suggest that the interaction between PKCeta and cyclin E is carefully regulated, and is correlated with the inactivated form of the cyclin E/Cdk2 complex.'},
   {'pubmed': 12732645,
    'text': 'IRF1 represses CDK2 gene expression by interfering with SP1-dependent transcriptional activation.'},
   {'pubmed': 12801928, 'text': 'role in regulating Cdc25A half life'},
   {'pubmed': 12810668,
    'text': 'TGF-beta 1 inhibition requires early G(1) induction and stabilization of p21 protein, which binds to & inhibits cyclin E-CDK2 and cyclin A-CDK2 kinase activity rather than direct modulation of cyclin or CDK protein levels as seen in other systems.'},
   {'pubmed': 12857729,
    'text': 'Cdk2 has a role in phosphorylation of the NF-Y transcription factor'},
   {'pubmed': 12912980,
    'text': 'CDK2 has a role in the G2 DNA damage checkpoint'},
   {'pubmed': 12915577,
    'text': "Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K-bZIP physically associates with cyclin-CDK2 and downmodulates its kinase activity."},
   {'pubmed': 12947099,
    'text': 'it is evident that B-Myb protein may promote cell proliferation by a non-transcriptional mechanism that involves release of active cyclin/cyclin dependent kinase 2 from cyclin-dependent inhibitor 1C p57(KIP2)'},
   {'pubmed': 12954644,
    'text': 'Inhibition of Cdk2 by 1,25-(OH)2D3 may thus involve two mechanisms: 1) reduced nuclear Cdk2 available for cyclin binding and activation and 2) impairment of cyclin E-Cdk2-dependent p27 degradation through cytoplasmic mislocalization of Cdk2.'},
   {'pubmed': 14506259,
    'text': 'kinetic insight into the basis for selecting suboptimal specificity determinants for the phosphorylation of cellular substrates'},
   {'pubmed': 14536078,
    'text': 'multisite phosphorylation by Cdk2 and GSK3 controls cyclin E degradation'},
   {'pubmed': 14550307, 'text': 'CDK2 binds to SU9516 at Leu83 and Glu81'},
   {'pubmed': 14551212,
    'text': 'CDK2 activation process through phosphorylation is examined using 2D PAGE'},
   {'pubmed': 14562046,
    'text': 'Epstein-Barr virus can inhibit genotoxin-induced G1 arrest downstream of p53 by preventing the inactivation of CDK2'},
   {'pubmed': 14612403,
    'text': 'p220 is an essential downstream component of the cyclin E/Cdk2 signaling pathway and functions to coordinate multiple elements of the G1/S transition.'},
   {'pubmed': 14645251,
    'text': 'CDK2-cyclin E, without prior CDK4-cyclin D activity, can phosphorylate and inactivate pRb, activate E2F, and induce DNA synthesis.'},
   {'pubmed': 14646596,
    'text': 'significant difference in their biochemical properties between CDK4/cyclin D1 and CDK2/cyclin A affecting regulation of cellular RB function'},
   {'pubmed': 14694185,
    'text': 'cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)2, -4, and -6 were down-regulated from the myelocytes/metamyelocytes stages and onward'},
   {'pubmed': 14701826,
    'text': 'CDK2 complexes have roles in G(1)/S deregulation and tumor progression'},
   {'pubmed': 14985333,
    'text': 'CDK2 regulates beta-catenin phosphorylation/ degradation'},
   {'pubmed': 15004027,
    'text': 'Cdk2 and Cdk4 phosphorylate human Cdt1 and induce its degradation'},
   {'pubmed': 15024385,
    'text': 'Binding to Cdk2-cyclin A is accompanied by p27 folding, and kinetic data suggest a sequential mechanism that is initiated by binding to cyclin A'},
   {'pubmed': 15063782,
    'text': 'We also found that cyclin A/CDK2 phosphorylates Axin, thereby enhancing its association with beta-catenin.'},
   {'pubmed': 15159402,
    'text': 'study provides evidence that the cyclin A1-cyclin dependent kinase 2 complex plays a role in several signaling pathways important for cell cycle control and meiosis'},
   {'pubmed': 15178429, 'text': 'interacts with dephosphorylated NIRF'},
   {'pubmed': 15199159,
    'text': 'cyclin A-cdk2 plays an ancillary noncatalytic role in the ubiquitination of p27(KIP1) by the SCF(skp2) complex'},
   {'pubmed': 15226429,
    'text': 'Results identify an important role for CDK2 in the maintenance of genomic stability, acting via an ATM- and ATR-dependent pathway.'},
   {'pubmed': 15309028,
    'text': 'after CDK4/6 inactivation, the fate of pancreatic tumor cells depends on the ability to modulate CDK2 activity'},
   {'pubmed': 15355984,
    'text': 'Data suggest that cyclin D1-Cdk2 complexes mediate some of the transforming effects of cyclin D1 and demonstrate that the cyclin D1-Cdk2 fusion protein is a useful model to investigate the biological functions of cyclin D1-Cdk2 complexes.'},
   {'pubmed': 15456866,
    'text': 'These findings establish a novel function for cyclin A1 and CDK2 in DNA double strand break repair following radiation damage.'},
   {'pubmed': 15572662,
    'text': 'Phosphborylation of progesterone receptor serine 400 mediates ligand-independent transcriptional activity in response to activation of CDK2.'},
   {'pubmed': 15601848,
    'text': 'cyclin A/Cdk2 has a role as a progesterone receptor coactivator'},
   {'pubmed': 15607961,
    'text': 'CDK2 depletion suppressed growth and cell cycle progression in melanoma and may be a suitable drug target in melanoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 15611077,
    'text': 'Inhibition of CDK2 kinase by indole-3-carbinol is accompanied by selective alterations in cyclin E composition.'},
   {'pubmed': 15632290,
    'text': 'molecular dynamics study on the complex CDK2 with the peptide substrate HHASPRK'},
   {'pubmed': 15649889,
    'text': 'Results demonstrate that a peptide derived from the alpha5 helix of cyclin A significantly inhibits kinase activity of complexes harboring CDK2, and forms stable complexes with CDK2-cyclin A.'},
   {'pubmed': 15660127,
    'text': 'crystal structure of phospho-CDK2 in complex with a truncated cyclin E1 (residues 81-363) at 2.25 A resolution'},
   {'pubmed': 15665273,
    'text': 'CDK2-BRCA1-Nucleophosmin pathway coordinately functions in cell growth and tumor progression pathways.'},
   {'pubmed': 15671017,
    'text': 'HTm4 binding to KAP.Cdk2.cyclin A complex enhances the phosphatase activity of KAP, dissociates cyclin A, and facilitates KAP dephosphorylation of Cdk2'},
   {'pubmed': 15695825,
    'text': 'Results present a comprehensive description of the dynamic behavior of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 in complex with cyclin A.'},
   {'pubmed': 15707957,
    'text': 'Puralpha has been shown to colocalize with cyclin A/Cdk2 and to coimmunoprecipitate with cyclin A during S-phase and we show that this interaction is mediated by a specific affinity of Puralpha for Cdk2.'},
   {'pubmed': 15890360,
    'text': 'Rapid binding of p27 domain 1 to cyclin A tethers the inhibitor to the binary Cdk2/cyclin A complex'},
   {'pubmed': 15922732,
    'text': 'CDK2 translational down-regulation may be a key regulatory event in replicative senescence of endothelial cells.'},
   {'pubmed': 15944161,
    'text': 'origin recognition complex 2 has an unexpected role in CDK2 activation, a linkage that could be important for maintaining genomic stability'},
   {'pubmed': 15964852,
    'text': 'Cdk2 destabilizes p21 via the cy2 cyclin-binding motif and p21 phosphorylation'},
   {'pubmed': 16036217,
    'text': 'Our results demonstrate that differential regulation of Cdc2 and Cdk2 activity by different doses of doxorubicin may contribute to the induction of two modes of cell death in hepatoma cells, either apoptosis or cell death through mitotic catastrophe.'},
   {'pubmed': 16082200,
    'text': 'CINP is part of the Cdc7-dependent mechanism of origin firing and a functional and physical link between Cdk2 and Cdc7 complexes at the origins'},
   {'pubmed': 16082227,
    'text': 'CDK2 inhibition modifies the dynamics of chromatin-bound minichromosome maintenance complex and replication protein A'},
   {'pubmed': 16085226,
    'text': 'results indicate that CDK2 participates in Tat-mediated HIV-1 transcription and may serve as a potential therapeutic target'},
   {'pubmed': 16150942,
    'text': 'Cdk2 inhibition decreases the efficiency of chemical induction of KSHV lytic transcripts ORF 50 and 26. Importantly, Cdk2 activity is also essential for replication in other human herpesviruses'},
   {'pubmed': 16258277,
    'text': 'A new concept indicates in this review that both Cdk2 and/or Cdc2 can drive cells through G1/S phase in parallel.'},
   {'pubmed': 16262700,
    'text': 'Cdk2 dependent phosphorylation(s) cannot be a critical trigger of replicon initiation in response to reoxygenation after several hours of hypoxia, at least in the T24 cells studied'},
   {'pubmed': 16343435,
    'text': 'We propose that during TNFalpha-induced apoptosis, PKCdelta-mediated phosphorylation of p21(WAF1/CIP1) at (146)Ser attenuates the Cdk2 binding of p21(WAF1/CIP1) and thereby upregulates Cdk2 activity.'},
   {'pubmed': 16407256,
    'text': 'molecular analysis of the CDK5/p25 and CDK2/cyclin A systems'},
   {'pubmed': 16504183,
    'text': 'Cyclin-dependent kinases regulate the transcriptional activity of FOXM1c; a combination of three phosphorylation sites mediates the Cyclin E and Cyclin A/CDK2 effects.'},
   {'pubmed': 16540140,
    'text': 'Here, we show that human papillomavirus type 16 16E1--E4 is also able to associate with cyclin A and Cdk2 during the G2 phase of the cell cycle.'},
   {'pubmed': 16575928,
    'text': 'The interaction between roscovitine and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (cdk2) was investigated by performing correlated ab initio quantum-chemical calculations.'},
   {'pubmed': 16707497,
    'text': 'the phospho-CDK2/cyclin A recruitment site has a role in substrate recognition'},
   {'pubmed': 16762841,
    'text': 'Phosphorylation of the linker histone H1 by CDK regulates its binding to HP1alpha'},
   {'pubmed': 16765349,
    'text': 'suggest a novel retinoic acid (RA)-signaling, by which RA-induced p21 induction and complex formation with cyclin E/CDK2 diverts CDK2 function from normally driving proliferation to alternatively promoting apoptosis'},
   {'pubmed': 16824683,
    'text': 'Membrane depolarization may stimulate cellular proliferation by augmenting the expression of cyclin E leading to increases in Cdk2 activity and RB phosphorylation in a neuroblastoma cell line.'},
   {'pubmed': 16912045,
    'text': 'the Chk1-mediated S-phase checkpoint targets initiation factor Cdc45 via a Cdc25A/Cdk2-independent mechanism'},
   {'pubmed': 16912201,
    'text': 'Breast cancer cells lacking cancer predisposition genes BRCA1 are more sensitive to CDK2 inhibitors.'},
   {'pubmed': 17001081,
    'text': 'analysis of the NBI1-binding site on cyclin A which inhibits the catalytic activity of the complex cyclin-dependent kinase 2-cyclin A'},
   {'pubmed': 17013093,
    'text': 'progression of melanoma is associated with changes in CDK-2 expression level'},
   {'pubmed': 17038621,
    'text': 'functional interaction between CDK2 and FOXO1 provides a mechanism that regulates apoptotic cell death after DNA strand breakage'},
   {'pubmed': 17095507,
    'text': 'Kinetic and crystallographic analyses of CDK2-cyclin A complexes reveal that this inhibitory mechanism operates through steric blockade of peptide substrate binding.'},
   {'pubmed': 17207508,
    'text': 'Review highlights an alternative role for CDK2 in the regulation of progesterone receptor signaling.'},
   {'pubmed': 17293600,
    'text': 'TopBP1 necessary for the G(1)/S transition: one for activating cyclin E/CDK2 kinase and the other for loading replication components onto chromatin to initiate DNA synthesis.'},
   {'pubmed': 17361108,
    'text': 'Our results demonstrate that CDK2 is capable of autophosphorylation at Thr160.'},
   {'pubmed': 17371838,
    'text': 'results argue that Mdm2 is needed for full inhibition of Cdk2 activity by p21, thereby positively contributing to p53-dependent cell cycle arrest'},
   {'pubmed': 17386261,
    'text': 'Both Cdk1 and -2 require cyclin binding and T loop phosphorylation for full activity.'},
   {'pubmed': 17409409,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 17495531,
    'text': 'The structure of phospho-CDK2/cyclin B is reported. pCDK2/cyclin B is less discriminatory in substrate recognition than CDK2/cyclin A & has properties of both an S-phase & an M-phase kinase. CDK2/cyclin B is effective against S phase substrates.'},
   {'pubmed': 17638878,
    'text': 'ATRIP is a CDK2 substrate, and CDK2-dependent phosphorylation of S224 regulates the ability of ATR-ATRIP to promote cell cycle arrest in response to DNA damage'},
   {'pubmed': 17713927,
    'text': 'Phosphorylation on a conserved Thr14 can inhibit activities of both the kinases, but phosphorylating another conserved Tyr15, however, can lead to totally opposite inhibition and stimulation consequences in CDK2 and CDK5.'},
   {'pubmed': 18042686,
    'text': 'The conserved rigid regions are important for nucleotide binding, catalysis, and substrate recognition; most flexible regions correlate with those where large conformational changes occur during CDK2 regulation processes.'},
   {'pubmed': 18156799,
    'text': 'cdk2 activity is necessary for the survival of human DLBCL.'},
   {'pubmed': 18174243,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 18199752,
    'text': 'major Cdk2-dependent multiple gene regulatory events are present in pemphigus vulgar'},
   {'pubmed': 18202766,
    'text': 'serum starvation induces G1 arrest through suppression of Skp2-dependent CDK2 activity and Skp2-independent CDK4 activity in human SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cells'},
   {'pubmed': 18208561,
    'text': 'growth arrest by SmE directly correlates with the reduction of cyclin E, CDK2, CDC25C and CDC2 expression, and up-regulation of p27Kip'},
   {'pubmed': 18236071,
    'text': 'Findings strongly demonstrate that retinoblastoma (RB) and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) on one side and cytokeratin 8 (CK8) and epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) on the other may affect the clinical course of the disease in 56% of patients.'},
   {'pubmed': 18276582,
    'text': 'Cyclin E and SV40 small T antigen cooperate to bypass quiescence and contribute to transformation by activating CDK2 in human fibroblasts'},
   {'pubmed': 18281541,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 18345036,
    'text': 'Bim-mediated apoptosis following actin damage due to deregulation of Cdk2 and the cell cycle by the absence of functional p53.'},
   {'pubmed': 18372919,
    'text': 'G2 phase cyclin A/cdk2 controls the timing of entry into mitosis by controlling the subsequent activation of cyclin B/cdk1, but also has an unexpected role in coordinating the activation of cyclin B/cdk1 at the centrosome and in the nucleus'},
   {'pubmed': 18400748,
    'text': 'disruption of the spindle-assembly checkpoint does not directly influence p53 activation, but the shortening of the mitotic arrest allows cyclin E-CDK2 to be activated before the accumulation of p21(CIP1/WAF1).'},
   {'pubmed': 18408738,
    'text': 'Results suggest that GSK-3 regulates nuclear p27 Kip1 expression through downregulation of Skp2 expression and regulates p27 Kip1 assembly with CDK2, playing a critical role in the G0/G1 arrest associated with intestinal cell differentiation.'},
   {'pubmed': 18470542,
    'text': 'The structures of fully active cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (CDK2)complexed with ATP and peptide substrate, CDK2 after the catalytic reaction, and CDK2 inhibited by phosphorylation at Thr14/Tyr15 were studied using molecular dynamics simulations.'},
   {'pubmed': 18507837,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 18617527,
    'text': 'Cdk2-associated complexes, by targeting SHP-1 for proteolysis, counteract the ability of SHP-1 to block cell cycle progression of intestinal epithelial cells'},
   {'pubmed': 18635963,
    'text': 'Cyclin A-CDK activity during G(1) would result in an inhibition of progression into the S phase.'},
   {'pubmed': 18667424,
    'text': 'the cyclin A-CDK2 complex may be a potential effector of NFATs, specifically NFATc1, in mediating SMC multiplication leading to neointima formation.'},
   {'pubmed': 18784074,
    'text': 'Cdk2 negatively regulates the activity of hPXR, and suggest an important role for Cdk2 in regulating hPXR activity and CYP3A4 expression in hepatocytes passing through the cell cycle'},
   {'pubmed': 18806832,
    'text': 'This suggests an important role for CDK2 in cell cycle regulation in hESCs that are likely to bear significant impacts on the maintenance of their pluripotent phenotype.'},
   {'pubmed': 18941885,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19061641,
    'text': 'Cyclin A assembles with Cdk1 only after complex formation with Cdk2 reaches a plateau during late S and G2 phases.'},
   {'pubmed': 19066288,
    'text': 'These findings establish phosphorylation events by CDKs 1 and 2 as key regulators of Discs Large 1 localisation and function.'},
   {'pubmed': 19091404,
    'text': 'Notch-1 may be mediated through regulating the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins cyclin D1, CDK2 and p21 and the activity of Akt signaling'},
   {'pubmed': 19101503,
    'text': 'These results demonstrate that double phosphorylation of CDK2 peptides increases the stoichiometry of metal ion binding, and hence may contribute to the previously observed regulation of CDK2 activity by metal ions.'},
   {'pubmed': 19103742,
    'text': 'the pathway of apoptin-induced apoptosis and show that it essentially depends on abnormal phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase)/Akt activation, resulting in the activation of the cyclin-dependent kinase CDK2'},
   {'pubmed': 19124506,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19166026,
    'text': 'Overexpression of CDK2 was strongly correlated with abnormal proliferation in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 19197163,
    'text': 'Results show that human Cdk2 is a functional homolog for most of Ime2 functions.'},
   {'pubmed': 19201832,
    'text': 'disruption of Smad2 function by CDK2 phosphorylation acts as a mechanism for TGF-beta resistance in multiple myeloma.'},
   {'pubmed': 19258477,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19258477,
    'text': 'Strengthened signals in imputation-based analysis at CDK2 SNPs rs2069391, rs2069414 and rs17528736 lend evidence to the role of cell cycle genes in ovarian cancer etiology.'},
   {'pubmed': 19321444,
    'text': 'The combination of st and deregulated cyclin E result in cooperative and coordinated activation of both an essential origin licensing factor, CDC6, and an activity required for origin firing, CDK2, resulting in progression from quiescence to S phase.'},
   {'pubmed': 19440053,
    'text': 'Co-depletion of Cdc6 and p53 in normal cells restored Cdk2 activation and Rb phosphorylation, permitting them to enter S phase with a reduced rate of replication.'},
   {'pubmed': 19594747,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19596857,
    'text': 'resistance of oral squamous carcinoma to IFNgamma is not due to deficiency in STAT1-dependent signaling but from a defect in the signaling component that mediates IFNgamma-induced down-regulation of CcnA2 and Cdk2 expression'},
   {'pubmed': 19609547,
    'text': 'Four genes previously not examined in that respect in laryngeal carcinoma, occurred to be good markers of the neoplasm. They are: metal-proteinase ADAM12, cyclin-dependent kinase 2-CDK2, kinesin 14-KIF14, suppressor 1 of checkpoint-CHES1.'},
   {'pubmed': 19631451,
    'text': 'Data demonstrate that the novel anticancer mechanism of hinokitiol involves accumulation of p27, down-regulation of pRb, Skp2, and impairment of Cdk2 function.'},
   {'pubmed': 19703905,
    'text': 'cyclin A/cdk2-dependent phosphorylation of APC affects astral microtubule attachment to the cortical surface in mitosis'},
   {'pubmed': 19706521,
    'text': 'Results suggest that simple but robust rules encoded in the CDK2 structure play a dominant role in predefining the mechanisms of ligand binding, which may be advantageously exploited in designing inhibitors.'},
   {'pubmed': 19723060,
    'text': 'Studies indicate that roscovitine arrests the cell cycle is direct inhibition of CDK1, a mitotic regulator, and CDK2, involved in G1/S transition.'},
   {'pubmed': 19724860,
    'text': 'Overexpression of Notch1 in laryngeal carcinoma cell line was coupled with the downregulation of cdk2'},
   {'pubmed': 19738611,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 19797611,
    'text': 'results show that the expression of UGT1A1 and CYP2B6 is negatively regulated through a CDK2 signaling pathway linked to cell cycle progression in HepG2 and SW480 cells'},
   {'pubmed': 19822658,
    'text': 'Results underscore the crucial role of cyclin A2-CDK2 in regulating the PLK1-SCF(beta-TrCP1)-EMI1-APC/C axis and CDC6 to trigger genome reduplication after the activity of CDK1 is suppressed.'},
   {'pubmed': 19829063,
    'text': 'Since CAC1 interacts with CDK2 and promotes the kinase activity of CDK2 protein, we propose that CAC1 is a novel cell cycle associated protein capable of promoting cell proliferation.'},
   {'pubmed': 19838212,
    'text': 'Chk1 signalling causes centrosome amplification after ionizing radiation by upregulating Cdk2 activity through activating phosphorylation.'},
   {'pubmed': 19838216,
    'text': 'Data show that SHP-1 knockdown increases p27stability, decreases the CDK6 levels, inducing retinoblastoma protein hypophosphorylation, downregulation of cyclin E and thereby a decrease in the CDK2 activity.'},
   {'pubmed': 19854217,
    'text': 'expression upregulation is critical for TLR9-stimulated proliferation of kung cancer cells'},
   {'pubmed': 19858290,
    'text': 'Export was also reduced by Cdk inhibition or cyclin A RNA interference, suggesting that cyclin A/Cdk complexes contribute to Wee1 export.'},
   {'pubmed': 19885547,
    'text': 'aberrant regulation of S100P in HCC might activate cyclin D1 and CDK expression and contribute to the mitogenic potential of tumor cells during Hepatocellular carcinoma carcinogenesis.'},
   {'pubmed': 19960406,
    'text': 'Cellular production of IGFBP-3 leads to G1 cell cycle arrest with inhibition of CDK2 and CDK4.'},
   {'pubmed': 19966300,
    'text': 'Data show that Myc repressed Ras-induced senescence, and that Cdk2 interacted with Myc at promoters, where it affected Myc-dependent regulation of genes, including those of proteins known to control senescence.'},
   {'pubmed': 20017906, 'text': 'FUS-DDIT3 and the normal DDIT3 bind CDK2.'},
   {'pubmed': 20062077,
    'text': 'Results directly show that the inhibition of Cdk1 activity and the persistence of Cdk2 activity in G2 cells induces endoreplication without mitosis.'},
   {'pubmed': 20068231,
    'text': 'Results show that most of the up-regulated sites phosphorylated by cyclin-dependent CDK1 or CDK2 were almost fully phosphorylated in mitotic cells.'},
   {'pubmed': 20079829,
    'text': 'the nitric oxide-mediated biphasic effect was dependent on Cdk2 nitrosylation/activation and the loss of mitochondrial potential'},
   {'pubmed': 20147522,
    'text': 'central roles for CDK2 nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking and cyclin E in the mechanism of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)-mediated growth inhibition in prostate cancer cells'},
   {'pubmed': 20195506,
    'text': 'These findings demonstrate that Cdk2 maintains a balance of S-phase regulatory proteins and thereby coordinates subsequent p53-independent G(2)/M checkpoint activation.'},
   {'pubmed': 20399812,
    'text': 'Data describe the properties of a mutant form of Cdk2 identified during large-scale sequencing of protein kinases from cancerous tissue.'},
   {'pubmed': 20422243,
    'text': 'Triticum aestivum-5B2 (( Ta ) 5B2) is suggested to be a wheat analogue of human CDK2 enzyme.'},
   {'pubmed': 20444741,
    'text': 'Conclude that cisplatin likely activates both caspase-dependent and -independent cell death, and Cdk2 is required for both pathways.'},
   {'pubmed': 20465575,
    'text': 'In addition to having a pivotal role in the up-regulation of IL-2 and IL-2RA gene expression, IKK controls the expression of cyclin D3, cyclin E and CDK2, and the stability SKP2 and its co-factor CKS1B, through mechanisms independent of IL-2.'},
   {'pubmed': 20508983,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 20512928,
    'text': 'Hr and VDR interact via multiple protein-protein interfaces, catalyzing histone demethylation to effect chromatin remodeling and repress the transcription of VDR target genes that control the hair cycle.'},
   {'pubmed': 20694007,
    'text': 'protein phosphatase 1 competition with Cdk-cyclins for retinoblastoma protein(Rb) binding is sufficient to retain Rb activity and block cell-cycle advancement.'},
   {'pubmed': 20711190,
    'text': 'cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), especially Cdk1 and Cdk2, promote interphase nuclear pore complex formation in human dividing cells.'},
   {'pubmed': 20844047,
    'text': 'Nuclear export of HPV31 E1 is inhibited by Cdk2 phosphorylation at two serines residues, S92 and S106.'},
   {'pubmed': 20935635,
    'text': 'The results demonstrate that CDK2-mediated phosphorylation is a key mechanism governing EZH2 function and that there is a link between the cell-cycle machinery and epigenetic gene silencing.'},
   {'pubmed': 21048031,
    'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
   {'pubmed': 21062975,
    'text': 'Data show that miR-302 simultaneously suppressed both the cyclin E-CDK2 and cyclin D-CDK4/6 pathways to block>70% of the G1-S cell cycle transition.'},
   {'pubmed': 21099355,
    'text': 'Overexpression of human Cdk2 resulted in a defect in the G1 to S transition and a reduction in viability.'},
   {'pubmed': 21233845,
    'text': 'MicroRNA miR-885-5p targets CDK2 and MCM5, activates p53 and inhibits proliferation and survival.'},
   {'pubmed': 21262353,
    'text': 'Cdk2 functions via a Cdk2/SHP-1/beta-catenin/CEACAM1 axis, and show that Cdk2 has the capacity to regulate insulin internalization.'},
   {'pubmed': 21264535,
    'text': 'XPD may play an important role in cell apoptosis of hepatoma by inducing an over-expression of p53, but suppressing expressions of c-myc and cdk2'},
   {'pubmed': 21319273,
    'text': 'CDK2 downregulation causes high apoptosis at the early time points'},
   {'pubmed': 21325496,
    'text': 'Conclude that in cisplatin induced-kidney injury phosphorylation of p21 by Cdk2 limits the effectiveness of p21 to inhibit Cdk2.'},
   {'pubmed': 21454540,
    'text': 'the ability of Emi1 to inhibit APC/C is negatively regulated by CDKs'},
   {'pubmed': 21515670,
    'text': 'cyclin E and CDK2 genes are key physiological effectors of the c-ETS1 proto-oncogene. Furthermore, c-ETS1 is indispensable for the hepatotropic action of HBx in cell cycle deregulation.'},
   {'pubmed': 21565702,
    'text': 'Transient binding of a second catalytic magnesium activates the structure and dynamics of CDK2 kinase for catalysis.'},
   {'pubmed': 21596315,
    'text': 'The deubiquitinase USP37 binds CDH1 and removes degradative polyubiquitin from cyclin A. USP37 was induced by E2F factors in G1, peaked at G1/S, and was degraded in late mitosis. Phosphorylation of USP37 by CDK2 stimulated its full activity.'},
   {'pubmed': 21646351,
    'text': 'anti-oncogenic role of miR-372 may be through control of cell growth and cell cycle progression by down-regulating the cell cycle genes CDK2 and cyclin A1'},
   {'pubmed': 21658603, 'text': 'Cdk2 is required for cell proliferation.'},
   {'pubmed': 21769424,
    'text': 'RT-PCR and Western blotting results revealed that both mRNA and protein levels of CDK2 were significantly higher in tumor tissues.'},
   {'pubmed': 21871181,
    'text': 'NF-Y binds to CCAAT sequences in the Cyclin A promoter, as well as to those in the promoters of cell cycle G2 regulators such as CDC2, Cyclin B and CDC25C.'},
   {'pubmed': 21918011,
    'text': 'Epstein-Barr virus Rta-mediated transactivation of p21 and 14-3-3sigma arrests cells at the G1/S transition by reducing cyclin E/CDK2 activity.'},
   {'pubmed': 21941773,
    'text': 'The expression level of CDK2 protein did not change significantly in silica-induced human embryo lung fibroblasts.'},
   {'pubmed': 21965652,
    'text': 'excess of MCM3 up-regulates the phosphorylation of CHK1 Ser-345 and CDK2 Thr-14.'},
   {'pubmed': 22084169,
    'text': 'The S-phase-specific cyclin-dependent kinase 2 was required for robust activation of ATR in response to diverse chemotherapeutic agents.'},
   {'pubmed': 22231403,
    'text': 'The authors show that, in human and mouse, Mre11 controls these events through a direct interaction with CDK2 that is required for CtIP phosphorylation and BRCA1 interaction in normally dividing cells.'},
   {'pubmed': 22467868,
    'text': 'Lin-28 homologue A (LIN28A) promotes cell cycle progression via regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), cyclin D1 (CCND1), and cell division cycle 25 homolog A (CDC25A) expression in cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 22474407,
    'text': 'CDK2 inhibition drastically diminishes anchorage-independent growth of human cancer cells and cells transformed with various oncogenes'},
   {'pubmed': 22479189,
    'text': 'low molecular weight cyclin E (LMW-E) requires CDK2-associated kinase activity to induce mammary tumor formation by disrupting acinar development'},
   {'pubmed': 22673765,
    'text': 'The activation of p21(Waf1/Cip1) was significantly up-regulated over time, but there was no change in the level of CDK2 expression by treatment of HEK293 cells with various concentrations of veterinary antibiotics.'},
   {'pubmed': 22718829,
    'text': 'Human cytomegalovirus IE1/2 expression was downregulated by cyclin A2, CDK1 and CDK2.'},
   {'pubmed': 22819841,
    'text': 'exposure of cancer cells (such as HeLa and MCF7 cells) to H2O2 increased CDK2 activity with no accompanying change in the PCNA level, leading to cell proliferation.'},
   {'pubmed': 22927831,
    'text': 'By a chemical-genetic approach study identified Nbs1 as a target of Cdk2, and mapped the phosphorylation to a conserved CDK consensus recognition site.'},
   {'pubmed': 22951823,
    'text': 'cellular CDK2 phosphorylates the functionally critical S/T-P sites of the hepadnavirus core CTD and is incorporated into viral capsids'},
   {'pubmed': 23028682,
    'text': 'cyclin A-Cdk2 regulates apoptosis through a mechanism that involves Rad9phosphorylation'},
   {'pubmed': 23065011,
    'text': 'human papillomavirus E4 proteins can interact with cyclin A and cdk2, which may contribute to viral manipulation of the host cell cycle.'},
   {'pubmed': 23082202,
    'text': 'Cdk2 also binds the N-terminal domain of Fbw7-gamma as well as SLP-1.'},
   {'pubmed': 23140174,
    'text': 'CDK2 phosphorylates CDK9 on Ser 90 and thereby contributes to HIV-1 transcription.'},
   {'pubmed': 23184662,
    'text': 'EEF2 phosphorylation by cyclin A-cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) on a novel site, serine 595 (S595), directly regulates T56 phosphorylation by eEF2K.'},
   {'pubmed': 23185313,
    'text': 'This study aimed to explore the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms in CDK2 and CCNE1 on breast cancer risk, progression and survival in a Chinese Han population.'},
   {'pubmed': 23230143,
    'text': 'Findings revealed a novel function of simultaneous p27 and CDK2 cytoplasmic mislocalization in mediating growth-factor-regulated cell proliferation, migration and invasion.'},
   {'pubmed': 23300027,
    'text': 'possible relationship between the CDK2 deleterious variants and the drug-binding ability'},
   {'pubmed': 23321641,
    'text': 'Constitutive Cdk2 activity promotes aneuploidy while altering the spindle assembly and tetraploidy checkpoints.'},
   {'pubmed': 23390492,
    'text': 'Constitutive CCND1/CDK2 expression contributes to neoplastic mammary epithelial cell transformation.'},
   {'pubmed': 23390529,
    'text': 'The prolyl isomerase Pin1 acts synergistically with CDK2 to regulate the basal activity of estrogen receptor alpha in breast cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 23446853,
    'text': 'Aurora-A kinase-induced centrosome amplification was mediated by Cdk2 kinase.'},
   {'pubmed': 23479742,
    'text': 'the up-regulation of CDK2 by CUL4B is achieved via the repression of miR-372 and miR-373, which target CDK2.'},
   {'pubmed': 23532886,
    'text': 'Data indicate that TG02 blocked signaling by CDKs 1, 2, 7, and 9 and ERK5, leading to potent and highly consistent antimyeloma activity.'},
   {'pubmed': 23643165,
    'text': 'The expression of CDK2 mRNA significantly decreased in P(CDK2-siRNA).'},
   {'pubmed': 23671119,
    'text': 'A specific and essential roles for Cdk2 inhibitory phosphorylation in the successful execution of the replication stress checkpoint response and in maintaining genome integrity.'},
   {'pubmed': 23720738,
    'text': 'MCM7 is a substrate of cyclin E/Cdk2 and can be phosphorylated on Ser-121.'},
   {'pubmed': 23727278,
    'text': 'Data indicate that different binding sites of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK2) contributing towards the binding of inhibitors.'},
   {'pubmed': 23737759,
    'text': 'CDK7 involved in phosphorylation/activation of CDK4 and CDK6; existence of CDK4-activating kinase(s) other than CDK7; and novel CDK7-dependent positive feedbacks mediated by p21 phosphorylation by CDK4 and CDK2 to sustain CDK4 activation.'},
   {'pubmed': 23776131,
    'text': 'FBXO28 activity and stability are regulated during the cell cycle by CDK1/2-mediated phosphorylation of FBXO28, which is required for its efficient ubiquitylation of MYC.'},
   {'pubmed': 23781148,
    'text': 'antitumor effects of DOC-1R may be mediated by negatively regulating G1 phase progression and G1/S transition through inhibiting CDK2 expression and activation'},
   {'pubmed': 23787073,
    'text': 'This study indicates that genetic polymorphisms of AURKA, BRCA1 and CCNE1 may affect ovarian cancer susceptibility in Chinese Han women.'},
   {'pubmed': 24075009,
    'text': 'Cells decide at the end of mitosis to either start the next cell cycle by immediately building up CDK2 activity or to enter a transient G0-like state by suppressing CDK2 activity.'},
   {'pubmed': 24204256,
    'text': 'PKC activation then triggered activation of cdk-2, which became further activated by caspase-3.'},
   {'pubmed': 24216307,
    'text': 'Two nuclear export signals of Cdc6 work cooperatively and distinctly for the cytoplasmic translocation of Cdc6 phosphorylated by cyclin A/Cdk2.'},
   {'pubmed': 24240190,
    'text': 'CDK2 knockdown alters the profile of Rb phosphorylation in coronary artery smooth muscle cells, as well as the proliferative response of these cells to mitogenic stimulation.'},
   {'pubmed': 24386425,
    'text': 'Of the total, the deregulation of several genes (CDK1, CDK2, CDK4, MCM2, MCM3, MCM4, EIF3a and RPN2) were potentially associated with disease development and progression.'},
   {'pubmed': 24444383,
    'text': 'MYC-dependent breast cancer cells possess high MYC expression and high level of MYC phosphorylation, but are not sensitive to inhibition of CDK2.'},
   {'pubmed': 24520316,
    'text': 'CRIF1 may play a regulatory role in the BM microenvironment-induced leukemia cell cycle arrest possibly through interacting with CDK2 and acting as a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.'},
   {'pubmed': 24623419,
    'text': 'Authors identified and validated two additional host proteins interacting with human SAMHD1, namely, cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2).'},
   {'pubmed': 24671051,
    'text': 'Expression of Notch1, -2, and -3, CDK2, and CCNE1 was significantly decreased by upregulation of ALDH1A1 in A549 cells, but increased by its interruption in A549s cells.'},
   {'pubmed': 24700371,
    'text': 'In the subsequent molecular experiments, western blot analysis and kinase activity detection demonstrated that TAMs can significantly boost the expression levels and activities of CDK2 and CDK4 in SKOV3 cells.'},
   {'pubmed': 24820417,
    'text': 'Results show that CDK2 phosphorylates Thr-156 in GATA3.'},
   {'pubmed': 24911186,
    'text': 'Report structure-based discovery of allosteric inhibitors of CDK2.'},
   {'pubmed': 24922574,
    'text': 'CDK2 Supports HIV-1 Reverse Transcription in CD4+ T Cells.HIV-1 reverse transcriptase Is a Substrate for CDK2-Dependent Phosphorylation'},
   {'pubmed': 24935000,
    'text': 'It is concluded that non-response to everolimus is characterized by increased cdk2/cyclin A, driving RCC cells into the G2/M-phase. VPA hinders everolimus non-response by diminishing cdk2/cyclin A.'},
   {'pubmed': 24947816,
    'text': 'More effective packing and interactions between CDK2 and LMW cyclin E isoforms, however, produce more efficient protein-protein complexes that accelerate the cell division processes in cancer cells, where these cyclin E isoforms are overexpressed.'},
   {'pubmed': 25015816,
    'text': 'CDK2 was strongly linked to cell cycle progression and coordinated SAMHD1 phosphorylation and inactivation.'},
   {'pubmed': 25071185,
    'text': 'Cdk1 activity blocks lysosomal degradation of HIF-1alpha and increases HIF-1alpha protein stability and transcriptional activity. By contrast, Cdk2 activity promotes lysosomal degradation of HIF-1alpha at the G1/S phase transition.'},
   {'pubmed': 25136960,
    'text': 'A positive correlation between cdk2/cyclin A expression level and tumor growth. Amygdalin, therefore, may block tumor growth.'},
   {'pubmed': 25149358,
    'text': 'for both oncogene- and DNA damage-induced cellular senescence, CDK2 transcript and protein are decreased in a p53- and RB-dependent manner, and this repression is necessary for cell-cycle exit during senescence'},
   {'pubmed': 25154617,
    'text': 'Which is mutated at the CDK2 phosphorylation site.'},
   {'pubmed': 25218592,
    'text': 'The Cell Cycle Profiling - Risk Score (C2P-RS) based on CDK1 and CDK2 specific activities was significantly associated with relapse in breast cancers.'},
   {'pubmed': 25218637,
    'text': 'Data indicate that tumour suppressor RASSF1A triggers large tumor suppressor kinase 1 (LATS)-CDK2 interaction and restricts CDK2 kinase activity towards BRCA2.'},
   {'pubmed': 25220500,
    'text': 'Cyclin A2 and its associated kinase (CDK2) activity are required for optimal induction of progesterone receptor target genes in breast cancer cells.'},
   {'pubmed': 25265349,
    'text': 'High CDK2 expression is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 25271736,
    'text': 'observations suggested that androgen suppresses the proliferation of CRPC cells partially through inhibition of Cyclin A, Cdk2, and Skp2'},
   {'pubmed': 25303791,
    'text': 'TPPII, MYBBP1A and CDK2 form a protein-protein interaction network.'},
   {'pubmed': 25410660,
    'text': 'Inhibition of CDK2 phosphorylation blocked phosphorylation of hnRNP K, preventing its incorporation into stress granules (SGs). Due to interaction between hnRNP K with TDP-43, the loss of hnRNP K from SGs prevented accumulation of TDP-43.'},
   {'pubmed': 25443276,
    'text': 'At a median follow-up of 36 months (1-109M), tumor with low CDK2SA-CDK1SA ratio showed significantly better 5-year recurrence-free survival than those with high CDK2SA-CDK1SA ratio (88.7% vs. 54.7%, P = 0.00141).'},
   {'pubmed': 25451924,
    'text': 'miR-638 regulates proliferation and myeloid differentiation by targeting CDK2 and may serve as a novel target for leukemia therapy or marker for AML diagnosis and prognosis'},
   {'pubmed': 25463638,
    'text': 'No association of CDK2 polymorphisms with risk of endometrial carcinoma found in Chinese Han women.'},
   {'pubmed': 25501982,
    'text': 'HOXA7 promotes cell proliferation, and these changes are mediated by cyclin E1/CDK2'},
   {'pubmed': 25541464,
    'text': 'Using the fact that deletion of the yeast CDC28 gene is functionally complemented by human CDK1 or CDK2, we set up an in vivo screen system to evaluate the inhibitory potency of purine derivatives against these two human Cdks.'},
   {'pubmed': 25728284,
    'text': 'CDK2 up-regulates the protein level of KLF10 through reducing its association with SIAH1, a KLF10 E3-ubiqutin ligase involved in proteasomal degradation.'},
   {'pubmed': 25744732,
    'text': 'Diclofenac and curcumin overcome these carcinogenic effects by downregulating telomerase activity, diminishing the expression of TERT, CDK4, CDK2, cyclin D1, and cyclin E.'},
   {'pubmed': 25754137,
    'text': 'The docking and molecular dynamics investigation performed here led to the identification of the interactions responsible for stabilizing the ligand ChEMBL474807 at the active sites of the glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3) and cyclin-dependent kinase-2'},
   {'pubmed': 25808870,
    'text': 'CP110 plays a mechanistic role in response of lung cancer cells to CDK2 inhibition, especially in the presence of activated KRAS mutations.'},
   {'pubmed': 25832654,
    'text': 'NUAK2 silencing and inactivation of the PI3K pathway efficiently controlled CDK2 expression, whereas CDK2 inactivation specifically abrogated the growth of NUAK2-amplified and PTEN-deficient melanoma cells.'},
   {'pubmed': 25860957,
    'text': 'Identified ING5 as a novel CDK2 substrate. ING5 is phosphorylated at a single site, threonine 152, by cyclin E/CDK2 and cyclin A/CDK2. This site is also phosphorylated in cells in a cell cycle dependent manner, consistent with it being a CDK2 substrate.'},
   {'pubmed': 25918937,
    'text': 'analysis of the conformational characteristics and ligand binding mechanisms of CDK2 [review]'},
   {'pubmed': 26026083,
    'text': 'G1 arrest induced by SB265610 occurred at concentrations lacking CXCR2 selectivity and revealed cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) (Thr160) hypophosphorylation, cyclin D3 gene down-regulation, and p21 post-translational induction'},
   {'pubmed': 26028036,
    'text': 'our study reveals a novel function of CDK2 in EGF-induced cell transformation and the associated signal transduction pathways. This indicates that CDK2 is a useful molecular target for the chemoprevention and therapy against skin cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 26124340,
    'text': 'We found no significant associations for CDKN2 p16 580 C>T and MDM2 SNP309 T>G variants between cases and controls.'},
   {'pubmed': 26139602,
    'text': 'Sox2 phosphorylation by Cdk2 promotes the establishment but not the maintenance of the pluripotent state.'},
   {'pubmed': 26147897,
    'text': 'fluspirilene is a potential CDK2 inhibitor and a candidate anti-cancer drug for the treatment of human hepatocellular carcinoma.'},
   {'pubmed': 26151768,
    'text': 'In G28 cells, a dosedependent induction of CDK2, p21 and cyclin D was observed between 10 and 50 microM roscovitine after 72 h, however, at the highest concentration of 100 microM, all investigated genes were downregulated.'},
   {'pubmed': 26204491,
    'text': 'ovary tumors with elevated CCNE1 expression may be staged for Cdk2-targeted therapy'},
   {'pubmed': 26248649,
    'text': 'Results show that miR-200c plays an antioncogenic role in clear cell renal cell carcinomas, through controlling cell growth and cell-cycle progression by downregulating the G1-S regulator CDK2.'},
   {'pubmed': 26297806,
    'text': 'Centriolar satellites build a centrosomal microcephaly protein complex critical for human neurodevelopment that promotes CDK2 centrosomal localization and centriole duplication.'},
   {'pubmed': 26304236,
    'text': 'show thata combining cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) antagonism and ubiquitin thioesterase 33 (USP33) depletion augments anaphase catastrophe via changes in centrosomal protein of 110 kDa (CP110) protein expression.'},
   {'pubmed': 26373553,
    'text': 'PIWIL2 has a role in promoting progression of non-small cell lung cancer by inducing CDK2 and Cyclin A expression'},
   {'pubmed': 26464264,
    'text': 'the results suggest that CK1delta activity can be modulated by the interplay between CK1delta and CDK2/E or CDK5/p35.'},
   {'pubmed': 26555773,
    'text': 'both cell lines feature a significant reduction of CDK2 expression verified at the RNA and protein level, respectively'},
   {'pubmed': 26595527,
    'text': 'Inappropriate activation of CDK2 in S phase underlies the sensitivity of a subset of cell lines to Chk1 inhibitors.'},
   {'pubmed': 26644182,
    'text': 'PHD1 is phosphorylated by CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6 at Serine 130.'},
   {'pubmed': 26652902,
    'text': 'CDK2 and DNA-PK regulate PR transcriptional activity by distinct mechanisms.'},
   {'pubmed': 26677902,
    'text': 'Clioquinol suppressed cell cycle progression in the S-phase in SMMC-7721 hepatoma cells via the p21, p27-cyclin E,A/Cdk2 pathway.'},
   {'pubmed': 26714749,
    'text': 'SATB2 regulates the mitosis of cell cycle and affects G1 cell cycle via interaction with CDK2.'},
   {'pubmed': 26730572,
    'text': 'A novel link has been discussed between CDK2 expression and cell migration by characterizing the CDK2-mediated phosphorylation of BRMS1.'},
   {'pubmed': 26828990,
    'text': 'The expression of cdk2 in malignancy of ovarian tumors.'},
   {'pubmed': 26857166,
    'text': 'CDK2 controls a wide-spread epigenetic program that drives transcription at differentiation-related gene promoters specifically in G1. (Review)'},
   {'pubmed': 26861625,
    'text': 'Foxo3 circular RNA retards cell cycle progression via forming ternary complexes with p21 and CDK2.'},
   {'pubmed': 26876672,
    'text': 'CDK2 protects podocytes from apoptosis and reduced expression of CDK2 associates with the development of diabetic nephropathy.'},
   {'pubmed': 26890070,
    'text': 'Consistent with these findings, a genome-scale pooled RNA interference screen revealed that toxic doses of MK-1775 are suppressed by CDK2 or Cyclin A2 knockdown. These findings support G2 exit as the more significant effect of Wee1 inhibition in pancreatic cancers.'},
   {'pubmed': 26960431,
    'text': 'Study describes a positive feedback loop centred on cyclin A2-Cdk2 inhibition of interphase APC/C-Cdc20 to allow further cyclin A2 accumulation and mitotic entry.'},
   {'pubmed': 27065328,
    'text': 'Here, we found that centrosomal protein of 76 kDa (Cep76), previously shown to restrain centriole amplification, interacts with cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and is a bona fide substrate of this kinase. Cep76 is preferentially phosphorylated by cyclin A/CDK2 at a single site S83, and this event is crucial to suppress centriole amplification in S phase'},
   {'pubmed': 27100206,
    'text': 'These two states are separated by different metastable states that share hybrid structural features with both forms of the kinase. In contrast, the CDK2/ANS complex landscape is compatible with a conformational selection picture where the binding of ANS in proximity of the alphaC helix causes a population shift toward the inactive conformation'},
   {'pubmed': 27109354,
    'text': 'evidence that CDK1/2 participate in the regulation of constitutive pre-mRNA splicing by EGF stimulation in MDA-MB-468 cells.'},
   {'pubmed': 27163259,
    'text': 'a SUMO-deficient Rb mutant results in reduced SUMOylation and phosphorylation, weakened CDK2 binding, and attenuated E2F-1 sequestration.'},
   {'pubmed': 27166195,
    'text': 'Data show that Noxa-mediated MCL-1 phosphorylation and degradation is regulated by CDK2.'},
   {'pubmed': 27259234,
    'text': "Findings suggest that ERK1/2-mediated Cdk2/cyclin A signaling pathway is involved in 7-hydroxy-5,4'-dimethoxy-2-arylbenzofuran (Ary) - induced G1/S-phase arrest."},
   {'pubmed': 27285764,
    'text': 'WHSC1L1 and H3K36me2 are enriched in the gene bodies of the cell cycle-related genes CDC6 and CDK2, implying that WHSC1L1 directly regulates the transcription of these gene'},
   {'pubmed': 27378523,
    'text': 'this study suggests that CDK2 and CDK9 are potential therapeutic targets in Neuroblastoma (NB) and that abrogating CDK2 and CDK9 activity by small molecules like dinaciclib is a promising strategy and a treatment option for NB patients'},
   {'pubmed': 27402161,
    'text': 'periodic phosphorylation of Ku70 by cyclin-cyclin dependent kinases prevents the interaction of Ku with replication origin after initiation events in S-phase.'},
   {'pubmed': 27465546,
    'text': 'The upregulation of miR-302b reduced the expression of CDK2, and inhibited ERK signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting cell proliferation and G1/S phase conversion rate.'},
   {'pubmed': 27629878,
    'text': 'Dsg2 knockdown arrests non-small cell lung cancer cell cycle progression via modulation of p27-CDK2 levels.'},
   {'pubmed': 27663592,
    'text': 'Analysis of genomic data from TCGA demonstrated coamplification of CCNE1 and AKT2 Overexpression of Cyclin E1 and AKT isoforms, in addition to mutant TP53, imparted malignant characteristics in untransformed fallopian tube secretory cells, the dominant site of origin of high-grade serous ovarian cancer'},
   {'pubmed': 27819669,
    'text': 'Here, we introduce a transcriptional signature to specifically track CDK2 activity. It responds to genetic and chemical perturbations in the CDK-RB-E2F axis, correlates with mitotic rate in vitro and in vivo and reacts rapidly to changes in CDK2 activity during cell cycle progression'},
   {'pubmed': 27831832,
    'text': 'The data presented here suggest that the temporal separation of pro- and anti-apoptotic pathways by selective inhibition of CDK2 disrupts coherent signaling modules and may synergize with anti-proliferative drugs, averting toxic side effects from CDK1 inhibition.'},
   {'pubmed': 28003546,
    'text': 'CDK2 phosphorylates polyQ-AR specifically at Ser(96). Phosphorylation of polyQ-AR by CDK2 increased protein stabilization and toxicity and is negatively regulated by the adenylyl cyclase/protein kinase A signaling pathway in spinobulbar muscular atrophy.'},
   {'pubmed': 28030798,
    'text': 'Date show that when Wee1 alone is inhibited, Chk1 suppresses CDC45 loading and thereby limits the extent of unscheduled replication initiation and subsequent S-phase DNA damage, despite very high CDK-activity.'},
   {'pubmed': 28100774,
    'text': 'CDK2 serves as an important nexus linking primary beta-cell dysfunction to progressive beta-cell mass deterioration in diabetes'},
   {'pubmed': 28345297,
    'text': 'Residual Cdk1/Cdk2 activity after DNA damage promotes cell senescence.'},
   {'pubmed': 28350121,
    'text': 'Results show that cyclin E1 and CDK2 participate in STC1 promoting cell proliferation of prostate neoplasm cells.'},
   {'pubmed': 28430399,
    'text': 'These compounds bind CDK2/ Cyclin A, inhibit its kinase activity, compete with substrate binding, but not with ATP, and dock onto the T-loop of CDK2. The best compound also binds CDK4 and CDK4/Cyclin D1, but not CDK1.'},
   {'pubmed': 28666995,
    'text': 'The authors find that Spy1 confers structural changes to Cdk2 that obviate the requirement of Cdk activation loop phosphorylation.'},
   {'pubmed': 28760857,
    'text': 'High CDK2 expression is associated with breast cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 28842430,
    'text': 'identified a new phosphorylation-based substrate recognition mechanism of PTPN12 by CDK2, which orchestrated signaling crosstalk between the oncogenic CDK2 and HER2 pathways'},
   {'pubmed': 29157894,
    'text': 'CDK2 contributes to S81-AR phosphorylation and transactivation while CDK4 was not shown to be involved in this process.'},
   {'pubmed': 29203878,
    'text': 'ATM and CDK2 control the chromatin remodeling activity of CSB in the regulation of double strand break repair pathway choice.'},
   {'pubmed': 29254517,
    'text': 'The authors show that human Cyclin-Dependent-Kinases (CDKs) target the RAD9 subunit of the 9-1-1 checkpoint clamp on Thr292, to modulate DNA damage checkpoint activation. Thr292 phosphorylation on RAD9 creates a binding site for Polo-Like-Kinase1 (PLK1), which phosphorylates RAD9 on Thr313.'},
   {'pubmed': 29323532,
    'text': 'Among these genes, STAT3 and CDK2 were significantly associated with recurrence. Further study suggested that inhibition of CDK2 reduced invasion of Pca cell lines. The invasion ability was rescued after reintroduction of CDK2.'},
   {'pubmed': 29328425,
    'text': 'CDK2 may have key functions in neuroblastoma progression by regulating the expression of neoplastic genes.'},
   {'pubmed': 29372687,
    'text': 'Our findings provide a rationale for clinical use of Bcl-2 family inhibitors in combination with CDK2 inhibitors for treatment of Mcl-1-dependent colorectal tumours associated with expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL and Bcl-w proteins. In addition, we have shown potential of CDK2 inhibitors for treatment of tumours expressing R273H mutant p53.'},
   {'pubmed': 29507054,
    'text': 'Proteomics and phosphoproteomics analyses identified CDK2 as a driver of resistance to both BRAF and Hsp90 inhibitors and its expression is regulated by the transcription factor MITF upon XL888 treatment of melanoma cells.'},
   {'pubmed': 29570358,
    'text': 'LINC00958 acts as an oncogenic gene in the gliomagenesis through miR-203-CDK2 regulation, providing a novel insight into glioma tumorigenesis.'},
   {'pubmed': 29896817,
    'text': 'The roles of the CDK2/SIRT5 axis in gastric cancer.'},
   {'pubmed': 30300385,
    'text': 'CDK2 gene is a strong candidate gene for type-2 diabetes. CDK2 gene is located in a risk area composed of 4 blocks in strong LD around the type-2 diabetes SNP rs2069408. CDK2 overexpression inhibits the association of insulin receptor to the microtubule components, tubulin alpha and tubulin beta. Physical association of the insulin receptor complex with CDK2 is inhibited by the expression of tyrosine phosphatase PTPLAD1.'}],
  'genomic_pos': {'chr': '12',
   'end': 55972784,
   'ensemblgene': 'ENSG00000123374',
   'start': 55966769,
   'strand': 1},
  'genomic_pos_hg19': {'chr': '12',
   'end': 56366568,
   'start': 56360553,
   'strand': 1},
  'go': {'BP': [{'evidence': 'IBA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0000082',
     'pubmed': 21873635,
     'term': 'G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle'},
    {'evidence': 'TAS',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0000082',
     'term': 'G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle'},
    {'evidence': 'NAS',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0000086',
     'pubmed': 1653904,
     'term': 'G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle'},
    {'evidence': 'TAS',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0000086',
     'term': 'G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0000122',
     'term': 'negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II'},
    {'evidence': 'TAS',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0006260',
     'pubmed': 19238148,
     'term': 'DNA replication'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0006281',
     'term': 'DNA repair'},
    {'evidence': 'IBA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0006468',
     'pubmed': 21873635,
     'term': 'protein phosphorylation'},
    {'evidence': 'IDA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0006468',
     'pubmed': [12944431, 28666995],
     'term': 'protein phosphorylation'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0006813',
     'term': 'potassium ion transport'},
    {'evidence': 'TAS',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0006977',
     'term': 'DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest'},
    {'evidence': 'IMP',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0007099',
     'pubmed': 26297806,
     'term': 'centriole replication'},
    {'evidence': 'IEP',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0007265',
     'pubmed': 9054499,
     'term': 'Ras protein signal transduction'},
    {'evidence': 'IBA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0008284',
     'pubmed': 21873635,
     'term': 'positive regulation of cell proliferation'},
    {'evidence': 'IDA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0008284',
     'pubmed': 10767298,
     'term': 'positive regulation of cell proliferation'},
    {'evidence': 'IBA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0010389',
     'pubmed': 21873635,
     'term': 'regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle'},
    {'evidence': 'IDA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0016572',
     'pubmed': 11746698,
     'term': 'histone phosphorylation'},
    {'evidence': 'IDA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0018105',
     'pubmed': 23184662,
     'term': 'peptidyl-serine phosphorylation'},
    {'evidence': 'TAS',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0031145',
     'term': 'anaphase-promoting complex-dependent catabolic process'},
    {'evidence': 'TAS',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0031571',
     'pubmed': 21319273,
     'term': 'mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0032298',
     'term': 'positive regulation of DNA-dependent DNA replication initiation'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0045893',
     'term': 'positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated'},
    {'evidence': 'TAS',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0051298',
     'pubmed': 19238148,
     'term': 'centrosome duplication'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0051301',
     'term': 'cell division'},
    {'evidence': 'TAS',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0051321',
     'pubmed': 19238148,
     'term': 'meiotic cell cycle'},
    {'evidence': 'IDA',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0060968',
     'pubmed': 20935635,
     'term': 'regulation of gene silencing'},
    {'evidence': 'TAS',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:0071732',
     'pubmed': 20079829,
     'term': 'cellular response to nitric oxide'},
    {'evidence': 'TAS',
     'gocategory': 'BP',
     'id': 'GO:1901796',
     'term': 'regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator'}],
   'CC': [{'evidence': 'IBA',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0000307',
     'pubmed': 21873635,
     'term': 'cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex'},
    {'evidence': 'IDA',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0000307',
     'pubmed': [1312467, 8692841],
     'term': 'cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0000781',
     'term': 'chromosome, telomeric region'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0000793',
     'term': 'condensed chromosome'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0000805',
     'term': 'X chromosome'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0000806',
     'term': 'Y chromosome'},
    {'evidence': 'IBA',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0005634',
     'pubmed': 21873635,
     'term': 'nucleus'},
    {'evidence': 'IDA',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0005634',
     'pubmed': 10767298,
     'term': 'nucleus'},
    {'evidence': 'IDA',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0005654',
     'pubmed': 8245034,
     'term': 'nucleoplasm'},
    {'evidence': 'TAS',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0005654',
     'term': 'nucleoplasm'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0005667',
     'term': 'transcription factor complex'},
    {'evidence': 'IBA',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0005737',
     'pubmed': 21873635,
     'term': 'cytoplasm'},
    {'evidence': 'IDA',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0005737',
     'pubmed': 10767298,
     'term': 'cytoplasm'},
    {'evidence': 'IDA',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0005768',
     'pubmed': 21262353,
     'term': 'endosome'},
    {'evidence': 'IDA',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0005813',
     'term': 'centrosome'},
    {'evidence': 'TAS',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0005813',
     'pubmed': 19238148,
     'term': 'centrosome'},
    {'evidence': 'TAS',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0005829',
     'term': 'cytosol'},
    {'evidence': 'IDA',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0015030',
     'pubmed': 10995387,
     'term': 'Cajal body'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0097123',
     'term': 'cyclin A1-CDK2 complex'},
    {'evidence': 'IDA',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0097124',
     'pubmed': [1312467, 8876165, 11746698, 15024385],
     'term': 'cyclin A2-CDK2 complex'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0097134',
     'term': 'cyclin E1-CDK2 complex'},
    {'evidence': 'IEA',
     'gocategory': 'CC',
     'id': 'GO:0097135',
     'term': 'cyclin E2-CDK2 complex'}],
   'MF': [{'category': 'MF',
     'evidence': 'IEA',
     'id': 'GO:0000287',
     'term': 'magnesium ion binding'},
    {'category': 'MF',
     'evidence': 'IGI',
     'id': 'GO:0004674',
     'pubmed': 26996940,
     'term': 'protein serine/threonine kinase activity'},
    {'category': 'MF',
     'evidence': 'IBA',
     'id': 'GO:0004693',
     'pubmed': 21873635,
     'term': 'cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity'},
    {'category': 'MF',
     'evidence': 'IDA',
     'id': 'GO:0004693',
     'pubmed': 21596315,
     'term': 'cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity'},
    {'category': 'MF',
     'evidence': 'TAS',
     'id': 'GO:0004693',
     'term': 'cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity'},
    {'category': 'MF',
     'evidence': 'IPI',
     'id': 'GO:0005515',
     'pubmed': [2227411,
      7630397,
      8242750,
      8521818,
      8601310,
      8684460,
      8756328,
      8756624,
      9840943,
      10330164,
      11463386,
      11980914,
      12244298,
      12361598,
      12839962,
      12941338,
      15107404,
      15178429,
      15189033,
      15232106,
      15239650,
      15530371,
      15611625,
      15890360,
      16061792,
      16209941,
      16326706,
      16327805,
      16765349,
      16962592,
      17053782,
      17254966,
      17254967,
      17418410,
      19150984,
      19470470,
      19829063,
      20098747,
      20871633,
      21092281,
      21423803,
      21565702,
      21596315,
      21952639,
      22810586,
      22940584,
      23082202,
      23455922,
      23602568,
      23781148,
      23853094,
      24218572,
      24358021,
      25218637,
      25241761,
      25416956,
      25852190,
      26496610,
      28666995],
     'term': 'protein binding'},
    {'category': 'MF',
     'evidence': 'IEA',
     'id': 'GO:0005524',
     'term': 'ATP binding'},
    {'category': 'MF',
     'evidence': 'IPI',
     'id': 'GO:0019904',
     'pubmed': [8876165, 15024385],
     'term': 'protein domain specific binding'},
    {'category': 'MF',
     'evidence': 'IBA',
     'id': 'GO:0030332',
     'pubmed': 21873635,
     'term': 'cyclin binding'},
    {'category': 'MF',
     'evidence': 'IDA',
     'id': 'GO:0030332',
     'pubmed': [1653904, 23781148],
     'term': 'cyclin binding'},
    {'category': 'MF',
     'evidence': 'IPI',
     'id': 'GO:0030332',
     'pubmed': [1312467, 15024385],
     'term': 'cyclin binding'},
    {'category': 'MF',
     'evidence': 'IDA',
     'id': 'GO:0035173',
     'pubmed': 8692841,
     'qualifier': 'contributes_to',
     'term': 'histone kinase activity'},
    {'category': 'MF',
     'evidence': 'IDA',
     'id': 'GO:0097472',
     'pubmed': [1312467, 28666995],
     'term': 'cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity'}]},
  'homologene': {'genes': [[3702, 824036],
    [4530, 4328135],
    [4530, 4331415],
    [4896, 2539869],
    [4932, 852457],
    [5141, 3876264],
    [7165, 3291042],
    [7227, 42453],
    [7955, 406715],
    [8364, 493498],
    [9031, 100529062],
    [9544, 711002],
    [9598, 467032],
    [9606, 1017],
    [9615, 100855704],
    [9913, 519217],
    [10090, 12566],
    [10116, 362817],
    [28985, 2896999],
    [33169, 4620303],
    [318829, 2679140]],
   'id': 74409},
  'interpro': [{'desc': 'Protein kinase domain',
    'id': 'IPR000719',
    'short_desc': 'Prot_kinase_dom'},
   {'desc': 'Serine/threonine-protein kinase, active site',
    'id': 'IPR008271',
    'short_desc': 'Ser/Thr_kinase_AS'},
   {'desc': 'Protein kinase-like domain superfamily',
    'id': 'IPR011009',
    'short_desc': 'Kinase-like_dom_sf'},
   {'desc': 'Protein kinase, ATP binding site',
    'id': 'IPR017441',
    'short_desc': 'Protein_kinase_ATP_BS'}],
  'ipi': ['IPI00031681', 'IPI00910650'],
  'map_location': '12q13.2',
  'name': 'cyclin dependent kinase 2',
  'other_names': ['cdc2-related protein kinase',
   'cell division protein kinase 2',
   'cyclin-dependent kinase 2',
   'p33 protein kinase'],
  'pantherdb': {'HGNC': '1771',
   'ortholog': [{'MGI': '104772',
     'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
     'taxid': 10090,
     'uniprot_kb': 'P97377'},
    {'RGD': '70486',
     'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
     'taxid': 10116,
     'uniprot_kb': 'Q63699'},
    {'Ensembl': 'ENSGALG00000032699',
     'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
     'taxid': 9031,
     'uniprot_kb': 'A0A1D5PUK9'},
    {'ZFIN': 'ZDB-GENE-040426-2741',
     'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
     'taxid': 7955,
     'uniprot_kb': 'Q7ZWB1'},
    {'FlyBase': 'FBgn0004107',
     'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
     'taxid': 7227,
     'uniprot_kb': 'P23573'},
    {'SGD': 'S000000364',
     'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
     'taxid': 4932,
     'uniprot_kb': 'P00546'},
    {'PomBase': 'SPBC11B10.09',
     'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
     'taxid': 4896,
     'uniprot_kb': 'P04551'},
    {'dictyBase': 'DDB_G0272813',
     'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
     'taxid': 352472,
     'uniprot_kb': 'P34112'},
    {'TAIR': 'AT3G48750',
     'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
     'taxid': 3702,
     'uniprot_kb': 'P24100'},
    {'HGNC': '1779',
     'ortholog_type': 'P',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
     'taxid': 9606,
     'uniprot_kb': 'P49336'},
    {'HGNC': '19338',
     'ortholog_type': 'P',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
     'taxid': 9606,
     'uniprot_kb': 'Q9BWU1'},
    {'HGNC': '1778',
     'ortholog_type': 'P',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
     'taxid': 9606,
     'uniprot_kb': 'P50613'},
    {'HGNC': '14434',
     'ortholog_type': 'P',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
     'taxid': 9606,
     'uniprot_kb': 'Q96Q40'},
    {'HGNC': '8883',
     'ortholog_type': 'P',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
     'taxid': 9606,
     'uniprot_kb': 'O94921'},
    {'HGNC': '8751',
     'ortholog_type': 'P',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
     'taxid': 9606,
     'uniprot_kb': 'Q07002'},
    {'HGNC': '8749',
     'ortholog_type': 'P',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
     'taxid': 9606,
     'uniprot_kb': 'Q00536'},
    {'HGNC': '8750',
     'ortholog_type': 'P',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
     'taxid': 9606,
     'uniprot_kb': 'Q00537'},
    {'HGNC': '1774',
     'ortholog_type': 'P',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
     'taxid': 9606,
     'uniprot_kb': 'Q00535'},
    {'HGNC': '1722',
     'ortholog_type': 'P',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
     'taxid': 9606,
     'uniprot_kb': 'P06493'},
    {'HGNC': '17346',
     'ortholog_type': 'P',
     'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
     'taxid': 9606,
     'uniprot_kb': 'Q13523'}],
   'uniprot_kb': 'P24941'},
  'pathway': {'biocarta': [{'id': 'cellcyclepathway',
     'name': 'cyclins and cell cycle regulation'},
    {'id': 'efppathway',
     'name': 'estrogen responsive protein efp controls cell cycle and breast tumors growth'},
    {'id': 'fbw7pathway', 'name': 'cyclin e destruction pathway'},
    {'id': 'g1pathway', 'name': 'cell cycle: g1/s check point'},
    {'id': 'mcmpathway', 'name': 'cdk regulation of dna replication'},
    {'id': 'p27pathway',
     'name': 'regulation of p27 phosphorylation during cell cycle progression'},
    {'id': 'p53pathway', 'name': 'p53 signaling pathway'},
    {'id': 'raccycdpathway',
     'name': 'influence of ras and rho proteins on g1 to s transition'},
    {'id': 'rbpathway',
     'name': 'rb tumor suppressor/checkpoint signaling in response to dna damage'},
    {'id': 'skp2e2fpathway', 'name': 'e2f1 destruction pathway'}],
   'kegg': [{'id': 'hsa04068',
     'name': 'FoxO signaling pathway - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa04110', 'name': 'Cell cycle - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa04114', 'name': 'Oocyte meiosis - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa04115', 'name': 'p53 signaling pathway - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa04151',
     'name': 'PI3K-Akt signaling pathway - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa04218', 'name': 'Cellular senescence - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa04914',
     'name': 'Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa04934', 'name': 'Cushing,s syndrome - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa05161', 'name': 'Hepatitis B - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa05162', 'name': 'Measles - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa05165',
     'name': 'Human papillomavirus infection - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa05168',
     'name': 'Herpes simplex infection - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa05169',
     'name': 'Epstein-Barr virus infection - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa05200', 'name': 'Pathways in cancer - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa05203', 'name': 'Viral carcinogenesis - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa05215', 'name': 'Prostate cancer - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa05222',
     'name': 'Small cell lung cancer - Homo sapiens (human)'},
    {'id': 'hsa05226', 'name': 'Gastric cancer - Homo sapiens (human)'}],
   'netpath': [{'id': 'Pathway_BCR', 'name': 'BCR'},
    {'id': 'Pathway_EGFR1', 'name': 'EGFR1'},
    {'id': 'Pathway_ID', 'name': 'ID'},
    {'id': 'Pathway_IL2', 'name': 'IL2'},
    {'id': 'Pathway_KitReceptor', 'name': 'KitReceptor'},
    {'id': 'Pathway_RAGE', 'name': 'RAGE'},
    {'id': 'Pathway_TGF_beta_Receptor', 'name': 'TGF_beta_Receptor'}],
   'pid': [{'id': 'atr_pathway', 'name': 'ATR signaling pathway'},
    {'id': 'bard1pathway', 'name': 'BARD1 signaling events'},
    {'id': 'e2f_pathway', 'name': 'E2F transcription factor network'},
    {'id': 'foxm1pathway', 'name': 'FOXM1 transcription factor network'},
    {'id': 'foxopathway', 'name': 'FoxO family signaling'},
    {'id': 'il2_1pathway', 'name': 'IL2-mediated signaling events'},
    {'id': 'mtor_4pathway', 'name': 'mTOR signaling pathway'},
    {'id': 'p53regulationpathway', 'name': 'p53 pathway'},
    {'id': 'p73pathway', 'name': 'p73 transcription factor network'},
    {'id': 'prlsignalingeventspathway',
     'name': 'Signaling events mediated by PRL'},
    {'id': 'rb_1pathway', 'name': 'Regulation of retinoblastoma protein'},
    {'id': 'smad2_3nuclearpathway',
     'name': 'Regulation of nuclear SMAD2/3 signaling'}],
   'reactome': [{'id': 'R-HSA-109582', 'name': 'Hemostasis'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-1474165', 'name': 'Reproduction'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-1500620', 'name': 'Meiosis'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-1538133', 'name': 'G0 and Early G1'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-162582', 'name': 'Signal Transduction'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-1640170', 'name': 'Cell Cycle'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-1640170', 'name': 'Cell Cycle'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-174143',
     'name': 'APC/C-mediated degradation of cell cycle proteins'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-176187',
     'name': 'Activation of ATR in response to replication stress'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-176408',
     'name': 'Regulation of APC/C activators between G1/S and early anaphase'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-187577',
     'name': 'SCF(Skp2)-mediated degradation of p27/p21'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-212436', 'name': 'Generic Transcription Pathway'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-2262752', 'name': 'Cellular responses to stress'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-2559582',
     'name': 'Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP)'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-2559583', 'name': 'Cellular Senescence'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-2559586',
     'name': 'DNA Damage/Telomere Stress Induced Senescence'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-3700989', 'name': 'Transcriptional Regulation by TP53'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-453274', 'name': 'Mitotic G2-G2/M phases'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-453276', 'name': 'Regulation of mitotic cell cycle'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-453279', 'name': 'Mitotic G1-G1/S phases'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-5633007', 'name': 'Regulation of TP53 Activity'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-5693532', 'name': 'DNA Double-Strand Break Repair'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-5693538', 'name': 'Homology Directed Repair'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-5693567',
     'name': 'HDR through Homologous Recombination (HRR) or Single Strand Annealing (SSA)'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-5693607',
     'name': 'Processing of DNA double-strand break ends'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-6791312',
     'name': 'TP53 Regulates Transcription of Cell Cycle Genes'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-6804116',
     'name': 'TP53 Regulates Transcription of Genes Involved in G1 Cell Cycle Arrest'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-6804756',
     'name': 'Regulation of TP53 Activity through Phosphorylation'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-6804757', 'name': 'Regulation of TP53 Degradation'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-6806003',
     'name': 'Regulation of TP53 Expression and Degradation'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-68911', 'name': 'G2 Phase'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-68949', 'name': 'Orc1 removal from chromatin'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-68962', 'name': 'Activation of the pre-replicative complex'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-69002', 'name': 'DNA Replication Pre-Initiation'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-69017',
     'name': 'CDK-mediated phosphorylation and removal of Cdc6'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-69052',
     'name': 'Switching of origins to a post-replicative state'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-69200',
     'name': 'Phosphorylation of proteins involved in G1/S transition by active Cyclin E:Cdk2 complexes'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-69202',
     'name': 'Cyclin E associated events during G1/S transition '},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-69206', 'name': 'G1/S Transition'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-69239', 'name': 'Synthesis of DNA'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-69242', 'name': 'S Phase'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-69273',
     'name': 'Cyclin A/B1/B2 associated events during G2/M transition'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-69275', 'name': 'G2/M Transition'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-69278', 'name': 'Cell Cycle, Mitotic'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-69306', 'name': 'DNA Replication'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-69481', 'name': 'G2/M Checkpoints'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-69563', 'name': 'p53-Dependent G1 DNA Damage Response'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-69580', 'name': 'p53-Dependent G1/S DNA damage checkpoint'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-69615', 'name': 'G1/S DNA Damage Checkpoints'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-69620', 'name': 'Cell Cycle Checkpoints'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-69656',
     'name': 'Cyclin A:Cdk2-associated events at S phase entry'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-73857', 'name': 'RNA Polymerase II Transcription'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-73894', 'name': 'DNA Repair'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-74160', 'name': 'Gene expression (Transcription)'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-8848021', 'name': 'Signaling by PTK6'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-8849470', 'name': 'PTK6 Regulates Cell Cycle'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-8953897', 'name': 'Cellular responses to external stimuli'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-9006927',
     'name': 'Signaling by Non-Receptor Tyrosine Kinases'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-912446', 'name': 'Meiotic recombination'},
    {'id': 'R-HSA-983231',
     'name': 'Factors involved in megakaryocyte development and platelet production'}],
   'wikipathways': [{'id': 'WP1530',
     'name': 'miRNA Regulation of DNA Damage Response'},
    {'id': 'WP179', 'name': 'Cell Cycle'},
    {'id': 'WP2032',
     'name': 'Human Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) signaling pathway'},
    {'id': 'WP2261', 'name': 'Signaling Pathways in Glioblastoma'},
    {'id': 'WP2374', 'name': 'Oncostatin M Signaling Pathway'},
    {'id': 'WP2431', 'name': 'Spinal Cord Injury'},
    {'id': 'WP2446', 'name': 'Retinoblastoma (RB) in Cancer'},
    {'id': 'WP2586', 'name': 'Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor'},
    {'id': 'WP2877', 'name': 'Vitamin D Receptor Pathway'},
    {'id': 'WP4172', 'name': 'PI3K-Akt Signaling Pathway'},
    {'id': 'WP45', 'name': 'G1 to S cell cycle control'},
    {'id': 'WP466', 'name': 'DNA Replication'},
    {'id': 'WP53', 'name': 'ID signaling pathway'},
    {'id': 'WP707', 'name': 'DNA Damage Response'}]},
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   '4EOS',
   '4ERW',
   '4EZ3',
   '4EZ7',
   '4FKG',
   '4FKI',
   '4FKJ',
   '4FKL',
   '4FKO',
   '4FKP',
   '4FKQ',
   '4FKR',
   '4FKS',
   '4FKT',
   '4FKU',
   '4FKV',
   '4FKW',
   '4FX3',
   '4GCJ',
   '4I3Z',
   '4II5',
   '4KD1',
   '4LYN',
   '4NJ3',
   '4RJ3',
   '5A14',
   '5AND',
   '5ANE',
   '5ANG',
   '5ANI',
   '5ANJ',
   '5ANK',
   '5ANO',
   '5CYI',
   '5D1J',
   '5FP5',
   '5FP6',
   '5IEV',
   '5IEX',
   '5IEY',
   '5IF1',
   '5JQ5',
   '5JQ8',
   '5K4J',
   '5L2W',
   '5LMK',
   '5MHQ',
   '5NEV',
   '5OO0',
   '5OO1',
   '5OO3',
   '5OSJ',
   '5OSM',
   '5UQ1',
   '5UQ2',
   '5UQ3'],
  'pfam': 'PF00069',
  'pharmgkb': 'PA101',
  'pharos': {'target_id': 10687},
  'pir': 'A41227',
  'prosite': 'PS50011',
  'reagent': {'GNF_Qia_hs-genome_v1_siRNA': [{'id': 'GNF247215',
     'relationship': 'is'},
    {'id': 'GNF247216', 'relationship': 'is'},
    {'id': 'GNF247217', 'relationship': 'is'},
    {'id': 'GNF247218', 'relationship': 'is'}],
   'GNF_hs-ORFeome1_1_reads': {'id': 'GNF161504', 'relationship': 'is'},
   'GNF_hs-Origene': [{'id': 'GNF035860', 'relationship': 'similar to'},
    {'id': 'GNF037258', 'relationship': 'is'},
    {'id': 'GNF048982', 'relationship': 'is'}],
   'GNF_hs-druggable_lenti-shRNA': [{'id': 'GNF081385', 'relationship': 'is'},
    {'id': 'GNF081386', 'relationship': 'is'},
    {'id': 'GNF081387', 'relationship': 'is'}],
   'GNF_hs-druggable_plasmid-shRNA': [{'id': 'GNF051995',
     'relationship': 'is'},
    {'id': 'GNF056761', 'relationship': 'is'},
    {'id': 'GNF061563', 'relationship': 'is'},
    {'id': 'GNF078683', 'relationship': 'is'}],
   'GNF_hs-druggable_siRNA': [{'id': 'GNF066537', 'relationship': 'is'},
    {'id': 'GNF066538', 'relationship': 'is'}],
   'GNF_hs-pkinase_IDT-siRNA': [{'id': 'GNF166768', 'relationship': 'is'},
    {'id': 'GNF166769', 'relationship': 'is'},
    {'id': 'GNF166770', 'relationship': 'is'},
    {'id': 'GNF166771', 'relationship': 'is'}],
   'GNF_hs_LentiORF-HA-MYC': {'id': 'GNF282834', 'relationship': 'is'},
   'GNF_hs_LentiORF-Jred': {'id': 'GNF283761', 'relationship': 'is'},
   'GNF_mm+hs-MGC': {'id': 'GNF002384', 'relationship': 'is'},
   'Invitrogen_IVTHSSIPKv2': [{'id': 'GNF324610', 'relationship': 'is'},
    {'id': 'GNF324611', 'relationship': 'is'}],
   'NIBRI_hs-Secretome_pDEST': {'id': 'GNF337962', 'relationship': 'is'},
   'NOVART_hs-genome_siRNA': [{'id': 'GNF093028', 'relationship': 'is'},
    {'id': 'GNF132726', 'relationship': 'is'}]},
  'refseq': {'genomic': ['NC_000012.12', 'NG_034014.1'],
   'protein': ['NP_001277159.1',
    'NP_001789.2',
    'NP_439892.2',
    'XP_011536034.1'],
   'rna': ['NM_001290230.1', 'NM_001798.4', 'NM_052827.3', 'XM_011537732.2'],
   'translation': [{'protein': 'NP_001789.2', 'rna': 'NM_001798.4'},
    {'protein': 'NP_001277159.1', 'rna': 'NM_001290230.1'},
    {'protein': 'NP_439892.2', 'rna': 'NM_052827.3'},
    {'protein': 'XP_011536034.1', 'rna': 'XM_011537732.2'}]},
  'reporter': {'HG-U133_Plus_2': ['204252_at', '211803_at', '211804_s_at'],
   'HG-U95Av2': ['1792_g_at', '1833_at'],
   'HTA-2_0': 'TC12000496.hg.1',
   'HuEx-1_0': '3417146',
   'HuGene-1_1': '7956076',
   'HuGene-2_1': '16752305'},
  'summary': 'This gene encodes a member of a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that participate in cell cycle regulation. The encoded protein is the catalytic subunit of the cyclin-dependent protein kinase complex, which regulates progression through the cell cycle. Activity of this protein is especially critical during the G1 to S phase transition. This protein associates with and regulated by other subunits of the complex including cyclin A or E, CDK inhibitor p21Cip1 (CDKN1A), and p27Kip1 (CDKN1B). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014].',
  'symbol': 'CDK2',
  'taxid': 9606,
  'type_of_gene': 'protein-coding',
  'umls': {'cui': 'C1332733'},
  'unigene': ['Hs.689624', 'Hs.19192'],
  'uniprot': {'Swiss-Prot': 'P24941',
   'TrEMBL': ['A0A024RB10',
    'G3V5T9',
    'E7ESI2',
    'B4DDL9',
    'A0A024RB77',
    'G3V317']},
  'wikipedia': {'url_stub': 'Cyclin-dependent kinase 2'}}]

















In [32]:



    


for gene in response.json():
    print(gene['symbol'] + ':', gene['summary'])



    


















    






BRAF: This gene encodes a protein belonging to the RAF family of serine/threonine protein kinases. This protein plays a role in regulating the MAP kinase/ERK signaling pathway, which affects cell division, differentiation, and secretion. Mutations in this gene, most commonly the V600E mutation, are the most frequently identified cancer-causing mutations in melanoma, and have been identified in various other cancers as well, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma, colorectal cancer, thyroid carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, hairy cell leukemia and adenocarcinoma of lung. Mutations in this gene are also associated with cardiofaciocutaneous, Noonan, and Costello syndromes, which exhibit overlapping phenotypes. A pseudogene of this gene has been identified on the X chromosome. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017].
CDK2: This gene encodes a member of a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that participate in cell cycle regulation. The encoded protein is the catalytic subunit of the cyclin-dependent protein kinase complex, which regulates progression through the cell cycle. Activity of this protein is especially critical during the G1 to S phase transition. This protein associates with and regulated by other subunits of the complex including cyclin A or E, CDK inhibitor p21Cip1 (CDKN1A), and p27Kip1 (CDKN1B). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014].

















In [33]:



    


braf_info['generif']



    


















    
Out[33]:








[{'pubmed': 8621729, 'text': 'MEK1 interacts with B-Raf.'},
 {'pubmed': 12068308,
  'text': 'somatic missense mutations in 66% of malignant melanomas and at lower frequency in a wide range of human cancers'},
 {'pubmed': 12198537,
  'text': 'BRAF mutations in colorectal cancers occur only in tumours that do not carry mutations in a RAS gene known as KRAS, and BRAF mutation is linked to the proficiency of these tumours in repairing mismatched bases in DNA'},
 {'pubmed': 12447372, 'text': 'High frequency of BRAF mutations in nevi'},
 {'pubmed': 12619120,
  'text': 'The V599E BRAF mutation appears to be a somatic mutation associated with melanoma development and/or progression in a proportion of affected individuals.'},
 {'pubmed': 12644542,
  'text': 'results demonstrate that the mutational status of BRAF and KRAS is distinctly different among histologic types of ovarian serous carcinoma, occurring most frequently in invasive micropapillary serous carcinomas and its precursors, serous borderline tumors'},
 {'pubmed': 12670889,
  'text': 'High prevalence of BRAF mutations in thyroid cancer is genetic evidence for constitutive activation of the RET/PTC-RAS-BRAF signaling pathway in papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 12697856,
  'text': 'activating BRAF mutations may be an important event in the development of papillary thyroid cancer'},
 {'pubmed': 12753285,
  'text': 'cAMP activates ERK and increases proliferation of autosomal dominant polycystic kindey epithelial cells through the sequential phosphorylation of PKA, B-Raf and MAPK in a pathway separate from the classical receptor tyrosine kinase cascade'},
 {'pubmed': 12778069,
  'text': 'gene is mutated in skin melanoma, but not in uveal melanomas'},
 {'pubmed': 12810628,
  'text': '13 germline BRAF variants, 4 of which were silent mutations in coding regions & 9 nucleotide substitutions in introns, were found in melanoma patients and melanoma family, but none appeared statistically likely to be a melanoma susceptibility gene.'},
 {'pubmed': 12821662,
  'text': 'B-raf is involved in adhesion-independent ERK1/2 signaling in melanocytes'},
 {'pubmed': 12824225,
  'text': 'Data suggest that BRAF T1796A activating mutation is not common in primary uveal melanoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 12855697,
  'text': 'B-Raf has a role in extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling in T cells and prevents antigen-presenting cell-induced anergy'},
 {'pubmed': 12879021,
  'text': 'BRAF has a role in in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck through uncommon mutations'},
 {'pubmed': 12881714,
  'text': 'The BRAF(V599E) mutation appears to be an alternative event to RET/PTC rearrangement rather than to RAS mutations, which are rare in PTC. BRAF(V599E) may represent an alternative pathway to oncogenic MAPK activation in PTCs without RET/PTC activation.'},
 {'pubmed': 12893203,
  'text': 'Mucinous ovarian cancers without a KRAS mutation have not sustained alternative activation of this signaling pathway through mutation of the BRAF oncogene.'},
 {'pubmed': 12917419,
  'text': '3 cell lines derived from human choroidal melanoma express B-Raf containing the V599E mutation and showed a 10-fold increase in endogenous B-RafV599E kinase activity and a constitutive activation of the MEK/ERK pathway that is independent of Ras'},
 {'pubmed': 12931219,
  'text': 'Mutations are not detectable in plasma cell leukemia and multiple myeloma.'},
 {'pubmed': 12970315,
  'text': 'mutation of BRAF gene could be a potentially useful marker of prognosis of patients with advanced thyroid cancers'},
 {'pubmed': 14501284,
  'text': 'Our findings of a high frequency of BRAF mutations at codon 599 in benign melanocytic lesions of the skin indicate that this mutation is not sufficient by itself for malignant transformation.'},
 {'pubmed': 14507635,
  'text': 'Both BRAF and FBXW7 mutations functionally activate kinase effectors important in pancreatic cancer and extend potential options for therapeutic targeting of kinases in treatment of phenotypically distinct pancreatic adenocarcinoma subsets.'},
 {'pubmed': 14513361,
  'text': 'BRAF mutations, which are present in a variety of other human cancers, do not seem to be involved in gastric cancer development'},
 {'pubmed': 14522897,
  'text': 'Uceal melanomas arise independent of oncogenic BRAF and NRAS mutations.'},
 {'pubmed': 14534542,
  'text': 'BRAF mutations were seen in stomach neoplasms.'},
 {'pubmed': 14602780,
  'text': 'BRAF mutations are restricted to papillary carcinomas and poorly differentiated and anaplastic carcinomas arising from papillary carcinomas'},
 {'pubmed': 14612909,
  'text': 'BRAF is occasionally mutated in NHL, and BRAF mutation may contribute to tumor development in some NHLs'},
 {'pubmed': 14618633,
  'text': 'None of the cases of gastric cancer showed braf mutations'},
 {'pubmed': 14639609,
  'text': 'Mutations of BRAF are associated with extensive hMLH1 promoter methylation in sporadic colorectal carcinomas'},
 {'pubmed': 14668801,
  'text': 'Missense mutation is marker of colonic but not gastric cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 14688025,
  'text': 'Mutations were found in exon 15 in colorectal adenocarcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 14691295,
  'text': 'Our data indicate that BRAF gene mutations are rare to absent events in uveal melanoma of humans.'},
 {'pubmed': 14695152,
  'text': 'NRAS and BRAF mutations arise early during melanoma pathogenesis and are preserved throughout tumor progression'},
 {'pubmed': 14695993,
  'text': 'BRAF mutations are associated with proximal colon tumors with mismatch repair deficiency and MLH1 hypermethylation.'},
 {'pubmed': 14719068,
  'text': 'New enriched PCR-RFLP assay for detecting mutations of BRAF codon 599 mutation in pleural mesotheliomas.'},
 {'pubmed': 14722037,
  'text': 'Observational study of genotype prevalence and gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 14724583,
  'text': "RAS or BRAF mutations are detected in about 32% of all Barrett's adenocarcinomas; the disruption of the Raf/MEK/ERK (MAPK) kinase pathway is a frequent but also early event in the development of Barrett's adenocarcinoma"},
 {'pubmed': 14734469,
  'text': 'BRAF mutations are frequently present in sporadic colorectal cancer with methylated hMLH1'},
 {'pubmed': 14961576,
  'text': 'Mutations in BRAF gene is associated with malignant melanomas'},
 {'pubmed': 14966563,
  'text': 'These studies identify isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase as a potential target for reducing the growth of K-Ras- and B-Raf-induced malignancies.'},
 {'pubmed': 15001635,
  'text': 'The lack or low prevalence of BRAF mutation in other thyroid neoplasms is consistent with the notion that other previously defined genetic alterations on the same signaling pathway are sufficient to cause tumorigenesis in most thyroid neoplasms.'},
 {'pubmed': 15009714,
  'text': 'possible cooperation between BRAF activation and PTEN loss in melanoma development.'},
 {'pubmed': 15009715,
  'text': 'mutations in the BRAF gene and to some extent in the N-ras gene represent early somatic events that occur in melanocytic nevi'},
 {'pubmed': 15014028,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation may be acquired during development of metastasis but is not a significant factor for primary melanoma development and disease outcome.'},
 {'pubmed': 15077125,
  'text': 'ovarian serous cystadenomas do not contain mutations in either BRAF or KRAS genes'},
 {'pubmed': 15104286,
  'text': 'These results suggest that the BRAF mutation is unlikely to be involved in gastric carcinogenesis.'},
 {'pubmed': 15126572,
  'text': 'BRAF(V599E) is more common genetic alteration found to date in adult sporadic papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs). It is unique for this thyroid cancer histotype, and it might drive the development of PTCs of classic papillary subtype.'},
 {'pubmed': 15140228,
  'text': 'The finding of tandem mutations in thin melanomas makes it more likely that they arise as a simultaneous rather than sequential event.'},
 {'pubmed': 15145515,
  'text': 'Radiation-induced tumors have a low prevalence of BRAF point mutations and high prevalence of RET/PTC rearrangements'},
 {'pubmed': 15150271,
  'text': 'B-Raf kinase activity regulation by tuberin and Rheb is mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-independent'},
 {'pubmed': 15161700,
  'text': 'mucosal melanomas of the head and neck do not frequently harbor an activating mutation of BRAF'},
 {'pubmed': 15179189,
  'text': 'in contrast to cutaneous melanoma, BRAF does not appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of uveal melanoma'},
 {'pubmed': 15186612,
  'text': 'BRAF mutations are rather rare in solitary cold adenomas and adenomatous nodules and do not explain the molecular etiology of ras mutation-negative cold thyroid nodules.'},
 {'pubmed': 15191558,
  'text': 'activation of this gene may be one of the early events in the pathogenesis of some melanomas.'},
 {'pubmed': 15263001,
  'text': 'B-Raf and ERK are activated by cyclic AMP after calcium restriction'},
 {'pubmed': 15273715, 'text': 'mutated in papillary thyroid cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 15277467,
  'text': 'In this study, this BRAF mutation was demonstrated in some conjunctival melanoma tissue samples, suggesting that some conjunctival melanomas may share biological features in common with cutaneous melanoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 15313890,
  'text': 'Data suggest that SPRY2, an inhibitor of ERK signaling, may be bypassed in melanoma cells either by down-regulation of its expression in WT BRAF cells, or by the presence of the BRAF mutation.'},
 {'pubmed': 15330192,
  'text': 'Mutations within the BRAF gene are useful markers for the differential diagnosis between Spitz nevus and malignant melanoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 15331929,
  'text': 'we found 19 cases (38%) to harbor somatic B-raf exon 15 mutations.'},
 {'pubmed': 15339934,
  'text': 'Data provide evidence that B-Raf is a positive regulator of T cell receptor-mediated sustained ERK activation, which is required for NFAT activation and the full production of IL-2.'},
 {'pubmed': 15373778,
  'text': 'BRAF(V599E) mutation is seven times higher in lesions with structural changes and 13 times higher in growing lesions as compared with lesions without changes'},
 {'pubmed': 15488754,
  'text': 'REVIEW: our understanding of B-RAF as an oncogene and of its role in cancer'},
 {'pubmed': 15489648,
  'text': 'Mutations of BRAF or KRAS oncogenes are early events in the serrated polyp neoplasia pathway. CpG island methylation plays a role in serrated polyp progression to colorectal carcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 15538400,
  'text': 'mutated in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.'},
 {'pubmed': 15577314,
  'text': 'BRAF mutations are associated with conjunctival neoplasms'},
 {'pubmed': 15630448,
  'text': 'AKAP9-BRAF fusion was preferentially found in radiation-induced papillary carcinomas developing after a short latency, whereas BRAF point mutations were absent in this group'},
 {'pubmed': 15632082,
  'text': 'Data suggest that Rit is involved in a novel pathway of neuronal development and regeneration by coupling specific trophic factor signals to sustained activation of the B-Raf/ERK and p38 MAP kinase cascades.'},
 {'pubmed': 15653554,
  'text': 'a novel Ras-independent ERK1/2 activation system in which p110gamma/Raf-1/MEK1/2 and PKA/B-Raf/MEK1/2 cooperate to activate ERK1/2.'},
 {'pubmed': 15702478,
  'text': 'We found mutations in p53, K-ras, and BRAF genes in 35%, 30%, and 4% of tumors, respectively, and observed a minimal or no co-presence of these gene alterations.'},
 {'pubmed': 15705790,
  'text': 'KSHV-infected cell lines expressed higher levels of B-Raf and VEGF-A; B-Raf-induced VEGF-A expression was demonstrated to be sufficient to enhance tubule formation in endothelial cells'},
 {'pubmed': 15710605,
  'text': 'autoinhibition was negatively regulated by acidic substitutions at phosphorylation sites within the activation loop'},
 {'pubmed': 15765445,
  'text': 'Mutations in the BRAF protooncogene (V599E)may be an alternative pathway of tumorigenesis of familial colorectal cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 15782118,
  'text': 'BRAF mutations proved to be absent in tumors from hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome (HNPCC) families with germline mutations in the MMR genes MLH1 and MSH2.'},
 {'pubmed': 15791479,
  'text': 'The data of this study suggest that activating mutations of B-RAF are not a frequent event in gliomas; nevertheless, when present they are associated with high-grade malignant lesions.'},
 {'pubmed': 15791648,
  'text': 'B-raf mutations surrounding Thr439 found in human cancers are unlikely to contribute to increased oncogenic properties of B-raf'},
 {'pubmed': 15824163,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 15842051,
  'text': 'These results suggest that BRAF mutations do not have a role in tumorigenesis of neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors.'},
 {'pubmed': 15880523,
  'text': 'Anaplastic thyroid carcinomas which are derived from papillary carcinomas are due to BRAF and p53 mutations'},
 {'pubmed': 15904951,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 15935100,
  'text': 'B-raf V599E and V599K oncogenic mutations are likely to affect melanocyte-specific pathways controlling proliferation and differentiation'},
 {'pubmed': 15968271,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 15968271,
  'text': 'The increasing frequency of BRAF mutations as a function of age could help account for the well documented but poorly understood observation that age is a relevant prognostic indicator for patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 15980887,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation occurs later in thyroid tumor progression and is restricted mainly to papillary thyroid carcinoma and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma'},
 {'pubmed': 15994075,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 15998781,
  'text': 'Role of BRAF mutation in facilitating metastasis and progression of papillary thyroid cancer in lymph nodes.'},
 {'pubmed': 16007166,
  'text': 'determination of mutation specific gene expression profiles in papillary thyroid carcinoma'},
 {'pubmed': 16007203,
  'text': 'Single-cell clones with efficient knockdown of (V 600 E)B-RAF could be propagated in the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor but underwent apoptosis or senescence-like growth arrest upon withdrawal of this growth factor'},
 {'pubmed': 16015629,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 16024606,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 16079850,
  'text': 'sustained BRAF(V600E) expression in human melanocytes induces cell cycle arrest, which is accompanied by the induction of both p16(INK4a) and senescence-associated acidic beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-Gal) activity, a commonly used senescence marker'},
 {'pubmed': 16096377,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation in melanoma is most likely to occur prior to the development of metastatic disease'},
 {'pubmed': 16098042,
  'text': 'Although BRAF and NRAS mutations are likely to be important for the initiation and maintenance of some melanomas, other factors might be more significant for proliferation and prognosis in subgroups of aggressive melanoma'},
 {'pubmed': 16098042,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 16123397,
  'text': 'The results showed that conjunctival nevi, similar to skin nevi, have a high frequency of oncogenic BRAF mutations.'},
 {'pubmed': 16129781,
  'text': 'These data suggest that MITF is an anti-proliferation factor that is down-regulated by B-RAF signaling and that this is a crucial event for the progression of melanomas that harbor oncogenic B-RAF.'},
 {'pubmed': 16143028,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 16144912,
  'text': 'Mutations of the BRAF gene are partly involved in the malignant transformation of the endometrium.'},
 {'pubmed': 16144912,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 16172610,
  'text': 'selective reduction in catalytic activity and expression of B-Raf but not Raf-1 suggest that B-Raf may be playing an important role in altered ERK signaling in brain of suicide subjects, and thus in the pathophysiology of suicide'},
 {'pubmed': 16174717,
  'text': 'In patients with papillary thyroid cancer, BRAF mutation is associated with poorer clinicopathological outcomes and independently predicts recurrence.'},
 {'pubmed': 16174717,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 16179867,
  'text': 'As the BRAF oncogene is frequently found to be mutated in human cutaneous melanomas, it may constitute a risk factor for melanoma formation within CMN and DMN.'},
 {'pubmed': 16179870,
  'text': 'The oncogenic B-raf mutations V599E and V599K, as early events in melanocyte transformation, persist throughout metastasis with important prognostic implications.'},
 {'pubmed': 16181240,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 16181547,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 16199894,
  'text': 'copy number gain may represent another mechanism of BRAF activation in thyroid tumors'},
 {'pubmed': 16268813,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 16354196,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 16354196,
  'text': 'The estimated proportion of attributable risk of melanoma due to variants in BRAF is 1.6%, but the burden of disease associated with this variant is greater than that associated with the major melanoma locus (CDKN2A) which has a risk of 0.2%.'},
 {'pubmed': 16354586,
  'text': 'Mutation and elevated expression of BRAF is associated with the development of testicular germ cell tumors'},
 {'pubmed': 16361694,
  'text': 'The authors have developed and run a high-throughput screen to find inhibitors of V600E BRAF using an enzyme cascade assay in which oncogenic BRAF activates MEK1, which in turn activates ERK2, which then phosphorylates the transcription factor ELK1.'},
 {'pubmed': 16364920,
  'text': 'Data suggest that B-RAF activates C-RAF through a mechanism involving 14-3-3 mediated heterooligomerization and C-RAF transphosphorylation.'},
 {'pubmed': 16371460,
  'text': 'V600E B-Raf requires the Hsp90 chaperone for stability and is degraded in response to Hsp90 inhibitors.'},
 {'pubmed': 16373964,
  'text': 'activating mutations of PDGFR-alpha, c-kit and B-RAF are absent in gliosarcomas'},
 {'pubmed': 16376942,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 16376942,
  'text': 'V599E BRAF mutation was uncommon in Japanese lung cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 16382052,
  'text': 'aberrant B-Raf activity in angiomyolipomas leads to abnormal cellular differentiation and migration [review]'},
 {'pubmed': 16397024,
  'text': 'Observational study of genotype prevalence. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 16413100,
  'text': 'The most frequent B-RAF gene alterations are not involved in prostate carcinogenesis'},
 {'pubmed': 16417232,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation does not seem to be sufficient to produce MAPK activation in melanocytic nevi.'},
 {'pubmed': 16424035,
  'text': 'gain-of-function BRAF signaling is strongly associated with in vivo tumorigenicity'},
 {'pubmed': 16439621,
  'text': 'findings demonstrate that heterogeneous de novo missense mutations in three genes within the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, BRAF, MEK1 and MEK2 cause cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome'},
 {'pubmed': 16452469,
  'text': 'wild-type B-Raf-mediated ERK1/2 activation plays a major role in proliferation and transformation of uveal melanocytes; Raf-1 is not involved in this activation'},
 {'pubmed': 16452550,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 16462768,
  'text': 'NRAS and BRAF activating mutations can coexist in the same melanoma, but are mutually exclusive at the single-cell level'},
 {'pubmed': 16474404,
  'text': 'Cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome involves dysregulation of the RAS-RAF-ERK pathway.'},
 {'pubmed': 16487015,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 16537381,
  'text': 'Merlin and MLK3 can interact in situ and merlin can disrupt the interactions between B-Raf and Raf-1 or those between MLK3 and either B-Raf or Raf-1.'},
 {'pubmed': 16547495,
  'text': 'Melanoma cells require either B-RAF or phosphoinositide-3 kinase activation for protection from anoikis.'},
 {'pubmed': 16601293,
  'text': 'BRAF V600E is associated with a high risk of recurrence and less differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma due to the impairment of Na+/I- targeting to the membrane'},
 {'pubmed': 16601293,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 16618717,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-environment interaction and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 16687919,
  'text': 'Observational study of genotype prevalence. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 16691193,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 16691193,
  'text': 'UV light is not necessarily required for the acquisition of the BRAF(V600E) mutation, and non-mutagenic effects of UV light to melanocytes may be more important in the nevogenesis'},
 {'pubmed': 16721785,
  'text': 'BRAF mutations are as uncommon as KRAS mutations in prostate adenocarcinoma'},
 {'pubmed': 16728573,
  'text': 'B-RAF (V600E) was confirmed to be associated with the papillary growth pattern, but not with poorer differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma variants.'},
 {'pubmed': 16728573,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 16773193,
  'text': 'among 23 melanomas located at body sites with chronic UV exposure, only a single tumour harboured the B-raf V599E mutation which was a significantly lower frequency in comparison to melanomas from sun-protected body sites'},
 {'pubmed': 16786134,
  'text': 'a BRAFT1799A mutation may have a role in poor differentiation of thyroid carcinoma'},
 {'pubmed': 16799476,
  'text': 'A subset of Spitz nevi, some with atypical histologic features, possess BRAF mutations. The BRAF mutational status does not separate all Spitz nevi from spitzoid melanomas and non-Spitz types of melanocytic proliferations, contrary to previous reports.'},
 {'pubmed': 16803888,
  'text': 'Rheb has a central role in the regulation of the Ras/B-Raf/C-Raf/MEK signaling network'},
 {'pubmed': 16804544,
  'text': 'CpG island methylator phenotype-positive colorectal tumors represent a distinct subset, encompassing almost all cases of tumors with BRAF mutation'},
 {'pubmed': 16809487,
  'text': 'findings show that MC1R variants are strongly associated with BRAF mutations in non-chronic sun-induced damage melanomas; in this subtype, risk for melanoma associated with MC1R is due to increase in risk of developing melanomas with BRAF mutations'},
 {'pubmed': 16845322,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with melanoma and melanocytic nevi.'},
 {'pubmed': 16858395,
  'text': 'Thus, we propose that the hitherto unidentified function of the B-Raf amino-terminal region is to mediate calcium-dependent activation of B-Raf and the following MEK activation, which may occur in the absence of Ras activation.'},
 {'pubmed': 16858683,
  'text': 'Aberrant methylation and hence silencing of TIMP3, SLC5A8, DAPK and RARbeta2, in association with BRAF mutation, may be an important step in PTC tumorigenesis and progression.'},
 {'pubmed': 16879389,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation was frequent in hyperplastic polyps (67%) and sessile serrated adenomas (81%).'},
 {'pubmed': 16912199,
  'text': 'B-RAF has been identified as the most mutated gene in invasive cells and therefore an attractive therapeutic target in melanoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 16918136,
  'text': 'BRAF mutations are associated with colorectal cancers'},
 {'pubmed': 16918957,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 16924241,
  'text': 'Expression of p27Kip1 in melanoma is regulated by B-RAF at the mRNA level and via B-RAF control of Cks1/Skp2-mediated proteolysis.'},
 {'pubmed': 16932278,
  'text': 'Single nucleotide polymorphism found exclusively in papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 16937524,
  'text': 'BRAF, K-ras and BAT26 are expressed in colorectal polyps and stool'},
 {'pubmed': 16937524,
  'text': 'BRAF, K-ras and BAT26 are expressed in colorectal polyps and stool [BAT26]'},
 {'pubmed': 16946010, 'text': 'Braf mutations in thyroid tumorigenesis.'},
 {'pubmed': 16953233,
  'text': 'Concomitant KRAS and BRAF mutations increased along progression of MSS colorectal cancer, suggesting that activation of both genes is likely to harbour a synergistic effect'},
 {'pubmed': 16959844,
  'text': 'BRAFV600E activates not only MAPK but also NF-kappaB signaling pathway in human thyroid cancer cells, leading to an acquisition of apoptotic resistance and promotion of invasion.'},
 {'pubmed': 16960555,
  'text': 'Expression of active mutants of B-Raf induces fibronectin.'},
 {'pubmed': 16964379,
  'text': 'Extracellular signal-regulated kinase-3 (ERK3/MAPK6) is highly expressed in response to BRAF signaling.'},
 {'pubmed': 16973828,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 16987295,
  'text': 'BRAF T1976A mutation is present at high frequency in benign naevi such as Spitz and Reed.'},
 {'pubmed': 17001349,
  'text': 'data support a model in which mutational activation of BRAF in human melanomas contributes to constitutive induction of NF-kappaB activity and to increased survival of melanoma cells'},
 {'pubmed': 17018604,
  'text': 'Normally, BRAF alone is responsible for signaling to MEK. However, when RAS is mutated in melanoma, melanocytes switch their signaling from BRAF to CRAF.'},
 {'pubmed': 17044028,
  'text': 'Activating BRAF mutation is associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma'},
 {'pubmed': 17060774,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation remained a significant prognostic factor for lymph node metastasis (odds ratio = 10.8, 95% confidence interval, 3.5-34.0, P < 0.0001).'},
 {'pubmed': 17074813,
  'text': 'phosphorylation on both S365 and S429 participate in the differential regulation of B-Raf isoforms through distinct mechanisms'},
 {'pubmed': 17097223,
  'text': 'data provide evidence that oncogenic properties of BRAF contribute to the tumorigenesis of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm/carcinoma (IPMN/IPMC), but at a lower frequency than KRAS'},
 {'pubmed': 17119056,
  'text': 'BRAF-V600E mutations are mainly involved in colorectal cancer families characterized by an increased risk of other common malignancies'},
 {'pubmed': 17119447,
  'text': 'Association with preexisting nevi and pronounced infiltration of lymphocytes was significantly higher in BRAF mutated melanoma tumours'},
 {'pubmed': 17148775,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 17148775,
  'text': 'Previously identified associations between smoking and colon cancer, whether microsatellite unstable or stable, appear to be explained by the association of smoking with BRAF mutation.'},
 {'pubmed': 17159915,
  'text': 'BRAF(T1799A) mutation is associated with a lower rate of tumor proliferation.'},
 {'pubmed': 17159915,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 17170014,
  'text': 'RASSF1A methylation was observed in a high frequency in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma whereas K-ras and B-raf mutations were observed in a low frequency'},
 {'pubmed': 17179987,
  'text': 'The role for BRAF activation in thyroid cancer development and establishing the potential therapeutic efficacy of BRAF-targeted agents in patients with thyroid cancerwill be reviewed.'},
 {'pubmed': 17186541,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with thyroid carcinogenesis'},
 {'pubmed': 17186541,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 17195912,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 17195912,
  'text': 'there is a subgroup of colorectal carcinomas which develop via the microsatellite instability pathway that carry an alteration of the BRAF gene'},
 {'pubmed': 17199737,
  'text': 'Absence of association between BRAF mutation and activation of MAPK pathway in papillary thyroid carcinoma suggests the presence of mechanisms that downregulate MAPK activation.'},
 {'pubmed': 17227125,
  'text': 'Copy gain of PDGFB occurs in a subset of tumors showing no evidence of mutated BRAF or rearranged ret, suggesting that copy gain of PDGFB may underlie the increased expression of platelet-derived growth factor described recently in the literature.'},
 {'pubmed': 17270239,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 17297294,
  'text': 'characterization of the T1799-1801del and A1799-1816ins BRAF mutations in papillary thyroid cancer; the two new mutations resulted in constitutive activation of the BRAF kinase and caused NIH3T3 cell transformation'},
 {'pubmed': 17302867,
  'text': 'Overexpression of B-Raf mRNA and protein may be a feature of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas, highlighting overactivity of the Ras-B-Raf-MAP kinase pathway in these tumors.'},
 {'pubmed': 17309670,
  'text': 'BRAF gene plays a "gatekeeper" role but does not act as a predisposition gene in the development of low-grade ovarian serous carcinomas'},
 {'pubmed': 17309670,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 17312306,
  'text': 'Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 17315191,
  'text': 'BRAFV600E represents a detectable marker in the plasma/serum from melanoma patients for monitoring but not diagnostic purposes'},
 {'pubmed': 17318013,
  'text': 'B-RAF mutations are a rare event in pituitary tumorigenesis.'},
 {'pubmed': 17355635,
  'text': 'The aim of this study was to identify the effect that BRAF oncogene has on post-transcriptional regulation in papillary thyroid carcinoma by using microRNA analysis.'},
 {'pubmed': 17360030,
  'text': 'findings show that RASSF1A hypermethylation and KRAS mutations and BRAF mutations are inversely correlated and play an important role in the development of cervical adenocarcinomas'},
 {'pubmed': 17366577,
  'text': 'mutational analysis of KRAS, BRAF, and MAP2K1/2 in 56 patients with CFC syndrome; comparison of the genotype-phenotype correlation of CFC with that of Costello syndrome suggest a significant clinical overlap but not genotype overlap.'},
 {'pubmed': 17387744,
  'text': 'BRAF(V600E) mutation is identified in a subset of cutaneous metastases from papillary thyroid carcinomas'},
 {'pubmed': 17393356,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 17393356,
  'text': 'data suggest that BRAF mutations might be present less frequently than KRAS mutations in Greek patients with colorectal carcinomas'},
 {'pubmed': 17440063,
  'text': 'finding of a strong association between BRAF mutations and serrated histology in hyperplastic aberrant crypt foci supports the idea that these lesions are an early, sentinel, or a potentially initiating step on the serrated pathway to colorectal carcinoma'},
 {'pubmed': 17453004,
  'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation was occasionally observed in anaplastic carcinomas with papillary carcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 17453358,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 17454879,
  'text': 'MSI is rare in UC-related neoplasia as well as non-neoplastic lesions, and does not contribute to the development of dysplasia.'},
 {'pubmed': 17464312,
  'text': 'prevalence of BRAF mutation and RET/PTC were determined in diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma; none of the cases showed a BRAF mutation'},
 {'pubmed': 17483702,
  'text': 'Molecular diagnosis and careful observations should be considered in children with Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome because they have germline mutations in BRAF and might develop malignancy.'},
 {'pubmed': 17487277,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 17487504,
  'text': 'c-kit expression is not alternative to BRAF and/or KRAS activation.'},
 {'pubmed': 17488796,
  'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation in PTCs is associated with reduced expression of key genes involved in iodine metabolism'},
 {'pubmed': 17507627,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 17507627,
  'text': 'data indicate that both early-life UV exposure and nevus propensity contribute to occurrence of BRAF+ melanoma, whereas nevus propensity and later-life sun exposure influence the occurrence of NRAS+ melanoma'},
 {'pubmed': 17516929,
  'text': 'analysis of a BRAF mutation-associated gene expression signature in melanoma'},
 {'pubmed': 17518771,
  'text': 'low rate of RAS-RAF mutations (2/22, 9.1%) observed in Spitz melanocytic nevi suggests that these lesions harbor as yet undetected activating mutations in other components of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK-MAPK pathway'},
 {'pubmed': 17520704,
  'text': 'Meta-analysis of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 17520704,
  'text': 'frequency of the BRAF mutation and the associations between BRAF mutation and clinicopathologic parameters in papillary thyroid carcinoma were evaluated by meta-analysis'},
 {'pubmed': 17525723,
  'text': 'T1790A BRAF mutation (L597Q) in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a functional oncogene'},
 {'pubmed': 17535994,
  'text': 'The heterogeneous distribution of BRAF mutations suggests that discrete tumor foci in multifocal PTC may occur as independent tumors.'},
 {'pubmed': 17542667,
  'text': 'Presence of BRAF V600E in very early stages of papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 17548320,
  'text': 'influence of B-RAF-specific RNA interference on the proliferation and apoptosis of gastric cancer BGC823 cell line'},
 {'pubmed': 17566669,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 17566669,
  'text': 'We conclude that screening for BRAF 15 exon mutation is an efficient tool in the diagnostic strategy for HNPCC'},
 {'pubmed': 17635919,
  'text': 'In contrast to C-RAF that requires farnesylated H-Ras, cytosolic B-RAF associates effectively and with significantly higher affinity with both farnesylated and nonfarnesylated H-Ras.'},
 {'pubmed': 17663506,
  'text': 'KLF6 and p53 mutations are involved in the development of nonpolypoid colorectal carcinoma, whereas K-ras and B-raf mutations are not'},
 {'pubmed': 17671688,
  'text': 'PPARbeta/delta has a role in growth of RAF-induced lung adenomas'},
 {'pubmed': 17685465,
  'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid may facilitate tumor cell growth and progression once seeded in the lymph nodes.'},
 {'pubmed': 17693984,
  'text': 'Observational study of genotype prevalence, gene-disease association, and genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 17693984,
  'text': 'There was no coexistence of BRAF (V600E) mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 17696195,
  'text': 'data showed differences in gene expression between nevi with and without the V600E BRAF mutation. Moreover, nevi with mutations showed over-expression of genes involved in melanocytic senescence and cell cycle inhibition'},
 {'pubmed': 17699719,
  'text': 'RNA interference and pharmacologic approaches were used to assess the role of B-Raf activation in the growth of human melanomas and additionally determined if a similar role for mutant B-Raf is seen for colorectal carcinoma cell lines.'},
 {'pubmed': 17704260,
  'text': '5 unreported mutations (T241P, Q262R, G464R, E501V, N581K) were found in cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome. A hotspot in exon 6 at Q257 was found.'},
 {'pubmed': 17714762,
  'text': 'diffuse expression of wild-type and/or mutant B-Raf may be involved in the tumorigenic process'},
 {'pubmed': 17717450,
  'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation is primarily present in conventional papillary thyroid cancer; it is associated with an aggressive tumor phenotype and higher risk of recurrent and persistent disease in patients with conventional papillary thyroid cancer'},
 {'pubmed': 17717450,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 17721188,
  'text': 'Develompment of malignant strumo ovarii with papillary thyroid carcinoma features is associated with BRAF mutations.'},
 {'pubmed': 17727338,
  'text': 'BRAF(V600E) mutation detected on fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens, more than RET/PTC rearrangements, is highly specific for papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 17785355,
  'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation is associated with high-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma'},
 {'pubmed': 17785355,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 17786355,
  'text': 'BRAFV600E mutations were found in 41.2% of the papillary thyroid carcinomas'},
 {'pubmed': 17854396,
  'text': 'Papillary thyroid cancers with no 131I uptake had a high frequency of BRAF mutations.'},
 {'pubmed': 17878251,
  'text': 'MEK inhibition is cytostatic in papillary thyroid cancer and anaplastic thyroid cancer cells bearing a BRAF mutation'},
 {'pubmed': 17911174,
  'text': 'effects of a MEK inhibitor, CI-1040, on thyroid cancer cells, some of which, particularly cell proliferation and tumor growth, seemed to be BRAF mutation or RAS mutation selective'},
 {'pubmed': 17914558,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated as early as the hyperplastic polyp stage followed by microsatellite instability at the carcinoma stage'},
 {'pubmed': 17924122,
  'text': 'Examined associations between BRAF mutations, morphology, and apoptosis in early colorectal cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 17940185,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation represents a novel indicator of the progression and aggressiveness of papillary thyroid cancer (Review)'},
 {'pubmed': 17942568,
  'text': 'BRAF interacts with PLCepsilon1 in nephrotic syndrome type 3. Both proteins are coexpressed and colocalize in developing and mature glomerular podocytes.'},
 {'pubmed': 17962436,
  'text': 'In this small study, the T1799A BRAF mutation was identified in almost half of the iris melanoma tissues samples examined. This finding suggests that there may be genetic as well as clinical differences between iris and posterior uveal melanomas.'},
 {'pubmed': 17972530,
  'text': 'These results suggest that papillary thyroid carcinomas with BRAF (V600E) mutation are more aggressive than those with wildtype BRAF.'},
 {'pubmed': 18000091,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 18008004,
  'text': 'mutation of N-RAS or B-RAF, signature genetic lesions present in most MMs, potently induced the expression of cell-surface CD200, a repressor of DC function.'},
 {'pubmed': 18024410,
  'text': 'no BRAF mutations identified in 65 screened JMML patients; this gene is unlikely to play a role in the pathogenesis of JMML.'},
 {'pubmed': 18032947,
  'text': 'The BRAF mutation is common in melanomas, but variation in rates across melanoma subtypes points to a complex interplay between BRAF activation and other factors (eg, sun exposure).'},
 {'pubmed': 18042262,
  'text': 'the results of HRAS, BRAF and MAP2K1/2 mutation screening in a large cohort of patients with CS and CFC'},
 {'pubmed': 18045960,
  'text': 'Detection of BRAF improves the diagnosis in fine-needle biopsy with cytological findings suspicious for papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 18045987,
  'text': 'These results identify Rnd3 as a regulator of cross talk between the RAF/MEK/ERK and Rho/ROCK signaling pathways, and a key contributor to oncogene-mediated reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesions.'},
 {'pubmed': 18060073,
  'text': 'BRAF and MEK1/2 mutations may be more common than anticipated in ovarian cancer which could have important implications for treatment of patients with this disease and suggests potential new therapeutic avenues'},
 {'pubmed': 18061181,
  'text': 'Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 18070147,
  'text': "BRAF(V600E)'alone' does not represent a marker for poor outcome"},
 {'pubmed': 18071315,
  'text': 'B-Raf(V600E) signaling deregulates the mitotic spindle checkpoint through stabilizing Mps1 levels in melanoma cells.'},
 {'pubmed': 18098337,
  'text': 'BRAF provides proliferation and survival signals in MSI colorectal carcinoma cells displaying BRAF(V600E) but not KRAS mutations.'},
 {'pubmed': 18172070,
  'text': 'Because of the very sensitive pyrophosphorolysis-activated polymerization (PAP)technology, B-RAF mutations were found in cell lines and primary uveal melanomas.'},
 {'pubmed': 18199160,
  'text': 'A worse clinical outcome was found for CIMP-high, microsatellite stable colorectal cancer with KRAS/BRAF mutation but not for those lacking KRAS/BRAF mutation.'},
 {'pubmed': 18224685,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 18226854,
  'text': 'frequency of the occurrence of BRAF mutation and/or RET/PTC in H4-PTEN positive tumors was extremely high (75%) in papillary thyroid carcinoma'},
 {'pubmed': 18227705,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation is not associated with cutaneous melanoma'},
 {'pubmed': 18228248,
  'text': 'Important signalling role in T cell development.'},
 {'pubmed': 18235983,
  'text': 'Follicular histotypes of oncocytic thyroid carcinomas do not carry BRAF mutations'},
 {'pubmed': 18246127,
  'text': 'Mutant B-RAF mediates resistance to anoikis via Bad and Bim.'},
 {'pubmed': 18267069,
  'text': 'A genome-wide RNA-interference screening to identify genes required for an activated BRAF oncogene to block proliferation of fibroblasts and melanocytes revealed that a IGFBP7, has a central role in BRAF-mediated senescence and apoptosis.'},
 {'pubmed': 18310286,
  'text': 'BRAF T1799A mutation is associated with aggressive pathological outcomes of papillary thyroid cancer'},
 {'pubmed': 18310287,
  'text': 'BRAF(V600E) mutation is asscoiated with papillary thyroid cancer'},
 {'pubmed': 18310288,
  'text': 'BRAF-V600E mutation is associated with familial non-medullary thyroid carcinoma'},
 {'pubmed': 18323787,
  'text': 'Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity is subject to regulation even in BRAF/NRAS mutant melanoma cells and that high MAPK pathway signaling may be important only in distinct subsets of tumor cells.'},
 {'pubmed': 18329792,
  'text': 'RKIP could play an important role in the down-regulation of wild-type BRAF, serving thus as an endogenous inhibitor of the MAPK pathway in nasal polyps and their adjacent turbinate mucosa.'},
 {'pubmed': 18337114,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation testing of papillary thyroid carcinoma might improve the diagnosis, prognostic stratification and treatment of these tumors.'},
 {'pubmed': 18343945,
  'text': 'Our data provide evidence that PIK3CA and BRAF contribute to the tumorigenesis of IPMN/IPMC, but at a lower frequency than KRAS.'},
 {'pubmed': 18368129,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 18368129,
  'text': 'This study confirms that the known MC1R-melanoma risk association is confined to subjects whose melanomas harbor BRAF mutations.'},
 {'pubmed': 18375819,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with disease stabilization in melanoma'},
 {'pubmed': 18381570,
  'text': 'Thyroid cancers with BRAF mutation are preferentially sensitive to MEK inhibitors.'},
 {'pubmed': 18382358,
  'text': 'Detecting BRAF mutation by pyrosequencing is more sensitive, faster, and less expensive than direct DNA sequencing.'},
 {'pubmed': 18383861,
  'text': 'K-RAS and BRAF mutations are a frequent genetic event in our samples of sporadic papillary and medullary thyroid carcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 18383861,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 18397470,
  'text': 'is commonly activated by somatic point mutation, it may provide possible diagnostic and therapeutic targets in human malignant tumors.'},
 {'pubmed': 18398503,
  'text': 'Results implicate aberrant activation of the MAPK pathway due to gene duplication or mutation of BRAF as a molecular mechanism of pathogenesis in low-grade astrocytomas and suggest inhibition of the MAPK pathway as a potential treatment.'},
 {'pubmed': 18402768,
  'text': 'Aberrant BRAF and INK4A functionally interact to promote growth and survival of melanoma cells.'},
 {'pubmed': 18408659,
  'text': 'in melanocytic lesions, BRAF(V600E) mutation can affect a subset of the cells and is associated with the type and quantity of sun exposure'},
 {'pubmed': 18413255,
  'text': 'study describes the biochemical characterization of novel BRAF and MEK germline mutations in cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome'},
 {'pubmed': 18434602,
  'text': 'Cdk1/cyclin B has a role in regulating B-raf activation at mitosis'},
 {'pubmed': 18435933,
  'text': 'CpG island methylator phenotype in colorectal neoplasms may result from activating mutations in either BRAF or KRAS.'},
 {'pubmed': 18451171,
  'text': 'Akt3 and mutant V600E B-Raf cooperate to promote early melanoma development.'},
 {'pubmed': 18458053,
  'text': 'oncogenic BRAF inhibition can have a different effect on cell fate depending on the cellular type'},
 {'pubmed': 18470905,
  'text': 'aberrant methylation of the hMLH1 gene may play a role in BRAF mutation-promoted thyroid tumorigenesis'},
 {'pubmed': 18509003,
  'text': 'study revealed a significant correlation of BRAFV600E mutation with a lower expression of both sodium iodide symporter and thyroperoxidase in papillary thyroid cancer'},
 {'pubmed': 18509361,
  'text': 'Shorter overall survival in primary melanoma was associated with the presence of ulceration and BRAF exon 15 mutations, as well as the absence of nuclear activation of Akt and of cytoplasmic activation of ERK.'},
 {'pubmed': 18517279,
  'text': 'BRAF mutations in colorectal cancer microsatellite-stable cases are associated with high levels of chromosomal instability that are likely responsible for the adverse outcomes in these cases'},
 {'pubmed': 18519771,
  'text': 'a significant relationship in overall survival in colon cancer patients with defective DNA mismatch repair and the presence of a specific mutation in BRAF (V600E)'},
 {'pubmed': 18532874,
  'text': 'Compared to melanomas without BRAF mutations, melanomas with BRAF mutations showed statistically significantly higher degrees of intraepidermal scatter of melanocytes, and a higher proportion of melanocytes arranged in nests.'},
 {'pubmed': 18567582,
  'text': 'the scaffold protein IQGAP1 couples Ca(2+) and calmodulin signaling to B-Raf function'},
 {'pubmed': 18592405,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 18594528,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 18602919,
  'text': 'Rac1b and B-Raf(V600E) functionally cooperate to sustain colorectal cell viability and suggest they constitute an alternative survival pathway to oncogenic K-Ras'},
 {'pubmed': 18615679,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 18615679,
  'text': 'V600E BRAF mutation is associated with imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumors'},
 {'pubmed': 18615680,
  'text': 'MLH1 methylation and BRAF mutations are associated with microsatellite unstable colon tumors'},
 {'pubmed': 18615680,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 18621636,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 18628356,
  'text': 'The frequencies of LOHs of 17q21, 17p13, 10q23, and 22q13 were higher in tumors with lymph node metastasis, suggesting that these LOHs may be important in increased lymph node metastasis.'},
 {'pubmed': 18628431,
  'text': 'People of southern European origin had lower risk of colorectal cancers with CIMP and BRAF mutation than people of Anglo-Celtic origin, which may in part be due to genetic factors that are less common in people of southern European origin.'},
 {'pubmed': 18628967,
  'text': 'BRAF regulates melanoma proliferation through the lineage specific factor MITF'},
 {'pubmed': 18632627,
  'text': 'co-overexpression of KIT/CDK4 is a potential mechanism of oncogenic transformation in some BRAF/NRAS wild-type melanomas'},
 {'pubmed': 18636014,
  'text': 'lung adenocarcinoma of mixed type with a high incidence of papillary and lepidic growth may be worthwhile investigating for BRAF-V600E mutation as more genetically oriented drug therapies emerge.'},
 {'pubmed': 18650848,
  'text': 'hyperactivation of the MAPK pathway following activation of an inducible form of oncogenic C-Raf induces a senescence-like proliferation arrest in B-Raf mutant melanoma cells'},
 {'pubmed': 18668139,
  'text': "N-RAS(Q61K) and B-RAF(V600E) contribute to melanoma's resistance to apoptosis in part by downregulating Bim expression"},
 {'pubmed': 18669866,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 18676742,
  'text': 'CST6, CXCL14, DHRS3, and SPP1 are regulated by BRAF signaling and may play a role in papillary thyroid carcinoma pathogenesis'},
 {'pubmed': 18676756,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 18682506,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 18682506,
  'text': 'The BRAF(V600E) mutation was demonstrated to be a poor prognostic factor independent from other clinicopathological features.'},
 {'pubmed': 18697864,
  'text': 'Identification and functional characterization of a novel T599I-VKSR(600-603)del BRAF mutation in a patient with follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 18710471,
  'text': 'There is a higher frequency of the BRAF(V600E) mutation in papillary thyroid carcinomas than in normal thyroid tissue.'},
 {'pubmed': 18715233,
  'text': 'These data suggest that regulation of BIM expression by BRAF-->MEK-->ERK signaling is one mechanism by which oncogenic BRAF(V600E) can influence the aberrant physiology of melanoma cells.'},
 {'pubmed': 18716556,
  'text': 'focal gains at chromosome 7q34 and increased BRAF-MEK-ERK signaling are common findings in sporadic pilocytic astrocytomas'},
 {'pubmed': 18718023,
  'text': 'presence of the BRAF (V600E) mutation,the incidence of microsatellite instability high colorectal cancer in populations based study.'},
 {'pubmed': 18757341,
  'text': 'KRAS and BRAF mutations can impair response to anti-EGFR therapy for colorectal neoplasms'},
 {'pubmed': 18757433,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 18759827,
  'text': 'Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 18778891,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with the CpG island methylator phenotype in colorectal cancer from young patients'},
 {'pubmed': 18778891,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 18782444,
  'text': 'BRAF, KRAS and PIK3CA mutations occur prior to malignant transformation demonstrating that these oncogenic alterations are primary genetic events in colorectal carcinogenesis'},
 {'pubmed': 18782444,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 18787396,
  'text': 'These data implicates a mitotic role for B-Raf in regulating spindle formation and the spindle checkpoint in human somatic cells.'},
 {'pubmed': 18794094,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 18794803,
  'text': 'study identified a group of melanomas with low-activity BRAF mutations (G469E- and D594G) that are reliant upon CRAF-mediated survival activity'},
 {'pubmed': 18798261,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation occurs independently of CpG island methylator phenotype and MSI in all types of serrated polyps and may serve as a marker of serrated pathway of colorectal carcinogenesis'},
 {'pubmed': 18806830,
  'text': 'study concludes a single endogenous BRAF(V600E) allele is sufficient to repress BIM & prevent death from growth factor withdrawal; colorectal cancer cells with V600E mutations are addicted to the ERK1/2 pathway for repression of BIM'},
 {'pubmed': 18832519,
  'text': 'CIMP-high appears to be an independent predictor of a low colon cancer-specific mortality, while BRAF mutation is associated with a high colon cancer-specific mortality.'},
 {'pubmed': 18834226,
  'text': 'With at least 3 markers methylated, new CIMP-positive colorectal cancers were closely associated with proximal tumor location, low frequency of KRAS mutation, and high frequency of BRAF mutation.'},
 {'pubmed': 18840924,
  'text': 'BRAF(V600E) mutation may play some roles in local carcinoma development, there is no evidence that BRAF(V600E) mutation significantly reflects the aggressive characteristics and poor prognosis of patients with papillary carcinoma in Japan.'},
 {'pubmed': 18840924,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 18945298,
  'text': 'BRAF V600E appeared to be the most commonly mutated gene in both the melanocytic aggregate (seven of 18, 39%) and the melanoma (four of 18, 22%)'},
 {'pubmed': 18946221,
  'text': 'Hereditary pancreatitis patients with PRSS1 mutations also had mutations in BRAF and KRAS2.'},
 {'pubmed': 18953432,
  'text': 'study shows high expression of p16(INK4a) or the absence of activated B-RAF correlates with in vivo response of melanoma to cytotoxic drugs'},
 {'pubmed': 18974108,
  'text': 'rearrangement, which was not observed in a series of 244 higher-grade astrocytomas, results in an in-frame fusion gene incorporating the kinase domain of the BRAF oncogene'},
 {'pubmed': 18980976,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 18985043,
  'text': 'the T1799A BRAF mutation is present in a proportion of posterior uveal melanomas but within these tumours the distribution of the mutation is heterogeneous.'},
 {'pubmed': 18987552,
  'text': 'BRAF mutations may not play an important role in the oncogenesis or therapy of prostate adenocarcinoma'},
 {'pubmed': 18992635,
  'text': '8% of sporadic colorectal tumors in this study harbor mutation in the BRAF gene.'},
 {'pubmed': 18992635,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19001320,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19001320,
  'text': 'Wild-type BRAF is required for response to panitumumab or cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 19003996,
  'text': 'BRAF-V600E mutation is uncommon in endocrine tumors other than thyroid papillary carcinomas'},
 {'pubmed': 19012001,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19012001,
  'text': 'The result showed that the mutation rate of PIK3CA in nasopharyngeal carcinomas (n = 73) was 9.6%, whereas both BRAF (n = 65) and RAS (n = 45) were wild type in every specimen with adequate DNA for analysis.'},
 {'pubmed': 19014278,
  'text': 'In Korean patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma, the BRAFV600E mutation is associated with a lower frequency of background Hashimoto thyroiditis and a high frequency of lymph node metastasis.'},
 {'pubmed': 19014278,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19016743,
  'text': 'Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction-based sequencing revealed a fusion product between KIAA1549 and BRAF in pediatric low-grade astrocytomas'},
 {'pubmed': 19018267,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19018267,
  'text': 'ovarian cancer patients with KRAS or BRAF mutations may benefit from CI-1040 treatment'},
 {'pubmed': 19026650,
  'text': 'Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19033861,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19034577,
  'text': 'BRAF(V600E) mutation is assocciated with aggressive papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 19034577,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19037234,
  'text': 'NRAS and BRAF mutations increase from the radial to the vertical growth phase in cutaneous melanoma'},
 {'pubmed': 19064572,
  'text': 'Observational study and meta-analysis of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19079609,
  'text': 'Genetic extinction of BRAF(V600E) in established prostate tumors did not lead to tumor regression, indicating that while sufficient to initiate development of invasive prostate adenocarcinoma, BRAF(V600E) is not required for its maintenance.'},
 {'pubmed': 19087308,
  'text': 'G12D mutation may be more likely selected in a BRAF mutated context'},
 {'pubmed': 19098310,
  'text': 'ERK activation was induced by PKD2 overexpression via B-Raf signaling, providing a possible molecular mechanism of cystogenesis'},
 {'pubmed': 19107232,
  'text': 'BRAF pseudogene activation may play a role in thyroid tumor development.'},
 {'pubmed': 19126563,
  'text': 'Sessile serrated adenomas are encountered commonly in routine endoscopy practice and the histological diagnosis correlates strongly with the presence of BRAF mutation.'},
 {'pubmed': 19127559,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19133693,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19142971,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19147753,
  'text': 'BRAF and RET/PTC dual mutations are associated with recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma'},
 {'pubmed': 19147753,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19152441,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19159571,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19164452,
  'text': 'MLH1-hypermethylated tumors harbor fewer APC and KRAS mutations and more BRAF mutations, suggesting that they develop distinctly from an MGMT methylator pathway.'},
 {'pubmed': 19178815,
  'text': 'Mutations are absent or rare in the kinase domain of B-RAF in Japanese head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 19178815,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19190079,
  'text': 'Mutation in BRAF is associated with adrenocortical carcinomas.'},
 {'pubmed': 19190105,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19190129,
  'text': 'Distinct BRAF (V600E) and KRAS mutations in high microsatellite instability sporadic colorectal cancer in African Americans.'},
 {'pubmed': 19190129,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19194051,
  'text': 'Expression levels of fibronectin, vimentin and CITED1 were positively correlated with those of BRAFV600E, suggesting pathophysiological links between activated BRAF and overexpression of these genes.'},
 {'pubmed': 19200582,
  'text': '(novel) mutation in the activation kinase domain of the BRAF (A598V), this mutation led to the up-regulation of the BRAF kinase activity and its downstream signaling factors.'},
 {'pubmed': 19206169,
  'text': 'Findings provide evidence for a wide phenotypic diversity associated with mutations affecting BRAF, and occurrence of a clinical continuum associated with these molecular lesions.'},
 {'pubmed': 19207009,
  'text': 'the presence of the braf protein mutation increases prohibitin promoter activity and therefore potentially mediates effects of this mutation on the behavior of BRAF protein'},
 {'pubmed': 19208736,
  'text': 'BRAFT1799A mutation or RET/PTC rearrangement, mainly corresponding to follicular variants, maintain a thyroid differentiation expression level close to that of normal tissue.'},
 {'pubmed': 19226609,
  'text': 'BRAF* melanomas appear to be associated with a specific profile of DNA copy number aberrations that is distinct from those found in NRAS* and BRAF/NRAS(wt/wt) tumors.'},
 {'pubmed': 19237633,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19240718,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19255327,
  'text': 'Clinical trial of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19274086,
  'text': 'oncogenic BRAF(V600E) induces the uncoupling of LKB1-AMPKalpha complexes providing at the same time a possible mechanism in cell proliferation that engages cell growth and cell division in response to mitogenic stimuli'},
 {'pubmed': 19276360,
  'text': 'GDC-0879-mediated efficacy was associated strictly with BRAF(V600E) status, MEK inhibition also attenuated proliferation and tumor growth of cell lines expressing wild-type BRAF.'},
 {'pubmed': 19282104,
  'text': 'study of KRAS/BRAF mutation status in a large and well-documented cohort of primary and metastatic renal cell carcinoma'},
 {'pubmed': 19289622,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19289622,
  'text': 'a correlation between a gene mutation--BRAF V600E--and cisplatin resistance in nonseminomatous germ cell tumors.'},
 {'pubmed': 19342899,
  'text': 'Both BRAF and RKIP expression levels exhibit a decrease from normal skin tissue and actinic keratosis, going to squamous cell carcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 19344998,
  'text': 'In BRAF mutated colorectal carcinoma cells quercetin, luteolin and ursolic acid decreased Akt phosphorylation'},
 {'pubmed': 19351817,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19355825,
  'text': 'BRAF(V600E) is associated some of the aggressive clinicopathological features of papillary thyroid carcinoma including younger age at diagnosis, larger tumor size, and classic histological type, as well as also extrathyroidal invasion.'},
 {'pubmed': 19355825,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19358278,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19362540,
  'text': 'Targets of phosphorylation by B-Raf signaling are investigated in melanoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 19369630,
  'text': 'K-ras, EGFR, and BRAF mutations are disproportionately seen in adenocarcinomas of lung with a dominant micropapillary growth pattern compared with conventional adenocarcinoma in our institutional experience.'},
 {'pubmed': 19369630,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19370505,
  'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation was significantly found in papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 19370505,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19372556,
  'text': 'Mutation in BRAF is associated with ERK1/2 activation and MEK1/2 inhibitor therapy in colorectal cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 19378335,
  'text': 'proliferation of cells harboring mutations in B-Raf, but not K-Ras, is exquisitely sensitive inhibition of the MAPK pathway'},
 {'pubmed': 19383313,
  'text': 'REVIEW summarizes the literature on NRAS and BRAF activating mutations in melanoma tumors with respect to available data on histogenetic classification as well as body site and presumed UV-exposure.'},
 {'pubmed': 19383316,
  'text': 'The genes whose expression is associated with BRAF mutations are not simply restricted to the MAPK/ERK signaling but also converge to enhanced immune responsiveness, cell motility and melanosomes processing involved in the adaptative UV response'},
 {'pubmed': 19389934,
  'text': 'a subpopulation of melanocytes possesses the ability to survive BRAF(V600E)-induced senescence'},
 {'pubmed': 19393416,
  'text': 'B-RAF mutation was found to be significantly higher in papillary carcinomas when compared to follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas (55.6% vs 14.3%, P = 0.05).'},
 {'pubmed': 19393416,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19398955,
  'text': 'The murine model of mutant BRAF-induced melanoma formation provides an important tool for identifying further genetic alterations that cooperates with BRAF and that may be useful in enhancing susceptibility to BRAF-targeted therapeutics in melanoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 19404844,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19404844,
  'text': 'elevated pERK expression occurs in urothelial carcinoma in the absence of B-Raf mutations and is not correlated with FGFR3 over-expression'},
 {'pubmed': 19404918,
  'text': 'Investigated BRAF mutations in 30 bladder tumors. Detected two tumor specimens bearing two different mutations, both of which were found in exon 15. One sample showed the T1799A (V600E) and the other the G1798T (V600L) mutation.'},
 {'pubmed': 19404918,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19414674,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19415957,
  'text': 'The T1799A BRAF mutation does not appear to play a role in the tumorigenesis of the cribriform-morular variant of papillary carcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 19416762,
  'text': 'Novel BRAF mutation in a patient with LEOPARD syndrome and normal intelligence is reported.'},
 {'pubmed': 19424571,
  'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation is not the target gene for abnormal DNA mismatch repair in patients with sporadic endometrial cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 19424639,
  'text': "Report efficient molecular screening of Lynch syndrome by specific 3' promoter methylation of the MLH1 or BRAF mutation in colorectal cancer with high-frequency microsatellite instability."},
 {'pubmed': 19430562,
  'text': 'Mutations in BRAF were found 10% patients in the low-grade carcinoma group, however, they were not found in the high-grade carcinoma group. KRAS and BRAF mutations were mutually exclusive, and both mutations were observed in 40%.'},
 {'pubmed': 19430562,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19440799,
  'text': 'oncogenic properties of KRAS and BRAF but not NRAS, HRAS, and PIK3CA contribute to the tumorigenesis of periampullary and ampullary tumors'},
 {'pubmed': 19461239,
  'text': 'mismatch repair deficiency is not a crucial event for BRAF mutation in melanocytic tumors'},
 {'pubmed': 19464601,
  'text': 'The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway has emerged as a major player in the induction and maintenance of melanoma, particularly the protein kinase BRAF, mutated in approximately 44% of melanoma cases. Review.'},
 {'pubmed': 19474002,
  'text': 'data confirm that KRAS and BRAF mutations do occur in the same cell and that BRAF V600E mutation is associated with CIMP+ status.'},
 {'pubmed': 19483722,
  'text': 'B-Raf/MKK/ERK provides a permissive environment for melanoma genesis by modulating plexin B1.'},
 {'pubmed': 19487299,
  'text': 'If BRAF is mutated in the primary thyroid neoplasm, it is likely that the metastases will harbor the defect.'},
 {'pubmed': 19487299,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19492075,
  'text': 'Targeting NRAS alone or both BRAF and CRAF in combination or both BRAF and PIK3CA together showed delay in tumor growth.'},
 {'pubmed': 19498322,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19498322,
  'text': 'Results show that activating BRAF somatic mutations may be occasionally found in advanced adrenocortical carcinomas, while CTNNB1 activating mutations are early and common events in adrenal tumorigenesis.'},
 {'pubmed': 19504446,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19534622,
  'text': 'CTNNB1 and BRAF mutations may have roles in the cribriform-morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma'},
 {'pubmed': 19534623,
  'text': 'BRAF V600E may have a role in development of papillary thyroid carcinoma'},
 {'pubmed': 19543740,
  'text': 'Pilocytic astrocytomas had BRAF fusions in 70% of cases but not IDH1 or IDH2 mutations. Diffuse astrocytomas had IDH1 mutations in 76% of cases but not IDH2 mutations or BRAF fusions. Analysis of BRAF and IDH1 separates pilocytic from diffuse astrocytoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 19547661,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19551857,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19561230,
  'text': 'BRAF mutations represent an alternative molecular pathway in the early tumorigenesis of a subset of KIT/PDGFRA wild-type GISTs and are per se not associated with a high risk of malignancy.'},
 {'pubmed': 19561230,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19571295,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19571295,
  'text': 'study concludes that a BRAF mutation is a negative prognostic marker in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer'},
 {'pubmed': 19571709,
  'text': 'BRAF mutated tumors occurred with a much greater frequency in proximal colon tumors than in either distal colon or rectal tumors'},
 {'pubmed': 19571821,
  'text': 'We observed no association between germline MC1R status and somatic BRAF mutations in melanomas'},
 {'pubmed': 19574281,
  'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation analysis can significantly improve FNAB diagnostic accuracy.'},
 {'pubmed': 19584155,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19584155,
  'text': 'Results suggest that the mutations of EGFR, KRAS, BRAF between primary tumors and corresponding lymph node metastases should be considered whenever mutations are used for the selection of patients for EGFR-directed tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy.'},
 {'pubmed': 19603018,
  'text': 'Assessing KRAS and BRAF mutations might help optimising the selection of the candidate metastatic colorectal cancer patients to receive anti-EGFR moAbs.'},
 {'pubmed': 19603018,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19603024,
  'text': 'BRAF (P=0.01) mutations predicted reduced progress free survival in response to cetuximab salvage therapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer .'},
 {'pubmed': 19603024,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19624312,
  'text': 'Mutated BRAF is a target in metastatic melanomas'},
 {'pubmed': 19626635,
  'text': 'In this study, 28 matched tumor and serum samples obtained from patients with both benign and malignant thyroid disorders were analyzed for BRAF mutation.'},
 {'pubmed': 19626635,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19628078,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19633643,
  'text': 'Characterization of candidate gene copy number alterations in the 11q13 region along with BRAF and NRAS mutations in human melanoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 19637313,
  'text': 'strong inter-relation between DR4 AND DR5 overexpression and presence of oncogenic KRAS/ BRAF mutations in colon cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 19638574,
  'text': 'Sorafenib inhibits NSCLC cell growth by targeting B-RAF in cells with wild-type KRAS and C-RAF in those with mutant KRAS.'},
 {'pubmed': 19644722,
  'text': 'BRAFV600E mutation is associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 19652585,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19659611,
  'text': 'simultaneous depletion of both MITF and BRAF(V600E) significantly inhibited melanoma growth even for the melanoma cell lines resistant to MITF depletion'},
 {'pubmed': 19667985,
  'text': 'Studies indicate that in pilocytic astrocytomas, the BRAF fusion gene has been identified as a specific and frequent event leading to potentially targetable mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation.'},
 {'pubmed': 19669908,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and DATA ERROR. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19679016,
  'text': 'Studies indicate that drugs are effective in targeting essential molecular pathways of BRAF, PTEN, Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin.'},
 {'pubmed': 19679059,
  'text': 'Mutations in BRAF protein is associated with Colorectal Carcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 19679059,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19681119,
  'text': 'Investigated the prevalence of PTPN11, HRAS, KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, MEK1, and MEK2 mutations in a relatively large cohort of primary embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) tumors. No mutation was observed in BRAF and MEK genes.'},
 {'pubmed': 19682280,
  'text': 'This study provides a basis for understanding the molecular processes that are regulated by (V600E)BRAF/MEK signalling in melanoma cells.'},
 {'pubmed': 19686742,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19690147,
  'text': 'a dual mechanism that affects the Sprouty2/B-Raf interaction: Sprouty phosphorylation and B-Raf conformation'},
 {'pubmed': 19693938,
  'text': 'Whenever necessary BRAF testing may be performed on the residual samples of thyroid nodules, without interfering with routine cytology.'},
 {'pubmed': 19704056,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19710001,
  'text': 'The BRAF(V600E) mutation can be used as a potential prognostic factor in PTMC patients in a BRAF(V600E)-prevalent area.'},
 {'pubmed': 19710016,
  'text': 'DGKeta acts as a novel critical regulatory component of the Ras/B-Raf/C-Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade via a previously unidentified mechanism.'},
 {'pubmed': 19718661,
  'text': 'analysis of the effect on the Ras/Raf signaling pathway of post-translational modifications of neurofibromin'},
 {'pubmed': 19724843,
  'text': 'This article focuses on reviewing the impact of the BRAFV600E mutation in the tumorigenesis of Papillary thyroid carcinoma'},
 {'pubmed': 19725049,
  'text': 'EPAC-mediated cellular effects require activation of the B-Raf/ERK and mTOR signaling cascades'},
 {'pubmed': 19735675,
  'text': 'Insights into the molecular function of the inactivating mutations of B-Raf involving the DFG motif.'},
 {'pubmed': 19738388,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19738460,
  'text': 'Papillary carcinomas of the thyroid with papillary growth and areas of follicular growth have a high frequency of BRAF mutations.'},
 {'pubmed': 19745699,
  'text': 'Beta-catenin nuclear labeling is a common feature of sessile serrated adenomas and correlates with early neoplastic progression after BRAF activation.'},
 {'pubmed': 19752400,
  'text': 'The polyclonality of BRAF mutations in acquired melanocytic nevi suggests that mutation of BRAF may not be an initial event in melanocyte transformation.'},
 {'pubmed': 19759551,
  'text': 'analysis of coexisting NRAS and BRAF mutations in primary familial melanomas with specific CDKN2A germline alterations'},
 {'pubmed': 19765726,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19794125,
  'text': 'As predicted from the genomic organization at this locus, 22 of 36 patients with sporadic pilocytic astrocytomas and B-Raf gene rearrangement also exhibit corresponding homeodomain interacting protein kinase-2 (HIPK2) gene amplification.'},
 {'pubmed': 19826477,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19829302,
  'text': 'data argues against obligatory downregulation in IGFBP7 expression in BRAF mutated melanoma cells'},
 {'pubmed': 19850689,
  'text': 'BRAF(T1799A) can be detected in the blood of papillary thyroid carcinoma patients with residual or metastatic disease and may provide diagnostic information'},
 {'pubmed': 19850689,
  'text': 'Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19855373,
  'text': 'BRAF V600E mutations were seen in 83% of proximal and 74% of distal hyperplastic colonic polyps'},
 {'pubmed': 19861538,
  'text': 'BRAFV600E oncogene induces transforming growth factor beta secretion leading to sodium iodide symporter repression and increased malignancy in thyroid cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 19861964,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19861964,
  'text': 'These data demonstrate the feasibility of BRAF mutation detection in cfDNA of patients with advanced melanoma. Future studies should aim to incorporate BRAF mutation testing in cfDNA to further validate this biomarker for patient selection.'},
 {'pubmed': 19878585,
  'text': 'Suppression of BRAF gene expression inhibited cell proliferation in cells with BRAF(V600E) mutation.'},
 {'pubmed': 19880519,
  'text': 'Hyperactivation of BRAF-MEK signaling activates MAP2 expression in melanoma cells by two independent mechanisms, promoter demethylation or down-regulation of neuronal transcription repressor HES1.'},
 {'pubmed': 19881948,
  'text': 'BRAF and KRAS oncogenes have different transforming capability in colon cancer'},
 {'pubmed': 19883729,
  'text': 'The knowledge of BRAF mutation status can facilitate more accurate risk stratification and better decision making at various steps in the management of papillary thyroid cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 19884549,
  'text': 'Clinical trial of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19884549,
  'text': 'KRAS and BRAF mutations in advanced colorectal cancer are associated with poor prognosis but do not preclude benefit from oxaliplatin or irinotecan.'},
 {'pubmed': 19884556,
  'text': 'BRAF status, EGFR amplification, and cytoplasmic expression of PTEN were associated with outcome measures in KRAS wild-type patients treated with a cetuximab-based regimen.'},
 {'pubmed': 19884556,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19893451,
  'text': 'Study identified the previously reported pathogenic mutation of NTRK3 in a KRAS/BRAF wild-type tumor and 2 somatic mutations in the Src family of kinases (YES1 and LYN) that would be expected to cause structural changes.'},
 {'pubmed': 19903786,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19908233,
  'text': 'BRAF gene mutation is associated with colorectal cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 19908233,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19913317,
  'text': 'BRAF mutations are not relevant for rectal carcinogenesis'},
 {'pubmed': 19913317,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19917255,
  'text': 'Data show that melanoma cells expressing B-Raf(V600E) display a reduced C-Raf:B-Raf ratio, and further suppression of C-Raf increases MAPK activation and proliferation.'},
 {'pubmed': 19919630,
  'text': 'The BRAF V600E mutational status appears to be of limited diagnostic utility in distinguishing genital naevi that exhibit atypia from those that do not.'},
 {'pubmed': 19919912,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19935791,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19955937,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19955937,
  'text': 'v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene mutations are common in ovarian serous bordeline tumors.'},
 {'pubmed': 19956635,
  'text': 'Uncategorized study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 19958951,
  'text': 'clinical, cytologic, and pathologic parameters of 106 consecutive surgically treated patients with BRAF-positive PTC were compared with a concurrent cohort of 100 patients with BRAF-negative PTC (papillary thyroid carcinoma)'},
 {'pubmed': 19959686,
  'text': '2-fold increased risk of BRAF V600E colonic tumor mutation was observed in current and former cigarette smokers homozygous for the OGG1 polymorphism'},
 {'pubmed': 19960590,
  'text': 'BRAF T1796A mutation was identified in 27% of papillary thyroid cancer samples and its identification may be used to determine this risk factor of the development of papillary thyroid cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 19960590,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20008640,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20009493,
  'text': 'BRAFV600E mutation is associated with high-risk clinicopathological characteristics of papillary thyroid carcinoma and worse prognosis of patients'},
 {'pubmed': 20009493,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20012784,
  'text': 'Screening for BRAF, RET, KRAS, NRAS, and HRAS mutations, as well as RET-PTC1 and RET-PTC3 rearrangements, was performed on cases of Hashimoto thyroiditis with a dominant nodule'},
 {'pubmed': 20023270,
  'text': 'BRAF V600E detection in the tumor does not induce a higher expression of the B-raf protein or the preferential activation of the p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway compared with GISTs without the BRAF mutation.'},
 {'pubmed': 20027224,
  'text': 'CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)-specific inactivation of BRAF(V600E)-induced senescence and apoptosis pathways by IGFBP7 DNA hypermethylation might create a favorable context for the acquisition of BRAF(V600E) in CIMP+ colorectal cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 20043015,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20043015,
  'text': 'no support for MC1R variants with BRAF mutation for melanoma risk'},
 {'pubmed': 20044755,
  'text': 'BRAF gene rearrangements were more common in cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma than non-cerebellar tumors; clinical outcome was independent of BRAF status'},
 {'pubmed': 20049644,
  'text': 'BRAF mutations only in metastases is not associated with resistance to anti-EGFR treatment in primary colorectal tumors.'},
 {'pubmed': 20049644,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20051945,
  'text': 'Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20068183,
  'text': 'BRAF(V600E) mutation seems to define a subset of malignant astrocytomas in children, in which there is frequent concomitant homozygous deletion of CDKN2A (five of seven cases).'},
 {'pubmed': 20098682,
  'text': 'Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20118768,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20140953,
  'text': 'Formalin-fixed primary melanomas from relapsed and nonrelapsed patients were sequenced for common BRAF and NRAS mutations. BRAF/NRAS mutations were detected in 77% of relapsers and 58% of nonrelapsers and did not predict ulceration or mitotic rate.'},
 {'pubmed': 20146801,
  'text': 'Data demonstrate a signaling loop between B-Raf activation and p73 function, and suggest that low expression of TAp73 in colorectal cancer cell lines with mutated B-Raf may lead to lack of response to oxaliplatin/cetuximab.'},
 {'pubmed': 20156809,
  'text': 'BRAF activating mutations are a major genetic alteration in this histologic group of pediatric low-grade brain tumors.'},
 {'pubmed': 20162668,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20162668,
  'text': 'With MSI, specific KRAS and BRAF mutations, 3 distinct prognostic subgroups were observed: patients with (i) KRAS mutation G12D, G12V or BRAFmutation, (ii) KRAS/BRAFwild-type or KRAS G13D mutations in MSS/MSI-L and (iii) MSI-H and KRAS G13D mutations.'},
 {'pubmed': 20177422,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20182446,
  'text': 'High oncogenic BRAF levels trigger autophagy, which may have a role in melanoma tumor progression.'},
 {'pubmed': 20186801,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20187782,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20200438,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20200438,
  'text': 'we measured the prevalence and epidemiologic correlates of the BRAF V600E somatic mutation in cases collected as a part of a population-based case-control study of colorectal cancer in northern Israel.'},
 {'pubmed': 20230995,
  'text': 'pathogenesis of papillary thyroid cancer , and the clinical implications of BRAF(V600E) mutation in the diagnosis, prognosis and potential targeted therapeutic strategies for thyroid cancer [review]'},
 {'pubmed': 20233436,
  'text': 'data support the model of BRAF and K-ras mutations arising in distinct colorectal cancer subsets associated with different clinicopathological and dietary factors, acting as mutually exclusive mechanisms of activation of the same signalling pathway'},
 {'pubmed': 20234366,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20300843,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation is not associated with interval cancers but is a marker of poor prognosis, particularly in microsatellite stable cancers.'},
 {'pubmed': 20300843,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20302979,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20303012,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20303012,
  'text': 'Our study suggests that mutations of KRAS, not BRAF, may play a role in the pathogenesis of prostate carcinoma in Chinese patients.'},
 {'pubmed': 20305537,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20332228,
  'text': 'Studies show FOXD3 is suppressed by B-RAF, uncover a novel role and mechanism for FOXD3 as a negative cell cycle regulator, and have implications for the repression of melanocytic lineage cells.'},
 {'pubmed': 20351680, 'text': 'Mutated in melanoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 20379614,
  'text': 'Clinical trial of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20381121,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20406109,
  'text': 'The miR-146b expression levels in papillary thyroid carcinoma with BRAF mutation were significantly higher than those without this mutation'},
 {'pubmed': 20407018,
  'text': 'Activated Raf-1 induces focal adhesion kinase expression and regulates neuroendocrine and metastatic phenotypes in gastrointestinal carcinoid cell line BON.'},
 {'pubmed': 20410389,
  'text': 'thyroid carcinoma with the BRAF(V600E) mutation tends to be taller than wide and is not associated with the presence of calcifications on ultrasound.'},
 {'pubmed': 20413299,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20444249,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20445557,
  'text': 'B-RAF(V600E) can protect melanocytes from anoikis independently of cell cycle inhibition'},
 {'pubmed': 20453000,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20454969,
  'text': 'This study identified an exceptionally high frequency of KIAA1549-BRAF fusions in pilocytic astrocytoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 20460314,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20460314,
  'text': 'These data demonstrate a high prevalence of B-RAF mutations in the present study population, underscoring the possibility of strong regional differences.'},
 {'pubmed': 20473281,
  'text': 'Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha is expressed in papillary thyroid carcinomas and is regulated not only by hypoxia but also by BRAF(V600E)-mediated signaling pathway.'},
 {'pubmed': 20473281,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20478260,
  'text': 'Study concludes that the secreted protein IGFBP7 is dispensable for B-RAF(V600E)-induced senescence in human melanocytes.'},
 {'pubmed': 20485284,
  'text': 'BRAF V600E mutations are associated with MSI-H status and cyclin D1 overexpression and characterize a subgroup of patients with poor prognosis.'},
 {'pubmed': 20485284,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20489114,
  'text': 'Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20495538,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20496269,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20498063,
  'text': 'Knockdown of B-Raf(V600E) resulted in thrombospondin-1 down-regulation and a reduction of adhesion and migration/invasion of human thyroid cancer cells.'},
 {'pubmed': 20501503,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20501503,
  'text': 'The V600E BRAF mutation confers a worse prognosis to stage II and stage III colon cancer patients independently of disease stage and therapy.'},
 {'pubmed': 20501689,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20514492,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation may be used a biomarker for the selection of patients with colorectal cancer patients who might benefit from anti-egf receptor monoclonal antibodies.'},
 {'pubmed': 20514492,
  'text': 'Meta-analysis of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20519626,
  'text': 'Studies identified the oncogenic BRAF V600E mutation in 35 of 61 archived specimens (57%).'},
 {'pubmed': 20526288,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20526288,
  'text': 'The BRAF 1799T>A mutation was found in 5 of 19 (26%) of infiltrative follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas and in none of the encapsulated carcinomas'},
 {'pubmed': 20543023,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20563851,
  'text': 'HER2, but not EGFR gene amplification, is frequently observed in KRAS and BRAF wild type colorectal cancer patients'},
 {'pubmed': 20563851,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20569675,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20569675,
  'text': 'reports the low frequency of PIK3CA and B-RAF mutations in astrocytomas, despite the presence of activated ERK and AKT proteins'},
 {'pubmed': 20570909,
  'text': 'Incidence of cancer in FDRs of index CRC patients with the p.V600E BRAF mutation may be explained by a genetic predisposition to develop cancer through the serrated pathway of colorectal carcinogenesis.'},
 {'pubmed': 20570909,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20571907,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20571907,
  'text': 'PIK3CA mutations may have a role in KRAS and BRAF wild type colorectal cancer'},
 {'pubmed': 20573852,
  'text': 'BRAF mutational status of metastases is not required when the primary tumour is BRAF wild type.'},
 {'pubmed': 20576522,
  'text': 'allele specific Taqman-based real-time PCR assay allows the sensitive, accurate and reliable measurement of BRAF(V600E) mutated DNA in plasma'},
 {'pubmed': 20591910,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20605766,
  'text': 'in melanomas activation of the MAPK pathway can occur through signaling pathways operating independently of BRAF T1799A'},
 {'pubmed': 20607849,
  'text': 'V600E BRAF mutation is not associated with seminoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 20616366,
  'text': 'Using traditional PCR and direct sequencing, we found KRAS mutations in 47 (40%) patients and BRAF(V600E) in 10 (8.5%)'},
 {'pubmed': 20619739,
  'text': 'if KRAS is not mutated, assessing BRAF, NRAS, and PIK3CA exon 20 mutations (in that order) gives additional information about the efficacy of cetuximab plus chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 20627194,
  'text': 'PCR is practically applicable to KRAS/BRAF genotyping using small amounts of biopsied colorectal tumor cells.'},
 {'pubmed': 20631031,
  'text': 'No significant difference in BRAF alterations was found between pT1 tumors and thyroid capsule invasion and pT3 tumors.'},
 {'pubmed': 20631031,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20635392,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20640859,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20645028,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20645028,
  'text': 'samples of metastatic colorectal cancer were tested for the presence of the seven most common mutations in the KRAS gene and the V600E mutation in the BRAF gene'},
 {'pubmed': 20647301,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20647317,
  'text': 'Findings delineate how mutant B-RAF protects melanoma cells from apoptosis and provide insight into possible resistance mechanisms to B-RAF inhibitors.'},
 {'pubmed': 20652941,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20670148,
  'text': 'Traditional DNA sequencing and the somewhat more-sensitive pyrosequencing method can detect multiple alternative BRAF mutations.'},
 {'pubmed': 20679909,
  'text': 'Mutant Braf can be detected in RNA from mixed populations with as few as 0.1% Braf(V600E) mutant cells.'},
 {'pubmed': 20689758,
  'text': 'PLX4032 has robust activity in BRAF mutated melanoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 20702649,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20703476,
  'text': 'Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20720566,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20720566,
  'text': 'association between MC1 receptor germline variation and BRAF/NRAS mutations in melanoma'},
 {'pubmed': 20736745,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20802181,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation is rare in advanced-stage low-grade ovarian serous carcinomas.'},
 {'pubmed': 20802181,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20807807,
  'text': 'Mutant protein kinase elicits significant therapeutic responses in mutant BRAF-driven human melanoma xenografts.'},
 {'pubmed': 20813562,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20813562,
  'text': 'first report implicating BRAF mutation in OSCC. study supports that mutations in the BRAF gene makes at least a minor contribution to OSCC tumorigenesis.'},
 {'pubmed': 20837233,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation detection in fine needle biopsy may be an adjunct tool for preoperative didagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 20840674,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20840674,
  'text': 'RET rearrangements and BRAF mutation in undifferentiated thyroid carcinomas having papillary carcinoma components'},
 {'pubmed': 20843808,
  'text': 'A BRAF aberrant splice variant with an intact kinase domain and partial loss of the N-terminal autoinhibitory domain was identified in fibroblasts from an additional patient, and fibroblast proliferation was inhibited by BRAF-specific siRNA.'},
 {'pubmed': 20853079,
  'text': 'reduced RKIP mRNA levels and the elevated levels of B-RAF in pT1, grade III tumors vs. normal tissue, corroborate that these genes are involved in the pathogenesis of urinary bladder cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 20857202,
  'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation is associated with lack of response in wild-type KRAS metastatic colorectal cancer treated with anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies.'},
 {'pubmed': 20860430,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20881644,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20944096,
  'text': 'Determination of the BRAF mutation and the growth fraction of melanomas may add a prognostic value.'},
 {'pubmed': 20944096,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20945104,
  'text': 'BRAF(V600E) mutation is associated with thyroid nodules.'},
 {'pubmed': 20945104,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20947270,
  'text': 'In the present series, no BRAF mutation was detected. The presence of KRAS mutations and loss of PTEN expression were not associated with impaired response to cetuximab-based chemoradiotherapy and 3-year disease free survival.'},
 {'pubmed': 20947270,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20950194,
  'text': 'BRAF is mutated in a low percentage of follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma, and most of these mutated cases are suspicious or positive on fine-needle aspiration.'},
 {'pubmed': 20953721,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 20955560,
  'text': 'Anti-BRAF autoantibodies from RA patients preferentially recognize one BRAF peptide: P2'},
 {'pubmed': 20959481,
  'text': 'Braf mutation is associated with basal and treatment-induced regulation of the PI3K-AKT pathway as a critical regulator of AZD6244 sensitivity in cutaneous melanoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 20962618,
  'text': 'Describe benign serrated colorectal fibroblastic polyps/intramucosal perineuriomas are true mixed epithelial-stromal polyps (hybrid hyperplastic polyp/mucosal perineurioma) with frequent BRAF mutations.'},
 {'pubmed': 20975100,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 20979647,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 21048031,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 21049459,
  'text': 'Although many studies document BRAF mutation as a prognostic factor in PTC our results underline that it is too early to consider it as a routine clinical predictive factor.'},
 {'pubmed': 21049459,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 21051183,
  'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
 {'pubmed': 21051183,
  'text': 'findings indicate that somatic mutations in KRAS and PIK3CA but not BRAF oncogenes are closely associated with the development of cholangiocarcinoma in Chinese population'},
 {'pubmed': 21068756,
  'text': 'The dermoscopical and histopathological patterns of nevi correlate with the frequency of BRAF mutations.'},
 {'pubmed': 21076620,
  'text': 'Data show that BRAF knockdown led to suppression of the expression of the GABPbeta, which involved in regulating HPR1 promoter activity.'},
 {'pubmed': 21098728,
  'text': 'BRAF gene amplification can promote acquired resistance to MEK inhibitors in cancer cells harboring the BRAF V600E mutation.'},
 {'pubmed': 21102258,
  'text': 'Mutations of EGFR, BRAF, and KRAS in adenocarcinoma were mutually exclusive and inversely correlated with RASSF1A methylation'},
 {'pubmed': 21102416,
  'text': 'We show a strong association between concordant methylation of >/= 3 of five 3p22 genes with the CpG island methylator phenotype and the BRAF V600E mutation.'},
 {'pubmed': 21103049,
  'text': 'Data show that among 181 CRC patients, stratified by microsatellite instability status, DNA sequence changes were identified in KRAS (32%), BRAF (16%), PIK3CA (4%), PTEN (14%) and TP53 (51%).'},
 {'pubmed': 21107320,
  'text': 'identification of MAP3K8 (the gene encoding COT/Tpl2) as a MAPK pathway agonist that drives resistance to RAF inhibition in B-RAF(V600E) cell lines'},
 {'pubmed': 21107323,
  'text': 'melanomas escape B-RAF(V600E) targeting not through secondary B-RAF(V600E) mutations but via receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-mediated activation of alternative survival pathway(s) or activated RAS-mediated reactivation of the MAPK pathway'},
 {'pubmed': 21129611,
  'text': 'It therefore appears that BRAF mutations may play a strong negative prognostic role and only a slight role in resistance to anti-EGFR Abs.'},
 {'pubmed': 21131919,
  'text': 'Primary esophageal melanomas of Caucasian patients harbor mutations of c-Kit, KRAS and BRAF in varied frequencies.'},
 {'pubmed': 21134544,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma is associated with an increased risk of palpable nodal recurrence and the need for reoperative surgery.'},
 {'pubmed': 21134562,
  'text': 'BRAF mutations activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and confer an aggressive thyroid cancer phenotype.'},
 {'pubmed': 21161938,
  'text': 'KRAS mutations arise more frequently than BRAF mutations in Moroccan patients with colorectal carcinomas.'},
 {'pubmed': 21166657,
  'text': 'The BRAF mutation was frequently detected in patients with superficial spreading melanoma (OR=2.021; P<0.001) and in melanomas arising in nonchronic sun-damaged skin (OR=2.043; P=0.001).'},
 {'pubmed': 21167555,
  'text': 'concluded that follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma differs from conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma in the rate of BRAF mutation'},
 {'pubmed': 21176117,
  'text': 'These results show that melanoma cell phenotype is an important factor in MAPK pathway inhibition response, as invasive phenotype cell response is dependent on BRAF mutation status.'},
 {'pubmed': 21185263,
  'text': 'this study has confirmed that the BRAF(T1799A) mutation confers cancer cells sensitivity to PLX4032 and demonstrated its specific potential as an effective and BRAF(T1799A) mutation-selective therapeutic agent for thyroid cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 21190184,
  'text': 'B-Raf(insT) and B-Raf(V600E) , but not B-Raf(wt) , provoke drastic morphological alterations in human astrocytes.'},
 {'pubmed': 21203559,
  'text': 'BRAF alternative splicing is differentially regulated in human and mouse. BRAF exon 9b is required for learning and memory associated with the hippocampus.'},
 {'pubmed': 21215707,
  'text': 'In melanoma cells, oncogenic (V600E) BRAF signaling downregulates PDE5A through the transcription factor BRN2, leading to increased cGMP and Ca2+ and the induction of invasion through increased cell contractility.'},
 {'pubmed': 21223556,
  'text': 'B-Raf signaling has a key function in the altered expression of contractile receptors in the cerebrovasculature.'},
 {'pubmed': 21223812,
  'text': 'The high expression of activated ERK is not caused by BRAF gene mutation in nasal mucosa malignant melanomas.'},
 {'pubmed': 21224857,
  'text': 'Acquisition of a BRAF mutation is not a founder event, but may be one of the multiple clonal events in melanoma development, which is selected for during the progression.'},
 {'pubmed': 21239517,
  'text': 'We found that performing BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis on the fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens was of great help to make a therapeutic decision for thyroid nodules when the fine-needle aspiration biopsy results were equivocal'},
 {'pubmed': 21249150,
  'text': 'the oncogenic effect of BRAF(V600E) is associated with the inhibition of MST1 tumor suppressor pathways, and the activity of RASSF1A-MST1-FoxO3 pathways determines the phenotypes of BRAF(V600E) tumors.'},
 {'pubmed': 21263251,
  'text': 'These findings suggest that BRAF mutations may be associated with the pathogenesis of sessile serrated colorectal adenomas.'},
 {'pubmed': 21270111,
  'text': 'Findings suggest inhibition of autophagy in combination with ER stress-inducing agents may represent a means by which to harness autophagy for the therapeutic benefit of B-RAF wild-type melanoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 21274671,
  'text': 'B-Raf mutations, microsatellite instability and p53 protein expression is not associated with sporadic basal cell carcinomas.'},
 {'pubmed': 21274720,
  'text': 'The analysis of BRAF V600E mutation in 1,320 nervous system tumors reveals high mutation frequencies in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, ganglioglioma and extra-cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 21285991,
  'text': 'Presence of mutated BRAF is one of the most powerful prognostic factors for advanced and recurrent CRC'},
 {'pubmed': 21289333,
  'text': '803 metastatic colorectal cancer samples studied for KRAS exon 2 and BRAF exon 15 mutations; BRAF mutated samples were characterized for mismatch repair function; 344 tumours were mutated -34 involving BRAF mutations (8 of microsatellite instability type)'},
 {'pubmed': 21303778,
  'text': 'Ras/Raf/MAPK and RhoA/ROCKII signalling pathways are abnormally activated in eutopic endometrial stromal cells of patients with endometriosis'},
 {'pubmed': 21305640,
  'text': '78 colorectal tumor samples were mutant for BRAF.'},
 {'pubmed': 21307665,
  'text': 'analysis of gallbladder carcinomas, gallbladder adenomas, and high-grade dysplastic lesions for the BRAF and the KRAS mutations'},
 {'pubmed': 21317202,
  'text': 'Findings suggest that inhibition of Raf-MEK-Erk pathway might offer a novel therapeutic strategy in neuroendocrine tumors'},
 {'pubmed': 21317224,
  'text': 'Studies showed that siRNA knockdown of BIM significantly blunted the apoptotic response in PTEN+ melanoma cells.'},
 {'pubmed': 21317286,
  'text': 'identified BAD serine 134 to be strongly involved in survival signaling of B-RAF-V600E-containing tumor cells and found that phosphorylation of BAD at this residue is critical for efficient proliferation in these cells.'},
 {'pubmed': 21321384,
  'text': 'identifying downstream events from the BRAFV600E/ERK1/2 pathway will eventually identify novel biomarkers that can be used to correlate with disease outcome and overall survival.'},
 {'pubmed': 21324100,
  'text': 'Data show that BRAF-mutated melanomas occur in a younger age group on skin without marked solar elastosis and less frequently affect the head and neck area, compared to melanomas without BRAF mutations.'},
 {'pubmed': 21326296,
  'text': 'BRAF mutations have a smaller role in the carcinogenesis of malignant melanoma in Chinese Han than in Western patients.'},
 {'pubmed': 21332555,
  'text': 'BRAF mutations were rare in colorectal laterally-spreading tumors.'},
 {'pubmed': 21343559,
  'text': 'The presence of mutant BRAF had no impact on the disease-free interval from diagnosis of first-ever melanoma to first distant metastasis; however, it may have impacted survival thereafter.'},
 {'pubmed': 21345796,
  'text': 'B-Raf associates with and stimulates NHE1 activity and that B-Raf(V600E) also increases NHE1 activity that raises intracellular pH.'},
 {'pubmed': 21351275,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with selective inhibition of thyroid cancer cells by the novel MEK inhibitor RDEA119 and genetic-potentiated synergism with the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus'},
 {'pubmed': 21356389,
  'text': 'IDH1 mutation works with other oncogenic mutations and could contribute to the metastasis in melanoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 21362156,
  'text': 'Regulation of NR4A nuclear receptor expression by oncogenic BRAF in melanoma cells.'},
 {'pubmed': 21383284,
  'text': 'BRAF mutational status yielded no useful prognostic information in predicting recurrence and benefits from adjuvant chemotherapy in colorectal cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 21383288,
  'text': 'Thus, MEK1(C121S) or functionally similar mutations are predicted to confer drug resistance of neoplasms to combined MEK/RAF inhibition.'},
 {'pubmed': 21383698,
  'text': 'tumor initiation by oncogenic BRAF renders thyroid cells susceptible to TGFbeta-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition, through a MAPK-dependent process'},
 {'pubmed': 21390154,
  'text': 'K-ras gene mutation is a common event in Chinese colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, but may not be a prognostic factor in CRC , while BRAF is rarely mutated in Chinese CRC patients.'},
 {'pubmed': 21408138,
  'text': 'Allele-specific qPCR assays for the most frequent activating mutations in EGFR, KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA in tumor-positive fine needle cytological aspirates were compared against histological material of primary tumors.'},
 {'pubmed': 21412762,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with papillary thyroid cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 21424126,
  'text': 'study suggested that both KRAS and BRAF mutations are exclusive, but KRAS and PIK3CA mutations are coexistent'},
 {'pubmed': 21424530,
  'text': 'This study demonistrated that the role of RAF kinase fusions as a central oncogenic mechanism in the development of pilocytic astrocytoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 21426297,
  'text': 'Mutations at the position V600 of BRAF were described in approximately 8% of all solid tumors, including 50% of melanomas, 30 to 70% of papillary thyroid carcinomas and 5 to 8% of colorectal adenocarcinomas.'},
 {'pubmed': 21427714,
  'text': 'There were no significant differences in the frequency of BRAF mutations among lesions exhibiting the hyperplastic, adenomatous, or mixed patterns.'},
 {'pubmed': 21430505,
  'text': 'The presence of the BRAF(V600E) mutation may play different roles between medium and giant CMNs in melanocytic tumorigenesis.'},
 {'pubmed': 21431280,
  'text': 'BRAF T1799A mutation may be an early and essential carcinogenic event in nearly all Korean papillary thyroid carcinomas'},
 {'pubmed': 21441079,
  'text': 'In papilary thyroid carcinoma, the BRAFT1799A mutation is associated with age over 60 & a tumor size of 1cm or greater, but not with other clinicopathological characteristics, tumor recurrence or persistence.'},
 {'pubmed': 21441910,
  'text': "KSR interacts with a regulatory Raf molecule in cis to induce a conformational switch of MEK, facilitating MEK's phosphorylation by a separate catalytic Raf molecule in trans"},
 {'pubmed': 21447798,
  'text': 'Amplification of the driving oncogene, KRAS or BRAF, underpins acquired resistance to MEK1/2 inhibitors in colorectal cancer cells.'},
 {'pubmed': 21451543,
  'text': 'Activated BRAF promotes melanoma cell growth by matrix metalloproteinase-1'},
 {'pubmed': 21455633,
  'text': 'No V600E mutation was identified in the BRAF gene in any sample.'},
 {'pubmed': 21456008,
  'text': 'the impact of BRAF mutation and microsatellite instability on prognosis in metastatic colorectal cancer'},
 {'pubmed': 21457162,
  'text': 'BRAF mutations are specific for serrated adenocarcinoma and identify a subset of serrated adenocarcinomas with gene methylation and a tendency for MSI-H'},
 {'pubmed': 21479234,
  'text': 'BRAF V600E mutations are common in the majority of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 21483104,
  'text': 'Heterogeneity of KRAS and BRAF mutation status intra-tumorally in colorectal cancer was assessed.'},
 {'pubmed': 21498916,
  'text': 'findings support the notion that BRAF(V600E), which can be detected preoperatively in papillary thyroid carcinoma fine-needle aspiration biopsy material, has a potential to contribute to patients stratification into high- and low-risk groups.'},
 {'pubmed': 21512141,
  'text': 'Mutated BRAF is detected in approximately 45% of papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC).'},
 {'pubmed': 21514245,
  'text': 'Ablation of B-Raf had no significant effect on development of K-Ras oncogene-driven non-small cell lung carcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 21553007,
  'text': 'BRAF mutations, but not KRAS mutations, were associated with a worse outcome in Chinese colorectal cancer patients.'},
 {'pubmed': 21557216,
  'text': 'MSS/BRAF mutant cancers were more commonly proximal (38/54, 70.3%).'},
 {'pubmed': 21570823,
  'text': 'Analysis showed that blood samples with PCR evidence for CMC were heterogeneous for BRAF status under limiting-dilution conditions, suggestive of heterogeneity of CMC'},
 {'pubmed': 21577205,
  'text': 'Studies indicate that Raf kinases are excellent molecular targets for anticancer therapy.'},
 {'pubmed': 21587258,
  'text': 'Wnt5a methylation was strongly associated with tumour microsatellite instability tumours after adjustment for age, sex, and tumour location and with BRAF V600E mutation, a marker of CpG island methylator phenotype'},
 {'pubmed': 21594703,
  'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation is associated with recurrent papillary thyroid cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 21636552,
  'text': 'introduction of constitutively active BRAF V600E into human cortical stem and progenitor cells initially promotes clonogenic growth in soft agar but ultimately results in dramatically reduced proliferation and arrested growth of the culture.'},
 {'pubmed': 21653734,
  'text': 'Compared with BRAF-wt papillary thyroid cancer, those harboring BRAF(V600E) exhibit downregulated VEGFA, VEGFR, and PDGFRbeta expression, suggesting presence of BRAF mutation does not imply stronger response to drugs targeting VEGF and PDGFB signal pathways.'},
 {'pubmed': 21663470,
  'text': 'The BRAF V600E mutation was present in all patients with hairy-cell leukemia who were evaluated.'},
 {'pubmed': 21681432,
  'text': 'The BRAF V600E mutation did not show association with clinical or molecular characteristics of colorectal cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 21693616,
  'text': 'Eight of 16 primary tumor samples and 4 of 6 metastatic samples showed BRAF V600E gene mutations and no copy number changes were associated exclusively with metastatic cancer'},
 {'pubmed': 21696415,
  'text': 'The frequency of BRAF-KIAA1549 fusion transcripts is significantly lower in adult patients with pilocytic astrocytoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 21705440,
  'text': 'MEK1(F129L) mutation also strengthened binding to c-Raf, suggesting an underlying mechanism of higher intrinsic kinase activity'},
 {'pubmed': 21707687,
  'text': 'The application of BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis in US-guided FNAB can improve the diagnostic accuracy of thyroid nodules.'},
 {'pubmed': 21716161,
  'text': 'We describe a new mutation of BRAF, T599dup, in a case of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma with tall cell papillary thyroid carcinomas component.'},
 {'pubmed': 21725359,
  'text': 'identified concurrent mutational inactivation of the PTEN and RB1 tumor suppressors as a mechanism for loss of BRAF/MEK dependence in melanomas harboring (V600E)BRAF mutations'},
 {'pubmed': 21750338,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation of papillary thyroid carcinoma may have differential predictive values for LN metastasis, according to tumor size.'},
 {'pubmed': 21774961,
  'text': 'BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis using residual liquid-based preparation cytologic samples is, therefore, a powerful additional diagnostic tool for diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 21788131,
  'text': 'Patients with mutations in BRAF or NRAS gene are frequently present with ulceration, and mutation in BRAF or NRAS gene is indicator for poor prognosis.'},
 {'pubmed': 21796448,
  'text': 'Importance of infiltrative growth pattern and invasiveness over presence of BRAF mutation in classic and follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma for development of nodal metastases.'},
 {'pubmed': 21803329,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation is not indicative for predicting papillary thyroid cancer prognosis.'},
 {'pubmed': 21825258,
  'text': 'study reports that V600E and non-V600E BRAF mutations affect different patients with non-small-cell lung cancer; V600E mutations are significantly associated with female sex and represent a negative prognostic factor'},
 {'pubmed': 21826673,
  'text': 'BRAF mutations and llelic loss of susceptibility loci are associated with familial non-medullary thyroid cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 21835307,
  'text': 'The BRAF/MEK/ERK pathway is upregulated in progressive retinal arterial macroaneurysm patients, caused by mutation in IGFBP7.'},
 {'pubmed': 21863388,
  'text': 'Braf mutation in metastatic melanoma treated with BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib.'},
 {'pubmed': 21871821,
  'text': 'Genetic analysis revealed individual heterozygous mutations in the KRAS (phenotype of CFC/Noonan syndrome) and BRAF genes (phenotype of CFC syndrome)'},
 {'pubmed': 21875464,
  'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation has a significant correlation with papillary thyroid carcinomas.'},
 {'pubmed': 21882184,
  'text': 'the BRAF(V600E) mutation should be considered as a poor prognostic marker in papillary thyroid cancer (Meta-Analysis)'},
 {'pubmed': 21900390,
  'text': 'Studies indicate that BRAF V600E mutation initiates follicular cell transformation.'},
 {'pubmed': 21901162,
  'text': 'In sporadic colorectal tumourspatients, the most frequently mutated gene was APC (68.9% of tumours), followed by KRAS (31.1%), TP53 (27.2%), BRAF (8.7%) and CTNNB1 (1.9%).'},
 {'pubmed': 21903858,
  'text': 'BRAF(V600E) causes upregulation of TIMP-1 via NF-kappaB. TIMP-1 binds then its surface receptor CD63, leading eventually to Akt activation, which in turn confers antiapoptotic behavior and promotion of cell invasion.'},
 {'pubmed': 21906875,
  'text': 'BRAF mutations are of pathogenetic significance in wild type gastrointestinal stromal tumors.'},
 {'pubmed': 21909080,
  'text': "CXCR4 expression and BRAF mutation status could cooperatively induce and promote a more aggressive phenotype in papillary thyroid carcinoma through several pathways and specifically increase the tumors' spread outside of the thyroid gland."},
 {'pubmed': 21915661,
  'text': 'Aberrant CIMP was detected in 16% of chromosomal instable tumors and in 44% of both microsatellite instable and microsatellite and chromosomally stable carcinomas'},
 {'pubmed': 21936566,
  'text': 'this novel B-Raf fusion protein (SND-1 was identified as the B-Raf fusion partner) presents a novel target with potential clinical implications in the treatment of patients resistant to c-Met inhibitors.'},
 {'pubmed': 21937738,
  'text': 'A prominent epigenetic mechanism through which BRAF V600E can promote papillary thyroid cancer tumorigenesis by altering the methylation and hence the expression of numerous important genes.'},
 {'pubmed': 21943101,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation V600E significantly induces cell migration and invasion properties in vitro in colon cancer cells'},
 {'pubmed': 21948220,
  'text': 'In malignant FNABs in papillary thyroid carcinoma, BRAF(V600E) mutation was significantly associated with presence of extra-thyroidal extension and metastases after surgery.'},
 {'pubmed': 22006538,
  'text': 'DNA methylation of each marker was quantified using combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA) and analyzed along with various genetic factors associated with CRC [the BRAF and KRAS mutations, MLH1 methylation and microsatellite instability'},
 {'pubmed': 22012135,
  'text': 'An integrated approach combining both VE1 mutant protein immunohistochemistry and genetic analysis may increase the diagnostic accuracy of BRAF mutation analysis.'},
 {'pubmed': 22027477,
  'text': 'Postmenopausal hormone therapy was associated with borderline statistically significant risk reductions for BRAF-wildtype tumours among women with prolonged exposure to Postmenopausal hormone therapy.'},
 {'pubmed': 22028477,
  'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation is associated with hairy cell leukemia and B-cell neoplasms'},
 {'pubmed': 22033631,
  'text': 'high prevalence of BRAF (V600E) mutation is associated with synchronous bilateral papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 22038996,
  'text': 'Results support evaluation of BRAF(V600E)-specific inhibitors for treating BRAF(V600E) malignant astrocytomas (MA) patients.'},
 {'pubmed': 22039425,
  'text': 'study examined the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with mutant BRAF advanced cancer; conclude that BRAF appears to be a druggable mutation that also defines subgroups of patients with phenotypic overlap, albeit with differences that correlate with histology or site of mutation'},
 {'pubmed': 22043994,
  'text': 'This article reviewes the spectrum of KRAS/BRAF genotype and the impact of KRAS/BRAF mutations on the clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer. [review]'},
 {'pubmed': 22065586,
  'text': 'Ras induces DR5 expression through co-activation of ERK/RSK and JNK signaling pathways'},
 {'pubmed': 22072557,
  'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation is associated with hairy cell leukemia and other mature B-cell neoplasms'},
 {'pubmed': 22072743,
  'text': 'BAG3 protein sustains anaplastic thyroid tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. The underlying molecular mechanism appears to rely on BAG3 binding to BRAF, thus protecting it from proteasome-dependent degradation.'},
 {'pubmed': 22105174,
  'text': 'Murine thyroid tumors carrying the human BRAF(V600E) mutations are exquisitely dependent on the oncoprotein for viability.'},
 {'pubmed': 22105775,
  'text': 'BRAF (V600E) is a prevalent genetic alteration in adult sporadic papillary thyroid carcinoma in Indian cohort and it may be responsible for the progression of its classic variant.'},
 {'pubmed': 22114137,
  'text': 'Overall, no difference existed in microsatellite instability or BRAF mutation frequencies between African Americans and Caucasians with colorectal neoplasms.'},
 {'pubmed': 22133769,
  'text': 'BRAF mutations are associated with hairy cell leukemia and related lymphoproliferative disorders.'},
 {'pubmed': 22136270,
  'text': 'Case Report: describe case of follicular thyroid carcinoma with BRAF mutation.'},
 {'pubmed': 22137342, 'text': 'thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines are B-Raf inhibitors'},
 {'pubmed': 22145942,
  'text': 'Pyrosequencing of BRAF V600E in routine samples of hairy cell leukaemia identifies CD5+ variant hairy cell leukaemia that lacks V600E.'},
 {'pubmed': 22147429,
  'text': 'V600E mutation of the BRAF gene reported to be associated with poor prognosis of germ cell tumors in adults prognostic biomarkers cannot necessarily be transferred from one age group to the other.'},
 {'pubmed': 22147942,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with inferior survival in stage III colon cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 22150560,
  'text': 'papillary thyroid cancers in young patients display a low prevalence of the already identified oncogenic alterations; the increasing prevalence with age is mainly due to V600E BRAF mutation'},
 {'pubmed': 22156467,
  'text': 'The BRAF V600E mutation is associated with a higher pathological stage at surgery and a higher rate of recurrence.'},
 {'pubmed': 22156468,
  'text': 'BRAF mutations enhance the predictability of malignancy in thyroid follicular lesions of undetermined significance.'},
 {'pubmed': 22157687,
  'text': 'BRAF and KRAS mutations were observed in six (46.2%) and four (30.3%) filiform serrated adenomaS, respectively.'},
 {'pubmed': 22170714,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma is a later subclonal event, its intratumoral heterogeneity may hamper the efficacy of targeted pharmacotherapy, and its association with a more aggressive disease should be reevaluated.'},
 {'pubmed': 22174938,
  'text': 'The antibody response against the catalytic domain of BRAF is not specific for rheumatoid arthritis.'},
 {'pubmed': 22178589,
  'text': 'Report mutations in KRAS, EGFR, and BRAF in cholangiocarcinoma and identify therapeutic targets for tyrosine kinase inhibitors.'},
 {'pubmed': 22180495,
  'text': 'Findings suggest that the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib in combination with standard-of-care or novel targeted therapies may lead to enhanced and sustained clinical antitumor efficacy in CRCs harboring the BRAF(V600E) mutation.'},
 {'pubmed': 22189819,
  'text': 'Aberrant gene methylation driven by BRAF(V600E) altered expression of the DNA methyltransferase 1 and histone methyltransferase EZH2 profoundly.'},
 {'pubmed': 22190222,
  'text': 'The BRAF(V600E) mutation was associated with high-risk clinicopathologic characteristics in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). The BRAF(V600E) mutation may be a potential prognostic factor in PTC patients.'},
 {'pubmed': 22190283,
  'text': 'B-Raf gene mutation primarily occurs at two loci--the exon 11 glycine loop and the activation area of exon 15--in surgically resected specimens of hepatocellular carcinoma patients.'},
 {'pubmed': 22194995,
  'text': 'These data support a model where the continuous regenerative process initiated by oncogenic B-RAF-driven alveolar disruption provides a tumor-promoting environment associated with chronic inflammation.'},
 {'pubmed': 22199277,
  'text': 'RET mutations may have a role in medullary thyroid carcinoma, while BRAF, AKT1, and CTNNB1 do not; the role of HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS mutations are not determined'},
 {'pubmed': 22199339,
  'text': 'analysis of BRAF gene mutations in non-small cell lung cancer'},
 {'pubmed': 22203991,
  'text': 'These results provide a functional link between oncogenic BRAF and angiogenesis.'},
 {'pubmed': 22210186,
  'text': 'Patients with microsatellite instability tumor phenotype had favorable prognosis, but in those with the V600E BRAF mutation higher recurrence rate was observed.'},
 {'pubmed': 22210875,
  'text': 'Our results suggest that HCLv and IGHV4-34(+) HCLs have a different pathogenesis than HCLc and that a significant minority of other HCLc are also wild-type for BRAF V600.'},
 {'pubmed': 22214007,
  'text': 'Although it constitutes a poor prognostic factor in colorectal cancer, it is not conclusive if it interferes with a poor therapeutic effect when cetuximab is used.[review]'},
 {'pubmed': 22227015,
  'text': 'The findings show mutant BRAF-induced oncogenic stress manifests itself by DNA damage and growth arrest by activating the pCHK2-p53-p21 pathway.It also confers tumor-promoting phenotypes such as the up-regulation of GLUT1 and enhances glucose metabolism.'},
 {'pubmed': 22228154,
  'text': 'In patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma, there were significant differences between BRAF wild-type and mutant tumors in age, female sex, proximal tumor location, frequency of microsatellite instability, and survival.'},
 {'pubmed': 22230299,
  'text': 'One chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patient and one patient with B-prolymphocytic leukaemia were found to harbour the BRAF V600E mutation'},
 {'pubmed': 22233696,
  'text': 'Sessile serrated adenomas are precursors of sporadic colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability.Identified a novel surface microstructure, the Type II open-shape pit pattern (Type II-O), which was specific to SSAs with BRAF mutation and CIMP.'},
 {'pubmed': 22235286,
  'text': 'evidence for heterogeneity of the BRAF(V600E) mutation within individual melanoma tumor specimens'},
 {'pubmed': 22245873,
  'text': 'No BRAF mutations were found in colon adenocarcinomas from renal transplant recipients.'},
 {'pubmed': 22246856,
  'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation in low and intermediate grade lymphomas is associated with frequent occurrence in hairy cell leukaemia.'},
 {'pubmed': 22249628,
  'text': 'None of the molecular marker mutations that were analyzed in this study, including the BRAF mutation, predicted lymph node metastasis in classic papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 22250191,
  'text': 'During therapy with selective BRAF inhibitors, panniculitis with arthralgia represents a new adverse effect that can require dose reduction.'},
 {'pubmed': 22258409,
  'text': 'Mutational activation of both BRAF and PIK3CA genes does contribute to hepatocellular tumorigenesis at somatic level in Southern Italian population.'},
 {'pubmed': 22282465,
  'text': 'In naive GISTs carrying activating mutations in KIT or PDGFRA a concomitant activating mutation was detected in KRAS (5%) or BRAF (about 2%) genes. I'},
 {'pubmed': 22287190,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with colorectal serrated adenocarcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 22294102,
  'text': 'No hotspot mutations in Braf were found in oral squamous cell carcinoma in a Greek population.'},
 {'pubmed': 22314188,
  'text': 'Colon adenocarcinomas with BRAF mutations have morphologic characteristics distinct from those with KRAS mutations and BRAF-mutated proximal colonic adenocarcinomas with proficient DNA mismatch repair have an aggressive clinical course.'},
 {'pubmed': 22317764,
  'text': 'Data indicate that 266 (76.2%) tumors harbored EGFR mutations, 16 (4.6%) HER2 mutations, 15 (4.3%) EML4-ALK fusions, 7 (2.0%) KRAS mutations, and 2 (0.6%) BRAF mutations.'},
 {'pubmed': 22317887,
  'text': 'Report of oncogenic BRAF/KRAS mutations in sporadic glomus tumors.'},
 {'pubmed': 22331186,
  'text': 'BRAFmut as a useful marker in hairy cell leukemia.'},
 {'pubmed': 22331825,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation is an independent prognostic biomarker for colorectal liver metastasectomy.'},
 {'pubmed': 22335197,
  'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation-positive papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) displayed infiltrative growth, stromal fibrosis, psammoma bodies, plump eosinophilic tumour cells, and classic fully developed nuclear features of PTC.'},
 {'pubmed': 22339435,
  'text': 'Data suggest that the BRAF V600E mutation does not seem to play a role in myeloid malignant transformation.'},
 {'pubmed': 22358007,
  'text': '(BRAF(V600E))detected in 141/170 malignant thyroid nodules (82.9%) (140 PTCs and one follicular variant of PTC). BRAF status not associated with US features with the exception of a negative relation between BRAF(V600E) and an irregular shape (p = 0.004).'},
 {'pubmed': 22361037,
  'text': 'This is the first reported study of the relationship between CK20/CK7 immunophenotype, BRAF mutations and microsatellite status in colorectal carcinomas'},
 {'pubmed': 22367297,
  'text': 'A distinct subset of atypical Spitz tumors is characterized by BRAF mutation and loss of BAP1 expression.'},
 {'pubmed': 22368298,
  'text': "review demonstrates that tumour BRAF V600E mutation, and MLH1 promoter 'C region' methylation specifically, are strong predictors of negative MMR mutation status[review]"},
 {'pubmed': 22374786,
  'text': 'The presence of activating GNAS mutations, in association with KRAS or BRAF mutations, is a characteristic genetic feature of colorectal villous adenoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 22376079,
  'text': 'evidence presented that ERK activation occurs in a K-ras or B-raf -independent manner in the majority of primary colon cancer cases; B-raf mutations are not associated with mismatch-repair deficiency through loss of hMLH1 or hMSH2 expression'},
 {'pubmed': 22376167,
  'text': 'The V600E BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid carcinomas may contribute to the initiation of the glycolytic phenotype and confers growth advantages in cancer'},
 {'pubmed': 22382362,
  'text': 'Eleven patients displayed Durable Disease Control (DDC) of which 55% had BRAF-V600E mutation positive tumors and 45% did not.'},
 {'pubmed': 22393095,
  'text': 'Patient diagnosed with colon cancer shows poor prognosis with BRAF genetic mutation.'},
 {'pubmed': 22395615,
  'text': 'findings show (V600E)B-RAF copy-number gain as a mechanism of acquired B-RAF inhibitor resistance in 4 out of 20 patients treated with B-RAF inhibitor'},
 {'pubmed': 22398042,
  'text': 'In a cohort of Indian patients with ulcerative colitis, with or without neoplasia, none showed the BRAF mutation.'},
 {'pubmed': 22417847,
  'text': 'we have analyzed the prevalence of somatic mutations in the FGFR3, PIK3CA, AKT1, KRAS, HRAS, and BRAF genes in bladder cancers'},
 {'pubmed': 22426079,
  'text': 'Data indicate that TaqMan(R) Mutation Detection assay is an important technology to consider in the field of mutation detection for KRAS, BRAF and EGFR point mutation screening.'},
 {'pubmed': 22426956,
  'text': 'genetic association studies in population in Turkey: Data suggest that a mutation in BRAF (V600E; found in 39.45% of patients) is associated with aggressiveness of papillary thyroid neoplasms; lymph node metastasis increases when mutation is present.'},
 {'pubmed': 22427190,
  'text': 'Investigation the prevalence of mutations in the BRAF gene and its correlation with demographic characteristics, tumor location and stage in 100 colorectal carcinoma patients from India.'},
 {'pubmed': 22429583,
  'text': 'Article reviews the current understanding of BRAF gene, its structure, expression, and signal pathway in non-small cell lung cancer. [Review]'},
 {'pubmed': 22430133,
  'text': 'The prevalence of EGFR, KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA somatic mutations in 861 randomly selected Chinese patients with non-small cell lung cancer'},
 {'pubmed': 22430208,
  'text': 'We propose that , and that persistent phosphorylation of Mps1 through BRAF(V600E) signaling is a key event in disrupting the control of centrosome duplication and chromosome stability that may contribute to tumorigenesis.'},
 {'pubmed': 22430215,
  'text': 'expression of these oncogenes markedly stimulated ERK1/2 activities and morphologically transformed IECs. Importantly however'},
 {'pubmed': 22431777,
  'text': 'Effective use of PDT in the treatment of BRAF inhibitor-associated KAs and SCCs.'},
 {'pubmed': 22431868,
  'text': 'EFVPTC 1 patient BRAFV600E mutation, NVPTC 2 patients, FVPTC 2 patients.'},
 {'pubmed': 22435913,
  'text': 'analysis of a patient with pancreatic metastasis arising from a BRAF(V600E)-positive papillary thyroid cancer [case report]'},
 {'pubmed': 22451557,
  'text': 'The BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis from FNA specimens for calcified thyroid nodules may be performed for a greater negative predictive value and unveil the malignancy in 25% of indeterminate or nondiagnostic cytology.'},
 {'pubmed': 22456166,
  'text': 'Report marked differences in the genetic pattern of the BRAF or NRAS mutated and wild-type melanoma subgroups.'},
 {'pubmed': 22459936,
  'text': 'BRAF mutations play a limited role in the development of sinonasal cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 22471241,
  'text': 'Out of 1041 Korean patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma, 0.4% had rare types of BRAF mutation and three new somatic mutations were identified'},
 {'pubmed': 22471666,
  'text': 'An update on malignancies displaying high frequencies of BRAF mutations and the mechanisms underlying the side effects and drug resistance phenomena associated with Raf inhibitors.'},
 {'pubmed': 22488961,
  'text': 'prevalence of the BRAF(V600E) mutation increased with increased tumor size'},
 {'pubmed': 22492957, 'text': 'BRAF V600E is associated with gliomas.'},
 {'pubmed': 22498935,
  'text': 'No BRAF V600E mutations were indentified in this study of patients with endometrial cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 22500044,
  'text': 'Highly sensitive and specific molecular assays such as MEMO sequencing are optimal for detecting the BRAF mutations in thyroid FNAC because these techniques can detect PTC that might be missed by cytology or less sensitive molecular assays.'},
 {'pubmed': 22506009,
  'text': 'The (600DLAT)B-RAF and (V600E)B-RAF mutations were found enriched in DNA and mRNA from the CD1a+ fraction of granuloma.'},
 {'pubmed': 22508706,
  'text': 'The analysis of BRAF mutations by pyrosequencing is useful to refine the risk stratification of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 22510757,
  'text': 'Patients with serrated polyposis syndrome referred to genetics clinics had a pan-colonic disease with a high polyp burden and a high rate of BRAF mutation.'},
 {'pubmed': 22510884,
  'text': 'It was shown that the dimer interface within the kinase domain plays a pivotal role for the activity of B-Raf and several of its gain-of-function mutants.'},
 {'pubmed': 22514085,
  'text': 'The tumor with T1799A BRAF mutation and tumor sizes of 2 cm or more were clinicopathologic parameters associated with lower STAT1 activity.'},
 {'pubmed': 22515292,
  'text': 'BRAF V600E is common in patients with low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma but does not predict recurrence.'},
 {'pubmed': 22515520,
  'text': 'Mutation BRAF transforms cells through cross talk with developmental pathways Hedgehog and Wnt, as well as by deregulation of colorectal cancer related kinase pathways.'},
 {'pubmed': 22516966,
  'text': 'Report upregulation of Bim and the splicing factor SRp55 in melanoma cells from patients treated with selective BRAF inhibitors.'},
 {'pubmed': 22522845,
  'text': 'In signet ring cell carcinoma, BRAF V600E mutation adversely affects survival in microsatellite-stable tumors, but not in high-level microsatellite-unstable tumor'},
 {'pubmed': 22531127,
  'text': 'study concludes that generally, overweight increases the risk of colorectal cancer; taller individuals have an increased risk of developing a tumour with a BRAF mutation or microsatellite instability'},
 {'pubmed': 22531170,
  'text': 'Demonstrate that BRAF V600E mutation-specific antibody can be used in immunohistochemical diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia.'},
 {'pubmed': 22534474,
  'text': 'BRAF and KIT mutations have been found in Japanese melanoma patients.'},
 {'pubmed': 22535154,
  'text': 'study shows there are clinically and biologically distinct subtypes of BRAF-mutant metastatic melanoma, defined by genotype, with distinct etiology and behavior; cumulative sun-induced damage in primary cutaneous melanoma and older age are associated with V600K BRAF mutations;it establishes prevalence of the BRAF mutation by age-decade'},
 {'pubmed': 22535974,
  'text': 'The diagnostic sensitivity for thyroid cancer is significantly increased by BRAF V600E mutation analysis, indicating that the screening for BRAF mutation in FNAB samples has a relevant diagnostic potential.'},
 {'pubmed': 22549559,
  'text': 'Recurrent/persistent PTC in the central compartment typically harbors the BRAF mutation'},
 {'pubmed': 22549727,
  'text': 'abrogation of BRAFV600E-induced senescence contributes to melanomagenesis.'},
 {'pubmed': 22549934,
  'text': 'The mTOR pathway could be a good target to enhance therapy effects in certain types of thyroid carcinoma, namely in those harboring the BRAF(V600E) mutation.'},
 {'pubmed': 22568401,
  'text': 'These results suggest that low-grade diffuse gliomas with 1p/19q loss have frequent BRAF gains'},
 {'pubmed': 22579930,
  'text': 'KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations in colorectal cancer have sustained prevalence rate in the Taiwanese population.'},
 {'pubmed': 22581800,
  'text': 'BRAF regulates expression of long noncoding RNAs in melanocytes and melanoma cells'},
 {'pubmed': 22586484,
  'text': 'In the present study, we did not find any significant correlations between KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA mutations and the loss of PTEN expression and various clinicopathological features in Chinese patients with colorectal cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 22591444,
  'text': 'Our results suggest that in a small fraction of diffuse gliomas, KIAA1549-BRAF fusion gene and BRAF(v600E) mutation may be responsible for deregulation of the Ras-RAF-ERK signaling pathway'},
 {'pubmed': 22592144,
  'text': 'Immunohistochemical detection of the mutated V600E BRAF protein in papillary thyroid carcinoma may facilitate mutational analysis in the clinical setting.'},
 {'pubmed': 22614711,
  'text': 'BRAF p.Val600Lys mutations were present at a relatively high frequency in the cohort of metastatic melanoma patients (27/183, 15%)'},
 {'pubmed': 22614978,
  'text': 'BRAF/NRAS mutations were identified in 58% of primary melanomas (43% BRAF; 15% NRAS)'},
 {'pubmed': 22628551,
  'text': 'Data show that RNF149 (RING finger protein 149) interacts with wild-type BRAF.'},
 {'pubmed': 22639828,
  'text': 'Data suggest that BRAF V600E mutation may not be widespread in hematologic malignancies, excluding hairy-cell leukemia (HCL).'},
 {'pubmed': 22649091,
  'text': "Patient's BRAF mutation was likely responsible for his tumor's marked response to dasatinib, suggesting that tumors bearing kinase-impaired BRAF mutations may be exquisitely sensitive to dasatinib."},
 {'pubmed': 22681706,
  'text': 'BRAFV600E mutation is associated with lymph node metastasis in multiple papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 22684223,
  'text': 'The presence of BRAF mutations in these adenomatous precursors to colon cancer suggests that they represent sessile serrated adenomas with complete cytologic dysplasia.'},
 {'pubmed': 22694820,
  'text': 'In papillary thyroid cancer, significant correlations between the methylation status of four genes (TIMP3, RASSF1A, RARbeta2 and DCC) and the V600E BRAF mutation were found.'},
 {'pubmed': 22699145,
  'text': 'Data indicate that 14% with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) and 7% ampullary adenocarcinomas (A-ACs) had mutations in both KRAS and BRAF.'},
 {'pubmed': 22702340,
  'text': 'In papillary thyroid carcinoma BRAFV600E is associated with increased expression of the urokinase plasminogen activator and its cognate receptor, but not with disease-free interval.'},
 {'pubmed': 22705994,
  'text': 'Hairy cell leukemia cell lines expressing annexin A1 and displaying B-cell receptor signals characteristic of primary tumor cells lack the signature BRAF mutation to reveal unrepresentative origins.'},
 {'pubmed': 22706026,
  'text': 'The combined effects of EGFR downregulation, ligand competition, and immune effector function conspire to inhibit tumor growth in xenograft models of cetuximab-resistant BRAF and KRAS mutant cancers.'},
 {'pubmed': 22727996,
  'text': 'BRAF V600E mutations are present in approximately 90% of all kidney metanephric adenoma cases, serving as a potential valuable diagnostic tool in the differential diagnosis.'},
 {'pubmed': 22730329,
  'text': 'Reactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway by FGF receptor 3 (FGFR3)/Ras mediates resistance to vemurafenib in human B-RAF V600E mutant melanoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 22732794,
  'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation revealed a strong association with specific histological variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 22740704,
  'text': 'These results clearly prove that the BRAFV600E mutation is not associated with the development of distant metastases or fatal outcome in papillary thyroid carcinoma'},
 {'pubmed': 22742884,
  'text': 'Vemurafenib is effective for advanced melanomas expressing the BRAF V600E mutations [review]'},
 {'pubmed': 22743296,
  'text': 'BRAF V600E mutation is associated with response to vemurafenib in lung adenocarcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 22751131,
  'text': 'B-Raf/MKK/ERK controls key aspects of cancer cell behavior and gene expression by modulating a network of miRNAs with cross-regulatory functions.'},
 {'pubmed': 22752848,
  'text': 'study reports a novel complex BRAF mutation identified in 4/492 Japanese papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC) cases; findings suggest the BRAF(V600delinsYM)mutation, is a gain-of-function mutation and plays an important role in PTC development'},
 {'pubmed': 22767446,
  'text': 'study found a relatively higher B-Raf serine/threonine-protein kinase (BRAF)(V600E) mutation rate in classical type papillary thyroid carcinomas than in other similar studies'},
 {'pubmed': 22770943,
  'text': 'BRAF mRNA expression may help to identify PTC among thyroid nodules independently of the presence of BRAFV600E mutation.'},
 {'pubmed': 22772867,
  'text': 'BRAF (V600) mutations are are associated with melanomas.'},
 {'pubmed': 22773810,
  'text': 'Lung cancers with acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors occasionally harbor BRAF gene mutations but lack mutations in KRAS, NRAS, or MEK1.'},
 {'pubmed': 22797077,
  'text': 'RSK regulates activated BRAF signalling to mTORC1 and promotes melanoma growth'},
 {'pubmed': 22798288,
  'text': 'Data show clinical significance to BRAF(L597) mutations in melanoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 22798500,
  'text': 'In CRC patients treated with cetuximab, activating mutation signatures for BRAF (58 genes) were developed.'},
 {'pubmed': 22799316,
  'text': 'Preoperative BRAF mutation was a predictive factor for occult contralateral papillary thyroid microcarcinoma presence.'},
 {'pubmed': 22809251,
  'text': 'As has been reported in other common types of melanoma, V600 BRAF mutation is the most common mutation of those tested in spindle cell melanoma. NRAS or KIT mutation appears to be rare, if not completely absent.'},
 {'pubmed': 22814862,
  'text': 'we found no cases of Rosette-forming glioneuronal tumors of the fourth ventricle showing KIAA1549-BRAF gene fusion or BRAF (V600E) mutation'},
 {'pubmed': 22820187,
  'text': 'these results link epigenetic genes to methylation and suppression of tumor suppressor genes as a mechanism involved in BRAFV600E-promoted melanoma tumorigenesis and uncover a novel molecular signature that predicts a poor prognosis of melanoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 22820660,
  'text': 'No BRAF V600E mutations were detected in nonserous epithelial ovarian tumors.'},
 {'pubmed': 22824468,
  'text': 'Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in BRAF gene is associated with diseases.'},
 {'pubmed': 22826122,
  'text': 'It was concluded that extracellular kinase-mediated up-regulation of c-myc by K-Ras or B-Raf oncogenes disrupts the establishment of apical/basolateral polarity in colon epithelial cells independently of its effect on proliferation.'},
 {'pubmed': 22826437,
  'text': 'RAF1(D486N), as well as other kinase-impaired RAF1 mutants, showed increased heterodimerization with BRAF, which was necessary and sufficient to promote increased MEK/ERK activation.'},
 {'pubmed': 22833462,
  'text': 'Investigated BRAF and RAF1 alterations in Chinese prostate cancer.Found BRAF truncated in five of 200 informative Chinese cases & RAF1 was truncated in three of 204 informative cases and genomic rearrangements were correlated w/high Gleason scores.'},
 {'pubmed': 22850568,
  'text': 'This study reveals a novel mechanism of immune suppression sensitive to BRAF(V600E) inhibition, and indicates that clinical blockade of IL-1 may benefit patients'},
 {'pubmed': 22858857,
  'text': 'A review summarizes the role of the BRAF V600E mutation in the development and progression of thyroid cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 22859608,
  'text': 'BRAFV600E mutation is associated with Langerhans cell histiocytosis.'},
 {'pubmed': 22863493,
  'text': 'The BRAFV600E occurs exclusively in papillary thyroid carcinoma and papillary carcinoma-derived anaplastic cancer, rising as a specific diagnostic marker for this tumor when identified in cytological / histological exams'},
 {'pubmed': 22870241,
  'text': 'High-throughput genotyping in metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma identifies phosphoinositide-3-kinase and BRAF mutations.'},
 {'pubmed': 22876591,
  'text': 'Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome is caused by heterogeneous mutations in BRAF gene.'},
 {'pubmed': 22879539,
  'text': 'High prevalence of BRAF V600E mutations is associated with Erdheim-Chester disease but not in other non-Langerhans cell histiocytoses.'},
 {'pubmed': 22880048,
  'text': 'This study reveals a novel molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of feedback loops between the MAPK and AKT pathways.'},
 {'pubmed': 22887810,
  'text': 'A K601E BRAF mutation is associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 22892521,
  'text': 'The results of this study supported an important role for BRAF duplication and MAPK pathway activation in gliomas of the optic nerve proper.'},
 {'pubmed': 22898351,
  'text': 'MSI status, KRAS and BRAF mutation rates varied remarkably among the colonic carcinoma subsites irrespective of right- and left-sided origin.'},
 {'pubmed': 22899730,
  'text': 'The presence of a BRAF c.1799T>A (p.V600E) mutation is associated with significantly poorer prognosis after colorectal cancer diagnosis among subgroups of patients.'},
 {'pubmed': 22912864,
  'text': 'Data indicate that mutation frequency in malanoma patients was found witih BRAF(V600) in 51%, NRAS in 19%, PI3K pathway in 41% and PTEN in 22%.'},
 {'pubmed': 22918165,
  'text': 'BRAF(V600E) mutation is an early event in thyroid carcinogenesis, and is associated with distinctive morphology and aggressive features even in papillary thyroid microcarcinomas'},
 {'pubmed': 22926515,
  'text': 'ARAF seems to stabilize BRAF:CRAF complexes in cells treated with RAF inhibitors and thereby regulate cell signaling in a subtle manner to ensure signaling efficiency'},
 {'pubmed': 22930283,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with early stage disease and improved outcome in patients with low-grade serous ovarian cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 22931913,
  'text': 'We conclude that the presence of BRAF mutation, NRAS mutation, and the absence of an immune-related expressed gene profile predict poor outcome in melanoma patients with macroscopic stage III disease.'},
 {'pubmed': 22932786,
  'text': 'Thus, in this meta-analysis, the BRAF mutation in PTC was significantly associated with PTC recurrence, lymph node metastasis, extrathyroidal extension, and advanced stage AJCC III/IV.'},
 {'pubmed': 22938585,
  'text': 'Data indicate that KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, and AKT1 mutations can be rapidly and accurately detected for cancer diagnosis.'},
 {'pubmed': 22941165,
  'text': 'The BRAF V600E mutation is the only independent predictor of compartment lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 22946697,
  'text': 'Data indicate that of the 32 cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (CFC) patients, 28 (88%) had a known mutation in a gene that is causative for CFC, including BRAF (n = 21), MEK1 (n = 2), MEK2 (n = 4), and KRAS (n = 1).'},
 {'pubmed': 22972589,
  'text': 'Higher response rates and longer time to progression were observed with selumetinib-containing regimens in patients who had melanoma that harbored a BRAF mutation.'},
 {'pubmed': 22973979,
  'text': 'found a significantly increased risk of papillary thyroid carcinoma attributed to the SNP variants rs17161747, rs1042179, and rs3748093 for those with a family history of cancer, for smokers, and for both those of age <45 years and nondrinkers'},
 {'pubmed': 22996177,
  'text': 'This report is the first to identify the rare, variant BRAF V600D mutation in LCH, and provides support for constitutively activated BRAF oncogene-induced cell senescence as a mechanism of regression in congenital, benign LCH.'},
 {'pubmed': 23009221,
  'text': 'consistent with previous studies, it was concluded that the incidence of BRAF V600E mutation in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia, if any, is extremely infrequent'},
 {'pubmed': 23010278,
  'text': 'B-RAF upregulates SGLT1 activity, an effect requiring vesicle insertion into the cell membrane.'},
 {'pubmed': 23010994,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation is suggested to be poor prognostic factors in CRLM.'},
 {'pubmed': 23014346,
  'text': 'Braf mutation status is not significantly associated with poor survival for melanoma in Koreans.'},
 {'pubmed': 23021375,
  'text': 'EGFR and downstream genetic alterations in KRAS/BRAF and PI3K/AKT pathways have roles in colorectal cancer and treatment [review]'},
 {'pubmed': 23026937,
  'text': 'Immunohistochemistry is highly sensitive and specific for the detection of V600E BRAF mutation in melanoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 23033302,
  'text': 'the spectrum and frequency distribution of the identified KRAS and BRAF mutations in Serbian patient with colorectal cancer are in good accordance with literature data.'},
 {'pubmed': 23036672,
  'text': 'We describe 3 patients with BRAF V600E mutation metastatic melanoma in whom treatment with vemurafenib resulted in prompt extracranial disease response but progression of metastatic disease in the brain.'},
 {'pubmed': 23039341,
  'text': 'Studied the cytotoxicity and anti-tumour activity of novel MEK inhibitor, E6201, in a panel of melanoma cell lines. Most melanoma cell lines were sensitive or hypersensitive to E6201; the sensitivity correlated with wildtype PTEN and mutant BRAF status.'},
 {'pubmed': 23041829,
  'text': 'Findings support the potential use of immunohistochemistry as an ancillary screening tool to assess the BRAFV600E mutation status in primary cutaneous melanoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 23051629,
  'text': 'Increased BRAF mutation with age along with the lack of a UVR magnitude-BRAF mutation association suggests that duration of exposure rather than UVR exposure dose is the more likely link to acquiring mutations in melanocytic nevi.'},
 {'pubmed': 23055340,
  'text': 'KRAS and BRAF mutations are infrequent or absent, respectively in Intestinal-type sinonasal adenocarcinoma'},
 {'pubmed': 23055546,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation was associated with lymph node metastases (LNM), advanced stage, extrathyroidal extension, tumor size, male gender, multifocality, absence of capsule, classic PTC, and tall-cell variant papillary thyroid cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 23056577,
  'text': 'A systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that BRAF mutation is an absolute risk factor for patient survival in colorectal cancer and melanoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 23062653,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation was not found to be significantly associated with lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid cancer'},
 {'pubmed': 23066120,
  'text': 'The BRAF(V600E) mutation was demonstrated to be a poor prognostic factor for the persistence of the disease independent from other clinical-pathological features in low-risk intrathyroid papillary thyroid carcinoma patients.'},
 {'pubmed': 23069257,
  'text': 'Histopathologic changes suggesting prolapsed rectal mucosa should take precedence over BRAF results in diagnosing sessile serrated adenomas in the rectum.'},
 {'pubmed': 23088640,
  'text': 'analysis suggests that BRAF mutations occur at a low frequency in chronic lymphocytic leukemia'},
 {'pubmed': 23095503,
  'text': 'Desmoplastic malignant melanoma: a study of ten cases and status of BRAF mutation.'},
 {'pubmed': 23096133,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas with anaplastic features.'},
 {'pubmed': 23096702,
  'text': 'We found that NRAS-mutant melanomas were significantly more likely from older patients and BRAF-mutant melanomas were more frequent in melanomas from the trunk.'},
 {'pubmed': 23098991,
  'text': 'Studied differential miRNA expression in metastatic colorectal cancer by microarrays from primary tumors of 33 patients who had wild-type KRAS/BRAF and third- to sixth-line anti-EGFRmAb treatment, with/without irinotecan.'},
 {'pubmed': 23110075,
  'text': 'Study demonstrates that chromosomal instability commonly occurs in advanced BRAF mutant/MSS colorectal cancers where it may contribute to poorer survival, and further highlights molecular similarities occurring between these and BRAF wild type cancers.'},
 {'pubmed': 23125007,
  'text': 'One hundred and ten patients (51%) were identified who were potentially nonresponders to anti-EGFR therapy:  13/117 (11.1%) had the V600E BRAF mutation.'},
 {'pubmed': 23132792,
  'text': 'BRAFV600E mutation is associated with cervical lymph node metastasis and recurrence in papillary thyroid cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 23138171,
  'text': 'Clinical characteristics of colorectal cancer with the V600E BRAF mutation.'},
 {'pubmed': 23153455,
  'text': 'These findings indicate that ABCG2 confers resistance to vemurafenib in A375 cells, suggesting involvement of this transporter in acquired resistance to vemurafenib.'},
 {'pubmed': 23157614,
  'text': 'Data indicate that the presence of the BRAF V600E mutation was more frequent in women, but this gender difference was not statistically significant.'},
 {'pubmed': 23157823,
  'text': 'In Chinese colorectal carcinoma patients, BRAF mutation is associated with tumor differentiation and primary tumor sites.'},
 {'pubmed': 23157824,
  'text': 'Codon 12, 13 in KRAS gene and codon 600 in BRAF gene are the most common mutation points in Chinese colorectal cancer. KRAS and BRAF mutations are mutually exclusive. KRAS and BRAF gene mutation is higher in females than that in males.'},
 {'pubmed': 23158172,
  'text': 'BRAF mutational status is predictive of papillary thyroid carcinoma recurrence'},
 {'pubmed': 23159116,
  'text': 'V600E point mutation was identified in the BRAF gene in 3 intramucosal nevi and in 2 melanomas. Only 1 blue nevus harbored the GNAQ209 mutation'},
 {'pubmed': 23161556,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation as a new serum marker for papillary thyroid carcinomas were not detectable in patientts diagnosed with thyroid neoplasms.'},
 {'pubmed': 23161722,
  'text': 'data confirm that among lymphoproliferative disorders, BRAF V600E mutation is restricted to hairy cell leukemia (HCL); no mutations were identified in variant HCL, NMZL, ENMZL, PTLD, PTCL, ALCL, or LGL proliferations'},
 {'pubmed': 23163107,
  'text': 'The BRAF(V600E) mutation might be associated with a more aggressive phenotype and a poor prognosis in classic variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas.'},
 {'pubmed': 23179992,
  'text': 'BRAF (V600E) mutation is associated with papillary thyroid carcinomas.'},
 {'pubmed': 23188063,
  'text': 'BRAF mutations were correlated with poor overall survival in the full patient cohort'},
 {'pubmed': 23190154,
  'text': 'Our findings suggest that RAS pathway activation due to BRAF V600E and KRAS mutations is an important event in a subset of peripheral nerve sheath tumours not related to neurofibromatosis'},
 {'pubmed': 23190890,
  'text': 'Oncogenic B-RAF(V600E) signaling induces the T-Box3 transcriptional repressor to repress E-cadherin and enhance melanoma cell invasion.'},
 {'pubmed': 23192464,
  'text': 'Aim of this work is to provide a detailed comparison of clinical-pathologic features between well-differentiated and poorly differentiated tumors according to their BRAF and RASSF1A status.'},
 {'pubmed': 23192956,
  'text': 'BRAF (V600E) mutation is associated with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 23203004,
  'text': 'BRAF (V600E) is non-associated with Gal-3 expression, whereas it is associated with cytoplasmatic localization of p27kip1 and higher CK19 expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 23207070,
  'text': 'The present study revealed that ESCC of Brazilian patients do not present mutations in hot spots of EGFR, K-RAS and BRAF and only a minor proportion present overexpression of EGFR or HER2.'},
 {'pubmed': 23208503,
  'text': 'results suggest that mutant B-RAF signaling downregulates Tiam1/Rac activity resulting in an increase in N-cadherin levels and a decrease in E-cadherin levels and ultimately enhanced invasion'},
 {'pubmed': 23224067,
  'text': 'Mutations affecting BRAF, EGFR, PIK3CA, and KRAS are not associated with sporadic vestibular schwannomas.'},
 {'pubmed': 23235345,
  'text': 'the BRAF V600E mutation is not pathobiologically relevant in primary central nervous system lymphoma'},
 {'pubmed': 23237741,
  'text': 'Patients with V600R BRAF mutations can be treated successfully with oral BRAF inhibitors.'},
 {'pubmed': 23242808,
  'text': 'Data indicate that BRAF and EGF receptor or SRC family kinase inhibition blocked proliferation and invasion of the resistant tumors.'},
 {'pubmed': 23246082,
  'text': 'the role of BRAF mutations in melanoma and colorectal cancer, focusing on similarities and differences of BRAF mutations (Review)'},
 {'pubmed': 23253715,
  'text': 'The status of BRAF(V600E) mutation was more frequent in multifocal PTC patients with lymph node metastasis and diagnosis at later age.'},
 {'pubmed': 23263826,
  'text': 'we deduce that in the absence of mutation activation, B-Raf overexpression or downregulation is a protective event, since it delays the development of both malignant and benign thyroid tumors.'},
 {'pubmed': 23274581,
  'text': 'BRAF mutation is associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 23280049,
  'text': 'Preoperative mutation screening for BRAF(V600E) does not meaningfully improve risk stratification and is unlikely to alter the initial management of patients with indeterminate nodules.'},
 {'pubmed': 23287985,
  'text': 'Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis appears to be a clonal proliferation that may or may not have BRAF V600E mutations.'},
 {'pubmed': 23290787,
  'text': 'Studies indicate that BRAF mutations are identified in 40-50% of patients with melanoma, and treatment with either of two BRAF inhibitors (vemurafenib, dabrafenib) or the MEK inhibitor trametinib is associated with improved clinical benefit.'},
 {'pubmed': 23297805,
  'text': 'No point mutations were identified in BRAF codon Val600Glu in the studied colorectal adenocarcinomas in the Turkish population.'},
 {'pubmed': 23307859,
  'text': 'High BRAF is associated with metastatic melanoma.'},
 {'pubmed': 23310942,
  'text': 'This study shows that BRAF mutation occurs in Nigerian colorectal cancers.'},
 {'pubmed': 23317446,
  'text': 'Results demonstrated the action of Dabrafenib and the inhibition of MAPK pathway in melanoma cell lines carrying BRAFV600D/R mutations; these results could be helpful to enlarge the number of patients who may benefit of a more effective targeted treatment'},
 {'pubmed': 23324583,
  'text': 'BRAF mutations is associated with colorectal cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 23334329,
  'text': 'Human neural crest progenitor cells are susceptible to BRAF(V600E)-induced transformation.'},
 {'pubmed': 23343956,
  'text': 'no association with BRAF-V600E mutation in gastroeosophageal tumors'},
 {'pubmed': 23349307,
  'text': 'Data indicate that besides confirming the constant presence of BRAF-V600E in all patients with hairy cell leukemia, phospho-ERK1/ERK2 expression was observed.'},
 {'pubmed': 23352452,
  'text': 'Ras pathway activation via EGF treatment induced strong binding between B-Raf and C-Raf and a low level of binding between B-Raf and A-Raf.'},
 {'pubmed': 23354951,
  'text': 'Alternative splicing of exons 14, 15, 15b, 16b and 16c occurs in a considerable fraction of BRAF mRNA in normal colon and colorectal cancer cells and is independent of the V600E mutational status of the parental allele.'},
 {'pubmed': 23355004,
  'text': 'The detected Merkel cell polyomavirus prevalence in non-small cell lung cancer in combination with the deregulated expression of BRAF and Bcl-2 genes suggests that these events are likely to contribute to the pathogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer.'},
 {'pubmed': 23359496,
  'text': 'Kidins220 is a novel T-cell receptor (TCR)-interacting protein that couples B-Raf to the TCR. Kidins220 is mandatory for sustained Erk signaling and is crucial for TCR-mediated T cell activation.'},
 {'pubmed': 23370429,
  'text': 'This is the first report of BRAF V600E mutation in endometrial cancer, indicating that it may contribute to tumorigenesis of endometrial cancer, although at a low frequency compared with KRAS mutations.'},
 {'pubmed': 23370668,
  'text': 'study suggests that highly aggressive papillary thyroid microcarcinoma may arise in a subset of patients with BRAF(V600E) mutation and tumors greater than 5 mm; multivariate analysis showed that tumor recurrence was not associated with BRAF(V600E)mutation'},
 ...]

















In [34]:



    


len(braf_info['generif'])



    


















    
Out[34]:








2000

















In [35]:



    


print('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12068308')



    


















    






https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12068308

















In [36]:



    


def gene_search(name):
    query = {'q': name}
    response = requests.get('http://mygene.info/v3/query',params=query )
    entrez_id = response.json()['hits'][0]['_id']
    gene_response = requests.get('http://mygene.info/v3/gene/' + entrez_id)
    return gene_response.json()



    











In [37]:



    


cdk2_info = gene_search('CDK2')
cdk2_info



    


















    
Out[37]:








{'HGNC': '1771',
 'MIM': '116953',
 'Vega': 'OTTHUMG00000170575',
 '_id': '1017',
 '_score': 13.168399,
 'accession': {'genomic': ['AC025162.48',
   'AC034102.32',
   'AF512553.1',
   'AJ223951.1',
   'CH471054.1',
   'KT584459.1',
   'NC_000012.12',
   'NG_034014.1',
   'U50730.2'],
  'protein': ['AAA35667.1',
   'AAH03065.1',
   'AAM34794.1',
   'AAP35467.1',
   'BAA32794.1',
   'BAF84630.1',
   'BAG56780.1',
   'CAA43807.1',
   'CAA43985.1',
   'EAW96856.1',
   'EAW96857.1',
   'EAW96858.1',
   'EAW96859.1',
   'EAW96860.1',
   'NP_001277159.1',
   'NP_001789.2',
   'NP_439892.2',
   'P24941.2',
   'XP_011536034.1'],
  'rna': ['AA789250.1',
   'AA810989.1',
   'AB012305.1',
   'AK291941.1',
   'AK293246.1',
   'BC003065.2',
   'BJ991087.1',
   'BT006821.1',
   'DA814453.1',
   'M68520.1',
   'NM_001290230.1',
   'NM_001798.4',
   'NM_052827.3',
   'X61622.1',
   'X62071.1',
   'XM_011537732.2'],
  'translation': [{'protein': 'BAA32794.1', 'rna': 'AB012305.1'},
   {'protein': 'BAF84630.1', 'rna': 'AK291941.1'},
   {'protein': 'BAG56780.1', 'rna': 'AK293246.1'},
   {'protein': 'AAA35667.1', 'rna': 'M68520.1'},
   {'protein': 'AAP35467.1', 'rna': 'BT006821.1'},
   {'protein': 'CAA43985.1', 'rna': 'X62071.1'},
   {'protein': 'AAH03065.1', 'rna': 'BC003065.2'},
   {'protein': 'XP_011536034.1', 'rna': 'XM_011537732.2'},
   {'protein': 'NP_001277159.1', 'rna': 'NM_001290230.1'},
   {'protein': 'NP_001789.2', 'rna': 'NM_001798.4'},
   {'protein': 'CAA43807.1', 'rna': 'X61622.1'},
   {'protein': 'NP_439892.2', 'rna': 'NM_052827.3'}]},
 'alias': ['CDKN2', 'p33(CDK2)'],
 'ec': '2.7.11.22',
 'ensembl': {'gene': 'ENSG00000123374',
  'protein': ['ENSP00000243067',
   'ENSP00000266970',
   'ENSP00000393605',
   'ENSP00000450983',
   'ENSP00000452138',
   'ENSP00000452514'],
  'transcript': ['ENST00000266970',
   'ENST00000354056',
   'ENST00000440311',
   'ENST00000553376',
   'ENST00000554545',
   'ENST00000554619',
   'ENST00000555357',
   'ENST00000555408',
   'ENST00000556146',
   'ENST00000556276',
   'ENST00000556464',
   'ENST00000556656'],
  'translation': [{'protein': 'ENSP00000266970', 'rna': 'ENST00000266970'},
   {'protein': 'ENSP00000450983', 'rna': 'ENST00000555408'},
   {'protein': 'ENSP00000452514', 'rna': 'ENST00000553376'},
   {'protein': 'ENSP00000393605', 'rna': 'ENST00000440311'},
   {'protein': 'ENSP00000452138', 'rna': 'ENST00000555357'},
   {'protein': 'ENSP00000243067', 'rna': 'ENST00000354056'}],
  'type_of_gene': 'protein_coding'},
 'entrezgene': '1017',
 'exac': {'all': {'exp_lof': 14.064243652,
   'exp_mis': 103.582926056,
   'exp_syn': 40.3209373824,
   'lof_z': 3.45076866809409,
   'mis_z': 3.05571457340068,
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   'mu_mis': 9.19091133625e-06,
   'mu_syn': 3.45583178284e-06,
   'n_lof': 1.0,
   'n_mis': 40.0,
   'n_syn': 40.0,
   'p_li': 0.958299189494179,
   'p_null': 2.00659367791929e-05,
   'p_rec': 0.041680744569042,
   'syn_z': 0.0313334362386},
  'bp': 897,
  'cds_end': 56365409,
  'cds_start': 56360792,
  'n_exons': 7,
  'nonpsych': {'exp_lof': 12.5888844843,
   'exp_mis': 93.611933068,
   'exp_syn': 36.3537267212,
   'lof_z': 3.48454051513261,
   'mis_z': 2.89910545322279,
   'mu_lof': 1.02721752647e-06,
   'mu_mis': 9.19091133625e-06,
   'mu_syn': 3.45583178284e-06,
   'n_lof': 0.0,
   'n_mis': 38.0,
   'n_syn': 36.0,
   'p_li': 0.987477460052364,
   'p_null': 6.18333159581444e-06,
   'p_rec': 0.0125163566160399,
   'syn_z': 0.0369369403215127},
  'nontcga': {'exp_lof': 12.9253985908,
   'exp_mis': 95.282592769,
   'exp_syn': 37.0815586845,
   'lof_z': 3.27214293719079,
   'mis_z': 3.02573046413952,
   'mu_lof': 1.02721752647e-06,
   'mu_mis': 9.19091133625e-06,
   'mu_syn': 3.45583178284e-06,
   'n_lof': 1.0,
   'n_mis': 36.0,
   'n_syn': 38.0,
   'p_li': 0.939863326722736,
   'p_null': 5.01892923357667e-05,
   'p_rec': 0.0600864839849285,
   'syn_z': -0.0954979610569747},
  'transcript': 'ENST00000266970.4'},
 'exons': [{'cdsend': 55971625,
   'cdsstart': 55967008,
   'chr': '12',
   'position': [[55966768, 55967124],
    [55968048, 55968169],
    [55968777, 55968948],
    [55971043, 55971247],
    [55971520, 55972789]],
   'strand': 1,
   'transcript': 'NM_001290230',
   'txend': 55972789,
   'txstart': 55966768},
  {'cdsend': 55971625,
   'cdsstart': 55967008,
   'chr': '12',
   'position': [[55966768, 55967124],
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   'strand': 1,
   'transcript': 'NM_001798',
   'txend': 55972789,
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  {'cdsend': 55971625,
   'cdsstart': 55967008,
   'chr': '12',
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    [55968777, 55968948],
    [55971043, 55971247],
    [55971520, 55972789]],
   'strand': 1,
   'transcript': 'NM_052827',
   'txend': 55972789,
   'txstart': 55966768}],
 'exons_hg19': [{'cdsend': 56365409,
   'cdsstart': 56360792,
   'chr': '12',
   'position': [[56360552, 56360908],
    [56361832, 56361953],
    [56362561, 56362732],
    [56364827, 56365031],
    [56365304, 56366573]],
   'strand': 1,
   'transcript': 'NM_001290230',
   'txend': 56366573,
   'txstart': 56360552},
  {'cdsend': 56365409,
   'cdsstart': 56360792,
   'chr': '12',
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    [56363258, 56363360],
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   'strand': 1,
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  {'cdsend': 56365409,
   'cdsstart': 56360792,
   'chr': '12',
   'position': [[56360552, 56360908],
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    [56364827, 56365031],
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   'strand': 1,
   'transcript': 'NM_052827',
   'txend': 56366573,
   'txstart': 56360552}],
 'generif': [{'pubmed': 11907280,
   'text': 'Cyclin A/Cdk2 and cyclin E/cdk2 continuously shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm'},
  {'pubmed': 12049628,
   'text': 'results argue that TTK-associated CDK2 may function to maintain target-specific phosphorylation of RNA Pol II that is essential for Tat transactivation of HIV-1 promoter'},
  {'pubmed': 12081504,
   'text': 'Activation mechanism role of cyclin binding versus phosphorylation'},
  {'pubmed': 12114499,
   'text': 'CDK2/cyclin E is required for Tat-dependent transcription in vitro.'},
  {'pubmed': 12149264,
   'text': 'CDK2 binding to cyclin E is required to drive cells from G(1) into S phase'},
  {'pubmed': 12531694,
   'text': 'Interferon gamma reduces the activity of Cdk4 and Cdk2, inhibiting he G1 cell cycle in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.'},
  {'pubmed': 12676582,
   'text': 'CDK2 is not required for sustained cell division.'},
  {'pubmed': 12729791,
   'text': 'Data suggest that the interaction between PKCeta and cyclin E is carefully regulated, and is correlated with the inactivated form of the cyclin E/Cdk2 complex.'},
  {'pubmed': 12732645,
   'text': 'IRF1 represses CDK2 gene expression by interfering with SP1-dependent transcriptional activation.'},
  {'pubmed': 12801928, 'text': 'role in regulating Cdc25A half life'},
  {'pubmed': 12810668,
   'text': 'TGF-beta 1 inhibition requires early G(1) induction and stabilization of p21 protein, which binds to & inhibits cyclin E-CDK2 and cyclin A-CDK2 kinase activity rather than direct modulation of cyclin or CDK protein levels as seen in other systems.'},
  {'pubmed': 12857729,
   'text': 'Cdk2 has a role in phosphorylation of the NF-Y transcription factor'},
  {'pubmed': 12912980,
   'text': 'CDK2 has a role in the G2 DNA damage checkpoint'},
  {'pubmed': 12915577,
   'text': "Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K-bZIP physically associates with cyclin-CDK2 and downmodulates its kinase activity."},
  {'pubmed': 12947099,
   'text': 'it is evident that B-Myb protein may promote cell proliferation by a non-transcriptional mechanism that involves release of active cyclin/cyclin dependent kinase 2 from cyclin-dependent inhibitor 1C p57(KIP2)'},
  {'pubmed': 12954644,
   'text': 'Inhibition of Cdk2 by 1,25-(OH)2D3 may thus involve two mechanisms: 1) reduced nuclear Cdk2 available for cyclin binding and activation and 2) impairment of cyclin E-Cdk2-dependent p27 degradation through cytoplasmic mislocalization of Cdk2.'},
  {'pubmed': 14506259,
   'text': 'kinetic insight into the basis for selecting suboptimal specificity determinants for the phosphorylation of cellular substrates'},
  {'pubmed': 14536078,
   'text': 'multisite phosphorylation by Cdk2 and GSK3 controls cyclin E degradation'},
  {'pubmed': 14550307, 'text': 'CDK2 binds to SU9516 at Leu83 and Glu81'},
  {'pubmed': 14551212,
   'text': 'CDK2 activation process through phosphorylation is examined using 2D PAGE'},
  {'pubmed': 14562046,
   'text': 'Epstein-Barr virus can inhibit genotoxin-induced G1 arrest downstream of p53 by preventing the inactivation of CDK2'},
  {'pubmed': 14612403,
   'text': 'p220 is an essential downstream component of the cyclin E/Cdk2 signaling pathway and functions to coordinate multiple elements of the G1/S transition.'},
  {'pubmed': 14645251,
   'text': 'CDK2-cyclin E, without prior CDK4-cyclin D activity, can phosphorylate and inactivate pRb, activate E2F, and induce DNA synthesis.'},
  {'pubmed': 14646596,
   'text': 'significant difference in their biochemical properties between CDK4/cyclin D1 and CDK2/cyclin A affecting regulation of cellular RB function'},
  {'pubmed': 14694185,
   'text': 'cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)2, -4, and -6 were down-regulated from the myelocytes/metamyelocytes stages and onward'},
  {'pubmed': 14701826,
   'text': 'CDK2 complexes have roles in G(1)/S deregulation and tumor progression'},
  {'pubmed': 14985333,
   'text': 'CDK2 regulates beta-catenin phosphorylation/ degradation'},
  {'pubmed': 15004027,
   'text': 'Cdk2 and Cdk4 phosphorylate human Cdt1 and induce its degradation'},
  {'pubmed': 15024385,
   'text': 'Binding to Cdk2-cyclin A is accompanied by p27 folding, and kinetic data suggest a sequential mechanism that is initiated by binding to cyclin A'},
  {'pubmed': 15063782,
   'text': 'We also found that cyclin A/CDK2 phosphorylates Axin, thereby enhancing its association with beta-catenin.'},
  {'pubmed': 15159402,
   'text': 'study provides evidence that the cyclin A1-cyclin dependent kinase 2 complex plays a role in several signaling pathways important for cell cycle control and meiosis'},
  {'pubmed': 15178429, 'text': 'interacts with dephosphorylated NIRF'},
  {'pubmed': 15199159,
   'text': 'cyclin A-cdk2 plays an ancillary noncatalytic role in the ubiquitination of p27(KIP1) by the SCF(skp2) complex'},
  {'pubmed': 15226429,
   'text': 'Results identify an important role for CDK2 in the maintenance of genomic stability, acting via an ATM- and ATR-dependent pathway.'},
  {'pubmed': 15309028,
   'text': 'after CDK4/6 inactivation, the fate of pancreatic tumor cells depends on the ability to modulate CDK2 activity'},
  {'pubmed': 15355984,
   'text': 'Data suggest that cyclin D1-Cdk2 complexes mediate some of the transforming effects of cyclin D1 and demonstrate that the cyclin D1-Cdk2 fusion protein is a useful model to investigate the biological functions of cyclin D1-Cdk2 complexes.'},
  {'pubmed': 15456866,
   'text': 'These findings establish a novel function for cyclin A1 and CDK2 in DNA double strand break repair following radiation damage.'},
  {'pubmed': 15572662,
   'text': 'Phosphborylation of progesterone receptor serine 400 mediates ligand-independent transcriptional activity in response to activation of CDK2.'},
  {'pubmed': 15601848,
   'text': 'cyclin A/Cdk2 has a role as a progesterone receptor coactivator'},
  {'pubmed': 15607961,
   'text': 'CDK2 depletion suppressed growth and cell cycle progression in melanoma and may be a suitable drug target in melanoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 15611077,
   'text': 'Inhibition of CDK2 kinase by indole-3-carbinol is accompanied by selective alterations in cyclin E composition.'},
  {'pubmed': 15632290,
   'text': 'molecular dynamics study on the complex CDK2 with the peptide substrate HHASPRK'},
  {'pubmed': 15649889,
   'text': 'Results demonstrate that a peptide derived from the alpha5 helix of cyclin A significantly inhibits kinase activity of complexes harboring CDK2, and forms stable complexes with CDK2-cyclin A.'},
  {'pubmed': 15660127,
   'text': 'crystal structure of phospho-CDK2 in complex with a truncated cyclin E1 (residues 81-363) at 2.25 A resolution'},
  {'pubmed': 15665273,
   'text': 'CDK2-BRCA1-Nucleophosmin pathway coordinately functions in cell growth and tumor progression pathways.'},
  {'pubmed': 15671017,
   'text': 'HTm4 binding to KAP.Cdk2.cyclin A complex enhances the phosphatase activity of KAP, dissociates cyclin A, and facilitates KAP dephosphorylation of Cdk2'},
  {'pubmed': 15695825,
   'text': 'Results present a comprehensive description of the dynamic behavior of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 in complex with cyclin A.'},
  {'pubmed': 15707957,
   'text': 'Puralpha has been shown to colocalize with cyclin A/Cdk2 and to coimmunoprecipitate with cyclin A during S-phase and we show that this interaction is mediated by a specific affinity of Puralpha for Cdk2.'},
  {'pubmed': 15890360,
   'text': 'Rapid binding of p27 domain 1 to cyclin A tethers the inhibitor to the binary Cdk2/cyclin A complex'},
  {'pubmed': 15922732,
   'text': 'CDK2 translational down-regulation may be a key regulatory event in replicative senescence of endothelial cells.'},
  {'pubmed': 15944161,
   'text': 'origin recognition complex 2 has an unexpected role in CDK2 activation, a linkage that could be important for maintaining genomic stability'},
  {'pubmed': 15964852,
   'text': 'Cdk2 destabilizes p21 via the cy2 cyclin-binding motif and p21 phosphorylation'},
  {'pubmed': 16036217,
   'text': 'Our results demonstrate that differential regulation of Cdc2 and Cdk2 activity by different doses of doxorubicin may contribute to the induction of two modes of cell death in hepatoma cells, either apoptosis or cell death through mitotic catastrophe.'},
  {'pubmed': 16082200,
   'text': 'CINP is part of the Cdc7-dependent mechanism of origin firing and a functional and physical link between Cdk2 and Cdc7 complexes at the origins'},
  {'pubmed': 16082227,
   'text': 'CDK2 inhibition modifies the dynamics of chromatin-bound minichromosome maintenance complex and replication protein A'},
  {'pubmed': 16085226,
   'text': 'results indicate that CDK2 participates in Tat-mediated HIV-1 transcription and may serve as a potential therapeutic target'},
  {'pubmed': 16150942,
   'text': 'Cdk2 inhibition decreases the efficiency of chemical induction of KSHV lytic transcripts ORF 50 and 26. Importantly, Cdk2 activity is also essential for replication in other human herpesviruses'},
  {'pubmed': 16258277,
   'text': 'A new concept indicates in this review that both Cdk2 and/or Cdc2 can drive cells through G1/S phase in parallel.'},
  {'pubmed': 16262700,
   'text': 'Cdk2 dependent phosphorylation(s) cannot be a critical trigger of replicon initiation in response to reoxygenation after several hours of hypoxia, at least in the T24 cells studied'},
  {'pubmed': 16343435,
   'text': 'We propose that during TNFalpha-induced apoptosis, PKCdelta-mediated phosphorylation of p21(WAF1/CIP1) at (146)Ser attenuates the Cdk2 binding of p21(WAF1/CIP1) and thereby upregulates Cdk2 activity.'},
  {'pubmed': 16407256,
   'text': 'molecular analysis of the CDK5/p25 and CDK2/cyclin A systems'},
  {'pubmed': 16504183,
   'text': 'Cyclin-dependent kinases regulate the transcriptional activity of FOXM1c; a combination of three phosphorylation sites mediates the Cyclin E and Cyclin A/CDK2 effects.'},
  {'pubmed': 16540140,
   'text': 'Here, we show that human papillomavirus type 16 16E1--E4 is also able to associate with cyclin A and Cdk2 during the G2 phase of the cell cycle.'},
  {'pubmed': 16575928,
   'text': 'The interaction between roscovitine and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (cdk2) was investigated by performing correlated ab initio quantum-chemical calculations.'},
  {'pubmed': 16707497,
   'text': 'the phospho-CDK2/cyclin A recruitment site has a role in substrate recognition'},
  {'pubmed': 16762841,
   'text': 'Phosphorylation of the linker histone H1 by CDK regulates its binding to HP1alpha'},
  {'pubmed': 16765349,
   'text': 'suggest a novel retinoic acid (RA)-signaling, by which RA-induced p21 induction and complex formation with cyclin E/CDK2 diverts CDK2 function from normally driving proliferation to alternatively promoting apoptosis'},
  {'pubmed': 16824683,
   'text': 'Membrane depolarization may stimulate cellular proliferation by augmenting the expression of cyclin E leading to increases in Cdk2 activity and RB phosphorylation in a neuroblastoma cell line.'},
  {'pubmed': 16912045,
   'text': 'the Chk1-mediated S-phase checkpoint targets initiation factor Cdc45 via a Cdc25A/Cdk2-independent mechanism'},
  {'pubmed': 16912201,
   'text': 'Breast cancer cells lacking cancer predisposition genes BRCA1 are more sensitive to CDK2 inhibitors.'},
  {'pubmed': 17001081,
   'text': 'analysis of the NBI1-binding site on cyclin A which inhibits the catalytic activity of the complex cyclin-dependent kinase 2-cyclin A'},
  {'pubmed': 17013093,
   'text': 'progression of melanoma is associated with changes in CDK-2 expression level'},
  {'pubmed': 17038621,
   'text': 'functional interaction between CDK2 and FOXO1 provides a mechanism that regulates apoptotic cell death after DNA strand breakage'},
  {'pubmed': 17095507,
   'text': 'Kinetic and crystallographic analyses of CDK2-cyclin A complexes reveal that this inhibitory mechanism operates through steric blockade of peptide substrate binding.'},
  {'pubmed': 17207508,
   'text': 'Review highlights an alternative role for CDK2 in the regulation of progesterone receptor signaling.'},
  {'pubmed': 17293600,
   'text': 'TopBP1 necessary for the G(1)/S transition: one for activating cyclin E/CDK2 kinase and the other for loading replication components onto chromatin to initiate DNA synthesis.'},
  {'pubmed': 17361108,
   'text': 'Our results demonstrate that CDK2 is capable of autophosphorylation at Thr160.'},
  {'pubmed': 17371838,
   'text': 'results argue that Mdm2 is needed for full inhibition of Cdk2 activity by p21, thereby positively contributing to p53-dependent cell cycle arrest'},
  {'pubmed': 17386261,
   'text': 'Both Cdk1 and -2 require cyclin binding and T loop phosphorylation for full activity.'},
  {'pubmed': 17409409,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 17495531,
   'text': 'The structure of phospho-CDK2/cyclin B is reported. pCDK2/cyclin B is less discriminatory in substrate recognition than CDK2/cyclin A & has properties of both an S-phase & an M-phase kinase. CDK2/cyclin B is effective against S phase substrates.'},
  {'pubmed': 17638878,
   'text': 'ATRIP is a CDK2 substrate, and CDK2-dependent phosphorylation of S224 regulates the ability of ATR-ATRIP to promote cell cycle arrest in response to DNA damage'},
  {'pubmed': 17713927,
   'text': 'Phosphorylation on a conserved Thr14 can inhibit activities of both the kinases, but phosphorylating another conserved Tyr15, however, can lead to totally opposite inhibition and stimulation consequences in CDK2 and CDK5.'},
  {'pubmed': 18042686,
   'text': 'The conserved rigid regions are important for nucleotide binding, catalysis, and substrate recognition; most flexible regions correlate with those where large conformational changes occur during CDK2 regulation processes.'},
  {'pubmed': 18156799,
   'text': 'cdk2 activity is necessary for the survival of human DLBCL.'},
  {'pubmed': 18174243,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 18199752,
   'text': 'major Cdk2-dependent multiple gene regulatory events are present in pemphigus vulgar'},
  {'pubmed': 18202766,
   'text': 'serum starvation induces G1 arrest through suppression of Skp2-dependent CDK2 activity and Skp2-independent CDK4 activity in human SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cells'},
  {'pubmed': 18208561,
   'text': 'growth arrest by SmE directly correlates with the reduction of cyclin E, CDK2, CDC25C and CDC2 expression, and up-regulation of p27Kip'},
  {'pubmed': 18236071,
   'text': 'Findings strongly demonstrate that retinoblastoma (RB) and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) on one side and cytokeratin 8 (CK8) and epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) on the other may affect the clinical course of the disease in 56% of patients.'},
  {'pubmed': 18276582,
   'text': 'Cyclin E and SV40 small T antigen cooperate to bypass quiescence and contribute to transformation by activating CDK2 in human fibroblasts'},
  {'pubmed': 18281541,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 18345036,
   'text': 'Bim-mediated apoptosis following actin damage due to deregulation of Cdk2 and the cell cycle by the absence of functional p53.'},
  {'pubmed': 18372919,
   'text': 'G2 phase cyclin A/cdk2 controls the timing of entry into mitosis by controlling the subsequent activation of cyclin B/cdk1, but also has an unexpected role in coordinating the activation of cyclin B/cdk1 at the centrosome and in the nucleus'},
  {'pubmed': 18400748,
   'text': 'disruption of the spindle-assembly checkpoint does not directly influence p53 activation, but the shortening of the mitotic arrest allows cyclin E-CDK2 to be activated before the accumulation of p21(CIP1/WAF1).'},
  {'pubmed': 18408738,
   'text': 'Results suggest that GSK-3 regulates nuclear p27 Kip1 expression through downregulation of Skp2 expression and regulates p27 Kip1 assembly with CDK2, playing a critical role in the G0/G1 arrest associated with intestinal cell differentiation.'},
  {'pubmed': 18470542,
   'text': 'The structures of fully active cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (CDK2)complexed with ATP and peptide substrate, CDK2 after the catalytic reaction, and CDK2 inhibited by phosphorylation at Thr14/Tyr15 were studied using molecular dynamics simulations.'},
  {'pubmed': 18507837,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 18617527,
   'text': 'Cdk2-associated complexes, by targeting SHP-1 for proteolysis, counteract the ability of SHP-1 to block cell cycle progression of intestinal epithelial cells'},
  {'pubmed': 18635963,
   'text': 'Cyclin A-CDK activity during G(1) would result in an inhibition of progression into the S phase.'},
  {'pubmed': 18667424,
   'text': 'the cyclin A-CDK2 complex may be a potential effector of NFATs, specifically NFATc1, in mediating SMC multiplication leading to neointima formation.'},
  {'pubmed': 18784074,
   'text': 'Cdk2 negatively regulates the activity of hPXR, and suggest an important role for Cdk2 in regulating hPXR activity and CYP3A4 expression in hepatocytes passing through the cell cycle'},
  {'pubmed': 18806832,
   'text': 'This suggests an important role for CDK2 in cell cycle regulation in hESCs that are likely to bear significant impacts on the maintenance of their pluripotent phenotype.'},
  {'pubmed': 18941885,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19061641,
   'text': 'Cyclin A assembles with Cdk1 only after complex formation with Cdk2 reaches a plateau during late S and G2 phases.'},
  {'pubmed': 19066288,
   'text': 'These findings establish phosphorylation events by CDKs 1 and 2 as key regulators of Discs Large 1 localisation and function.'},
  {'pubmed': 19091404,
   'text': 'Notch-1 may be mediated through regulating the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins cyclin D1, CDK2 and p21 and the activity of Akt signaling'},
  {'pubmed': 19101503,
   'text': 'These results demonstrate that double phosphorylation of CDK2 peptides increases the stoichiometry of metal ion binding, and hence may contribute to the previously observed regulation of CDK2 activity by metal ions.'},
  {'pubmed': 19103742,
   'text': 'the pathway of apoptin-induced apoptosis and show that it essentially depends on abnormal phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase)/Akt activation, resulting in the activation of the cyclin-dependent kinase CDK2'},
  {'pubmed': 19124506,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19166026,
   'text': 'Overexpression of CDK2 was strongly correlated with abnormal proliferation in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 19197163,
   'text': 'Results show that human Cdk2 is a functional homolog for most of Ime2 functions.'},
  {'pubmed': 19201832,
   'text': 'disruption of Smad2 function by CDK2 phosphorylation acts as a mechanism for TGF-beta resistance in multiple myeloma.'},
  {'pubmed': 19258477,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19258477,
   'text': 'Strengthened signals in imputation-based analysis at CDK2 SNPs rs2069391, rs2069414 and rs17528736 lend evidence to the role of cell cycle genes in ovarian cancer etiology.'},
  {'pubmed': 19321444,
   'text': 'The combination of st and deregulated cyclin E result in cooperative and coordinated activation of both an essential origin licensing factor, CDC6, and an activity required for origin firing, CDK2, resulting in progression from quiescence to S phase.'},
  {'pubmed': 19440053,
   'text': 'Co-depletion of Cdc6 and p53 in normal cells restored Cdk2 activation and Rb phosphorylation, permitting them to enter S phase with a reduced rate of replication.'},
  {'pubmed': 19594747,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19596857,
   'text': 'resistance of oral squamous carcinoma to IFNgamma is not due to deficiency in STAT1-dependent signaling but from a defect in the signaling component that mediates IFNgamma-induced down-regulation of CcnA2 and Cdk2 expression'},
  {'pubmed': 19609547,
   'text': 'Four genes previously not examined in that respect in laryngeal carcinoma, occurred to be good markers of the neoplasm. They are: metal-proteinase ADAM12, cyclin-dependent kinase 2-CDK2, kinesin 14-KIF14, suppressor 1 of checkpoint-CHES1.'},
  {'pubmed': 19631451,
   'text': 'Data demonstrate that the novel anticancer mechanism of hinokitiol involves accumulation of p27, down-regulation of pRb, Skp2, and impairment of Cdk2 function.'},
  {'pubmed': 19703905,
   'text': 'cyclin A/cdk2-dependent phosphorylation of APC affects astral microtubule attachment to the cortical surface in mitosis'},
  {'pubmed': 19706521,
   'text': 'Results suggest that simple but robust rules encoded in the CDK2 structure play a dominant role in predefining the mechanisms of ligand binding, which may be advantageously exploited in designing inhibitors.'},
  {'pubmed': 19723060,
   'text': 'Studies indicate that roscovitine arrests the cell cycle is direct inhibition of CDK1, a mitotic regulator, and CDK2, involved in G1/S transition.'},
  {'pubmed': 19724860,
   'text': 'Overexpression of Notch1 in laryngeal carcinoma cell line was coupled with the downregulation of cdk2'},
  {'pubmed': 19738611,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 19797611,
   'text': 'results show that the expression of UGT1A1 and CYP2B6 is negatively regulated through a CDK2 signaling pathway linked to cell cycle progression in HepG2 and SW480 cells'},
  {'pubmed': 19822658,
   'text': 'Results underscore the crucial role of cyclin A2-CDK2 in regulating the PLK1-SCF(beta-TrCP1)-EMI1-APC/C axis and CDC6 to trigger genome reduplication after the activity of CDK1 is suppressed.'},
  {'pubmed': 19829063,
   'text': 'Since CAC1 interacts with CDK2 and promotes the kinase activity of CDK2 protein, we propose that CAC1 is a novel cell cycle associated protein capable of promoting cell proliferation.'},
  {'pubmed': 19838212,
   'text': 'Chk1 signalling causes centrosome amplification after ionizing radiation by upregulating Cdk2 activity through activating phosphorylation.'},
  {'pubmed': 19838216,
   'text': 'Data show that SHP-1 knockdown increases p27stability, decreases the CDK6 levels, inducing retinoblastoma protein hypophosphorylation, downregulation of cyclin E and thereby a decrease in the CDK2 activity.'},
  {'pubmed': 19854217,
   'text': 'expression upregulation is critical for TLR9-stimulated proliferation of kung cancer cells'},
  {'pubmed': 19858290,
   'text': 'Export was also reduced by Cdk inhibition or cyclin A RNA interference, suggesting that cyclin A/Cdk complexes contribute to Wee1 export.'},
  {'pubmed': 19885547,
   'text': 'aberrant regulation of S100P in HCC might activate cyclin D1 and CDK expression and contribute to the mitogenic potential of tumor cells during Hepatocellular carcinoma carcinogenesis.'},
  {'pubmed': 19960406,
   'text': 'Cellular production of IGFBP-3 leads to G1 cell cycle arrest with inhibition of CDK2 and CDK4.'},
  {'pubmed': 19966300,
   'text': 'Data show that Myc repressed Ras-induced senescence, and that Cdk2 interacted with Myc at promoters, where it affected Myc-dependent regulation of genes, including those of proteins known to control senescence.'},
  {'pubmed': 20017906, 'text': 'FUS-DDIT3 and the normal DDIT3 bind CDK2.'},
  {'pubmed': 20062077,
   'text': 'Results directly show that the inhibition of Cdk1 activity and the persistence of Cdk2 activity in G2 cells induces endoreplication without mitosis.'},
  {'pubmed': 20068231,
   'text': 'Results show that most of the up-regulated sites phosphorylated by cyclin-dependent CDK1 or CDK2 were almost fully phosphorylated in mitotic cells.'},
  {'pubmed': 20079829,
   'text': 'the nitric oxide-mediated biphasic effect was dependent on Cdk2 nitrosylation/activation and the loss of mitochondrial potential'},
  {'pubmed': 20147522,
   'text': 'central roles for CDK2 nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking and cyclin E in the mechanism of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)-mediated growth inhibition in prostate cancer cells'},
  {'pubmed': 20195506,
   'text': 'These findings demonstrate that Cdk2 maintains a balance of S-phase regulatory proteins and thereby coordinates subsequent p53-independent G(2)/M checkpoint activation.'},
  {'pubmed': 20399812,
   'text': 'Data describe the properties of a mutant form of Cdk2 identified during large-scale sequencing of protein kinases from cancerous tissue.'},
  {'pubmed': 20422243,
   'text': 'Triticum aestivum-5B2 (( Ta ) 5B2) is suggested to be a wheat analogue of human CDK2 enzyme.'},
  {'pubmed': 20444741,
   'text': 'Conclude that cisplatin likely activates both caspase-dependent and -independent cell death, and Cdk2 is required for both pathways.'},
  {'pubmed': 20465575,
   'text': 'In addition to having a pivotal role in the up-regulation of IL-2 and IL-2RA gene expression, IKK controls the expression of cyclin D3, cyclin E and CDK2, and the stability SKP2 and its co-factor CKS1B, through mechanisms independent of IL-2.'},
  {'pubmed': 20508983,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 20512928,
   'text': 'Hr and VDR interact via multiple protein-protein interfaces, catalyzing histone demethylation to effect chromatin remodeling and repress the transcription of VDR target genes that control the hair cycle.'},
  {'pubmed': 20694007,
   'text': 'protein phosphatase 1 competition with Cdk-cyclins for retinoblastoma protein(Rb) binding is sufficient to retain Rb activity and block cell-cycle advancement.'},
  {'pubmed': 20711190,
   'text': 'cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), especially Cdk1 and Cdk2, promote interphase nuclear pore complex formation in human dividing cells.'},
  {'pubmed': 20844047,
   'text': 'Nuclear export of HPV31 E1 is inhibited by Cdk2 phosphorylation at two serines residues, S92 and S106.'},
  {'pubmed': 20935635,
   'text': 'The results demonstrate that CDK2-mediated phosphorylation is a key mechanism governing EZH2 function and that there is a link between the cell-cycle machinery and epigenetic gene silencing.'},
  {'pubmed': 21048031,
   'text': 'Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)'},
  {'pubmed': 21062975,
   'text': 'Data show that miR-302 simultaneously suppressed both the cyclin E-CDK2 and cyclin D-CDK4/6 pathways to block>70% of the G1-S cell cycle transition.'},
  {'pubmed': 21099355,
   'text': 'Overexpression of human Cdk2 resulted in a defect in the G1 to S transition and a reduction in viability.'},
  {'pubmed': 21233845,
   'text': 'MicroRNA miR-885-5p targets CDK2 and MCM5, activates p53 and inhibits proliferation and survival.'},
  {'pubmed': 21262353,
   'text': 'Cdk2 functions via a Cdk2/SHP-1/beta-catenin/CEACAM1 axis, and show that Cdk2 has the capacity to regulate insulin internalization.'},
  {'pubmed': 21264535,
   'text': 'XPD may play an important role in cell apoptosis of hepatoma by inducing an over-expression of p53, but suppressing expressions of c-myc and cdk2'},
  {'pubmed': 21319273,
   'text': 'CDK2 downregulation causes high apoptosis at the early time points'},
  {'pubmed': 21325496,
   'text': 'Conclude that in cisplatin induced-kidney injury phosphorylation of p21 by Cdk2 limits the effectiveness of p21 to inhibit Cdk2.'},
  {'pubmed': 21454540,
   'text': 'the ability of Emi1 to inhibit APC/C is negatively regulated by CDKs'},
  {'pubmed': 21515670,
   'text': 'cyclin E and CDK2 genes are key physiological effectors of the c-ETS1 proto-oncogene. Furthermore, c-ETS1 is indispensable for the hepatotropic action of HBx in cell cycle deregulation.'},
  {'pubmed': 21565702,
   'text': 'Transient binding of a second catalytic magnesium activates the structure and dynamics of CDK2 kinase for catalysis.'},
  {'pubmed': 21596315,
   'text': 'The deubiquitinase USP37 binds CDH1 and removes degradative polyubiquitin from cyclin A. USP37 was induced by E2F factors in G1, peaked at G1/S, and was degraded in late mitosis. Phosphorylation of USP37 by CDK2 stimulated its full activity.'},
  {'pubmed': 21646351,
   'text': 'anti-oncogenic role of miR-372 may be through control of cell growth and cell cycle progression by down-regulating the cell cycle genes CDK2 and cyclin A1'},
  {'pubmed': 21658603, 'text': 'Cdk2 is required for cell proliferation.'},
  {'pubmed': 21769424,
   'text': 'RT-PCR and Western blotting results revealed that both mRNA and protein levels of CDK2 were significantly higher in tumor tissues.'},
  {'pubmed': 21871181,
   'text': 'NF-Y binds to CCAAT sequences in the Cyclin A promoter, as well as to those in the promoters of cell cycle G2 regulators such as CDC2, Cyclin B and CDC25C.'},
  {'pubmed': 21918011,
   'text': 'Epstein-Barr virus Rta-mediated transactivation of p21 and 14-3-3sigma arrests cells at the G1/S transition by reducing cyclin E/CDK2 activity.'},
  {'pubmed': 21941773,
   'text': 'The expression level of CDK2 protein did not change significantly in silica-induced human embryo lung fibroblasts.'},
  {'pubmed': 21965652,
   'text': 'excess of MCM3 up-regulates the phosphorylation of CHK1 Ser-345 and CDK2 Thr-14.'},
  {'pubmed': 22084169,
   'text': 'The S-phase-specific cyclin-dependent kinase 2 was required for robust activation of ATR in response to diverse chemotherapeutic agents.'},
  {'pubmed': 22231403,
   'text': 'The authors show that, in human and mouse, Mre11 controls these events through a direct interaction with CDK2 that is required for CtIP phosphorylation and BRCA1 interaction in normally dividing cells.'},
  {'pubmed': 22467868,
   'text': 'Lin-28 homologue A (LIN28A) promotes cell cycle progression via regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), cyclin D1 (CCND1), and cell division cycle 25 homolog A (CDC25A) expression in cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 22474407,
   'text': 'CDK2 inhibition drastically diminishes anchorage-independent growth of human cancer cells and cells transformed with various oncogenes'},
  {'pubmed': 22479189,
   'text': 'low molecular weight cyclin E (LMW-E) requires CDK2-associated kinase activity to induce mammary tumor formation by disrupting acinar development'},
  {'pubmed': 22673765,
   'text': 'The activation of p21(Waf1/Cip1) was significantly up-regulated over time, but there was no change in the level of CDK2 expression by treatment of HEK293 cells with various concentrations of veterinary antibiotics.'},
  {'pubmed': 22718829,
   'text': 'Human cytomegalovirus IE1/2 expression was downregulated by cyclin A2, CDK1 and CDK2.'},
  {'pubmed': 22819841,
   'text': 'exposure of cancer cells (such as HeLa and MCF7 cells) to H2O2 increased CDK2 activity with no accompanying change in the PCNA level, leading to cell proliferation.'},
  {'pubmed': 22927831,
   'text': 'By a chemical-genetic approach study identified Nbs1 as a target of Cdk2, and mapped the phosphorylation to a conserved CDK consensus recognition site.'},
  {'pubmed': 22951823,
   'text': 'cellular CDK2 phosphorylates the functionally critical S/T-P sites of the hepadnavirus core CTD and is incorporated into viral capsids'},
  {'pubmed': 23028682,
   'text': 'cyclin A-Cdk2 regulates apoptosis through a mechanism that involves Rad9phosphorylation'},
  {'pubmed': 23065011,
   'text': 'human papillomavirus E4 proteins can interact with cyclin A and cdk2, which may contribute to viral manipulation of the host cell cycle.'},
  {'pubmed': 23082202,
   'text': 'Cdk2 also binds the N-terminal domain of Fbw7-gamma as well as SLP-1.'},
  {'pubmed': 23140174,
   'text': 'CDK2 phosphorylates CDK9 on Ser 90 and thereby contributes to HIV-1 transcription.'},
  {'pubmed': 23184662,
   'text': 'EEF2 phosphorylation by cyclin A-cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) on a novel site, serine 595 (S595), directly regulates T56 phosphorylation by eEF2K.'},
  {'pubmed': 23185313,
   'text': 'This study aimed to explore the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms in CDK2 and CCNE1 on breast cancer risk, progression and survival in a Chinese Han population.'},
  {'pubmed': 23230143,
   'text': 'Findings revealed a novel function of simultaneous p27 and CDK2 cytoplasmic mislocalization in mediating growth-factor-regulated cell proliferation, migration and invasion.'},
  {'pubmed': 23300027,
   'text': 'possible relationship between the CDK2 deleterious variants and the drug-binding ability'},
  {'pubmed': 23321641,
   'text': 'Constitutive Cdk2 activity promotes aneuploidy while altering the spindle assembly and tetraploidy checkpoints.'},
  {'pubmed': 23390492,
   'text': 'Constitutive CCND1/CDK2 expression contributes to neoplastic mammary epithelial cell transformation.'},
  {'pubmed': 23390529,
   'text': 'The prolyl isomerase Pin1 acts synergistically with CDK2 to regulate the basal activity of estrogen receptor alpha in breast cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 23446853,
   'text': 'Aurora-A kinase-induced centrosome amplification was mediated by Cdk2 kinase.'},
  {'pubmed': 23479742,
   'text': 'the up-regulation of CDK2 by CUL4B is achieved via the repression of miR-372 and miR-373, which target CDK2.'},
  {'pubmed': 23532886,
   'text': 'Data indicate that TG02 blocked signaling by CDKs 1, 2, 7, and 9 and ERK5, leading to potent and highly consistent antimyeloma activity.'},
  {'pubmed': 23643165,
   'text': 'The expression of CDK2 mRNA significantly decreased in P(CDK2-siRNA).'},
  {'pubmed': 23671119,
   'text': 'A specific and essential roles for Cdk2 inhibitory phosphorylation in the successful execution of the replication stress checkpoint response and in maintaining genome integrity.'},
  {'pubmed': 23720738,
   'text': 'MCM7 is a substrate of cyclin E/Cdk2 and can be phosphorylated on Ser-121.'},
  {'pubmed': 23727278,
   'text': 'Data indicate that different binding sites of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK2) contributing towards the binding of inhibitors.'},
  {'pubmed': 23737759,
   'text': 'CDK7 involved in phosphorylation/activation of CDK4 and CDK6; existence of CDK4-activating kinase(s) other than CDK7; and novel CDK7-dependent positive feedbacks mediated by p21 phosphorylation by CDK4 and CDK2 to sustain CDK4 activation.'},
  {'pubmed': 23776131,
   'text': 'FBXO28 activity and stability are regulated during the cell cycle by CDK1/2-mediated phosphorylation of FBXO28, which is required for its efficient ubiquitylation of MYC.'},
  {'pubmed': 23781148,
   'text': 'antitumor effects of DOC-1R may be mediated by negatively regulating G1 phase progression and G1/S transition through inhibiting CDK2 expression and activation'},
  {'pubmed': 23787073,
   'text': 'This study indicates that genetic polymorphisms of AURKA, BRCA1 and CCNE1 may affect ovarian cancer susceptibility in Chinese Han women.'},
  {'pubmed': 24075009,
   'text': 'Cells decide at the end of mitosis to either start the next cell cycle by immediately building up CDK2 activity or to enter a transient G0-like state by suppressing CDK2 activity.'},
  {'pubmed': 24204256,
   'text': 'PKC activation then triggered activation of cdk-2, which became further activated by caspase-3.'},
  {'pubmed': 24216307,
   'text': 'Two nuclear export signals of Cdc6 work cooperatively and distinctly for the cytoplasmic translocation of Cdc6 phosphorylated by cyclin A/Cdk2.'},
  {'pubmed': 24240190,
   'text': 'CDK2 knockdown alters the profile of Rb phosphorylation in coronary artery smooth muscle cells, as well as the proliferative response of these cells to mitogenic stimulation.'},
  {'pubmed': 24386425,
   'text': 'Of the total, the deregulation of several genes (CDK1, CDK2, CDK4, MCM2, MCM3, MCM4, EIF3a and RPN2) were potentially associated with disease development and progression.'},
  {'pubmed': 24444383,
   'text': 'MYC-dependent breast cancer cells possess high MYC expression and high level of MYC phosphorylation, but are not sensitive to inhibition of CDK2.'},
  {'pubmed': 24520316,
   'text': 'CRIF1 may play a regulatory role in the BM microenvironment-induced leukemia cell cycle arrest possibly through interacting with CDK2 and acting as a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.'},
  {'pubmed': 24623419,
   'text': 'Authors identified and validated two additional host proteins interacting with human SAMHD1, namely, cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2).'},
  {'pubmed': 24671051,
   'text': 'Expression of Notch1, -2, and -3, CDK2, and CCNE1 was significantly decreased by upregulation of ALDH1A1 in A549 cells, but increased by its interruption in A549s cells.'},
  {'pubmed': 24700371,
   'text': 'In the subsequent molecular experiments, western blot analysis and kinase activity detection demonstrated that TAMs can significantly boost the expression levels and activities of CDK2 and CDK4 in SKOV3 cells.'},
  {'pubmed': 24820417,
   'text': 'Results show that CDK2 phosphorylates Thr-156 in GATA3.'},
  {'pubmed': 24911186,
   'text': 'Report structure-based discovery of allosteric inhibitors of CDK2.'},
  {'pubmed': 24922574,
   'text': 'CDK2 Supports HIV-1 Reverse Transcription in CD4+ T Cells.HIV-1 reverse transcriptase Is a Substrate for CDK2-Dependent Phosphorylation'},
  {'pubmed': 24935000,
   'text': 'It is concluded that non-response to everolimus is characterized by increased cdk2/cyclin A, driving RCC cells into the G2/M-phase. VPA hinders everolimus non-response by diminishing cdk2/cyclin A.'},
  {'pubmed': 24947816,
   'text': 'More effective packing and interactions between CDK2 and LMW cyclin E isoforms, however, produce more efficient protein-protein complexes that accelerate the cell division processes in cancer cells, where these cyclin E isoforms are overexpressed.'},
  {'pubmed': 25015816,
   'text': 'CDK2 was strongly linked to cell cycle progression and coordinated SAMHD1 phosphorylation and inactivation.'},
  {'pubmed': 25071185,
   'text': 'Cdk1 activity blocks lysosomal degradation of HIF-1alpha and increases HIF-1alpha protein stability and transcriptional activity. By contrast, Cdk2 activity promotes lysosomal degradation of HIF-1alpha at the G1/S phase transition.'},
  {'pubmed': 25136960,
   'text': 'A positive correlation between cdk2/cyclin A expression level and tumor growth. Amygdalin, therefore, may block tumor growth.'},
  {'pubmed': 25149358,
   'text': 'for both oncogene- and DNA damage-induced cellular senescence, CDK2 transcript and protein are decreased in a p53- and RB-dependent manner, and this repression is necessary for cell-cycle exit during senescence'},
  {'pubmed': 25154617,
   'text': 'Which is mutated at the CDK2 phosphorylation site.'},
  {'pubmed': 25218592,
   'text': 'The Cell Cycle Profiling - Risk Score (C2P-RS) based on CDK1 and CDK2 specific activities was significantly associated with relapse in breast cancers.'},
  {'pubmed': 25218637,
   'text': 'Data indicate that tumour suppressor RASSF1A triggers large tumor suppressor kinase 1 (LATS)-CDK2 interaction and restricts CDK2 kinase activity towards BRCA2.'},
  {'pubmed': 25220500,
   'text': 'Cyclin A2 and its associated kinase (CDK2) activity are required for optimal induction of progesterone receptor target genes in breast cancer cells.'},
  {'pubmed': 25265349,
   'text': 'High CDK2 expression is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 25271736,
   'text': 'observations suggested that androgen suppresses the proliferation of CRPC cells partially through inhibition of Cyclin A, Cdk2, and Skp2'},
  {'pubmed': 25303791,
   'text': 'TPPII, MYBBP1A and CDK2 form a protein-protein interaction network.'},
  {'pubmed': 25410660,
   'text': 'Inhibition of CDK2 phosphorylation blocked phosphorylation of hnRNP K, preventing its incorporation into stress granules (SGs). Due to interaction between hnRNP K with TDP-43, the loss of hnRNP K from SGs prevented accumulation of TDP-43.'},
  {'pubmed': 25443276,
   'text': 'At a median follow-up of 36 months (1-109M), tumor with low CDK2SA-CDK1SA ratio showed significantly better 5-year recurrence-free survival than those with high CDK2SA-CDK1SA ratio (88.7% vs. 54.7%, P = 0.00141).'},
  {'pubmed': 25451924,
   'text': 'miR-638 regulates proliferation and myeloid differentiation by targeting CDK2 and may serve as a novel target for leukemia therapy or marker for AML diagnosis and prognosis'},
  {'pubmed': 25463638,
   'text': 'No association of CDK2 polymorphisms with risk of endometrial carcinoma found in Chinese Han women.'},
  {'pubmed': 25501982,
   'text': 'HOXA7 promotes cell proliferation, and these changes are mediated by cyclin E1/CDK2'},
  {'pubmed': 25541464,
   'text': 'Using the fact that deletion of the yeast CDC28 gene is functionally complemented by human CDK1 or CDK2, we set up an in vivo screen system to evaluate the inhibitory potency of purine derivatives against these two human Cdks.'},
  {'pubmed': 25728284,
   'text': 'CDK2 up-regulates the protein level of KLF10 through reducing its association with SIAH1, a KLF10 E3-ubiqutin ligase involved in proteasomal degradation.'},
  {'pubmed': 25744732,
   'text': 'Diclofenac and curcumin overcome these carcinogenic effects by downregulating telomerase activity, diminishing the expression of TERT, CDK4, CDK2, cyclin D1, and cyclin E.'},
  {'pubmed': 25754137,
   'text': 'The docking and molecular dynamics investigation performed here led to the identification of the interactions responsible for stabilizing the ligand ChEMBL474807 at the active sites of the glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3) and cyclin-dependent kinase-2'},
  {'pubmed': 25808870,
   'text': 'CP110 plays a mechanistic role in response of lung cancer cells to CDK2 inhibition, especially in the presence of activated KRAS mutations.'},
  {'pubmed': 25832654,
   'text': 'NUAK2 silencing and inactivation of the PI3K pathway efficiently controlled CDK2 expression, whereas CDK2 inactivation specifically abrogated the growth of NUAK2-amplified and PTEN-deficient melanoma cells.'},
  {'pubmed': 25860957,
   'text': 'Identified ING5 as a novel CDK2 substrate. ING5 is phosphorylated at a single site, threonine 152, by cyclin E/CDK2 and cyclin A/CDK2. This site is also phosphorylated in cells in a cell cycle dependent manner, consistent with it being a CDK2 substrate.'},
  {'pubmed': 25918937,
   'text': 'analysis of the conformational characteristics and ligand binding mechanisms of CDK2 [review]'},
  {'pubmed': 26026083,
   'text': 'G1 arrest induced by SB265610 occurred at concentrations lacking CXCR2 selectivity and revealed cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) (Thr160) hypophosphorylation, cyclin D3 gene down-regulation, and p21 post-translational induction'},
  {'pubmed': 26028036,
   'text': 'our study reveals a novel function of CDK2 in EGF-induced cell transformation and the associated signal transduction pathways. This indicates that CDK2 is a useful molecular target for the chemoprevention and therapy against skin cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 26124340,
   'text': 'We found no significant associations for CDKN2 p16 580 C>T and MDM2 SNP309 T>G variants between cases and controls.'},
  {'pubmed': 26139602,
   'text': 'Sox2 phosphorylation by Cdk2 promotes the establishment but not the maintenance of the pluripotent state.'},
  {'pubmed': 26147897,
   'text': 'fluspirilene is a potential CDK2 inhibitor and a candidate anti-cancer drug for the treatment of human hepatocellular carcinoma.'},
  {'pubmed': 26151768,
   'text': 'In G28 cells, a dosedependent induction of CDK2, p21 and cyclin D was observed between 10 and 50 microM roscovitine after 72 h, however, at the highest concentration of 100 microM, all investigated genes were downregulated.'},
  {'pubmed': 26204491,
   'text': 'ovary tumors with elevated CCNE1 expression may be staged for Cdk2-targeted therapy'},
  {'pubmed': 26248649,
   'text': 'Results show that miR-200c plays an antioncogenic role in clear cell renal cell carcinomas, through controlling cell growth and cell-cycle progression by downregulating the G1-S regulator CDK2.'},
  {'pubmed': 26297806,
   'text': 'Centriolar satellites build a centrosomal microcephaly protein complex critical for human neurodevelopment that promotes CDK2 centrosomal localization and centriole duplication.'},
  {'pubmed': 26304236,
   'text': 'show thata combining cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) antagonism and ubiquitin thioesterase 33 (USP33) depletion augments anaphase catastrophe via changes in centrosomal protein of 110 kDa (CP110) protein expression.'},
  {'pubmed': 26373553,
   'text': 'PIWIL2 has a role in promoting progression of non-small cell lung cancer by inducing CDK2 and Cyclin A expression'},
  {'pubmed': 26464264,
   'text': 'the results suggest that CK1delta activity can be modulated by the interplay between CK1delta and CDK2/E or CDK5/p35.'},
  {'pubmed': 26555773,
   'text': 'both cell lines feature a significant reduction of CDK2 expression verified at the RNA and protein level, respectively'},
  {'pubmed': 26595527,
   'text': 'Inappropriate activation of CDK2 in S phase underlies the sensitivity of a subset of cell lines to Chk1 inhibitors.'},
  {'pubmed': 26644182,
   'text': 'PHD1 is phosphorylated by CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6 at Serine 130.'},
  {'pubmed': 26652902,
   'text': 'CDK2 and DNA-PK regulate PR transcriptional activity by distinct mechanisms.'},
  {'pubmed': 26677902,
   'text': 'Clioquinol suppressed cell cycle progression in the S-phase in SMMC-7721 hepatoma cells via the p21, p27-cyclin E,A/Cdk2 pathway.'},
  {'pubmed': 26714749,
   'text': 'SATB2 regulates the mitosis of cell cycle and affects G1 cell cycle via interaction with CDK2.'},
  {'pubmed': 26730572,
   'text': 'A novel link has been discussed between CDK2 expression and cell migration by characterizing the CDK2-mediated phosphorylation of BRMS1.'},
  {'pubmed': 26828990,
   'text': 'The expression of cdk2 in malignancy of ovarian tumors.'},
  {'pubmed': 26857166,
   'text': 'CDK2 controls a wide-spread epigenetic program that drives transcription at differentiation-related gene promoters specifically in G1. (Review)'},
  {'pubmed': 26861625,
   'text': 'Foxo3 circular RNA retards cell cycle progression via forming ternary complexes with p21 and CDK2.'},
  {'pubmed': 26876672,
   'text': 'CDK2 protects podocytes from apoptosis and reduced expression of CDK2 associates with the development of diabetic nephropathy.'},
  {'pubmed': 26890070,
   'text': 'Consistent with these findings, a genome-scale pooled RNA interference screen revealed that toxic doses of MK-1775 are suppressed by CDK2 or Cyclin A2 knockdown. These findings support G2 exit as the more significant effect of Wee1 inhibition in pancreatic cancers.'},
  {'pubmed': 26960431,
   'text': 'Study describes a positive feedback loop centred on cyclin A2-Cdk2 inhibition of interphase APC/C-Cdc20 to allow further cyclin A2 accumulation and mitotic entry.'},
  {'pubmed': 27065328,
   'text': 'Here, we found that centrosomal protein of 76 kDa (Cep76), previously shown to restrain centriole amplification, interacts with cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and is a bona fide substrate of this kinase. Cep76 is preferentially phosphorylated by cyclin A/CDK2 at a single site S83, and this event is crucial to suppress centriole amplification in S phase'},
  {'pubmed': 27100206,
   'text': 'These two states are separated by different metastable states that share hybrid structural features with both forms of the kinase. In contrast, the CDK2/ANS complex landscape is compatible with a conformational selection picture where the binding of ANS in proximity of the alphaC helix causes a population shift toward the inactive conformation'},
  {'pubmed': 27109354,
   'text': 'evidence that CDK1/2 participate in the regulation of constitutive pre-mRNA splicing by EGF stimulation in MDA-MB-468 cells.'},
  {'pubmed': 27163259,
   'text': 'a SUMO-deficient Rb mutant results in reduced SUMOylation and phosphorylation, weakened CDK2 binding, and attenuated E2F-1 sequestration.'},
  {'pubmed': 27166195,
   'text': 'Data show that Noxa-mediated MCL-1 phosphorylation and degradation is regulated by CDK2.'},
  {'pubmed': 27259234,
   'text': "Findings suggest that ERK1/2-mediated Cdk2/cyclin A signaling pathway is involved in 7-hydroxy-5,4'-dimethoxy-2-arylbenzofuran (Ary) - induced G1/S-phase arrest."},
  {'pubmed': 27285764,
   'text': 'WHSC1L1 and H3K36me2 are enriched in the gene bodies of the cell cycle-related genes CDC6 and CDK2, implying that WHSC1L1 directly regulates the transcription of these gene'},
  {'pubmed': 27378523,
   'text': 'this study suggests that CDK2 and CDK9 are potential therapeutic targets in Neuroblastoma (NB) and that abrogating CDK2 and CDK9 activity by small molecules like dinaciclib is a promising strategy and a treatment option for NB patients'},
  {'pubmed': 27402161,
   'text': 'periodic phosphorylation of Ku70 by cyclin-cyclin dependent kinases prevents the interaction of Ku with replication origin after initiation events in S-phase.'},
  {'pubmed': 27465546,
   'text': 'The upregulation of miR-302b reduced the expression of CDK2, and inhibited ERK signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting cell proliferation and G1/S phase conversion rate.'},
  {'pubmed': 27629878,
   'text': 'Dsg2 knockdown arrests non-small cell lung cancer cell cycle progression via modulation of p27-CDK2 levels.'},
  {'pubmed': 27663592,
   'text': 'Analysis of genomic data from TCGA demonstrated coamplification of CCNE1 and AKT2 Overexpression of Cyclin E1 and AKT isoforms, in addition to mutant TP53, imparted malignant characteristics in untransformed fallopian tube secretory cells, the dominant site of origin of high-grade serous ovarian cancer'},
  {'pubmed': 27819669,
   'text': 'Here, we introduce a transcriptional signature to specifically track CDK2 activity. It responds to genetic and chemical perturbations in the CDK-RB-E2F axis, correlates with mitotic rate in vitro and in vivo and reacts rapidly to changes in CDK2 activity during cell cycle progression'},
  {'pubmed': 27831832,
   'text': 'The data presented here suggest that the temporal separation of pro- and anti-apoptotic pathways by selective inhibition of CDK2 disrupts coherent signaling modules and may synergize with anti-proliferative drugs, averting toxic side effects from CDK1 inhibition.'},
  {'pubmed': 28003546,
   'text': 'CDK2 phosphorylates polyQ-AR specifically at Ser(96). Phosphorylation of polyQ-AR by CDK2 increased protein stabilization and toxicity and is negatively regulated by the adenylyl cyclase/protein kinase A signaling pathway in spinobulbar muscular atrophy.'},
  {'pubmed': 28030798,
   'text': 'Date show that when Wee1 alone is inhibited, Chk1 suppresses CDC45 loading and thereby limits the extent of unscheduled replication initiation and subsequent S-phase DNA damage, despite very high CDK-activity.'},
  {'pubmed': 28100774,
   'text': 'CDK2 serves as an important nexus linking primary beta-cell dysfunction to progressive beta-cell mass deterioration in diabetes'},
  {'pubmed': 28345297,
   'text': 'Residual Cdk1/Cdk2 activity after DNA damage promotes cell senescence.'},
  {'pubmed': 28350121,
   'text': 'Results show that cyclin E1 and CDK2 participate in STC1 promoting cell proliferation of prostate neoplasm cells.'},
  {'pubmed': 28430399,
   'text': 'These compounds bind CDK2/ Cyclin A, inhibit its kinase activity, compete with substrate binding, but not with ATP, and dock onto the T-loop of CDK2. The best compound also binds CDK4 and CDK4/Cyclin D1, but not CDK1.'},
  {'pubmed': 28666995,
   'text': 'The authors find that Spy1 confers structural changes to Cdk2 that obviate the requirement of Cdk activation loop phosphorylation.'},
  {'pubmed': 28760857,
   'text': 'High CDK2 expression is associated with breast cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 28842430,
   'text': 'identified a new phosphorylation-based substrate recognition mechanism of PTPN12 by CDK2, which orchestrated signaling crosstalk between the oncogenic CDK2 and HER2 pathways'},
  {'pubmed': 29157894,
   'text': 'CDK2 contributes to S81-AR phosphorylation and transactivation while CDK4 was not shown to be involved in this process.'},
  {'pubmed': 29203878,
   'text': 'ATM and CDK2 control the chromatin remodeling activity of CSB in the regulation of double strand break repair pathway choice.'},
  {'pubmed': 29254517,
   'text': 'The authors show that human Cyclin-Dependent-Kinases (CDKs) target the RAD9 subunit of the 9-1-1 checkpoint clamp on Thr292, to modulate DNA damage checkpoint activation. Thr292 phosphorylation on RAD9 creates a binding site for Polo-Like-Kinase1 (PLK1), which phosphorylates RAD9 on Thr313.'},
  {'pubmed': 29323532,
   'text': 'Among these genes, STAT3 and CDK2 were significantly associated with recurrence. Further study suggested that inhibition of CDK2 reduced invasion of Pca cell lines. The invasion ability was rescued after reintroduction of CDK2.'},
  {'pubmed': 29328425,
   'text': 'CDK2 may have key functions in neuroblastoma progression by regulating the expression of neoplastic genes.'},
  {'pubmed': 29372687,
   'text': 'Our findings provide a rationale for clinical use of Bcl-2 family inhibitors in combination with CDK2 inhibitors for treatment of Mcl-1-dependent colorectal tumours associated with expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL and Bcl-w proteins. In addition, we have shown potential of CDK2 inhibitors for treatment of tumours expressing R273H mutant p53.'},
  {'pubmed': 29507054,
   'text': 'Proteomics and phosphoproteomics analyses identified CDK2 as a driver of resistance to both BRAF and Hsp90 inhibitors and its expression is regulated by the transcription factor MITF upon XL888 treatment of melanoma cells.'},
  {'pubmed': 29570358,
   'text': 'LINC00958 acts as an oncogenic gene in the gliomagenesis through miR-203-CDK2 regulation, providing a novel insight into glioma tumorigenesis.'},
  {'pubmed': 29896817,
   'text': 'The roles of the CDK2/SIRT5 axis in gastric cancer.'},
  {'pubmed': 30300385,
   'text': 'CDK2 gene is a strong candidate gene for type-2 diabetes. CDK2 gene is located in a risk area composed of 4 blocks in strong LD around the type-2 diabetes SNP rs2069408. CDK2 overexpression inhibits the association of insulin receptor to the microtubule components, tubulin alpha and tubulin beta. Physical association of the insulin receptor complex with CDK2 is inhibited by the expression of tyrosine phosphatase PTPLAD1.'}],
 'genomic_pos': {'chr': '12',
  'end': 55972784,
  'ensemblgene': 'ENSG00000123374',
  'start': 55966769,
  'strand': 1},
 'genomic_pos_hg19': {'chr': '12',
  'end': 56366568,
  'start': 56360553,
  'strand': 1},
 'go': {'BP': [{'evidence': 'IBA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0000082',
    'pubmed': 21873635,
    'term': 'G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle'},
   {'evidence': 'TAS',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0000082',
    'term': 'G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle'},
   {'evidence': 'NAS',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0000086',
    'pubmed': 1653904,
    'term': 'G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle'},
   {'evidence': 'TAS',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0000086',
    'term': 'G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0000122',
    'term': 'negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II'},
   {'evidence': 'TAS',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0006260',
    'pubmed': 19238148,
    'term': 'DNA replication'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0006281',
    'term': 'DNA repair'},
   {'evidence': 'IBA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0006468',
    'pubmed': 21873635,
    'term': 'protein phosphorylation'},
   {'evidence': 'IDA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0006468',
    'pubmed': [12944431, 28666995],
    'term': 'protein phosphorylation'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0006813',
    'term': 'potassium ion transport'},
   {'evidence': 'TAS',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0006977',
    'term': 'DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest'},
   {'evidence': 'IMP',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0007099',
    'pubmed': 26297806,
    'term': 'centriole replication'},
   {'evidence': 'IEP',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0007265',
    'pubmed': 9054499,
    'term': 'Ras protein signal transduction'},
   {'evidence': 'IBA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0008284',
    'pubmed': 21873635,
    'term': 'positive regulation of cell proliferation'},
   {'evidence': 'IDA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0008284',
    'pubmed': 10767298,
    'term': 'positive regulation of cell proliferation'},
   {'evidence': 'IBA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0010389',
    'pubmed': 21873635,
    'term': 'regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle'},
   {'evidence': 'IDA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0016572',
    'pubmed': 11746698,
    'term': 'histone phosphorylation'},
   {'evidence': 'IDA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0018105',
    'pubmed': 23184662,
    'term': 'peptidyl-serine phosphorylation'},
   {'evidence': 'TAS',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0031145',
    'term': 'anaphase-promoting complex-dependent catabolic process'},
   {'evidence': 'TAS',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0031571',
    'pubmed': 21319273,
    'term': 'mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0032298',
    'term': 'positive regulation of DNA-dependent DNA replication initiation'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0045893',
    'term': 'positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated'},
   {'evidence': 'TAS',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0051298',
    'pubmed': 19238148,
    'term': 'centrosome duplication'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0051301',
    'term': 'cell division'},
   {'evidence': 'TAS',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0051321',
    'pubmed': 19238148,
    'term': 'meiotic cell cycle'},
   {'evidence': 'IDA',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0060968',
    'pubmed': 20935635,
    'term': 'regulation of gene silencing'},
   {'evidence': 'TAS',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:0071732',
    'pubmed': 20079829,
    'term': 'cellular response to nitric oxide'},
   {'evidence': 'TAS',
    'gocategory': 'BP',
    'id': 'GO:1901796',
    'term': 'regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator'}],
  'CC': [{'evidence': 'IBA',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0000307',
    'pubmed': 21873635,
    'term': 'cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex'},
   {'evidence': 'IDA',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0000307',
    'pubmed': [1312467, 8692841],
    'term': 'cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0000781',
    'term': 'chromosome, telomeric region'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0000793',
    'term': 'condensed chromosome'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0000805',
    'term': 'X chromosome'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0000806',
    'term': 'Y chromosome'},
   {'evidence': 'IBA',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0005634',
    'pubmed': 21873635,
    'term': 'nucleus'},
   {'evidence': 'IDA',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0005634',
    'pubmed': 10767298,
    'term': 'nucleus'},
   {'evidence': 'IDA',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0005654',
    'pubmed': 8245034,
    'term': 'nucleoplasm'},
   {'evidence': 'TAS',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0005654',
    'term': 'nucleoplasm'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0005667',
    'term': 'transcription factor complex'},
   {'evidence': 'IBA',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0005737',
    'pubmed': 21873635,
    'term': 'cytoplasm'},
   {'evidence': 'IDA',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0005737',
    'pubmed': 10767298,
    'term': 'cytoplasm'},
   {'evidence': 'IDA',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0005768',
    'pubmed': 21262353,
    'term': 'endosome'},
   {'evidence': 'IDA',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0005813',
    'term': 'centrosome'},
   {'evidence': 'TAS',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0005813',
    'pubmed': 19238148,
    'term': 'centrosome'},
   {'evidence': 'TAS',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0005829',
    'term': 'cytosol'},
   {'evidence': 'IDA',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0015030',
    'pubmed': 10995387,
    'term': 'Cajal body'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0097123',
    'term': 'cyclin A1-CDK2 complex'},
   {'evidence': 'IDA',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0097124',
    'pubmed': [1312467, 8876165, 11746698, 15024385],
    'term': 'cyclin A2-CDK2 complex'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0097134',
    'term': 'cyclin E1-CDK2 complex'},
   {'evidence': 'IEA',
    'gocategory': 'CC',
    'id': 'GO:0097135',
    'term': 'cyclin E2-CDK2 complex'}],
  'MF': [{'category': 'MF',
    'evidence': 'IEA',
    'id': 'GO:0000287',
    'term': 'magnesium ion binding'},
   {'category': 'MF',
    'evidence': 'IGI',
    'id': 'GO:0004674',
    'pubmed': 26996940,
    'term': 'protein serine/threonine kinase activity'},
   {'category': 'MF',
    'evidence': 'IBA',
    'id': 'GO:0004693',
    'pubmed': 21873635,
    'term': 'cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity'},
   {'category': 'MF',
    'evidence': 'IDA',
    'id': 'GO:0004693',
    'pubmed': 21596315,
    'term': 'cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity'},
   {'category': 'MF',
    'evidence': 'TAS',
    'id': 'GO:0004693',
    'term': 'cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity'},
   {'category': 'MF',
    'evidence': 'IPI',
    'id': 'GO:0005515',
    'pubmed': [2227411,
     7630397,
     8242750,
     8521818,
     8601310,
     8684460,
     8756328,
     8756624,
     9840943,
     10330164,
     11463386,
     11980914,
     12244298,
     12361598,
     12839962,
     12941338,
     15107404,
     15178429,
     15189033,
     15232106,
     15239650,
     15530371,
     15611625,
     15890360,
     16061792,
     16209941,
     16326706,
     16327805,
     16765349,
     16962592,
     17053782,
     17254966,
     17254967,
     17418410,
     19150984,
     19470470,
     19829063,
     20098747,
     20871633,
     21092281,
     21423803,
     21565702,
     21596315,
     21952639,
     22810586,
     22940584,
     23082202,
     23455922,
     23602568,
     23781148,
     23853094,
     24218572,
     24358021,
     25218637,
     25241761,
     25416956,
     25852190,
     26496610,
     28666995],
    'term': 'protein binding'},
   {'category': 'MF',
    'evidence': 'IEA',
    'id': 'GO:0005524',
    'term': 'ATP binding'},
   {'category': 'MF',
    'evidence': 'IPI',
    'id': 'GO:0019904',
    'pubmed': [8876165, 15024385],
    'term': 'protein domain specific binding'},
   {'category': 'MF',
    'evidence': 'IBA',
    'id': 'GO:0030332',
    'pubmed': 21873635,
    'term': 'cyclin binding'},
   {'category': 'MF',
    'evidence': 'IDA',
    'id': 'GO:0030332',
    'pubmed': [1653904, 23781148],
    'term': 'cyclin binding'},
   {'category': 'MF',
    'evidence': 'IPI',
    'id': 'GO:0030332',
    'pubmed': [1312467, 15024385],
    'term': 'cyclin binding'},
   {'category': 'MF',
    'evidence': 'IDA',
    'id': 'GO:0035173',
    'pubmed': 8692841,
    'qualifier': 'contributes_to',
    'term': 'histone kinase activity'},
   {'category': 'MF',
    'evidence': 'IDA',
    'id': 'GO:0097472',
    'pubmed': [1312467, 28666995],
    'term': 'cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity'}]},
 'homologene': {'genes': [[3702, 824036],
   [4530, 4328135],
   [4530, 4331415],
   [4896, 2539869],
   [4932, 852457],
   [5141, 3876264],
   [7165, 3291042],
   [7227, 42453],
   [7955, 406715],
   [8364, 493498],
   [9031, 100529062],
   [9544, 711002],
   [9598, 467032],
   [9606, 1017],
   [9615, 100855704],
   [9913, 519217],
   [10090, 12566],
   [10116, 362817],
   [28985, 2896999],
   [33169, 4620303],
   [318829, 2679140]],
  'id': 74409},
 'interpro': [{'desc': 'Protein kinase domain',
   'id': 'IPR000719',
   'short_desc': 'Prot_kinase_dom'},
  {'desc': 'Serine/threonine-protein kinase, active site',
   'id': 'IPR008271',
   'short_desc': 'Ser/Thr_kinase_AS'},
  {'desc': 'Protein kinase-like domain superfamily',
   'id': 'IPR011009',
   'short_desc': 'Kinase-like_dom_sf'},
  {'desc': 'Protein kinase, ATP binding site',
   'id': 'IPR017441',
   'short_desc': 'Protein_kinase_ATP_BS'}],
 'ipi': ['IPI00031681', 'IPI00910650'],
 'map_location': '12q13.2',
 'name': 'cyclin dependent kinase 2',
 'other_names': ['cdc2-related protein kinase',
  'cell division protein kinase 2',
  'cyclin-dependent kinase 2',
  'p33 protein kinase'],
 'pantherdb': {'HGNC': '1771',
  'ortholog': [{'MGI': '104772',
    'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
    'taxid': 10090,
    'uniprot_kb': 'P97377'},
   {'RGD': '70486',
    'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
    'taxid': 10116,
    'uniprot_kb': 'Q63699'},
   {'Ensembl': 'ENSGALG00000032699',
    'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
    'taxid': 9031,
    'uniprot_kb': 'A0A1D5PUK9'},
   {'ZFIN': 'ZDB-GENE-040426-2741',
    'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
    'taxid': 7955,
    'uniprot_kb': 'Q7ZWB1'},
   {'FlyBase': 'FBgn0004107',
    'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
    'taxid': 7227,
    'uniprot_kb': 'P23573'},
   {'SGD': 'S000000364',
    'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
    'taxid': 4932,
    'uniprot_kb': 'P00546'},
   {'PomBase': 'SPBC11B10.09',
    'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
    'taxid': 4896,
    'uniprot_kb': 'P04551'},
   {'dictyBase': 'DDB_G0272813',
    'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
    'taxid': 352472,
    'uniprot_kb': 'P34112'},
   {'TAIR': 'AT3G48750',
    'ortholog_type': 'LDO',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
    'taxid': 3702,
    'uniprot_kb': 'P24100'},
   {'HGNC': '1779',
    'ortholog_type': 'P',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
    'taxid': 9606,
    'uniprot_kb': 'P49336'},
   {'HGNC': '19338',
    'ortholog_type': 'P',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
    'taxid': 9606,
    'uniprot_kb': 'Q9BWU1'},
   {'HGNC': '1778',
    'ortholog_type': 'P',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
    'taxid': 9606,
    'uniprot_kb': 'P50613'},
   {'HGNC': '14434',
    'ortholog_type': 'P',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
    'taxid': 9606,
    'uniprot_kb': 'Q96Q40'},
   {'HGNC': '8883',
    'ortholog_type': 'P',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
    'taxid': 9606,
    'uniprot_kb': 'O94921'},
   {'HGNC': '8751',
    'ortholog_type': 'P',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
    'taxid': 9606,
    'uniprot_kb': 'Q07002'},
   {'HGNC': '8749',
    'ortholog_type': 'P',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
    'taxid': 9606,
    'uniprot_kb': 'Q00536'},
   {'HGNC': '8750',
    'ortholog_type': 'P',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
    'taxid': 9606,
    'uniprot_kb': 'Q00537'},
   {'HGNC': '1774',
    'ortholog_type': 'P',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
    'taxid': 9606,
    'uniprot_kb': 'Q00535'},
   {'HGNC': '1722',
    'ortholog_type': 'P',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
    'taxid': 9606,
    'uniprot_kb': 'P06493'},
   {'HGNC': '17346',
    'ortholog_type': 'P',
    'panther_family': 'PTHR24056',
    'taxid': 9606,
    'uniprot_kb': 'Q13523'}],
  'uniprot_kb': 'P24941'},
 'pathway': {'biocarta': [{'id': 'cellcyclepathway',
    'name': 'cyclins and cell cycle regulation'},
   {'id': 'efppathway',
    'name': 'estrogen responsive protein efp controls cell cycle and breast tumors growth'},
   {'id': 'fbw7pathway', 'name': 'cyclin e destruction pathway'},
   {'id': 'g1pathway', 'name': 'cell cycle: g1/s check point'},
   {'id': 'mcmpathway', 'name': 'cdk regulation of dna replication'},
   {'id': 'p27pathway',
    'name': 'regulation of p27 phosphorylation during cell cycle progression'},
   {'id': 'p53pathway', 'name': 'p53 signaling pathway'},
   {'id': 'raccycdpathway',
    'name': 'influence of ras and rho proteins on g1 to s transition'},
   {'id': 'rbpathway',
    'name': 'rb tumor suppressor/checkpoint signaling in response to dna damage'},
   {'id': 'skp2e2fpathway', 'name': 'e2f1 destruction pathway'}],
  'kegg': [{'id': 'hsa04068',
    'name': 'FoxO signaling pathway - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa04110', 'name': 'Cell cycle - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa04114', 'name': 'Oocyte meiosis - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa04115', 'name': 'p53 signaling pathway - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa04151',
    'name': 'PI3K-Akt signaling pathway - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa04218', 'name': 'Cellular senescence - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa04914',
    'name': 'Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa04934', 'name': 'Cushing,s syndrome - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa05161', 'name': 'Hepatitis B - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa05162', 'name': 'Measles - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa05165',
    'name': 'Human papillomavirus infection - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa05168',
    'name': 'Herpes simplex infection - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa05169',
    'name': 'Epstein-Barr virus infection - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa05200', 'name': 'Pathways in cancer - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa05203', 'name': 'Viral carcinogenesis - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa05215', 'name': 'Prostate cancer - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa05222', 'name': 'Small cell lung cancer - Homo sapiens (human)'},
   {'id': 'hsa05226', 'name': 'Gastric cancer - Homo sapiens (human)'}],
  'netpath': [{'id': 'Pathway_BCR', 'name': 'BCR'},
   {'id': 'Pathway_EGFR1', 'name': 'EGFR1'},
   {'id': 'Pathway_ID', 'name': 'ID'},
   {'id': 'Pathway_IL2', 'name': 'IL2'},
   {'id': 'Pathway_KitReceptor', 'name': 'KitReceptor'},
   {'id': 'Pathway_RAGE', 'name': 'RAGE'},
   {'id': 'Pathway_TGF_beta_Receptor', 'name': 'TGF_beta_Receptor'}],
  'pid': [{'id': 'atr_pathway', 'name': 'ATR signaling pathway'},
   {'id': 'bard1pathway', 'name': 'BARD1 signaling events'},
   {'id': 'e2f_pathway', 'name': 'E2F transcription factor network'},
   {'id': 'foxm1pathway', 'name': 'FOXM1 transcription factor network'},
   {'id': 'foxopathway', 'name': 'FoxO family signaling'},
   {'id': 'il2_1pathway', 'name': 'IL2-mediated signaling events'},
   {'id': 'mtor_4pathway', 'name': 'mTOR signaling pathway'},
   {'id': 'p53regulationpathway', 'name': 'p53 pathway'},
   {'id': 'p73pathway', 'name': 'p73 transcription factor network'},
   {'id': 'prlsignalingeventspathway',
    'name': 'Signaling events mediated by PRL'},
   {'id': 'rb_1pathway', 'name': 'Regulation of retinoblastoma protein'},
   {'id': 'smad2_3nuclearpathway',
    'name': 'Regulation of nuclear SMAD2/3 signaling'}],
  'reactome': [{'id': 'R-HSA-109582', 'name': 'Hemostasis'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-1474165', 'name': 'Reproduction'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-1500620', 'name': 'Meiosis'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-1538133', 'name': 'G0 and Early G1'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-162582', 'name': 'Signal Transduction'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-1640170', 'name': 'Cell Cycle'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-1640170', 'name': 'Cell Cycle'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-174143',
    'name': 'APC/C-mediated degradation of cell cycle proteins'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-176187',
    'name': 'Activation of ATR in response to replication stress'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-176408',
    'name': 'Regulation of APC/C activators between G1/S and early anaphase'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-187577', 'name': 'SCF(Skp2)-mediated degradation of p27/p21'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-212436', 'name': 'Generic Transcription Pathway'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-2262752', 'name': 'Cellular responses to stress'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-2559582',
    'name': 'Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP)'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-2559583', 'name': 'Cellular Senescence'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-2559586',
    'name': 'DNA Damage/Telomere Stress Induced Senescence'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-3700989', 'name': 'Transcriptional Regulation by TP53'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-453274', 'name': 'Mitotic G2-G2/M phases'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-453276', 'name': 'Regulation of mitotic cell cycle'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-453279', 'name': 'Mitotic G1-G1/S phases'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-5633007', 'name': 'Regulation of TP53 Activity'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-5693532', 'name': 'DNA Double-Strand Break Repair'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-5693538', 'name': 'Homology Directed Repair'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-5693567',
    'name': 'HDR through Homologous Recombination (HRR) or Single Strand Annealing (SSA)'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-5693607',
    'name': 'Processing of DNA double-strand break ends'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-6791312',
    'name': 'TP53 Regulates Transcription of Cell Cycle Genes'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-6804116',
    'name': 'TP53 Regulates Transcription of Genes Involved in G1 Cell Cycle Arrest'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-6804756',
    'name': 'Regulation of TP53 Activity through Phosphorylation'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-6804757', 'name': 'Regulation of TP53 Degradation'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-6806003',
    'name': 'Regulation of TP53 Expression and Degradation'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-68911', 'name': 'G2 Phase'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-68949', 'name': 'Orc1 removal from chromatin'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-68962', 'name': 'Activation of the pre-replicative complex'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-69002', 'name': 'DNA Replication Pre-Initiation'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-69017',
    'name': 'CDK-mediated phosphorylation and removal of Cdc6'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-69052',
    'name': 'Switching of origins to a post-replicative state'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-69200',
    'name': 'Phosphorylation of proteins involved in G1/S transition by active Cyclin E:Cdk2 complexes'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-69202',
    'name': 'Cyclin E associated events during G1/S transition '},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-69206', 'name': 'G1/S Transition'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-69239', 'name': 'Synthesis of DNA'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-69242', 'name': 'S Phase'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-69273',
    'name': 'Cyclin A/B1/B2 associated events during G2/M transition'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-69275', 'name': 'G2/M Transition'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-69278', 'name': 'Cell Cycle, Mitotic'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-69306', 'name': 'DNA Replication'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-69481', 'name': 'G2/M Checkpoints'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-69563', 'name': 'p53-Dependent G1 DNA Damage Response'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-69580', 'name': 'p53-Dependent G1/S DNA damage checkpoint'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-69615', 'name': 'G1/S DNA Damage Checkpoints'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-69620', 'name': 'Cell Cycle Checkpoints'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-69656',
    'name': 'Cyclin A:Cdk2-associated events at S phase entry'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-73857', 'name': 'RNA Polymerase II Transcription'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-73894', 'name': 'DNA Repair'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-74160', 'name': 'Gene expression (Transcription)'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-8848021', 'name': 'Signaling by PTK6'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-8849470', 'name': 'PTK6 Regulates Cell Cycle'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-8953897', 'name': 'Cellular responses to external stimuli'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-9006927',
    'name': 'Signaling by Non-Receptor Tyrosine Kinases'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-912446', 'name': 'Meiotic recombination'},
   {'id': 'R-HSA-983231',
    'name': 'Factors involved in megakaryocyte development and platelet production'}],
  'wikipathways': [{'id': 'WP1530',
    'name': 'miRNA Regulation of DNA Damage Response'},
   {'id': 'WP179', 'name': 'Cell Cycle'},
   {'id': 'WP2032',
    'name': 'Human Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) signaling pathway'},
   {'id': 'WP2261', 'name': 'Signaling Pathways in Glioblastoma'},
   {'id': 'WP2374', 'name': 'Oncostatin M Signaling Pathway'},
   {'id': 'WP2431', 'name': 'Spinal Cord Injury'},
   {'id': 'WP2446', 'name': 'Retinoblastoma (RB) in Cancer'},
   {'id': 'WP2586', 'name': 'Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor'},
   {'id': 'WP2877', 'name': 'Vitamin D Receptor Pathway'},
   {'id': 'WP4172', 'name': 'PI3K-Akt Signaling Pathway'},
   {'id': 'WP45', 'name': 'G1 to S cell cycle control'},
   {'id': 'WP466', 'name': 'DNA Replication'},
   {'id': 'WP53', 'name': 'ID signaling pathway'},
   {'id': 'WP707', 'name': 'DNA Damage Response'}]},
 'pdb': ['1AQ1',
  '1B38',
  '1B39',
  '1BUH',
  '1CKP',
  '1DI8',
  '1DM2',
  '1E1V',
  '1E1X',
  '1E9H',
  '1F5Q',
  '1FIN',
  '1FQ1',
  '1FVT',
  '1FVV',
  '1G5S',
  '1GIH',
  '1GII',
  '1GIJ',
  '1GY3',
  '1GZ8',
  '1H00',
  '1H01',
  '1H07',
  '1H08',
  '1H0V',
  '1H0W',
  '1H1P',
  '1H1Q',
  '1H1R',
  '1H1S',
  '1H24',
  '1H25',
  '1H26',
  '1H27',
  '1H28',
  '1HCK',
  '1HCL',
  '1JST',
  '1JSU',
  '1JSV',
  '1JVP',
  '1KE5',
  '1KE6',
  '1KE7',
  '1KE8',
  '1KE9',
  '1OGU',
  '1OI9',
  '1OIQ',
  '1OIR',
  '1OIT',
  '1OIU',
  '1OIY',
  '1OKV',
  '1OKW',
  '1OL1',
  '1OL2',
  '1P2A',
  '1P5E',
  '1PF8',
  '1PKD',
  '1PW2',
  '1PXI',
  '1PXJ',
  '1PXK',
  '1PXL',
  '1PXM',
  '1PXN',
  '1PXO',
  '1PXP',
  '1PYE',
  '1QMZ',
  '1R78',
  '1URC',
  '1URW',
  '1V1K',
  '1VYW',
  '1VYZ',
  '1W0X',
  '1W8C',
  '1W98',
  '1WCC',
  '1Y8Y',
  '1Y91',
  '1YKR',
  '2A0C',
  '2A4L',
  '2B52',
  '2B53',
  '2B54',
  '2B55',
  '2BHE',
  '2BHH',
  '2BKZ',
  '2BPM',
  '2BTR',
  '2BTS',
  '2C4G',
  '2C5N',
  '2C5O',
  '2C5V',
  '2C5X',
  '2C5Y',
  '2C68',
  '2C69',
  '2C6I',
  '2C6K',
  '2C6L',
  '2C6M',
  '2C6O',
  '2C6T',
  '2CCH',
  '2CCI',
  '2CJM',
  '2CLX',
  '2DS1',
  '2DUV',
  '2EXM',
  '2FVD',
  '2G9X',
  '2HIC',
  '2I40',
  '2IW6',
  '2IW8',
  '2IW9',
  '2J9M',
  '2JGZ',
  '2R3F',
  '2R3G',
  '2R3H',
  '2R3I',
  '2R3J',
  '2R3K',
  '2R3L',
  '2R3M',
  '2R3N',
  '2R3O',
  '2R3P',
  '2R3Q',
  '2R3R',
  '2R64',
  '2UUE',
  '2UZB',
  '2UZD',
  '2UZE',
  '2UZL',
  '2UZN',
  '2UZO',
  '2V0D',
  '2V22',
  '2VTA',
  '2VTH',
  '2VTI',
  '2VTJ',
  '2VTL',
  '2VTM',
  '2VTN',
  '2VTO',
  '2VTP',
  '2VTQ',
  '2VTR',
  '2VTS',
  '2VTT',
  '2VU3',
  '2VV9',
  '2W05',
  '2W06',
  '2W17',
  '2W1H',
  '2WEV',
  '2WFY',
  '2WHB',
  '2WIH',
  '2WIP',
  '2WMA',
  '2WMB',
  '2WPA',
  '2WXV',
  '2X1N',
  '2XMY',
  '2XNB',
  '3BHT',
  '3BHU',
  '3BHV',
  '3DDP',
  '3DDQ',
  '3DOG',
  '3EID',
  '3EJ1',
  '3EOC',
  '3EZR',
  '3EZV',
  '3F5X',
  '3FZ1',
  '3IG7',
  '3IGG',
  '3LE6',
  '3LFN',
  '3LFQ',
  '3LFS',
  '3MY5',
  '3NS9',
  '3PJ8',
  '3PXF',
  '3PXQ',
  '3PXR',
  '3PXY',
  '3PXZ',
  '3PY0',
  '3PY1',
  '3QHR',
  '3QHW',
  '3QL8',
  '3QQF',
  '3QQG',
  '3QQH',
  '3QQJ',
  '3QQK',
  '3QQL',
  '3QRT',
  '3QRU',
  '3QTQ',
  '3QTR',
  '3QTS',
  '3QTU',
  '3QTW',
  '3QTX',
  '3QTZ',
  '3QU0',
  '3QWJ',
  '3QWK',
  '3QX2',
  '3QX4',
  '3QXO',
  '3QXP',
  '3QZF',
  '3QZG',
  '3QZH',
  '3QZI',
  '3R1Q',
  '3R1S',
  '3R1Y',
  '3R28',
  '3R6X',
  '3R71',
  '3R73',
  '3R7E',
  '3R7I',
  '3R7U',
  '3R7V',
  '3R7Y',
  '3R83',
  '3R8L',
  '3R8M',
  '3R8P',
  '3R8U',
  '3R8V',
  '3R8Z',
  '3R9D',
  '3R9H',
  '3R9N',
  '3R9O',
  '3RAH',
  '3RAI',
  '3RAK',
  '3RAL',
  '3RJC',
  '3RK5',
  '3RK7',
  '3RK9',
  '3RKB',
  '3RM6',
  '3RM7',
  '3RMF',
  '3RNI',
  '3ROY',
  '3RPO',
  '3RPR',
  '3RPV',
  '3RPY',
  '3RZB',
  '3S00',
  '3S0O',
  '3S1H',
  '3S2P',
  '3SQQ',
  '3SW4',
  '3SW7',
  '3TI1',
  '3TIY',
  '3TIZ',
  '3TNW',
  '3ULI',
  '3UNJ',
  '3UNK',
  '3WBL',
  '4ACM',
  '4BCK',
  '4BCM',
  '4BCN',
  '4BCO',
  '4BCP',
  '4BCQ',
  '4BGH',
  '4BZD',
  '4CFM',
  '4CFN',
  '4CFU',
  '4CFV',
  '4CFW',
  '4CFX',
  '4D1X',
  '4D1Z',
  '4EK3',
  '4EK4',
  '4EK5',
  '4EK6',
  '4EK8',
  '4EOI',
  '4EOJ',
  '4EOK',
  '4EOL',
  '4EOM',
  '4EON',
  '4EOO',
  '4EOP',
  '4EOQ',
  '4EOR',
  '4EOS',
  '4ERW',
  '4EZ3',
  '4EZ7',
  '4FKG',
  '4FKI',
  '4FKJ',
  '4FKL',
  '4FKO',
  '4FKP',
  '4FKQ',
  '4FKR',
  '4FKS',
  '4FKT',
  '4FKU',
  '4FKV',
  '4FKW',
  '4FX3',
  '4GCJ',
  '4I3Z',
  '4II5',
  '4KD1',
  '4LYN',
  '4NJ3',
  '4RJ3',
  '5A14',
  '5AND',
  '5ANE',
  '5ANG',
  '5ANI',
  '5ANJ',
  '5ANK',
  '5ANO',
  '5CYI',
  '5D1J',
  '5FP5',
  '5FP6',
  '5IEV',
  '5IEX',
  '5IEY',
  '5IF1',
  '5JQ5',
  '5JQ8',
  '5K4J',
  '5L2W',
  '5LMK',
  '5MHQ',
  '5NEV',
  '5OO0',
  '5OO1',
  '5OO3',
  '5OSJ',
  '5OSM',
  '5UQ1',
  '5UQ2',
  '5UQ3'],
 'pfam': 'PF00069',
 'pharmgkb': 'PA101',
 'pharos': {'target_id': 10687},
 'pir': 'A41227',
 'prosite': 'PS50011',
 'reagent': {'GNF_Qia_hs-genome_v1_siRNA': [{'id': 'GNF247215',
    'relationship': 'is'},
   {'id': 'GNF247216', 'relationship': 'is'},
   {'id': 'GNF247217', 'relationship': 'is'},
   {'id': 'GNF247218', 'relationship': 'is'}],
  'GNF_hs-ORFeome1_1_reads': {'id': 'GNF161504', 'relationship': 'is'},
  'GNF_hs-Origene': [{'id': 'GNF035860', 'relationship': 'similar to'},
   {'id': 'GNF037258', 'relationship': 'is'},
   {'id': 'GNF048982', 'relationship': 'is'}],
  'GNF_hs-druggable_lenti-shRNA': [{'id': 'GNF081385', 'relationship': 'is'},
   {'id': 'GNF081386', 'relationship': 'is'},
   {'id': 'GNF081387', 'relationship': 'is'}],
  'GNF_hs-druggable_plasmid-shRNA': [{'id': 'GNF051995', 'relationship': 'is'},
   {'id': 'GNF056761', 'relationship': 'is'},
   {'id': 'GNF061563', 'relationship': 'is'},
   {'id': 'GNF078683', 'relationship': 'is'}],
  'GNF_hs-druggable_siRNA': [{'id': 'GNF066537', 'relationship': 'is'},
   {'id': 'GNF066538', 'relationship': 'is'}],
  'GNF_hs-pkinase_IDT-siRNA': [{'id': 'GNF166768', 'relationship': 'is'},
   {'id': 'GNF166769', 'relationship': 'is'},
   {'id': 'GNF166770', 'relationship': 'is'},
   {'id': 'GNF166771', 'relationship': 'is'}],
  'GNF_hs_LentiORF-HA-MYC': {'id': 'GNF282834', 'relationship': 'is'},
  'GNF_hs_LentiORF-Jred': {'id': 'GNF283761', 'relationship': 'is'},
  'GNF_mm+hs-MGC': {'id': 'GNF002384', 'relationship': 'is'},
  'Invitrogen_IVTHSSIPKv2': [{'id': 'GNF324610', 'relationship': 'is'},
   {'id': 'GNF324611', 'relationship': 'is'}],
  'NIBRI_hs-Secretome_pDEST': {'id': 'GNF337962', 'relationship': 'is'},
  'NOVART_hs-genome_siRNA': [{'id': 'GNF093028', 'relationship': 'is'},
   {'id': 'GNF132726', 'relationship': 'is'}]},
 'refseq': {'genomic': ['NC_000012.12', 'NG_034014.1'],
  'protein': ['NP_001277159.1',
   'NP_001789.2',
   'NP_439892.2',
   'XP_011536034.1'],
  'rna': ['NM_001290230.1', 'NM_001798.4', 'NM_052827.3', 'XM_011537732.2'],
  'translation': [{'protein': 'NP_001789.2', 'rna': 'NM_001798.4'},
   {'protein': 'NP_001277159.1', 'rna': 'NM_001290230.1'},
   {'protein': 'NP_439892.2', 'rna': 'NM_052827.3'},
   {'protein': 'XP_011536034.1', 'rna': 'XM_011537732.2'}]},
 'reporter': {'HG-U133_Plus_2': ['204252_at', '211803_at', '211804_s_at'],
  'HG-U95Av2': ['1792_g_at', '1833_at'],
  'HTA-2_0': 'TC12000496.hg.1',
  'HuEx-1_0': '3417146',
  'HuGene-1_1': '7956076',
  'HuGene-2_1': '16752305'},
 'summary': 'This gene encodes a member of a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that participate in cell cycle regulation. The encoded protein is the catalytic subunit of the cyclin-dependent protein kinase complex, which regulates progression through the cell cycle. Activity of this protein is especially critical during the G1 to S phase transition. This protein associates with and regulated by other subunits of the complex including cyclin A or E, CDK inhibitor p21Cip1 (CDKN1A), and p27Kip1 (CDKN1B). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014].',
 'symbol': 'CDK2',
 'taxid': 9606,
 'type_of_gene': 'protein-coding',
 'umls': {'cui': 'C1332733'},
 'unigene': ['Hs.689624', 'Hs.19192'],
 'uniprot': {'Swiss-Prot': 'P24941',
  'TrEMBL': ['A0A024RB10',
   'G3V5T9',
   'E7ESI2',
   'B4DDL9',
   'A0A024RB77',
   'G3V317']},
 'wikipedia': {'url_stub': 'Cyclin-dependent kinase 2'}}

















In [38]:



    


gene_info = gene_search('THP2')
len(gene_info['generif'])
gene_info['generif'][0]



    


















    
Out[38]:








{'pubmed': 17960421,
 'text': 'Recombination and transcription analyses indicate that THO/TREX mutants share a moderate but significant effect on gene conversion and ectopic recombination, as well as transcription impairment of even short and low GC-content genes.'}

















In [39]:



    


def print_pubmeds(gene_name):
    gene_info = gene_search(gene_name)
    for reference in gene_info['generif']:
        print('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/' + str(reference['pubmed']))
        print(reference['text'])



    











In [40]:



    


print_pubmeds('THP2')



    


















    






https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19151352
peptides are 36 amino acids long including a highly conserved region with 6 invariant cysteines forming the 3 disulfide bonds characteristic of defensins

















In [41]:



    


print_pubmeds('BRAF')



    


















    






https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8621729
MEK1 interacts with B-Raf.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12068308
somatic missense mutations in 66% of malignant melanomas and at lower frequency in a wide range of human cancers
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12198537
BRAF mutations in colorectal cancers occur only in tumours that do not carry mutations in a RAS gene known as KRAS, and BRAF mutation is linked to the proficiency of these tumours in repairing mismatched bases in DNA
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12447372
High frequency of BRAF mutations in nevi
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12619120
The V599E BRAF mutation appears to be a somatic mutation associated with melanoma development and/or progression in a proportion of affected individuals.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12644542
results demonstrate that the mutational status of BRAF and KRAS is distinctly different among histologic types of ovarian serous carcinoma, occurring most frequently in invasive micropapillary serous carcinomas and its precursors, serous borderline tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12670889
High prevalence of BRAF mutations in thyroid cancer is genetic evidence for constitutive activation of the RET/PTC-RAS-BRAF signaling pathway in papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12697856
activating BRAF mutations may be an important event in the development of papillary thyroid cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12753285
cAMP activates ERK and increases proliferation of autosomal dominant polycystic kindey epithelial cells through the sequential phosphorylation of PKA, B-Raf and MAPK in a pathway separate from the classical receptor tyrosine kinase cascade
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12778069
gene is mutated in skin melanoma, but not in uveal melanomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12810628
13 germline BRAF variants, 4 of which were silent mutations in coding regions & 9 nucleotide substitutions in introns, were found in melanoma patients and melanoma family, but none appeared statistically likely to be a melanoma susceptibility gene.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12821662
B-raf is involved in adhesion-independent ERK1/2 signaling in melanocytes
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12824225
Data suggest that BRAF T1796A activating mutation is not common in primary uveal melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12855697
B-Raf has a role in extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling in T cells and prevents antigen-presenting cell-induced anergy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12879021
BRAF has a role in in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck through uncommon mutations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12881714
The BRAF(V599E) mutation appears to be an alternative event to RET/PTC rearrangement rather than to RAS mutations, which are rare in PTC. BRAF(V599E) may represent an alternative pathway to oncogenic MAPK activation in PTCs without RET/PTC activation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12893203
Mucinous ovarian cancers without a KRAS mutation have not sustained alternative activation of this signaling pathway through mutation of the BRAF oncogene.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12917419
3 cell lines derived from human choroidal melanoma express B-Raf containing the V599E mutation and showed a 10-fold increase in endogenous B-RafV599E kinase activity and a constitutive activation of the MEK/ERK pathway that is independent of Ras
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12931219
Mutations are not detectable in plasma cell leukemia and multiple myeloma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12970315
mutation of BRAF gene could be a potentially useful marker of prognosis of patients with advanced thyroid cancers
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501284
Our findings of a high frequency of BRAF mutations at codon 599 in benign melanocytic lesions of the skin indicate that this mutation is not sufficient by itself for malignant transformation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14507635
Both BRAF and FBXW7 mutations functionally activate kinase effectors important in pancreatic cancer and extend potential options for therapeutic targeting of kinases in treatment of phenotypically distinct pancreatic adenocarcinoma subsets.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14513361
BRAF mutations, which are present in a variety of other human cancers, do not seem to be involved in gastric cancer development
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14522897
Uceal melanomas arise independent of oncogenic BRAF and NRAS mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14534542
BRAF mutations were seen in stomach neoplasms.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14602780
BRAF mutations are restricted to papillary carcinomas and poorly differentiated and anaplastic carcinomas arising from papillary carcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14612909
BRAF is occasionally mutated in NHL, and BRAF mutation may contribute to tumor development in some NHLs
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14618633
None of the cases of gastric cancer showed braf mutations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14639609
Mutations of BRAF are associated with extensive hMLH1 promoter methylation in sporadic colorectal carcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14668801
Missense mutation is marker of colonic but not gastric cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14688025
Mutations were found in exon 15 in colorectal adenocarcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14691295
Our data indicate that BRAF gene mutations are rare to absent events in uveal melanoma of humans.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14695152
NRAS and BRAF mutations arise early during melanoma pathogenesis and are preserved throughout tumor progression
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14695993
BRAF mutations are associated with proximal colon tumors with mismatch repair deficiency and MLH1 hypermethylation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14719068
New enriched PCR-RFLP assay for detecting mutations of BRAF codon 599 mutation in pleural mesotheliomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14722037
Observational study of genotype prevalence and gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14724583
RAS or BRAF mutations are detected in about 32% of all Barrett's adenocarcinomas; the disruption of the Raf/MEK/ERK (MAPK) kinase pathway is a frequent but also early event in the development of Barrett's adenocarcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14734469
BRAF mutations are frequently present in sporadic colorectal cancer with methylated hMLH1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14961576
Mutations in BRAF gene is associated with malignant melanomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14966563
These studies identify isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase as a potential target for reducing the growth of K-Ras- and B-Raf-induced malignancies.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15001635
The lack or low prevalence of BRAF mutation in other thyroid neoplasms is consistent with the notion that other previously defined genetic alterations on the same signaling pathway are sufficient to cause tumorigenesis in most thyroid neoplasms.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15009714
possible cooperation between BRAF activation and PTEN loss in melanoma development.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15009715
mutations in the BRAF gene and to some extent in the N-ras gene represent early somatic events that occur in melanocytic nevi
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15014028
BRAF mutation may be acquired during development of metastasis but is not a significant factor for primary melanoma development and disease outcome.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15077125
ovarian serous cystadenomas do not contain mutations in either BRAF or KRAS genes
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15104286
These results suggest that the BRAF mutation is unlikely to be involved in gastric carcinogenesis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15126572
BRAF(V599E) is more common genetic alteration found to date in adult sporadic papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs). It is unique for this thyroid cancer histotype, and it might drive the development of PTCs of classic papillary subtype.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15140228
The finding of tandem mutations in thin melanomas makes it more likely that they arise as a simultaneous rather than sequential event.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15145515
Radiation-induced tumors have a low prevalence of BRAF point mutations and high prevalence of RET/PTC rearrangements
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15150271
B-Raf kinase activity regulation by tuberin and Rheb is mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-independent
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15161700
mucosal melanomas of the head and neck do not frequently harbor an activating mutation of BRAF
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15179189
in contrast to cutaneous melanoma, BRAF does not appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of uveal melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15186612
BRAF mutations are rather rare in solitary cold adenomas and adenomatous nodules and do not explain the molecular etiology of ras mutation-negative cold thyroid nodules.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15191558
activation of this gene may be one of the early events in the pathogenesis of some melanomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15263001
B-Raf and ERK are activated by cyclic AMP after calcium restriction
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15273715
mutated in papillary thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15277467
In this study, this BRAF mutation was demonstrated in some conjunctival melanoma tissue samples, suggesting that some conjunctival melanomas may share biological features in common with cutaneous melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15313890
Data suggest that SPRY2, an inhibitor of ERK signaling, may be bypassed in melanoma cells either by down-regulation of its expression in WT BRAF cells, or by the presence of the BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15330192
Mutations within the BRAF gene are useful markers for the differential diagnosis between Spitz nevus and malignant melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15331929
we found 19 cases (38%) to harbor somatic B-raf exon 15 mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15339934
Data provide evidence that B-Raf is a positive regulator of T cell receptor-mediated sustained ERK activation, which is required for NFAT activation and the full production of IL-2.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15373778
BRAF(V599E) mutation is seven times higher in lesions with structural changes and 13 times higher in growing lesions as compared with lesions without changes
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15488754
REVIEW: our understanding of B-RAF as an oncogene and of its role in cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15489648
Mutations of BRAF or KRAS oncogenes are early events in the serrated polyp neoplasia pathway. CpG island methylation plays a role in serrated polyp progression to colorectal carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15538400
mutated in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15577314
BRAF mutations are associated with conjunctival neoplasms
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15630448
AKAP9-BRAF fusion was preferentially found in radiation-induced papillary carcinomas developing after a short latency, whereas BRAF point mutations were absent in this group
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15632082
Data suggest that Rit is involved in a novel pathway of neuronal development and regeneration by coupling specific trophic factor signals to sustained activation of the B-Raf/ERK and p38 MAP kinase cascades.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15653554
a novel Ras-independent ERK1/2 activation system in which p110gamma/Raf-1/MEK1/2 and PKA/B-Raf/MEK1/2 cooperate to activate ERK1/2.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15702478
We found mutations in p53, K-ras, and BRAF genes in 35%, 30%, and 4% of tumors, respectively, and observed a minimal or no co-presence of these gene alterations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15705790
KSHV-infected cell lines expressed higher levels of B-Raf and VEGF-A; B-Raf-induced VEGF-A expression was demonstrated to be sufficient to enhance tubule formation in endothelial cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15710605
autoinhibition was negatively regulated by acidic substitutions at phosphorylation sites within the activation loop
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15765445
Mutations in the BRAF protooncogene (V599E)may be an alternative pathway of tumorigenesis of familial colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15782118
BRAF mutations proved to be absent in tumors from hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome (HNPCC) families with germline mutations in the MMR genes MLH1 and MSH2.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15791479
The data of this study suggest that activating mutations of B-RAF are not a frequent event in gliomas; nevertheless, when present they are associated with high-grade malignant lesions.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15791648
B-raf mutations surrounding Thr439 found in human cancers are unlikely to contribute to increased oncogenic properties of B-raf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15824163
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15842051
These results suggest that BRAF mutations do not have a role in tumorigenesis of neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15880523
Anaplastic thyroid carcinomas which are derived from papillary carcinomas are due to BRAF and p53 mutations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15904951
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15935100
B-raf V599E and V599K oncogenic mutations are likely to affect melanocyte-specific pathways controlling proliferation and differentiation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15968271
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15968271
The increasing frequency of BRAF mutations as a function of age could help account for the well documented but poorly understood observation that age is a relevant prognostic indicator for patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15980887
BRAF mutation occurs later in thyroid tumor progression and is restricted mainly to papillary thyroid carcinoma and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15994075
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15998781
Role of BRAF mutation in facilitating metastasis and progression of papillary thyroid cancer in lymph nodes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16007166
determination of mutation specific gene expression profiles in papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16007203
Single-cell clones with efficient knockdown of (V 600 E)B-RAF could be propagated in the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor but underwent apoptosis or senescence-like growth arrest upon withdrawal of this growth factor
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16015629
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16024606
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16079850
sustained BRAF(V600E) expression in human melanocytes induces cell cycle arrest, which is accompanied by the induction of both p16(INK4a) and senescence-associated acidic beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-Gal) activity, a commonly used senescence marker
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16096377
BRAF mutation in melanoma is most likely to occur prior to the development of metastatic disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16098042
Although BRAF and NRAS mutations are likely to be important for the initiation and maintenance of some melanomas, other factors might be more significant for proliferation and prognosis in subgroups of aggressive melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16098042
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16123397
The results showed that conjunctival nevi, similar to skin nevi, have a high frequency of oncogenic BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16129781
These data suggest that MITF is an anti-proliferation factor that is down-regulated by B-RAF signaling and that this is a crucial event for the progression of melanomas that harbor oncogenic B-RAF.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16143028
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16144912
Mutations of the BRAF gene are partly involved in the malignant transformation of the endometrium.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16144912
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16172610
selective reduction in catalytic activity and expression of B-Raf but not Raf-1 suggest that B-Raf may be playing an important role in altered ERK signaling in brain of suicide subjects, and thus in the pathophysiology of suicide
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16174717
In patients with papillary thyroid cancer, BRAF mutation is associated with poorer clinicopathological outcomes and independently predicts recurrence.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16174717
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16179867
As the BRAF oncogene is frequently found to be mutated in human cutaneous melanomas, it may constitute a risk factor for melanoma formation within CMN and DMN.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16179870
The oncogenic B-raf mutations V599E and V599K, as early events in melanocyte transformation, persist throughout metastasis with important prognostic implications.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16181240
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16181547
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16199894
copy number gain may represent another mechanism of BRAF activation in thyroid tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16268813
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16354196
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16354196
The estimated proportion of attributable risk of melanoma due to variants in BRAF is 1.6%, but the burden of disease associated with this variant is greater than that associated with the major melanoma locus (CDKN2A) which has a risk of 0.2%.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16354586
Mutation and elevated expression of BRAF is associated with the development of testicular germ cell tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16361694
The authors have developed and run a high-throughput screen to find inhibitors of V600E BRAF using an enzyme cascade assay in which oncogenic BRAF activates MEK1, which in turn activates ERK2, which then phosphorylates the transcription factor ELK1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16364920
Data suggest that B-RAF activates C-RAF through a mechanism involving 14-3-3 mediated heterooligomerization and C-RAF transphosphorylation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16371460
V600E B-Raf requires the Hsp90 chaperone for stability and is degraded in response to Hsp90 inhibitors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16373964
activating mutations of PDGFR-alpha, c-kit and B-RAF are absent in gliosarcomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16376942
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16376942
V599E BRAF mutation was uncommon in Japanese lung cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16382052
aberrant B-Raf activity in angiomyolipomas leads to abnormal cellular differentiation and migration [review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16397024
Observational study of genotype prevalence. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16413100
The most frequent B-RAF gene alterations are not involved in prostate carcinogenesis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16417232
BRAF mutation does not seem to be sufficient to produce MAPK activation in melanocytic nevi.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16424035
gain-of-function BRAF signaling is strongly associated with in vivo tumorigenicity
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16439621
findings demonstrate that heterogeneous de novo missense mutations in three genes within the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, BRAF, MEK1 and MEK2 cause cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16452469
wild-type B-Raf-mediated ERK1/2 activation plays a major role in proliferation and transformation of uveal melanocytes; Raf-1 is not involved in this activation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16452550
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16462768
NRAS and BRAF activating mutations can coexist in the same melanoma, but are mutually exclusive at the single-cell level
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16474404
Cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome involves dysregulation of the RAS-RAF-ERK pathway.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16487015
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16537381
Merlin and MLK3 can interact in situ and merlin can disrupt the interactions between B-Raf and Raf-1 or those between MLK3 and either B-Raf or Raf-1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16547495
Melanoma cells require either B-RAF or phosphoinositide-3 kinase activation for protection from anoikis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601293
BRAF V600E is associated with a high risk of recurrence and less differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma due to the impairment of Na+/I- targeting to the membrane
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601293
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16618717
Observational study of gene-environment interaction and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16687919
Observational study of genotype prevalence. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16691193
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16691193
UV light is not necessarily required for the acquisition of the BRAF(V600E) mutation, and non-mutagenic effects of UV light to melanocytes may be more important in the nevogenesis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16721785
BRAF mutations are as uncommon as KRAS mutations in prostate adenocarcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16728573
B-RAF (V600E) was confirmed to be associated with the papillary growth pattern, but not with poorer differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma variants.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16728573
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16773193
among 23 melanomas located at body sites with chronic UV exposure, only a single tumour harboured the B-raf V599E mutation which was a significantly lower frequency in comparison to melanomas from sun-protected body sites
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16786134
a BRAFT1799A mutation may have a role in poor differentiation of thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16799476
A subset of Spitz nevi, some with atypical histologic features, possess BRAF mutations. The BRAF mutational status does not separate all Spitz nevi from spitzoid melanomas and non-Spitz types of melanocytic proliferations, contrary to previous reports.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16803888
Rheb has a central role in the regulation of the Ras/B-Raf/C-Raf/MEK signaling network
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16804544
CpG island methylator phenotype-positive colorectal tumors represent a distinct subset, encompassing almost all cases of tumors with BRAF mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809487
findings show that MC1R variants are strongly associated with BRAF mutations in non-chronic sun-induced damage melanomas; in this subtype, risk for melanoma associated with MC1R is due to increase in risk of developing melanomas with BRAF mutations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16845322
BRAF mutation is associated with melanoma and melanocytic nevi.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16858395
Thus, we propose that the hitherto unidentified function of the B-Raf amino-terminal region is to mediate calcium-dependent activation of B-Raf and the following MEK activation, which may occur in the absence of Ras activation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16858683
Aberrant methylation and hence silencing of TIMP3, SLC5A8, DAPK and RARbeta2, in association with BRAF mutation, may be an important step in PTC tumorigenesis and progression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16879389
BRAF mutation was frequent in hyperplastic polyps (67%) and sessile serrated adenomas (81%).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16912199
B-RAF has been identified as the most mutated gene in invasive cells and therefore an attractive therapeutic target in melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16918136
BRAF mutations are associated with colorectal cancers
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16918957
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16924241
Expression of p27Kip1 in melanoma is regulated by B-RAF at the mRNA level and via B-RAF control of Cks1/Skp2-mediated proteolysis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16932278
Single nucleotide polymorphism found exclusively in papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16937524
BRAF, K-ras and BAT26 are expressed in colorectal polyps and stool
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16937524
BRAF, K-ras and BAT26 are expressed in colorectal polyps and stool [BAT26]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16946010
Braf mutations in thyroid tumorigenesis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16953233
Concomitant KRAS and BRAF mutations increased along progression of MSS colorectal cancer, suggesting that activation of both genes is likely to harbour a synergistic effect
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16959844
BRAFV600E activates not only MAPK but also NF-kappaB signaling pathway in human thyroid cancer cells, leading to an acquisition of apoptotic resistance and promotion of invasion.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16960555
Expression of active mutants of B-Raf induces fibronectin.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16964379
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase-3 (ERK3/MAPK6) is highly expressed in response to BRAF signaling.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16973828
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16987295
BRAF T1976A mutation is present at high frequency in benign naevi such as Spitz and Reed.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17001349
data support a model in which mutational activation of BRAF in human melanomas contributes to constitutive induction of NF-kappaB activity and to increased survival of melanoma cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17018604
Normally, BRAF alone is responsible for signaling to MEK. However, when RAS is mutated in melanoma, melanocytes switch their signaling from BRAF to CRAF.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17044028
Activating BRAF mutation is associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17060774
BRAF mutation remained a significant prognostic factor for lymph node metastasis (odds ratio = 10.8, 95% confidence interval, 3.5-34.0, P < 0.0001).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17074813
phosphorylation on both S365 and S429 participate in the differential regulation of B-Raf isoforms through distinct mechanisms
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17097223
data provide evidence that oncogenic properties of BRAF contribute to the tumorigenesis of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm/carcinoma (IPMN/IPMC), but at a lower frequency than KRAS
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17119056
BRAF-V600E mutations are mainly involved in colorectal cancer families characterized by an increased risk of other common malignancies
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17119447
Association with preexisting nevi and pronounced infiltration of lymphocytes was significantly higher in BRAF mutated melanoma tumours
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17148775
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17148775
Previously identified associations between smoking and colon cancer, whether microsatellite unstable or stable, appear to be explained by the association of smoking with BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17159915
BRAF(T1799A) mutation is associated with a lower rate of tumor proliferation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17159915
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170014
RASSF1A methylation was observed in a high frequency in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma whereas K-ras and B-raf mutations were observed in a low frequency
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17179987
The role for BRAF activation in thyroid cancer development and establishing the potential therapeutic efficacy of BRAF-targeted agents in patients with thyroid cancerwill be reviewed.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17186541
BRAF mutation is associated with thyroid carcinogenesis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17186541
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17195912
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17195912
there is a subgroup of colorectal carcinomas which develop via the microsatellite instability pathway that carry an alteration of the BRAF gene
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17199737
Absence of association between BRAF mutation and activation of MAPK pathway in papillary thyroid carcinoma suggests the presence of mechanisms that downregulate MAPK activation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17227125
Copy gain of PDGFB occurs in a subset of tumors showing no evidence of mutated BRAF or rearranged ret, suggesting that copy gain of PDGFB may underlie the increased expression of platelet-derived growth factor described recently in the literature.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17270239
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17297294
characterization of the T1799-1801del and A1799-1816ins BRAF mutations in papillary thyroid cancer; the two new mutations resulted in constitutive activation of the BRAF kinase and caused NIH3T3 cell transformation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17302867
Overexpression of B-Raf mRNA and protein may be a feature of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas, highlighting overactivity of the Ras-B-Raf-MAP kinase pathway in these tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17309670
BRAF gene plays a "gatekeeper" role but does not act as a predisposition gene in the development of low-grade ovarian serous carcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17309670
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17312306
Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17315191
BRAFV600E represents a detectable marker in the plasma/serum from melanoma patients for monitoring but not diagnostic purposes
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17318013
B-RAF mutations are a rare event in pituitary tumorigenesis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17355635
The aim of this study was to identify the effect that BRAF oncogene has on post-transcriptional regulation in papillary thyroid carcinoma by using microRNA analysis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17360030
findings show that RASSF1A hypermethylation and KRAS mutations and BRAF mutations are inversely correlated and play an important role in the development of cervical adenocarcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17366577
mutational analysis of KRAS, BRAF, and MAP2K1/2 in 56 patients with CFC syndrome; comparison of the genotype-phenotype correlation of CFC with that of Costello syndrome suggest a significant clinical overlap but not genotype overlap.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17387744
BRAF(V600E) mutation is identified in a subset of cutaneous metastases from papillary thyroid carcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17393356
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17393356
data suggest that BRAF mutations might be present less frequently than KRAS mutations in Greek patients with colorectal carcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17440063
finding of a strong association between BRAF mutations and serrated histology in hyperplastic aberrant crypt foci supports the idea that these lesions are an early, sentinel, or a potentially initiating step on the serrated pathway to colorectal carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17453004
BRAF V600E mutation was occasionally observed in anaplastic carcinomas with papillary carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17453358
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17454879
MSI is rare in UC-related neoplasia as well as non-neoplastic lesions, and does not contribute to the development of dysplasia.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17464312
prevalence of BRAF mutation and RET/PTC were determined in diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma; none of the cases showed a BRAF mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17483702
Molecular diagnosis and careful observations should be considered in children with Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome because they have germline mutations in BRAF and might develop malignancy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17487277
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17487504
c-kit expression is not alternative to BRAF and/or KRAS activation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17488796
BRAF V600E mutation in PTCs is associated with reduced expression of key genes involved in iodine metabolism
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17507627
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17507627
data indicate that both early-life UV exposure and nevus propensity contribute to occurrence of BRAF+ melanoma, whereas nevus propensity and later-life sun exposure influence the occurrence of NRAS+ melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17516929
analysis of a BRAF mutation-associated gene expression signature in melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17518771
low rate of RAS-RAF mutations (2/22, 9.1%) observed in Spitz melanocytic nevi suggests that these lesions harbor as yet undetected activating mutations in other components of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK-MAPK pathway
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17520704
Meta-analysis of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17520704
frequency of the BRAF mutation and the associations between BRAF mutation and clinicopathologic parameters in papillary thyroid carcinoma were evaluated by meta-analysis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17525723
T1790A BRAF mutation (L597Q) in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a functional oncogene
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17535994
The heterogeneous distribution of BRAF mutations suggests that discrete tumor foci in multifocal PTC may occur as independent tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17542667
Presence of BRAF V600E in very early stages of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17548320
influence of B-RAF-specific RNA interference on the proliferation and apoptosis of gastric cancer BGC823 cell line
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17566669
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17566669
We conclude that screening for BRAF 15 exon mutation is an efficient tool in the diagnostic strategy for HNPCC
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17635919
In contrast to C-RAF that requires farnesylated H-Ras, cytosolic B-RAF associates effectively and with significantly higher affinity with both farnesylated and nonfarnesylated H-Ras.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17663506
KLF6 and p53 mutations are involved in the development of nonpolypoid colorectal carcinoma, whereas K-ras and B-raf mutations are not
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17671688
PPARbeta/delta has a role in growth of RAF-induced lung adenomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17685465
BRAF V600E mutation in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid may facilitate tumor cell growth and progression once seeded in the lymph nodes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17693984
Observational study of genotype prevalence, gene-disease association, and genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17693984
There was no coexistence of BRAF (V600E) mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17696195
data showed differences in gene expression between nevi with and without the V600E BRAF mutation. Moreover, nevi with mutations showed over-expression of genes involved in melanocytic senescence and cell cycle inhibition
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17699719
RNA interference and pharmacologic approaches were used to assess the role of B-Raf activation in the growth of human melanomas and additionally determined if a similar role for mutant B-Raf is seen for colorectal carcinoma cell lines.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17704260
5 unreported mutations (T241P, Q262R, G464R, E501V, N581K) were found in cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome. A hotspot in exon 6 at Q257 was found.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17714762
diffuse expression of wild-type and/or mutant B-Raf may be involved in the tumorigenic process
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17717450
BRAF V600E mutation is primarily present in conventional papillary thyroid cancer; it is associated with an aggressive tumor phenotype and higher risk of recurrent and persistent disease in patients with conventional papillary thyroid cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17717450
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17721188
Develompment of malignant strumo ovarii with papillary thyroid carcinoma features is associated with BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17727338
BRAF(V600E) mutation detected on fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens, more than RET/PTC rearrangements, is highly specific for papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17785355
BRAF V600E mutation is associated with high-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17785355
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17786355
BRAFV600E mutations were found in 41.2% of the papillary thyroid carcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17854396
Papillary thyroid cancers with no 131I uptake had a high frequency of BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17878251
MEK inhibition is cytostatic in papillary thyroid cancer and anaplastic thyroid cancer cells bearing a BRAF mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17911174
effects of a MEK inhibitor, CI-1040, on thyroid cancer cells, some of which, particularly cell proliferation and tumor growth, seemed to be BRAF mutation or RAS mutation selective
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17914558
BRAF mutation is associated as early as the hyperplastic polyp stage followed by microsatellite instability at the carcinoma stage
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17924122
Examined associations between BRAF mutations, morphology, and apoptosis in early colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17940185
BRAF mutation represents a novel indicator of the progression and aggressiveness of papillary thyroid cancer (Review)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17942568
BRAF interacts with PLCepsilon1 in nephrotic syndrome type 3. Both proteins are coexpressed and colocalize in developing and mature glomerular podocytes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17962436
In this small study, the T1799A BRAF mutation was identified in almost half of the iris melanoma tissues samples examined. This finding suggests that there may be genetic as well as clinical differences between iris and posterior uveal melanomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17972530
These results suggest that papillary thyroid carcinomas with BRAF (V600E) mutation are more aggressive than those with wildtype BRAF.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18000091
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18008004
mutation of N-RAS or B-RAF, signature genetic lesions present in most MMs, potently induced the expression of cell-surface CD200, a repressor of DC function.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18024410
no BRAF mutations identified in 65 screened JMML patients; this gene is unlikely to play a role in the pathogenesis of JMML.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18032947
The BRAF mutation is common in melanomas, but variation in rates across melanoma subtypes points to a complex interplay between BRAF activation and other factors (eg, sun exposure).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18042262
the results of HRAS, BRAF and MAP2K1/2 mutation screening in a large cohort of patients with CS and CFC
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18045960
Detection of BRAF improves the diagnosis in fine-needle biopsy with cytological findings suspicious for papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18045987
These results identify Rnd3 as a regulator of cross talk between the RAF/MEK/ERK and Rho/ROCK signaling pathways, and a key contributor to oncogene-mediated reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesions.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18060073
BRAF and MEK1/2 mutations may be more common than anticipated in ovarian cancer which could have important implications for treatment of patients with this disease and suggests potential new therapeutic avenues
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18061181
Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18070147
BRAF(V600E)'alone' does not represent a marker for poor outcome
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18071315
B-Raf(V600E) signaling deregulates the mitotic spindle checkpoint through stabilizing Mps1 levels in melanoma cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18098337
BRAF provides proliferation and survival signals in MSI colorectal carcinoma cells displaying BRAF(V600E) but not KRAS mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18172070
Because of the very sensitive pyrophosphorolysis-activated polymerization (PAP)technology, B-RAF mutations were found in cell lines and primary uveal melanomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18199160
A worse clinical outcome was found for CIMP-high, microsatellite stable colorectal cancer with KRAS/BRAF mutation but not for those lacking KRAS/BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18224685
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18226854
frequency of the occurrence of BRAF mutation and/or RET/PTC in H4-PTEN positive tumors was extremely high (75%) in papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18227705
BRAF mutation is not associated with cutaneous melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18228248
Important signalling role in T cell development.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18235983
Follicular histotypes of oncocytic thyroid carcinomas do not carry BRAF mutations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18246127
Mutant B-RAF mediates resistance to anoikis via Bad and Bim.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18267069
A genome-wide RNA-interference screening to identify genes required for an activated BRAF oncogene to block proliferation of fibroblasts and melanocytes revealed that a IGFBP7, has a central role in BRAF-mediated senescence and apoptosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18310286
BRAF T1799A mutation is associated with aggressive pathological outcomes of papillary thyroid cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18310287
BRAF(V600E) mutation is asscoiated with papillary thyroid cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18310288
BRAF-V600E mutation is associated with familial non-medullary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18323787
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity is subject to regulation even in BRAF/NRAS mutant melanoma cells and that high MAPK pathway signaling may be important only in distinct subsets of tumor cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18329792
RKIP could play an important role in the down-regulation of wild-type BRAF, serving thus as an endogenous inhibitor of the MAPK pathway in nasal polyps and their adjacent turbinate mucosa.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18337114
BRAF mutation testing of papillary thyroid carcinoma might improve the diagnosis, prognostic stratification and treatment of these tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18343945
Our data provide evidence that PIK3CA and BRAF contribute to the tumorigenesis of IPMN/IPMC, but at a lower frequency than KRAS.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368129
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368129
This study confirms that the known MC1R-melanoma risk association is confined to subjects whose melanomas harbor BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18375819
BRAF mutation is associated with disease stabilization in melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18381570
Thyroid cancers with BRAF mutation are preferentially sensitive to MEK inhibitors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18382358
Detecting BRAF mutation by pyrosequencing is more sensitive, faster, and less expensive than direct DNA sequencing.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18383861
K-RAS and BRAF mutations are a frequent genetic event in our samples of sporadic papillary and medullary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18383861
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18397470
is commonly activated by somatic point mutation, it may provide possible diagnostic and therapeutic targets in human malignant tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18398503
Results implicate aberrant activation of the MAPK pathway due to gene duplication or mutation of BRAF as a molecular mechanism of pathogenesis in low-grade astrocytomas and suggest inhibition of the MAPK pathway as a potential treatment.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18402768
Aberrant BRAF and INK4A functionally interact to promote growth and survival of melanoma cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18408659
in melanocytic lesions, BRAF(V600E) mutation can affect a subset of the cells and is associated with the type and quantity of sun exposure
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18413255
study describes the biochemical characterization of novel BRAF and MEK germline mutations in cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18434602
Cdk1/cyclin B has a role in regulating B-raf activation at mitosis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18435933
CpG island methylator phenotype in colorectal neoplasms may result from activating mutations in either BRAF or KRAS.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18451171
Akt3 and mutant V600E B-Raf cooperate to promote early melanoma development.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18458053
oncogenic BRAF inhibition can have a different effect on cell fate depending on the cellular type
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18470905
aberrant methylation of the hMLH1 gene may play a role in BRAF mutation-promoted thyroid tumorigenesis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509003
study revealed a significant correlation of BRAFV600E mutation with a lower expression of both sodium iodide symporter and thyroperoxidase in papillary thyroid cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509361
Shorter overall survival in primary melanoma was associated with the presence of ulceration and BRAF exon 15 mutations, as well as the absence of nuclear activation of Akt and of cytoplasmic activation of ERK.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18517279
BRAF mutations in colorectal cancer microsatellite-stable cases are associated with high levels of chromosomal instability that are likely responsible for the adverse outcomes in these cases
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18519771
a significant relationship in overall survival in colon cancer patients with defective DNA mismatch repair and the presence of a specific mutation in BRAF (V600E)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18532874
Compared to melanomas without BRAF mutations, melanomas with BRAF mutations showed statistically significantly higher degrees of intraepidermal scatter of melanocytes, and a higher proportion of melanocytes arranged in nests.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18567582
the scaffold protein IQGAP1 couples Ca(2+) and calmodulin signaling to B-Raf function
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18592405
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18594528
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18602919
Rac1b and B-Raf(V600E) functionally cooperate to sustain colorectal cell viability and suggest they constitute an alternative survival pathway to oncogenic K-Ras
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18615679
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18615679
V600E BRAF mutation is associated with imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18615680
MLH1 methylation and BRAF mutations are associated with microsatellite unstable colon tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18615680
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18621636
Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18628356
The frequencies of LOHs of 17q21, 17p13, 10q23, and 22q13 were higher in tumors with lymph node metastasis, suggesting that these LOHs may be important in increased lymph node metastasis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18628431
People of southern European origin had lower risk of colorectal cancers with CIMP and BRAF mutation than people of Anglo-Celtic origin, which may in part be due to genetic factors that are less common in people of southern European origin.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18628967
BRAF regulates melanoma proliferation through the lineage specific factor MITF
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18632627
co-overexpression of KIT/CDK4 is a potential mechanism of oncogenic transformation in some BRAF/NRAS wild-type melanomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18636014
lung adenocarcinoma of mixed type with a high incidence of papillary and lepidic growth may be worthwhile investigating for BRAF-V600E mutation as more genetically oriented drug therapies emerge.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18650848
hyperactivation of the MAPK pathway following activation of an inducible form of oncogenic C-Raf induces a senescence-like proliferation arrest in B-Raf mutant melanoma cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18668139
N-RAS(Q61K) and B-RAF(V600E) contribute to melanoma's resistance to apoptosis in part by downregulating Bim expression
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18669866
Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18676742
CST6, CXCL14, DHRS3, and SPP1 are regulated by BRAF signaling and may play a role in papillary thyroid carcinoma pathogenesis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18676756
Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18682506
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18682506
The BRAF(V600E) mutation was demonstrated to be a poor prognostic factor independent from other clinicopathological features.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18697864
Identification and functional characterization of a novel T599I-VKSR(600-603)del BRAF mutation in a patient with follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18710471
There is a higher frequency of the BRAF(V600E) mutation in papillary thyroid carcinomas than in normal thyroid tissue.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18715233
These data suggest that regulation of BIM expression by BRAF-->MEK-->ERK signaling is one mechanism by which oncogenic BRAF(V600E) can influence the aberrant physiology of melanoma cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18716556
focal gains at chromosome 7q34 and increased BRAF-MEK-ERK signaling are common findings in sporadic pilocytic astrocytomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18718023
presence of the BRAF (V600E) mutation,the incidence of microsatellite instability high colorectal cancer in populations based study.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18757341
KRAS and BRAF mutations can impair response to anti-EGFR therapy for colorectal neoplasms
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18757433
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18759827
Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18778891
BRAF mutation is associated with the CpG island methylator phenotype in colorectal cancer from young patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18778891
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18782444
BRAF, KRAS and PIK3CA mutations occur prior to malignant transformation demonstrating that these oncogenic alterations are primary genetic events in colorectal carcinogenesis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18782444
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18787396
These data implicates a mitotic role for B-Raf in regulating spindle formation and the spindle checkpoint in human somatic cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18794094
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18794803
study identified a group of melanomas with low-activity BRAF mutations (G469E- and D594G) that are reliant upon CRAF-mediated survival activity
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18798261
BRAF mutation occurs independently of CpG island methylator phenotype and MSI in all types of serrated polyps and may serve as a marker of serrated pathway of colorectal carcinogenesis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18806830
study concludes a single endogenous BRAF(V600E) allele is sufficient to repress BIM & prevent death from growth factor withdrawal; colorectal cancer cells with V600E mutations are addicted to the ERK1/2 pathway for repression of BIM
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18832519
CIMP-high appears to be an independent predictor of a low colon cancer-specific mortality, while BRAF mutation is associated with a high colon cancer-specific mortality.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18834226
With at least 3 markers methylated, new CIMP-positive colorectal cancers were closely associated with proximal tumor location, low frequency of KRAS mutation, and high frequency of BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18840924
BRAF(V600E) mutation may play some roles in local carcinoma development, there is no evidence that BRAF(V600E) mutation significantly reflects the aggressive characteristics and poor prognosis of patients with papillary carcinoma in Japan.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18840924
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18945298
BRAF V600E appeared to be the most commonly mutated gene in both the melanocytic aggregate (seven of 18, 39%) and the melanoma (four of 18, 22%)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18946221
Hereditary pancreatitis patients with PRSS1 mutations also had mutations in BRAF and KRAS2.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18953432
study shows high expression of p16(INK4a) or the absence of activated B-RAF correlates with in vivo response of melanoma to cytotoxic drugs
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18974108
rearrangement, which was not observed in a series of 244 higher-grade astrocytomas, results in an in-frame fusion gene incorporating the kinase domain of the BRAF oncogene
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18980976
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18985043
the T1799A BRAF mutation is present in a proportion of posterior uveal melanomas but within these tumours the distribution of the mutation is heterogeneous.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987552
BRAF mutations may not play an important role in the oncogenesis or therapy of prostate adenocarcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18992635
8% of sporadic colorectal tumors in this study harbor mutation in the BRAF gene.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18992635
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19001320
Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19001320
Wild-type BRAF is required for response to panitumumab or cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003996
BRAF-V600E mutation is uncommon in endocrine tumors other than thyroid papillary carcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19012001
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19012001
The result showed that the mutation rate of PIK3CA in nasopharyngeal carcinomas (n = 73) was 9.6%, whereas both BRAF (n = 65) and RAS (n = 45) were wild type in every specimen with adequate DNA for analysis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19014278
In Korean patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma, the BRAFV600E mutation is associated with a lower frequency of background Hashimoto thyroiditis and a high frequency of lymph node metastasis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19014278
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19016743
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction-based sequencing revealed a fusion product between KIAA1549 and BRAF in pediatric low-grade astrocytomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19018267
Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19018267
ovarian cancer patients with KRAS or BRAF mutations may benefit from CI-1040 treatment
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19026650
Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19033861
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19034577
BRAF(V600E) mutation is assocciated with aggressive papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19034577
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19037234
NRAS and BRAF mutations increase from the radial to the vertical growth phase in cutaneous melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19064572
Observational study and meta-analysis of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19079609
Genetic extinction of BRAF(V600E) in established prostate tumors did not lead to tumor regression, indicating that while sufficient to initiate development of invasive prostate adenocarcinoma, BRAF(V600E) is not required for its maintenance.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19087308
G12D mutation may be more likely selected in a BRAF mutated context
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19098310
ERK activation was induced by PKD2 overexpression via B-Raf signaling, providing a possible molecular mechanism of cystogenesis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19107232
BRAF pseudogene activation may play a role in thyroid tumor development.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19126563
Sessile serrated adenomas are encountered commonly in routine endoscopy practice and the histological diagnosis correlates strongly with the presence of BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19127559
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19133693
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19142971
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19147753
BRAF and RET/PTC dual mutations are associated with recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19147753
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19152441
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19159571
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19164452
MLH1-hypermethylated tumors harbor fewer APC and KRAS mutations and more BRAF mutations, suggesting that they develop distinctly from an MGMT methylator pathway.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19178815
Mutations are absent or rare in the kinase domain of B-RAF in Japanese head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19178815
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19190079
Mutation in BRAF is associated with adrenocortical carcinomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19190105
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19190129
Distinct BRAF (V600E) and KRAS mutations in high microsatellite instability sporadic colorectal cancer in African Americans.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19190129
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19194051
Expression levels of fibronectin, vimentin and CITED1 were positively correlated with those of BRAFV600E, suggesting pathophysiological links between activated BRAF and overexpression of these genes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19200582
(novel) mutation in the activation kinase domain of the BRAF (A598V), this mutation led to the up-regulation of the BRAF kinase activity and its downstream signaling factors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19206169
Findings provide evidence for a wide phenotypic diversity associated with mutations affecting BRAF, and occurrence of a clinical continuum associated with these molecular lesions.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19207009
the presence of the braf protein mutation increases prohibitin promoter activity and therefore potentially mediates effects of this mutation on the behavior of BRAF protein
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19208736
BRAFT1799A mutation or RET/PTC rearrangement, mainly corresponding to follicular variants, maintain a thyroid differentiation expression level close to that of normal tissue.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19226609
BRAF* melanomas appear to be associated with a specific profile of DNA copy number aberrations that is distinct from those found in NRAS* and BRAF/NRAS(wt/wt) tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19237633
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19240718
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19255327
Clinical trial of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19274086
oncogenic BRAF(V600E) induces the uncoupling of LKB1-AMPKalpha complexes providing at the same time a possible mechanism in cell proliferation that engages cell growth and cell division in response to mitogenic stimuli
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19276360
GDC-0879-mediated efficacy was associated strictly with BRAF(V600E) status, MEK inhibition also attenuated proliferation and tumor growth of cell lines expressing wild-type BRAF.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19282104
study of KRAS/BRAF mutation status in a large and well-documented cohort of primary and metastatic renal cell carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19289622
Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19289622
a correlation between a gene mutation--BRAF V600E--and cisplatin resistance in nonseminomatous germ cell tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19342899
Both BRAF and RKIP expression levels exhibit a decrease from normal skin tissue and actinic keratosis, going to squamous cell carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19344998
In BRAF mutated colorectal carcinoma cells quercetin, luteolin and ursolic acid decreased Akt phosphorylation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19351817
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19355825
BRAF(V600E) is associated some of the aggressive clinicopathological features of papillary thyroid carcinoma including younger age at diagnosis, larger tumor size, and classic histological type, as well as also extrathyroidal invasion.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19355825
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19358278
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19362540
Targets of phosphorylation by B-Raf signaling are investigated in melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19369630
K-ras, EGFR, and BRAF mutations are disproportionately seen in adenocarcinomas of lung with a dominant micropapillary growth pattern compared with conventional adenocarcinoma in our institutional experience.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19369630
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370505
BRAF V600E mutation was significantly found in papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370505
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19372556
Mutation in BRAF is associated with ERK1/2 activation and MEK1/2 inhibitor therapy in colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19378335
proliferation of cells harboring mutations in B-Raf, but not K-Ras, is exquisitely sensitive inhibition of the MAPK pathway
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19383313
REVIEW summarizes the literature on NRAS and BRAF activating mutations in melanoma tumors with respect to available data on histogenetic classification as well as body site and presumed UV-exposure.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19383316
The genes whose expression is associated with BRAF mutations are not simply restricted to the MAPK/ERK signaling but also converge to enhanced immune responsiveness, cell motility and melanosomes processing involved in the adaptative UV response
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19389934
a subpopulation of melanocytes possesses the ability to survive BRAF(V600E)-induced senescence
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19393416
B-RAF mutation was found to be significantly higher in papillary carcinomas when compared to follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas (55.6% vs 14.3%, P = 0.05).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19393416
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19398955
The murine model of mutant BRAF-induced melanoma formation provides an important tool for identifying further genetic alterations that cooperates with BRAF and that may be useful in enhancing susceptibility to BRAF-targeted therapeutics in melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19404844
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19404844
elevated pERK expression occurs in urothelial carcinoma in the absence of B-Raf mutations and is not correlated with FGFR3 over-expression
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19404918
Investigated BRAF mutations in 30 bladder tumors. Detected two tumor specimens bearing two different mutations, both of which were found in exon 15. One sample showed the T1799A (V600E) and the other the G1798T (V600L) mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19404918
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19414674
Observational study of gene-disease association and genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19415957
The T1799A BRAF mutation does not appear to play a role in the tumorigenesis of the cribriform-morular variant of papillary carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19416762
Novel BRAF mutation in a patient with LEOPARD syndrome and normal intelligence is reported.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19424571
BRAF V600E mutation is not the target gene for abnormal DNA mismatch repair in patients with sporadic endometrial cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19424639
Report efficient molecular screening of Lynch syndrome by specific 3' promoter methylation of the MLH1 or BRAF mutation in colorectal cancer with high-frequency microsatellite instability.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19430562
Mutations in BRAF were found 10% patients in the low-grade carcinoma group, however, they were not found in the high-grade carcinoma group. KRAS and BRAF mutations were mutually exclusive, and both mutations were observed in 40%.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19430562
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19440799
oncogenic properties of KRAS and BRAF but not NRAS, HRAS, and PIK3CA contribute to the tumorigenesis of periampullary and ampullary tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19461239
mismatch repair deficiency is not a crucial event for BRAF mutation in melanocytic tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19464601
The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway has emerged as a major player in the induction and maintenance of melanoma, particularly the protein kinase BRAF, mutated in approximately 44% of melanoma cases. Review.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19474002
data confirm that KRAS and BRAF mutations do occur in the same cell and that BRAF V600E mutation is associated with CIMP+ status.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19483722
B-Raf/MKK/ERK provides a permissive environment for melanoma genesis by modulating plexin B1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19487299
If BRAF is mutated in the primary thyroid neoplasm, it is likely that the metastases will harbor the defect.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19487299
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19492075
Targeting NRAS alone or both BRAF and CRAF in combination or both BRAF and PIK3CA together showed delay in tumor growth.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19498322
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19498322
Results show that activating BRAF somatic mutations may be occasionally found in advanced adrenocortical carcinomas, while CTNNB1 activating mutations are early and common events in adrenal tumorigenesis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19504446
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19534622
CTNNB1 and BRAF mutations may have roles in the cribriform-morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19534623
BRAF V600E may have a role in development of papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19543740
Pilocytic astrocytomas had BRAF fusions in 70% of cases but not IDH1 or IDH2 mutations. Diffuse astrocytomas had IDH1 mutations in 76% of cases but not IDH2 mutations or BRAF fusions. Analysis of BRAF and IDH1 separates pilocytic from diffuse astrocytoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19547661
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19551857
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19561230
BRAF mutations represent an alternative molecular pathway in the early tumorigenesis of a subset of KIT/PDGFRA wild-type GISTs and are per se not associated with a high risk of malignancy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19561230
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19571295
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19571295
study concludes that a BRAF mutation is a negative prognostic marker in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19571709
BRAF mutated tumors occurred with a much greater frequency in proximal colon tumors than in either distal colon or rectal tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19571821
We observed no association between germline MC1R status and somatic BRAF mutations in melanomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19574281
BRAF V600E mutation analysis can significantly improve FNAB diagnostic accuracy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19584155
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19584155
Results suggest that the mutations of EGFR, KRAS, BRAF between primary tumors and corresponding lymph node metastases should be considered whenever mutations are used for the selection of patients for EGFR-directed tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19603018
Assessing KRAS and BRAF mutations might help optimising the selection of the candidate metastatic colorectal cancer patients to receive anti-EGFR moAbs.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19603018
Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19603024
BRAF (P=0.01) mutations predicted reduced progress free survival in response to cetuximab salvage therapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer .
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19603024
Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19624312
Mutated BRAF is a target in metastatic melanomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19626635
In this study, 28 matched tumor and serum samples obtained from patients with both benign and malignant thyroid disorders were analyzed for BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19626635
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19628078
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19633643
Characterization of candidate gene copy number alterations in the 11q13 region along with BRAF and NRAS mutations in human melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19637313
strong inter-relation between DR4 AND DR5 overexpression and presence of oncogenic KRAS/ BRAF mutations in colon cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19638574
Sorafenib inhibits NSCLC cell growth by targeting B-RAF in cells with wild-type KRAS and C-RAF in those with mutant KRAS.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19644722
BRAFV600E mutation is associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19652585
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19659611
simultaneous depletion of both MITF and BRAF(V600E) significantly inhibited melanoma growth even for the melanoma cell lines resistant to MITF depletion
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19667985
Studies indicate that in pilocytic astrocytomas, the BRAF fusion gene has been identified as a specific and frequent event leading to potentially targetable mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19669908
Observational study of gene-disease association and DATA ERROR. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19679016
Studies indicate that drugs are effective in targeting essential molecular pathways of BRAF, PTEN, Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19679059
Mutations in BRAF protein is associated with Colorectal Carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19679059
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19681119
Investigated the prevalence of PTPN11, HRAS, KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, MEK1, and MEK2 mutations in a relatively large cohort of primary embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) tumors. No mutation was observed in BRAF and MEK genes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19682280
This study provides a basis for understanding the molecular processes that are regulated by (V600E)BRAF/MEK signalling in melanoma cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19686742
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19690147
a dual mechanism that affects the Sprouty2/B-Raf interaction: Sprouty phosphorylation and B-Raf conformation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19693938
Whenever necessary BRAF testing may be performed on the residual samples of thyroid nodules, without interfering with routine cytology.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19704056
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19710001
The BRAF(V600E) mutation can be used as a potential prognostic factor in PTMC patients in a BRAF(V600E)-prevalent area.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19710016
DGKeta acts as a novel critical regulatory component of the Ras/B-Raf/C-Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade via a previously unidentified mechanism.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19718661
analysis of the effect on the Ras/Raf signaling pathway of post-translational modifications of neurofibromin
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19724843
This article focuses on reviewing the impact of the BRAFV600E mutation in the tumorigenesis of Papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19725049
EPAC-mediated cellular effects require activation of the B-Raf/ERK and mTOR signaling cascades
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19735675
Insights into the molecular function of the inactivating mutations of B-Raf involving the DFG motif.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19738388
Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19738460
Papillary carcinomas of the thyroid with papillary growth and areas of follicular growth have a high frequency of BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19745699
Beta-catenin nuclear labeling is a common feature of sessile serrated adenomas and correlates with early neoplastic progression after BRAF activation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19752400
The polyclonality of BRAF mutations in acquired melanocytic nevi suggests that mutation of BRAF may not be an initial event in melanocyte transformation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19759551
analysis of coexisting NRAS and BRAF mutations in primary familial melanomas with specific CDKN2A germline alterations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19765726
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19794125
As predicted from the genomic organization at this locus, 22 of 36 patients with sporadic pilocytic astrocytomas and B-Raf gene rearrangement also exhibit corresponding homeodomain interacting protein kinase-2 (HIPK2) gene amplification.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19826477
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19829302
data argues against obligatory downregulation in IGFBP7 expression in BRAF mutated melanoma cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19850689
BRAF(T1799A) can be detected in the blood of papillary thyroid carcinoma patients with residual or metastatic disease and may provide diagnostic information
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19850689
Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19855373
BRAF V600E mutations were seen in 83% of proximal and 74% of distal hyperplastic colonic polyps
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19861538
BRAFV600E oncogene induces transforming growth factor beta secretion leading to sodium iodide symporter repression and increased malignancy in thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19861964
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19861964
These data demonstrate the feasibility of BRAF mutation detection in cfDNA of patients with advanced melanoma. Future studies should aim to incorporate BRAF mutation testing in cfDNA to further validate this biomarker for patient selection.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19878585
Suppression of BRAF gene expression inhibited cell proliferation in cells with BRAF(V600E) mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19880519
Hyperactivation of BRAF-MEK signaling activates MAP2 expression in melanoma cells by two independent mechanisms, promoter demethylation or down-regulation of neuronal transcription repressor HES1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19881948
BRAF and KRAS oncogenes have different transforming capability in colon cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19883729
The knowledge of BRAF mutation status can facilitate more accurate risk stratification and better decision making at various steps in the management of papillary thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19884549
Clinical trial of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19884549
KRAS and BRAF mutations in advanced colorectal cancer are associated with poor prognosis but do not preclude benefit from oxaliplatin or irinotecan.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19884556
BRAF status, EGFR amplification, and cytoplasmic expression of PTEN were associated with outcome measures in KRAS wild-type patients treated with a cetuximab-based regimen.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19884556
Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19893451
Study identified the previously reported pathogenic mutation of NTRK3 in a KRAS/BRAF wild-type tumor and 2 somatic mutations in the Src family of kinases (YES1 and LYN) that would be expected to cause structural changes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19903786
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19908233
BRAF gene mutation is associated with colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19908233
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19913317
BRAF mutations are not relevant for rectal carcinogenesis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19913317
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19917255
Data show that melanoma cells expressing B-Raf(V600E) display a reduced C-Raf:B-Raf ratio, and further suppression of C-Raf increases MAPK activation and proliferation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19919630
The BRAF V600E mutational status appears to be of limited diagnostic utility in distinguishing genital naevi that exhibit atypia from those that do not.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19919912
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19935791
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19955937
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19955937
v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene mutations are common in ovarian serous bordeline tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19956635
Uncategorized study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19958951
clinical, cytologic, and pathologic parameters of 106 consecutive surgically treated patients with BRAF-positive PTC were compared with a concurrent cohort of 100 patients with BRAF-negative PTC (papillary thyroid carcinoma)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19959686
2-fold increased risk of BRAF V600E colonic tumor mutation was observed in current and former cigarette smokers homozygous for the OGG1 polymorphism
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19960590
BRAF T1796A mutation was identified in 27% of papillary thyroid cancer samples and its identification may be used to determine this risk factor of the development of papillary thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19960590
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20008640
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20009493
BRAFV600E mutation is associated with high-risk clinicopathological characteristics of papillary thyroid carcinoma and worse prognosis of patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20009493
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20012784
Screening for BRAF, RET, KRAS, NRAS, and HRAS mutations, as well as RET-PTC1 and RET-PTC3 rearrangements, was performed on cases of Hashimoto thyroiditis with a dominant nodule
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20023270
BRAF V600E detection in the tumor does not induce a higher expression of the B-raf protein or the preferential activation of the p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway compared with GISTs without the BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20027224
CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)-specific inactivation of BRAF(V600E)-induced senescence and apoptosis pathways by IGFBP7 DNA hypermethylation might create a favorable context for the acquisition of BRAF(V600E) in CIMP+ colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20043015
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20043015
no support for MC1R variants with BRAF mutation for melanoma risk
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20044755
BRAF gene rearrangements were more common in cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma than non-cerebellar tumors; clinical outcome was independent of BRAF status
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20049644
BRAF mutations only in metastases is not associated with resistance to anti-EGFR treatment in primary colorectal tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20049644
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20051945
Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20068183
BRAF(V600E) mutation seems to define a subset of malignant astrocytomas in children, in which there is frequent concomitant homozygous deletion of CDKN2A (five of seven cases).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20098682
Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20118768
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20140953
Formalin-fixed primary melanomas from relapsed and nonrelapsed patients were sequenced for common BRAF and NRAS mutations. BRAF/NRAS mutations were detected in 77% of relapsers and 58% of nonrelapsers and did not predict ulceration or mitotic rate.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20146801
Data demonstrate a signaling loop between B-Raf activation and p73 function, and suggest that low expression of TAp73 in colorectal cancer cell lines with mutated B-Raf may lead to lack of response to oxaliplatin/cetuximab.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20156809
BRAF activating mutations are a major genetic alteration in this histologic group of pediatric low-grade brain tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20162668
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20162668
With MSI, specific KRAS and BRAF mutations, 3 distinct prognostic subgroups were observed: patients with (i) KRAS mutation G12D, G12V or BRAFmutation, (ii) KRAS/BRAFwild-type or KRAS G13D mutations in MSS/MSI-L and (iii) MSI-H and KRAS G13D mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20177422
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20182446
High oncogenic BRAF levels trigger autophagy, which may have a role in melanoma tumor progression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20186801
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20187782
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20200438
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20200438
we measured the prevalence and epidemiologic correlates of the BRAF V600E somatic mutation in cases collected as a part of a population-based case-control study of colorectal cancer in northern Israel.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20230995
pathogenesis of papillary thyroid cancer , and the clinical implications of BRAF(V600E) mutation in the diagnosis, prognosis and potential targeted therapeutic strategies for thyroid cancer [review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20233436
data support the model of BRAF and K-ras mutations arising in distinct colorectal cancer subsets associated with different clinicopathological and dietary factors, acting as mutually exclusive mechanisms of activation of the same signalling pathway
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20234366
Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20300843
BRAF mutation is not associated with interval cancers but is a marker of poor prognosis, particularly in microsatellite stable cancers.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20300843
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20302979
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20303012
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20303012
Our study suggests that mutations of KRAS, not BRAF, may play a role in the pathogenesis of prostate carcinoma in Chinese patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20305537
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20332228
Studies show FOXD3 is suppressed by B-RAF, uncover a novel role and mechanism for FOXD3 as a negative cell cycle regulator, and have implications for the repression of melanocytic lineage cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20351680
Mutated in melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20379614
Clinical trial of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20381121
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20406109
The miR-146b expression levels in papillary thyroid carcinoma with BRAF mutation were significantly higher than those without this mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20407018
Activated Raf-1 induces focal adhesion kinase expression and regulates neuroendocrine and metastatic phenotypes in gastrointestinal carcinoid cell line BON.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20410389
thyroid carcinoma with the BRAF(V600E) mutation tends to be taller than wide and is not associated with the presence of calcifications on ultrasound.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20413299
Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20444249
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20445557
B-RAF(V600E) can protect melanocytes from anoikis independently of cell cycle inhibition
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20453000
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20454969
This study identified an exceptionally high frequency of KIAA1549-BRAF fusions in pilocytic astrocytoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20460314
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20460314
These data demonstrate a high prevalence of B-RAF mutations in the present study population, underscoring the possibility of strong regional differences.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20473281
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha is expressed in papillary thyroid carcinomas and is regulated not only by hypoxia but also by BRAF(V600E)-mediated signaling pathway.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20473281
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20478260
Study concludes that the secreted protein IGFBP7 is dispensable for B-RAF(V600E)-induced senescence in human melanocytes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20485284
BRAF V600E mutations are associated with MSI-H status and cyclin D1 overexpression and characterize a subgroup of patients with poor prognosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20485284
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20489114
Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20495538
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20496269
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20498063
Knockdown of B-Raf(V600E) resulted in thrombospondin-1 down-regulation and a reduction of adhesion and migration/invasion of human thyroid cancer cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20501503
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20501503
The V600E BRAF mutation confers a worse prognosis to stage II and stage III colon cancer patients independently of disease stage and therapy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20501689
Observational study of gene-disease association and genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20514492
BRAF mutation may be used a biomarker for the selection of patients with colorectal cancer patients who might benefit from anti-egf receptor monoclonal antibodies.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20514492
Meta-analysis of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20519626
Studies identified the oncogenic BRAF V600E mutation in 35 of 61 archived specimens (57%).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20526288
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20526288
The BRAF 1799T>A mutation was found in 5 of 19 (26%) of infiltrative follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas and in none of the encapsulated carcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20543023
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20563851
HER2, but not EGFR gene amplification, is frequently observed in KRAS and BRAF wild type colorectal cancer patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20563851
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20569675
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20569675
reports the low frequency of PIK3CA and B-RAF mutations in astrocytomas, despite the presence of activated ERK and AKT proteins
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20570909
Incidence of cancer in FDRs of index CRC patients with the p.V600E BRAF mutation may be explained by a genetic predisposition to develop cancer through the serrated pathway of colorectal carcinogenesis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20570909
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20571907
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20571907
PIK3CA mutations may have a role in KRAS and BRAF wild type colorectal cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20573852
BRAF mutational status of metastases is not required when the primary tumour is BRAF wild type.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20576522
allele specific Taqman-based real-time PCR assay allows the sensitive, accurate and reliable measurement of BRAF(V600E) mutated DNA in plasma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20591910
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20605766
in melanomas activation of the MAPK pathway can occur through signaling pathways operating independently of BRAF T1799A
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20607849
V600E BRAF mutation is not associated with seminoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20616366
Using traditional PCR and direct sequencing, we found KRAS mutations in 47 (40%) patients and BRAF(V600E) in 10 (8.5%)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20619739
if KRAS is not mutated, assessing BRAF, NRAS, and PIK3CA exon 20 mutations (in that order) gives additional information about the efficacy of cetuximab plus chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20627194
PCR is practically applicable to KRAS/BRAF genotyping using small amounts of biopsied colorectal tumor cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20631031
No significant difference in BRAF alterations was found between pT1 tumors and thyroid capsule invasion and pT3 tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20631031
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20635392
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20640859
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20645028
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20645028
samples of metastatic colorectal cancer were tested for the presence of the seven most common mutations in the KRAS gene and the V600E mutation in the BRAF gene
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20647301
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20647317
Findings delineate how mutant B-RAF protects melanoma cells from apoptosis and provide insight into possible resistance mechanisms to B-RAF inhibitors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20652941
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20670148
Traditional DNA sequencing and the somewhat more-sensitive pyrosequencing method can detect multiple alternative BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20679909
Mutant Braf can be detected in RNA from mixed populations with as few as 0.1% Braf(V600E) mutant cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20689758
PLX4032 has robust activity in BRAF mutated melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20702649
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20703476
Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20720566
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20720566
association between MC1 receptor germline variation and BRAF/NRAS mutations in melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20736745
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20802181
BRAF mutation is rare in advanced-stage low-grade ovarian serous carcinomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20802181
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20807807
Mutant protein kinase elicits significant therapeutic responses in mutant BRAF-driven human melanoma xenografts.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20813562
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20813562
first report implicating BRAF mutation in OSCC. study supports that mutations in the BRAF gene makes at least a minor contribution to OSCC tumorigenesis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20837233
BRAF mutation detection in fine needle biopsy may be an adjunct tool for preoperative didagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20840674
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20840674
RET rearrangements and BRAF mutation in undifferentiated thyroid carcinomas having papillary carcinoma components
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20843808
A BRAF aberrant splice variant with an intact kinase domain and partial loss of the N-terminal autoinhibitory domain was identified in fibroblasts from an additional patient, and fibroblast proliferation was inhibited by BRAF-specific siRNA.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20853079
reduced RKIP mRNA levels and the elevated levels of B-RAF in pT1, grade III tumors vs. normal tissue, corroborate that these genes are involved in the pathogenesis of urinary bladder cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20857202
BRAF V600E mutation is associated with lack of response in wild-type KRAS metastatic colorectal cancer treated with anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20860430
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20881644
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20944096
Determination of the BRAF mutation and the growth fraction of melanomas may add a prognostic value.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20944096
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20945104
BRAF(V600E) mutation is associated with thyroid nodules.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20945104
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20947270
In the present series, no BRAF mutation was detected. The presence of KRAS mutations and loss of PTEN expression were not associated with impaired response to cetuximab-based chemoradiotherapy and 3-year disease free survival.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20947270
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20950194
BRAF is mutated in a low percentage of follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma, and most of these mutated cases are suspicious or positive on fine-needle aspiration.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20953721
BRAF mutation is associated with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20955560
Anti-BRAF autoantibodies from RA patients preferentially recognize one BRAF peptide: P2
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20959481
Braf mutation is associated with basal and treatment-induced regulation of the PI3K-AKT pathway as a critical regulator of AZD6244 sensitivity in cutaneous melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20962618
Describe benign serrated colorectal fibroblastic polyps/intramucosal perineuriomas are true mixed epithelial-stromal polyps (hybrid hyperplastic polyp/mucosal perineurioma) with frequent BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20975100
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20979647
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21048031
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21049459
Although many studies document BRAF mutation as a prognostic factor in PTC our results underline that it is too early to consider it as a routine clinical predictive factor.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21049459
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21051183
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21051183
findings indicate that somatic mutations in KRAS and PIK3CA but not BRAF oncogenes are closely associated with the development of cholangiocarcinoma in Chinese population
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21068756
The dermoscopical and histopathological patterns of nevi correlate with the frequency of BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21076620
Data show that BRAF knockdown led to suppression of the expression of the GABPbeta, which involved in regulating HPR1 promoter activity.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21098728
BRAF gene amplification can promote acquired resistance to MEK inhibitors in cancer cells harboring the BRAF V600E mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21102258
Mutations of EGFR, BRAF, and KRAS in adenocarcinoma were mutually exclusive and inversely correlated with RASSF1A methylation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21102416
We show a strong association between concordant methylation of >/= 3 of five 3p22 genes with the CpG island methylator phenotype and the BRAF V600E mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21103049
Data show that among 181 CRC patients, stratified by microsatellite instability status, DNA sequence changes were identified in KRAS (32%), BRAF (16%), PIK3CA (4%), PTEN (14%) and TP53 (51%).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21107320
identification of MAP3K8 (the gene encoding COT/Tpl2) as a MAPK pathway agonist that drives resistance to RAF inhibition in B-RAF(V600E) cell lines
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21107323
melanomas escape B-RAF(V600E) targeting not through secondary B-RAF(V600E) mutations but via receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-mediated activation of alternative survival pathway(s) or activated RAS-mediated reactivation of the MAPK pathway
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21129611
It therefore appears that BRAF mutations may play a strong negative prognostic role and only a slight role in resistance to anti-EGFR Abs.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21131919
Primary esophageal melanomas of Caucasian patients harbor mutations of c-Kit, KRAS and BRAF in varied frequencies.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21134544
BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma is associated with an increased risk of palpable nodal recurrence and the need for reoperative surgery.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21134562
BRAF mutations activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and confer an aggressive thyroid cancer phenotype.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21161938
KRAS mutations arise more frequently than BRAF mutations in Moroccan patients with colorectal carcinomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21166657
The BRAF mutation was frequently detected in patients with superficial spreading melanoma (OR=2.021; P<0.001) and in melanomas arising in nonchronic sun-damaged skin (OR=2.043; P=0.001).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21167555
concluded that follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma differs from conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma in the rate of BRAF mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21176117
These results show that melanoma cell phenotype is an important factor in MAPK pathway inhibition response, as invasive phenotype cell response is dependent on BRAF mutation status.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21185263
this study has confirmed that the BRAF(T1799A) mutation confers cancer cells sensitivity to PLX4032 and demonstrated its specific potential as an effective and BRAF(T1799A) mutation-selective therapeutic agent for thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21190184
B-Raf(insT) and B-Raf(V600E) , but not B-Raf(wt) , provoke drastic morphological alterations in human astrocytes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21203559
BRAF alternative splicing is differentially regulated in human and mouse. BRAF exon 9b is required for learning and memory associated with the hippocampus.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21215707
In melanoma cells, oncogenic (V600E) BRAF signaling downregulates PDE5A through the transcription factor BRN2, leading to increased cGMP and Ca2+ and the induction of invasion through increased cell contractility.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21223556
B-Raf signaling has a key function in the altered expression of contractile receptors in the cerebrovasculature.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21223812
The high expression of activated ERK is not caused by BRAF gene mutation in nasal mucosa malignant melanomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21224857
Acquisition of a BRAF mutation is not a founder event, but may be one of the multiple clonal events in melanoma development, which is selected for during the progression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21239517
We found that performing BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis on the fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens was of great help to make a therapeutic decision for thyroid nodules when the fine-needle aspiration biopsy results were equivocal
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21249150
the oncogenic effect of BRAF(V600E) is associated with the inhibition of MST1 tumor suppressor pathways, and the activity of RASSF1A-MST1-FoxO3 pathways determines the phenotypes of BRAF(V600E) tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21263251
These findings suggest that BRAF mutations may be associated with the pathogenesis of sessile serrated colorectal adenomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21270111
Findings suggest inhibition of autophagy in combination with ER stress-inducing agents may represent a means by which to harness autophagy for the therapeutic benefit of B-RAF wild-type melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21274671
B-Raf mutations, microsatellite instability and p53 protein expression is not associated with sporadic basal cell carcinomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21274720
The analysis of BRAF V600E mutation in 1,320 nervous system tumors reveals high mutation frequencies in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, ganglioglioma and extra-cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21285991
Presence of mutated BRAF is one of the most powerful prognostic factors for advanced and recurrent CRC
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21289333
803 metastatic colorectal cancer samples studied for KRAS exon 2 and BRAF exon 15 mutations; BRAF mutated samples were characterized for mismatch repair function; 344 tumours were mutated -34 involving BRAF mutations (8 of microsatellite instability type)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21303778
Ras/Raf/MAPK and RhoA/ROCKII signalling pathways are abnormally activated in eutopic endometrial stromal cells of patients with endometriosis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21305640
78 colorectal tumor samples were mutant for BRAF.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21307665
analysis of gallbladder carcinomas, gallbladder adenomas, and high-grade dysplastic lesions for the BRAF and the KRAS mutations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21317202
Findings suggest that inhibition of Raf-MEK-Erk pathway might offer a novel therapeutic strategy in neuroendocrine tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21317224
Studies showed that siRNA knockdown of BIM significantly blunted the apoptotic response in PTEN+ melanoma cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21317286
identified BAD serine 134 to be strongly involved in survival signaling of B-RAF-V600E-containing tumor cells and found that phosphorylation of BAD at this residue is critical for efficient proliferation in these cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21321384
identifying downstream events from the BRAFV600E/ERK1/2 pathway will eventually identify novel biomarkers that can be used to correlate with disease outcome and overall survival.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21324100
Data show that BRAF-mutated melanomas occur in a younger age group on skin without marked solar elastosis and less frequently affect the head and neck area, compared to melanomas without BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21326296
BRAF mutations have a smaller role in the carcinogenesis of malignant melanoma in Chinese Han than in Western patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21332555
BRAF mutations were rare in colorectal laterally-spreading tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21343559
The presence of mutant BRAF had no impact on the disease-free interval from diagnosis of first-ever melanoma to first distant metastasis; however, it may have impacted survival thereafter.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21345796
B-Raf associates with and stimulates NHE1 activity and that B-Raf(V600E) also increases NHE1 activity that raises intracellular pH.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21351275
BRAF mutation is associated with selective inhibition of thyroid cancer cells by the novel MEK inhibitor RDEA119 and genetic-potentiated synergism with the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21356389
IDH1 mutation works with other oncogenic mutations and could contribute to the metastasis in melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21362156
Regulation of NR4A nuclear receptor expression by oncogenic BRAF in melanoma cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21383284
BRAF mutational status yielded no useful prognostic information in predicting recurrence and benefits from adjuvant chemotherapy in colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21383288
Thus, MEK1(C121S) or functionally similar mutations are predicted to confer drug resistance of neoplasms to combined MEK/RAF inhibition.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21383698
tumor initiation by oncogenic BRAF renders thyroid cells susceptible to TGFbeta-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition, through a MAPK-dependent process
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21390154
K-ras gene mutation is a common event in Chinese colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, but may not be a prognostic factor in CRC , while BRAF is rarely mutated in Chinese CRC patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21408138
Allele-specific qPCR assays for the most frequent activating mutations in EGFR, KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA in tumor-positive fine needle cytological aspirates were compared against histological material of primary tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21412762
BRAF mutation is associated with papillary thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21424126
study suggested that both KRAS and BRAF mutations are exclusive, but KRAS and PIK3CA mutations are coexistent
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21424530
This study demonistrated that the role of RAF kinase fusions as a central oncogenic mechanism in the development of pilocytic astrocytoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21426297
Mutations at the position V600 of BRAF were described in approximately 8% of all solid tumors, including 50% of melanomas, 30 to 70% of papillary thyroid carcinomas and 5 to 8% of colorectal adenocarcinomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21427714
There were no significant differences in the frequency of BRAF mutations among lesions exhibiting the hyperplastic, adenomatous, or mixed patterns.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21430505
The presence of the BRAF(V600E) mutation may play different roles between medium and giant CMNs in melanocytic tumorigenesis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21431280
BRAF T1799A mutation may be an early and essential carcinogenic event in nearly all Korean papillary thyroid carcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21441079
In papilary thyroid carcinoma, the BRAFT1799A mutation is associated with age over 60 & a tumor size of 1cm or greater, but not with other clinicopathological characteristics, tumor recurrence or persistence.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21441910
KSR interacts with a regulatory Raf molecule in cis to induce a conformational switch of MEK, facilitating MEK's phosphorylation by a separate catalytic Raf molecule in trans
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21447798
Amplification of the driving oncogene, KRAS or BRAF, underpins acquired resistance to MEK1/2 inhibitors in colorectal cancer cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21451543
Activated BRAF promotes melanoma cell growth by matrix metalloproteinase-1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21455633
No V600E mutation was identified in the BRAF gene in any sample.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21456008
the impact of BRAF mutation and microsatellite instability on prognosis in metastatic colorectal cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21457162
BRAF mutations are specific for serrated adenocarcinoma and identify a subset of serrated adenocarcinomas with gene methylation and a tendency for MSI-H
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21479234
BRAF V600E mutations are common in the majority of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21483104
Heterogeneity of KRAS and BRAF mutation status intra-tumorally in colorectal cancer was assessed.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21498916
findings support the notion that BRAF(V600E), which can be detected preoperatively in papillary thyroid carcinoma fine-needle aspiration biopsy material, has a potential to contribute to patients stratification into high- and low-risk groups.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21512141
Mutated BRAF is detected in approximately 45% of papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21514245
Ablation of B-Raf had no significant effect on development of K-Ras oncogene-driven non-small cell lung carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21553007
BRAF mutations, but not KRAS mutations, were associated with a worse outcome in Chinese colorectal cancer patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21557216
MSS/BRAF mutant cancers were more commonly proximal (38/54, 70.3%).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21570823
Analysis showed that blood samples with PCR evidence for CMC were heterogeneous for BRAF status under limiting-dilution conditions, suggestive of heterogeneity of CMC
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21577205
Studies indicate that Raf kinases are excellent molecular targets for anticancer therapy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21587258
Wnt5a methylation was strongly associated with tumour microsatellite instability tumours after adjustment for age, sex, and tumour location and with BRAF V600E mutation, a marker of CpG island methylator phenotype
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21594703
BRAF V600E mutation is associated with recurrent papillary thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21636552
introduction of constitutively active BRAF V600E into human cortical stem and progenitor cells initially promotes clonogenic growth in soft agar but ultimately results in dramatically reduced proliferation and arrested growth of the culture.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21653734
Compared with BRAF-wt papillary thyroid cancer, those harboring BRAF(V600E) exhibit downregulated VEGFA, VEGFR, and PDGFRbeta expression, suggesting presence of BRAF mutation does not imply stronger response to drugs targeting VEGF and PDGFB signal pathways.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21663470
The BRAF V600E mutation was present in all patients with hairy-cell leukemia who were evaluated.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21681432
The BRAF V600E mutation did not show association with clinical or molecular characteristics of colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21693616
Eight of 16 primary tumor samples and 4 of 6 metastatic samples showed BRAF V600E gene mutations and no copy number changes were associated exclusively with metastatic cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21696415
The frequency of BRAF-KIAA1549 fusion transcripts is significantly lower in adult patients with pilocytic astrocytoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21705440
MEK1(F129L) mutation also strengthened binding to c-Raf, suggesting an underlying mechanism of higher intrinsic kinase activity
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21707687
The application of BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis in US-guided FNAB can improve the diagnostic accuracy of thyroid nodules.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21716161
We describe a new mutation of BRAF, T599dup, in a case of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma with tall cell papillary thyroid carcinomas component.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21725359
identified concurrent mutational inactivation of the PTEN and RB1 tumor suppressors as a mechanism for loss of BRAF/MEK dependence in melanomas harboring (V600E)BRAF mutations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21750338
BRAF mutation of papillary thyroid carcinoma may have differential predictive values for LN metastasis, according to tumor size.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21774961
BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis using residual liquid-based preparation cytologic samples is, therefore, a powerful additional diagnostic tool for diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21788131
Patients with mutations in BRAF or NRAS gene are frequently present with ulceration, and mutation in BRAF or NRAS gene is indicator for poor prognosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21796448
Importance of infiltrative growth pattern and invasiveness over presence of BRAF mutation in classic and follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma for development of nodal metastases.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21803329
BRAF mutation is not indicative for predicting papillary thyroid cancer prognosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21825258
study reports that V600E and non-V600E BRAF mutations affect different patients with non-small-cell lung cancer; V600E mutations are significantly associated with female sex and represent a negative prognostic factor
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21826673
BRAF mutations and llelic loss of susceptibility loci are associated with familial non-medullary thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21835307
The BRAF/MEK/ERK pathway is upregulated in progressive retinal arterial macroaneurysm patients, caused by mutation in IGFBP7.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21863388
Braf mutation in metastatic melanoma treated with BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21871821
Genetic analysis revealed individual heterozygous mutations in the KRAS (phenotype of CFC/Noonan syndrome) and BRAF genes (phenotype of CFC syndrome)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21875464
BRAF V600E mutation has a significant correlation with papillary thyroid carcinomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21882184
the BRAF(V600E) mutation should be considered as a poor prognostic marker in papillary thyroid cancer (Meta-Analysis)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21900390
Studies indicate that BRAF V600E mutation initiates follicular cell transformation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21901162
In sporadic colorectal tumourspatients, the most frequently mutated gene was APC (68.9% of tumours), followed by KRAS (31.1%), TP53 (27.2%), BRAF (8.7%) and CTNNB1 (1.9%).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21903858
BRAF(V600E) causes upregulation of TIMP-1 via NF-kappaB. TIMP-1 binds then its surface receptor CD63, leading eventually to Akt activation, which in turn confers antiapoptotic behavior and promotion of cell invasion.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21906875
BRAF mutations are of pathogenetic significance in wild type gastrointestinal stromal tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21909080
CXCR4 expression and BRAF mutation status could cooperatively induce and promote a more aggressive phenotype in papillary thyroid carcinoma through several pathways and specifically increase the tumors' spread outside of the thyroid gland.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21915661
Aberrant CIMP was detected in 16% of chromosomal instable tumors and in 44% of both microsatellite instable and microsatellite and chromosomally stable carcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21936566
this novel B-Raf fusion protein (SND-1 was identified as the B-Raf fusion partner) presents a novel target with potential clinical implications in the treatment of patients resistant to c-Met inhibitors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21937738
A prominent epigenetic mechanism through which BRAF V600E can promote papillary thyroid cancer tumorigenesis by altering the methylation and hence the expression of numerous important genes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21943101
BRAF mutation V600E significantly induces cell migration and invasion properties in vitro in colon cancer cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21948220
In malignant FNABs in papillary thyroid carcinoma, BRAF(V600E) mutation was significantly associated with presence of extra-thyroidal extension and metastases after surgery.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22006538
DNA methylation of each marker was quantified using combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA) and analyzed along with various genetic factors associated with CRC [the BRAF and KRAS mutations, MLH1 methylation and microsatellite instability
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22012135
An integrated approach combining both VE1 mutant protein immunohistochemistry and genetic analysis may increase the diagnostic accuracy of BRAF mutation analysis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22027477
Postmenopausal hormone therapy was associated with borderline statistically significant risk reductions for BRAF-wildtype tumours among women with prolonged exposure to Postmenopausal hormone therapy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22028477
BRAF V600E mutation is associated with hairy cell leukemia and B-cell neoplasms
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22033631
high prevalence of BRAF (V600E) mutation is associated with synchronous bilateral papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22038996
Results support evaluation of BRAF(V600E)-specific inhibitors for treating BRAF(V600E) malignant astrocytomas (MA) patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22039425
study examined the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with mutant BRAF advanced cancer; conclude that BRAF appears to be a druggable mutation that also defines subgroups of patients with phenotypic overlap, albeit with differences that correlate with histology or site of mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22043994
This article reviewes the spectrum of KRAS/BRAF genotype and the impact of KRAS/BRAF mutations on the clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer. [review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22065586
Ras induces DR5 expression through co-activation of ERK/RSK and JNK signaling pathways
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22072557
BRAF V600E mutation is associated with hairy cell leukemia and other mature B-cell neoplasms
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22072743
BAG3 protein sustains anaplastic thyroid tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. The underlying molecular mechanism appears to rely on BAG3 binding to BRAF, thus protecting it from proteasome-dependent degradation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22105174
Murine thyroid tumors carrying the human BRAF(V600E) mutations are exquisitely dependent on the oncoprotein for viability.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22105775
BRAF (V600E) is a prevalent genetic alteration in adult sporadic papillary thyroid carcinoma in Indian cohort and it may be responsible for the progression of its classic variant.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22114137
Overall, no difference existed in microsatellite instability or BRAF mutation frequencies between African Americans and Caucasians with colorectal neoplasms.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22133769
BRAF mutations are associated with hairy cell leukemia and related lymphoproliferative disorders.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22136270
Case Report: describe case of follicular thyroid carcinoma with BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22137342
thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines are B-Raf inhibitors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22145942
Pyrosequencing of BRAF V600E in routine samples of hairy cell leukaemia identifies CD5+ variant hairy cell leukaemia that lacks V600E.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22147429
V600E mutation of the BRAF gene reported to be associated with poor prognosis of germ cell tumors in adults prognostic biomarkers cannot necessarily be transferred from one age group to the other.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22147942
BRAF mutation is associated with inferior survival in stage III colon cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22150560
papillary thyroid cancers in young patients display a low prevalence of the already identified oncogenic alterations; the increasing prevalence with age is mainly due to V600E BRAF mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22156467
The BRAF V600E mutation is associated with a higher pathological stage at surgery and a higher rate of recurrence.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22156468
BRAF mutations enhance the predictability of malignancy in thyroid follicular lesions of undetermined significance.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22157687
BRAF and KRAS mutations were observed in six (46.2%) and four (30.3%) filiform serrated adenomaS, respectively.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22170714
BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma is a later subclonal event, its intratumoral heterogeneity may hamper the efficacy of targeted pharmacotherapy, and its association with a more aggressive disease should be reevaluated.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22174938
The antibody response against the catalytic domain of BRAF is not specific for rheumatoid arthritis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22178589
Report mutations in KRAS, EGFR, and BRAF in cholangiocarcinoma and identify therapeutic targets for tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22180495
Findings suggest that the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib in combination with standard-of-care or novel targeted therapies may lead to enhanced and sustained clinical antitumor efficacy in CRCs harboring the BRAF(V600E) mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22189819
Aberrant gene methylation driven by BRAF(V600E) altered expression of the DNA methyltransferase 1 and histone methyltransferase EZH2 profoundly.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22190222
The BRAF(V600E) mutation was associated with high-risk clinicopathologic characteristics in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). The BRAF(V600E) mutation may be a potential prognostic factor in PTC patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22190283
B-Raf gene mutation primarily occurs at two loci--the exon 11 glycine loop and the activation area of exon 15--in surgically resected specimens of hepatocellular carcinoma patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22194995
These data support a model where the continuous regenerative process initiated by oncogenic B-RAF-driven alveolar disruption provides a tumor-promoting environment associated with chronic inflammation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22199277
RET mutations may have a role in medullary thyroid carcinoma, while BRAF, AKT1, and CTNNB1 do not; the role of HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS mutations are not determined
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22199339
analysis of BRAF gene mutations in non-small cell lung cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22203991
These results provide a functional link between oncogenic BRAF and angiogenesis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22210186
Patients with microsatellite instability tumor phenotype had favorable prognosis, but in those with the V600E BRAF mutation higher recurrence rate was observed.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22210875
Our results suggest that HCLv and IGHV4-34(+) HCLs have a different pathogenesis than HCLc and that a significant minority of other HCLc are also wild-type for BRAF V600.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22214007
Although it constitutes a poor prognostic factor in colorectal cancer, it is not conclusive if it interferes with a poor therapeutic effect when cetuximab is used.[review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22227015
The findings show mutant BRAF-induced oncogenic stress manifests itself by DNA damage and growth arrest by activating the pCHK2-p53-p21 pathway.It also confers tumor-promoting phenotypes such as the up-regulation of GLUT1 and enhances glucose metabolism.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22228154
In patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma, there were significant differences between BRAF wild-type and mutant tumors in age, female sex, proximal tumor location, frequency of microsatellite instability, and survival.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22230299
One chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patient and one patient with B-prolymphocytic leukaemia were found to harbour the BRAF V600E mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22233696
Sessile serrated adenomas are precursors of sporadic colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability.Identified a novel surface microstructure, the Type II open-shape pit pattern (Type II-O), which was specific to SSAs with BRAF mutation and CIMP.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22235286
evidence for heterogeneity of the BRAF(V600E) mutation within individual melanoma tumor specimens
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22245873
No BRAF mutations were found in colon adenocarcinomas from renal transplant recipients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22246856
BRAF V600E mutation in low and intermediate grade lymphomas is associated with frequent occurrence in hairy cell leukaemia.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22249628
None of the molecular marker mutations that were analyzed in this study, including the BRAF mutation, predicted lymph node metastasis in classic papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22250191
During therapy with selective BRAF inhibitors, panniculitis with arthralgia represents a new adverse effect that can require dose reduction.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22258409
Mutational activation of both BRAF and PIK3CA genes does contribute to hepatocellular tumorigenesis at somatic level in Southern Italian population.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22282465
In naive GISTs carrying activating mutations in KIT or PDGFRA a concomitant activating mutation was detected in KRAS (5%) or BRAF (about 2%) genes. I
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22287190
BRAF mutation is associated with colorectal serrated adenocarcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22294102
No hotspot mutations in Braf were found in oral squamous cell carcinoma in a Greek population.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22314188
Colon adenocarcinomas with BRAF mutations have morphologic characteristics distinct from those with KRAS mutations and BRAF-mutated proximal colonic adenocarcinomas with proficient DNA mismatch repair have an aggressive clinical course.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22317764
Data indicate that 266 (76.2%) tumors harbored EGFR mutations, 16 (4.6%) HER2 mutations, 15 (4.3%) EML4-ALK fusions, 7 (2.0%) KRAS mutations, and 2 (0.6%) BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22317887
Report of oncogenic BRAF/KRAS mutations in sporadic glomus tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22331186
BRAFmut as a useful marker in hairy cell leukemia.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22331825
BRAF mutation is an independent prognostic biomarker for colorectal liver metastasectomy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22335197
BRAF V600E mutation-positive papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) displayed infiltrative growth, stromal fibrosis, psammoma bodies, plump eosinophilic tumour cells, and classic fully developed nuclear features of PTC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22339435
Data suggest that the BRAF V600E mutation does not seem to play a role in myeloid malignant transformation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22358007
(BRAF(V600E))detected in 141/170 malignant thyroid nodules (82.9%) (140 PTCs and one follicular variant of PTC). BRAF status not associated with US features with the exception of a negative relation between BRAF(V600E) and an irregular shape (p = 0.004).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22361037
This is the first reported study of the relationship between CK20/CK7 immunophenotype, BRAF mutations and microsatellite status in colorectal carcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22367297
A distinct subset of atypical Spitz tumors is characterized by BRAF mutation and loss of BAP1 expression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22368298
review demonstrates that tumour BRAF V600E mutation, and MLH1 promoter 'C region' methylation specifically, are strong predictors of negative MMR mutation status[review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22374786
The presence of activating GNAS mutations, in association with KRAS or BRAF mutations, is a characteristic genetic feature of colorectal villous adenoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22376079
evidence presented that ERK activation occurs in a K-ras or B-raf -independent manner in the majority of primary colon cancer cases; B-raf mutations are not associated with mismatch-repair deficiency through loss of hMLH1 or hMSH2 expression
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22376167
The V600E BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid carcinomas may contribute to the initiation of the glycolytic phenotype and confers growth advantages in cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22382362
Eleven patients displayed Durable Disease Control (DDC) of which 55% had BRAF-V600E mutation positive tumors and 45% did not.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22393095
Patient diagnosed with colon cancer shows poor prognosis with BRAF genetic mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22395615
findings show (V600E)B-RAF copy-number gain as a mechanism of acquired B-RAF inhibitor resistance in 4 out of 20 patients treated with B-RAF inhibitor
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22398042
In a cohort of Indian patients with ulcerative colitis, with or without neoplasia, none showed the BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22417847
we have analyzed the prevalence of somatic mutations in the FGFR3, PIK3CA, AKT1, KRAS, HRAS, and BRAF genes in bladder cancers
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22426079
Data indicate that TaqMan(R) Mutation Detection assay is an important technology to consider in the field of mutation detection for KRAS, BRAF and EGFR point mutation screening.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22426956
genetic association studies in population in Turkey: Data suggest that a mutation in BRAF (V600E; found in 39.45% of patients) is associated with aggressiveness of papillary thyroid neoplasms; lymph node metastasis increases when mutation is present.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22427190
Investigation the prevalence of mutations in the BRAF gene and its correlation with demographic characteristics, tumor location and stage in 100 colorectal carcinoma patients from India.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22429583
Article reviews the current understanding of BRAF gene, its structure, expression, and signal pathway in non-small cell lung cancer. [Review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22430133
The prevalence of EGFR, KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA somatic mutations in 861 randomly selected Chinese patients with non-small cell lung cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22430208
We propose that , and that persistent phosphorylation of Mps1 through BRAF(V600E) signaling is a key event in disrupting the control of centrosome duplication and chromosome stability that may contribute to tumorigenesis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22430215
expression of these oncogenes markedly stimulated ERK1/2 activities and morphologically transformed IECs. Importantly however
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22431777
Effective use of PDT in the treatment of BRAF inhibitor-associated KAs and SCCs.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22431868
EFVPTC 1 patient BRAFV600E mutation, NVPTC 2 patients, FVPTC 2 patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22435913
analysis of a patient with pancreatic metastasis arising from a BRAF(V600E)-positive papillary thyroid cancer [case report]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22451557
The BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis from FNA specimens for calcified thyroid nodules may be performed for a greater negative predictive value and unveil the malignancy in 25% of indeterminate or nondiagnostic cytology.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22456166
Report marked differences in the genetic pattern of the BRAF or NRAS mutated and wild-type melanoma subgroups.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22459936
BRAF mutations play a limited role in the development of sinonasal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22471241
Out of 1041 Korean patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma, 0.4% had rare types of BRAF mutation and three new somatic mutations were identified
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22471666
An update on malignancies displaying high frequencies of BRAF mutations and the mechanisms underlying the side effects and drug resistance phenomena associated with Raf inhibitors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22488961
prevalence of the BRAF(V600E) mutation increased with increased tumor size
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22492957
BRAF V600E is associated with gliomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22498935
No BRAF V600E mutations were indentified in this study of patients with endometrial cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22500044
Highly sensitive and specific molecular assays such as MEMO sequencing are optimal for detecting the BRAF mutations in thyroid FNAC because these techniques can detect PTC that might be missed by cytology or less sensitive molecular assays.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22506009
The (600DLAT)B-RAF and (V600E)B-RAF mutations were found enriched in DNA and mRNA from the CD1a+ fraction of granuloma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22508706
The analysis of BRAF mutations by pyrosequencing is useful to refine the risk stratification of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22510757
Patients with serrated polyposis syndrome referred to genetics clinics had a pan-colonic disease with a high polyp burden and a high rate of BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22510884
It was shown that the dimer interface within the kinase domain plays a pivotal role for the activity of B-Raf and several of its gain-of-function mutants.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22514085
The tumor with T1799A BRAF mutation and tumor sizes of 2 cm or more were clinicopathologic parameters associated with lower STAT1 activity.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22515292
BRAF V600E is common in patients with low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma but does not predict recurrence.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22515520
Mutation BRAF transforms cells through cross talk with developmental pathways Hedgehog and Wnt, as well as by deregulation of colorectal cancer related kinase pathways.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22516966
Report upregulation of Bim and the splicing factor SRp55 in melanoma cells from patients treated with selective BRAF inhibitors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22522845
In signet ring cell carcinoma, BRAF V600E mutation adversely affects survival in microsatellite-stable tumors, but not in high-level microsatellite-unstable tumor
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22531127
study concludes that generally, overweight increases the risk of colorectal cancer; taller individuals have an increased risk of developing a tumour with a BRAF mutation or microsatellite instability
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22531170
Demonstrate that BRAF V600E mutation-specific antibody can be used in immunohistochemical diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22534474
BRAF and KIT mutations have been found in Japanese melanoma patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22535154
study shows there are clinically and biologically distinct subtypes of BRAF-mutant metastatic melanoma, defined by genotype, with distinct etiology and behavior; cumulative sun-induced damage in primary cutaneous melanoma and older age are associated with V600K BRAF mutations;it establishes prevalence of the BRAF mutation by age-decade
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22535974
The diagnostic sensitivity for thyroid cancer is significantly increased by BRAF V600E mutation analysis, indicating that the screening for BRAF mutation in FNAB samples has a relevant diagnostic potential.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22549559
Recurrent/persistent PTC in the central compartment typically harbors the BRAF mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22549727
abrogation of BRAFV600E-induced senescence contributes to melanomagenesis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22549934
The mTOR pathway could be a good target to enhance therapy effects in certain types of thyroid carcinoma, namely in those harboring the BRAF(V600E) mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22568401
These results suggest that low-grade diffuse gliomas with 1p/19q loss have frequent BRAF gains
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22579930
KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations in colorectal cancer have sustained prevalence rate in the Taiwanese population.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22581800
BRAF regulates expression of long noncoding RNAs in melanocytes and melanoma cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22586484
In the present study, we did not find any significant correlations between KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA mutations and the loss of PTEN expression and various clinicopathological features in Chinese patients with colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22591444
Our results suggest that in a small fraction of diffuse gliomas, KIAA1549-BRAF fusion gene and BRAF(v600E) mutation may be responsible for deregulation of the Ras-RAF-ERK signaling pathway
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22592144
Immunohistochemical detection of the mutated V600E BRAF protein in papillary thyroid carcinoma may facilitate mutational analysis in the clinical setting.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22614711
BRAF p.Val600Lys mutations were present at a relatively high frequency in the cohort of metastatic melanoma patients (27/183, 15%)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22614978
BRAF/NRAS mutations were identified in 58% of primary melanomas (43% BRAF; 15% NRAS)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22628551
Data show that RNF149 (RING finger protein 149) interacts with wild-type BRAF.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22639828
Data suggest that BRAF V600E mutation may not be widespread in hematologic malignancies, excluding hairy-cell leukemia (HCL).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22649091
Patient's BRAF mutation was likely responsible for his tumor's marked response to dasatinib, suggesting that tumors bearing kinase-impaired BRAF mutations may be exquisitely sensitive to dasatinib.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22681706
BRAFV600E mutation is associated with lymph node metastasis in multiple papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22684223
The presence of BRAF mutations in these adenomatous precursors to colon cancer suggests that they represent sessile serrated adenomas with complete cytologic dysplasia.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22694820
In papillary thyroid cancer, significant correlations between the methylation status of four genes (TIMP3, RASSF1A, RARbeta2 and DCC) and the V600E BRAF mutation were found.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22699145
Data indicate that 14% with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) and 7% ampullary adenocarcinomas (A-ACs) had mutations in both KRAS and BRAF.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22702340
In papillary thyroid carcinoma BRAFV600E is associated with increased expression of the urokinase plasminogen activator and its cognate receptor, but not with disease-free interval.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22705994
Hairy cell leukemia cell lines expressing annexin A1 and displaying B-cell receptor signals characteristic of primary tumor cells lack the signature BRAF mutation to reveal unrepresentative origins.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22706026
The combined effects of EGFR downregulation, ligand competition, and immune effector function conspire to inhibit tumor growth in xenograft models of cetuximab-resistant BRAF and KRAS mutant cancers.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22727996
BRAF V600E mutations are present in approximately 90% of all kidney metanephric adenoma cases, serving as a potential valuable diagnostic tool in the differential diagnosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22730329
Reactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway by FGF receptor 3 (FGFR3)/Ras mediates resistance to vemurafenib in human B-RAF V600E mutant melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22732794
BRAF V600E mutation revealed a strong association with specific histological variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22740704
These results clearly prove that the BRAFV600E mutation is not associated with the development of distant metastases or fatal outcome in papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22742884
Vemurafenib is effective for advanced melanomas expressing the BRAF V600E mutations [review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22743296
BRAF V600E mutation is associated with response to vemurafenib in lung adenocarcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22751131
B-Raf/MKK/ERK controls key aspects of cancer cell behavior and gene expression by modulating a network of miRNAs with cross-regulatory functions.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22752848
study reports a novel complex BRAF mutation identified in 4/492 Japanese papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC) cases; findings suggest the BRAF(V600delinsYM)mutation, is a gain-of-function mutation and plays an important role in PTC development
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22767446
study found a relatively higher B-Raf serine/threonine-protein kinase (BRAF)(V600E) mutation rate in classical type papillary thyroid carcinomas than in other similar studies
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22770943
BRAF mRNA expression may help to identify PTC among thyroid nodules independently of the presence of BRAFV600E mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22772867
BRAF (V600) mutations are are associated with melanomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22773810
Lung cancers with acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors occasionally harbor BRAF gene mutations but lack mutations in KRAS, NRAS, or MEK1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22797077
RSK regulates activated BRAF signalling to mTORC1 and promotes melanoma growth
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22798288
Data show clinical significance to BRAF(L597) mutations in melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22798500
In CRC patients treated with cetuximab, activating mutation signatures for BRAF (58 genes) were developed.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22799316
Preoperative BRAF mutation was a predictive factor for occult contralateral papillary thyroid microcarcinoma presence.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22809251
As has been reported in other common types of melanoma, V600 BRAF mutation is the most common mutation of those tested in spindle cell melanoma. NRAS or KIT mutation appears to be rare, if not completely absent.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22814862
we found no cases of Rosette-forming glioneuronal tumors of the fourth ventricle showing KIAA1549-BRAF gene fusion or BRAF (V600E) mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22820187
these results link epigenetic genes to methylation and suppression of tumor suppressor genes as a mechanism involved in BRAFV600E-promoted melanoma tumorigenesis and uncover a novel molecular signature that predicts a poor prognosis of melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22820660
No BRAF V600E mutations were detected in nonserous epithelial ovarian tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22824468
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in BRAF gene is associated with diseases.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22826122
It was concluded that extracellular kinase-mediated up-regulation of c-myc by K-Ras or B-Raf oncogenes disrupts the establishment of apical/basolateral polarity in colon epithelial cells independently of its effect on proliferation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22826437
RAF1(D486N), as well as other kinase-impaired RAF1 mutants, showed increased heterodimerization with BRAF, which was necessary and sufficient to promote increased MEK/ERK activation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22833462
Investigated BRAF and RAF1 alterations in Chinese prostate cancer.Found BRAF truncated in five of 200 informative Chinese cases & RAF1 was truncated in three of 204 informative cases and genomic rearrangements were correlated w/high Gleason scores.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22850568
This study reveals a novel mechanism of immune suppression sensitive to BRAF(V600E) inhibition, and indicates that clinical blockade of IL-1 may benefit patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22858857
A review summarizes the role of the BRAF V600E mutation in the development and progression of thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22859608
BRAFV600E mutation is associated with Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22863493
The BRAFV600E occurs exclusively in papillary thyroid carcinoma and papillary carcinoma-derived anaplastic cancer, rising as a specific diagnostic marker for this tumor when identified in cytological / histological exams
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22870241
High-throughput genotyping in metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma identifies phosphoinositide-3-kinase and BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22876591
Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome is caused by heterogeneous mutations in BRAF gene.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22879539
High prevalence of BRAF V600E mutations is associated with Erdheim-Chester disease but not in other non-Langerhans cell histiocytoses.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22880048
This study reveals a novel molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of feedback loops between the MAPK and AKT pathways.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22887810
A K601E BRAF mutation is associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22892521
The results of this study supported an important role for BRAF duplication and MAPK pathway activation in gliomas of the optic nerve proper.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22898351
MSI status, KRAS and BRAF mutation rates varied remarkably among the colonic carcinoma subsites irrespective of right- and left-sided origin.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22899730
The presence of a BRAF c.1799T>A (p.V600E) mutation is associated with significantly poorer prognosis after colorectal cancer diagnosis among subgroups of patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22912864
Data indicate that mutation frequency in malanoma patients was found witih BRAF(V600) in 51%, NRAS in 19%, PI3K pathway in 41% and PTEN in 22%.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22918165
BRAF(V600E) mutation is an early event in thyroid carcinogenesis, and is associated with distinctive morphology and aggressive features even in papillary thyroid microcarcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22926515
ARAF seems to stabilize BRAF:CRAF complexes in cells treated with RAF inhibitors and thereby regulate cell signaling in a subtle manner to ensure signaling efficiency
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22930283
BRAF mutation is associated with early stage disease and improved outcome in patients with low-grade serous ovarian cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22931913
We conclude that the presence of BRAF mutation, NRAS mutation, and the absence of an immune-related expressed gene profile predict poor outcome in melanoma patients with macroscopic stage III disease.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22932786
Thus, in this meta-analysis, the BRAF mutation in PTC was significantly associated with PTC recurrence, lymph node metastasis, extrathyroidal extension, and advanced stage AJCC III/IV.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22938585
Data indicate that KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, and AKT1 mutations can be rapidly and accurately detected for cancer diagnosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22941165
The BRAF V600E mutation is the only independent predictor of compartment lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22946697
Data indicate that of the 32 cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (CFC) patients, 28 (88%) had a known mutation in a gene that is causative for CFC, including BRAF (n = 21), MEK1 (n = 2), MEK2 (n = 4), and KRAS (n = 1).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972589
Higher response rates and longer time to progression were observed with selumetinib-containing regimens in patients who had melanoma that harbored a BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22973979
found a significantly increased risk of papillary thyroid carcinoma attributed to the SNP variants rs17161747, rs1042179, and rs3748093 for those with a family history of cancer, for smokers, and for both those of age <45 years and nondrinkers
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22996177
This report is the first to identify the rare, variant BRAF V600D mutation in LCH, and provides support for constitutively activated BRAF oncogene-induced cell senescence as a mechanism of regression in congenital, benign LCH.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23009221
consistent with previous studies, it was concluded that the incidence of BRAF V600E mutation in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia, if any, is extremely infrequent
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23010278
B-RAF upregulates SGLT1 activity, an effect requiring vesicle insertion into the cell membrane.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23010994
BRAF mutation is suggested to be poor prognostic factors in CRLM.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23014346
Braf mutation status is not significantly associated with poor survival for melanoma in Koreans.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23021375
EGFR and downstream genetic alterations in KRAS/BRAF and PI3K/AKT pathways have roles in colorectal cancer and treatment [review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23026937
Immunohistochemistry is highly sensitive and specific for the detection of V600E BRAF mutation in melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23033302
the spectrum and frequency distribution of the identified KRAS and BRAF mutations in Serbian patient with colorectal cancer are in good accordance with literature data.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23036672
We describe 3 patients with BRAF V600E mutation metastatic melanoma in whom treatment with vemurafenib resulted in prompt extracranial disease response but progression of metastatic disease in the brain.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23039341
Studied the cytotoxicity and anti-tumour activity of novel MEK inhibitor, E6201, in a panel of melanoma cell lines. Most melanoma cell lines were sensitive or hypersensitive to E6201; the sensitivity correlated with wildtype PTEN and mutant BRAF status.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23041829
Findings support the potential use of immunohistochemistry as an ancillary screening tool to assess the BRAFV600E mutation status in primary cutaneous melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23051629
Increased BRAF mutation with age along with the lack of a UVR magnitude-BRAF mutation association suggests that duration of exposure rather than UVR exposure dose is the more likely link to acquiring mutations in melanocytic nevi.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23055340
KRAS and BRAF mutations are infrequent or absent, respectively in Intestinal-type sinonasal adenocarcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23055546
BRAF mutation was associated with lymph node metastases (LNM), advanced stage, extrathyroidal extension, tumor size, male gender, multifocality, absence of capsule, classic PTC, and tall-cell variant papillary thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23056577
A systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that BRAF mutation is an absolute risk factor for patient survival in colorectal cancer and melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23062653
BRAF mutation was not found to be significantly associated with lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23066120
The BRAF(V600E) mutation was demonstrated to be a poor prognostic factor for the persistence of the disease independent from other clinical-pathological features in low-risk intrathyroid papillary thyroid carcinoma patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23069257
Histopathologic changes suggesting prolapsed rectal mucosa should take precedence over BRAF results in diagnosing sessile serrated adenomas in the rectum.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23088640
analysis suggests that BRAF mutations occur at a low frequency in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23095503
Desmoplastic malignant melanoma: a study of ten cases and status of BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23096133
BRAF mutation is associated with pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas with anaplastic features.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23096702
We found that NRAS-mutant melanomas were significantly more likely from older patients and BRAF-mutant melanomas were more frequent in melanomas from the trunk.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23098991
Studied differential miRNA expression in metastatic colorectal cancer by microarrays from primary tumors of 33 patients who had wild-type KRAS/BRAF and third- to sixth-line anti-EGFRmAb treatment, with/without irinotecan.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23110075
Study demonstrates that chromosomal instability commonly occurs in advanced BRAF mutant/MSS colorectal cancers where it may contribute to poorer survival, and further highlights molecular similarities occurring between these and BRAF wild type cancers.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23125007
One hundred and ten patients (51%) were identified who were potentially nonresponders to anti-EGFR therapy:  13/117 (11.1%) had the V600E BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23132792
BRAFV600E mutation is associated with cervical lymph node metastasis and recurrence in papillary thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23138171
Clinical characteristics of colorectal cancer with the V600E BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23153455
These findings indicate that ABCG2 confers resistance to vemurafenib in A375 cells, suggesting involvement of this transporter in acquired resistance to vemurafenib.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23157614
Data indicate that the presence of the BRAF V600E mutation was more frequent in women, but this gender difference was not statistically significant.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23157823
In Chinese colorectal carcinoma patients, BRAF mutation is associated with tumor differentiation and primary tumor sites.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23157824
Codon 12, 13 in KRAS gene and codon 600 in BRAF gene are the most common mutation points in Chinese colorectal cancer. KRAS and BRAF mutations are mutually exclusive. KRAS and BRAF gene mutation is higher in females than that in males.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23158172
BRAF mutational status is predictive of papillary thyroid carcinoma recurrence
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23159116
V600E point mutation was identified in the BRAF gene in 3 intramucosal nevi and in 2 melanomas. Only 1 blue nevus harbored the GNAQ209 mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23161556
BRAF mutation as a new serum marker for papillary thyroid carcinomas were not detectable in patientts diagnosed with thyroid neoplasms.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23161722
data confirm that among lymphoproliferative disorders, BRAF V600E mutation is restricted to hairy cell leukemia (HCL); no mutations were identified in variant HCL, NMZL, ENMZL, PTLD, PTCL, ALCL, or LGL proliferations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23163107
The BRAF(V600E) mutation might be associated with a more aggressive phenotype and a poor prognosis in classic variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23179992
BRAF (V600E) mutation is associated with papillary thyroid carcinomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23188063
BRAF mutations were correlated with poor overall survival in the full patient cohort
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23190154
Our findings suggest that RAS pathway activation due to BRAF V600E and KRAS mutations is an important event in a subset of peripheral nerve sheath tumours not related to neurofibromatosis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23190890
Oncogenic B-RAF(V600E) signaling induces the T-Box3 transcriptional repressor to repress E-cadherin and enhance melanoma cell invasion.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23192464
Aim of this work is to provide a detailed comparison of clinical-pathologic features between well-differentiated and poorly differentiated tumors according to their BRAF and RASSF1A status.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23192956
BRAF (V600E) mutation is associated with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23203004
BRAF (V600E) is non-associated with Gal-3 expression, whereas it is associated with cytoplasmatic localization of p27kip1 and higher CK19 expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23207070
The present study revealed that ESCC of Brazilian patients do not present mutations in hot spots of EGFR, K-RAS and BRAF and only a minor proportion present overexpression of EGFR or HER2.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23208503
results suggest that mutant B-RAF signaling downregulates Tiam1/Rac activity resulting in an increase in N-cadherin levels and a decrease in E-cadherin levels and ultimately enhanced invasion
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23224067
Mutations affecting BRAF, EGFR, PIK3CA, and KRAS are not associated with sporadic vestibular schwannomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23235345
the BRAF V600E mutation is not pathobiologically relevant in primary central nervous system lymphoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23237741
Patients with V600R BRAF mutations can be treated successfully with oral BRAF inhibitors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23242808
Data indicate that BRAF and EGF receptor or SRC family kinase inhibition blocked proliferation and invasion of the resistant tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23246082
the role of BRAF mutations in melanoma and colorectal cancer, focusing on similarities and differences of BRAF mutations (Review)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23253715
The status of BRAF(V600E) mutation was more frequent in multifocal PTC patients with lymph node metastasis and diagnosis at later age.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23263826
we deduce that in the absence of mutation activation, B-Raf overexpression or downregulation is a protective event, since it delays the development of both malignant and benign thyroid tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23274581
BRAF mutation is associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23280049
Preoperative mutation screening for BRAF(V600E) does not meaningfully improve risk stratification and is unlikely to alter the initial management of patients with indeterminate nodules.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23287985
Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis appears to be a clonal proliferation that may or may not have BRAF V600E mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23290787
Studies indicate that BRAF mutations are identified in 40-50% of patients with melanoma, and treatment with either of two BRAF inhibitors (vemurafenib, dabrafenib) or the MEK inhibitor trametinib is associated with improved clinical benefit.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23297805
No point mutations were identified in BRAF codon Val600Glu in the studied colorectal adenocarcinomas in the Turkish population.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23307859
High BRAF is associated with metastatic melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23310942
This study shows that BRAF mutation occurs in Nigerian colorectal cancers.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23317446
Results demonstrated the action of Dabrafenib and the inhibition of MAPK pathway in melanoma cell lines carrying BRAFV600D/R mutations; these results could be helpful to enlarge the number of patients who may benefit of a more effective targeted treatment
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23324583
BRAF mutations is associated with colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23334329
Human neural crest progenitor cells are susceptible to BRAF(V600E)-induced transformation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23343956
no association with BRAF-V600E mutation in gastroeosophageal tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23349307
Data indicate that besides confirming the constant presence of BRAF-V600E in all patients with hairy cell leukemia, phospho-ERK1/ERK2 expression was observed.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23352452
Ras pathway activation via EGF treatment induced strong binding between B-Raf and C-Raf and a low level of binding between B-Raf and A-Raf.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23354951
Alternative splicing of exons 14, 15, 15b, 16b and 16c occurs in a considerable fraction of BRAF mRNA in normal colon and colorectal cancer cells and is independent of the V600E mutational status of the parental allele.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23355004
The detected Merkel cell polyomavirus prevalence in non-small cell lung cancer in combination with the deregulated expression of BRAF and Bcl-2 genes suggests that these events are likely to contribute to the pathogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23359496
Kidins220 is a novel T-cell receptor (TCR)-interacting protein that couples B-Raf to the TCR. Kidins220 is mandatory for sustained Erk signaling and is crucial for TCR-mediated T cell activation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23370429
This is the first report of BRAF V600E mutation in endometrial cancer, indicating that it may contribute to tumorigenesis of endometrial cancer, although at a low frequency compared with KRAS mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23370668
study suggests that highly aggressive papillary thyroid microcarcinoma may arise in a subset of patients with BRAF(V600E) mutation and tumors greater than 5 mm; multivariate analysis showed that tumor recurrence was not associated with BRAF(V600E)mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23374602
BRAF and codon 12 KRAS mutations predict for adverse outcome of colorectal cancer patients receiving cetuximab.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23388101
Report BRAF mutations in ovarian serous carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23401445
The role of BRAF V600E as targetable driver mutation in lung adenocarcinoma is strengthened by finding that in vivo expression of V600E in mice leads to development of invasive adenocarcinoma, a phenotype that is reversed when V600E expression is stopped.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23401454
Studies identified 21 deleterious mutations MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and BRAF.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23412871
The BRAF gene polymorphism (rs10487888) may not be a genetic determinant for increasing the risk of chronic periodontitis among the Iranian population
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23416158
AURKB and WEE1 are targets and biomarkers of therapeutic efficacy, lying downstream of (V600E)B-RAF in melanomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23416953
study identified two miRNAs (miR-21* and miR-203 that are differentially expressed in papillary thyroid carcinoma tissues with BRAF(V600E) and revealed their associations with clinicopathological features
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23435375
BRAF(V600E) increases migration and invasion of thyroid cancer cells via upregulation of Snail with a concomitant decrease of its target E-cadherin.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23435618
BRAF V600E mutation was detected in 41/71 (58 %) gangliogliomas by immunohistochemistry, DNA sequencing was concordant in 60 of 62 analyzed cases, and BRAF V600E-mutated protein was localized predominantly to the neuronal compartment.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23442159
This study demonistrated that Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors share with pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas and gangliogliomas BRAF(V600E) mutation and expression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23444215
Data indicate that tumor regression was seen in three of five patients with BRAF-mutated, low pAKT melanomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23447565
MITF-BCL2A1 as a lineage-specific oncogenic pathway in melanoma and underscore its role for improved response to BRAF-directed therapy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23448684
An analysis of BRAF mutations in fast-growing melanomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23455323
The Mcl-1 promoter is dependent on a STAT consensus-site for B-RAF-mediated activation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23463215
In this manuscript, we provide an overview of the emerging scientific literature on dermatological adverse events arising out of BRAF inhibition.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23463675
V600R mutation and double (V600E -V600M) mutation were identified in two melanomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23476074
BRAF V600E mutation testing modifies sensitivity or specificity of the Afirma Gene Expression Classifier in cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23477830
melanomas with activation of the BRAF/MAPK pathway have suppressed levels of MITF and PGC1alpha and decreased oxidative metabolism
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23482475
BRAF mutation shows clinical significance in the prognosis of thyroid papillary cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23482591
Results document the expression of RAC1b in normal thyroid cells as well as overexpression in a subset of PTCs. They suggest a possible interplay between BRAF V600E and RAC1b contributing to poor clinical outcome.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23489693
The novel melanoma cell lines were compared to metastatic cell lines (HBL, LND1), wild type (wt) for MC1R and BRAF genes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23496275
This study confirms that the BRAF mutation is differentially detected in each variant of papillary thyroid cancer and is strongly correlated with unfavorable clinicopathologic factors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23505540
follow-up BRAFV600E mutation analysis may be helpful in the diagnosis of selected thyroid nodules negative for BRAFV600E mutation on initial analysis, which are assessed as suspicious malignant on ultrasonography.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23511561
A BRAF mutation was only detected in a single Japanese gastric cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23517740
Aberrant BRAF splice variants with deletions in both kinase and RAS-binding domains in rheumatoid arthritis patients demonstrate that these BRAF splice variants constitutively activate MAPK through CRAF
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23533235
genetic association studies in population in Italy: Data suggest that V600E mutation in BRAF in subjects with papillary thyroid carcinomas with/without lymph node metastases is not associated with disease progression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23533272
in cells expressing KIAA1549-BRAF, the fusion kinase functions as a homodimer that is resistant to PLX4720 and accordingly is associated with CRAF-independent paradoxical activation of MAPK signaling
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23534744
Molecular analysis of the BRAF T1799A mutation in fine needle aspiration biopsy specimens has high specificity and positive predictive value for papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23544999
In human BRAF papillary thyroid carcinomas, ERK kinase phosphorylation is decreased compared to normal thyroid glands.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23547069
BRAF V600E mutation may identify a subset of grade 2 diffuse gliomas that have a distinct phenotype, incl. supratentorial location, chronic seizure disorder, and atypical radiographic and histologic features.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23548132
About one fourth of mCRC cases wild-type for KRAS codons 12 and 13 present other mutations either in KRAS, BRAF, or PIK3CA, many of which may explain the lack of response to anti-EGFR therapy observed in a significant proportion of these patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23549875
Data indicate that concurrent BRAF and PI3K/mTOR blockade results in induction of apoptosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23552385
A high percentage of epithelioid giant cell glioblastoma multiformemanifest BRAF V600E mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23569304
Antitumor effects of vemurafenib are mediated by inhibiting oncogenic MAPK signaling in BRAF(V600)-mutant metastatic melanoma. Data suggest that inhibition downstream of BRAF should help to overcome acquired resistance.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23571588
In this retrospective multicenter study, the presence of the BRAF V600E mutation was significantly associated with increased cancer-related mortality among patients with papillary thyroid carcinom
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23579220
Accurate diagnosis of rare BRAF mutations is crucial. Pyrosequencing is accurate, highly sensitive, reliable, and time saving to detect rare BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23580256
The overall BRAF V600E mutation rate was 70.4% and 100% in tall cell variant.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23584600
and SSCA followed by Sanger sequencing are effective two-step strategies for the detection of BRAF mutations in the clinical setting.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23588369
Our findings confirm that BRAF mutations originate in the serrated epithelium of colonic perineuriomas with crypt serration
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23594689
the clinical pathological relevance of BRAF mutation in cancer (Review)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23595630
A combination of solid nodules, nodules with irregular contours, symptomatic nodules, and positive BRAF mutation has high predictive value for malignancy in patients with thyroid follicular lesion of undetermined signifi-cance.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23603840
We show that (V600E)BRAF upholds the activity of glycolysis and therefore the addiction to glycolysis de facto becomes an addiction to (V600E)BRAF.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23612919
BRAF alterations are associated with pediatric low grade gliomas and mixed neuronal-glial tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23613396
K-RAS and B-RAF mutations do not seem to be predictive of treatment outcome as potential biomarkers for bevacizumab therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23615046
BRAF mutation is associated with poor response to anti-EGFR MoAbs and it is an adverse prognostic biomarker of the survival of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23625203
This study demonstrated that either BRAF or RAS mutations were present in two thirds of follicular variants of papillary thyroid carcinomas and these mutations were mutually exclusive.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23633454
The presence of NRAS or BRAF mutations in a mutually exclusive pattern in roughly half (47%) of conjunctival melanomas and the pattern of CNAs argue for conjunctival melanoma being closely related to cutaneous and mucosal melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23636013
Braf mutations were not associated with the risk of lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23650027
Detection of the BRAF V600E mutation in colorectal cancer by immunohistochemistry is a viable alternative to molecular methods
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23657789
A BRAF mutation-specific (V600E) antibody detected tumors with BRAFV600E mutations and exhibited complete concordance with a DNA-based method.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23660947
Establishment of molecular subgroups based on KRAS and BRAF mutation status is important and should be considered in future prognostic studies in colorectal carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23673558
low BRAF as well as NRAS expression levels were associated with a longer progression-free survival in the total population
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23687957
BRAFV600E mutation is not associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23690527
We found BRAF(V600E) mutations in the melanocytic nevi to be fully clonal, strongly suggesting that BRAF-activating mutations typically are early initiating events in melanocytic neoplasia.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23715079
Case Report: BRAF mutation documented in folliculotropic metastatic melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23725167
BRAF mutations are associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23726842
report that Mps1/AKT and B-Raf(WT)/ERK signaling form an auto-regulatory negative feedback loop in melanoma cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23735514
Selumetinib plus dacarbazine showed clinical activity in patients with BRAF-mutant cutaneous or unknown primary melanoma, reflected by a significant benefit in progression-free survival.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23744164
The mutations of EGFR and BRAF genes were not found in HER2-mutated patients with brain metastasis from non-small cell lung cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23752636
BRAF mutation in the elderly is also exclusive of papillary carcinoma and is often significant. Furthermore, it is related to the classic variant and possibly to thyroid extravasation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23755178
Both the CRP single nucleotide polymorphism rs7553007 and KRAS/BRAF mutations were independent prognostic factors for colorectal cancer patients with synchronous liver metastasis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23763264
Although moderate or strong cytoplasmic staining is specific for BRAF V600E mutations in colorectal adenocarcinoma, the VE1 monoclonal antibody is insufficiently sensitive to serve as an effective screening tool.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23771122
We found that inherited variants of CDKN2A have no effect on the prevalence of BRAF/NRAS mutations in melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23773459
BRAF mutations are associated with colorectal neoplasms.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23775351
demonstrating that the BRAF(T1799A) mutation is a clonal event in thyroid cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23776587
The results indicate that BRAF mutant is a predictive biomarker for poor prognosis in mCRC patients undergoing anti-EGFR MoAbs therapy, especially in KRAS WT patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23782496
BRAF, NRAS, and c-Kit molecular analyses among patients affected by nail apparatus melanoma were investigated.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23782679
BRAF mutation rates varied by geographic location but not based on UV radiation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23791006
Sinonasal intestinal-type adenocarcinomas share common alterations of the EGFR pathway with colorectal adenocarcinomas, except for a lower frequency of KRAS and BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23795354
Co-amplification of these candidate genes or the CCND1 amplification along with either BRAF or NRAS mutations might be more important for prognosis than the presence of these alterations alone.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23800934
The findings support the hypothesis that BRAF-mutated cells may show resistance to the anticancer effects of aspirin in patients with colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23802768
evaluated the survival impact of MET expression in patients with BRAF(V600E/K) advanced melanoma treated with vemurafenib
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23806056
The present study demonstrates that concomitant BRAF mutation and RET/PTC rearrangement is a frequent event in papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23817129
an unexpectedly higher frequency of BRAF mutations was observed in mucosal melanomas in Southern Italy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23817662
BRAF mutations are associated with lung cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23821376
This study investigated the impact of KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, PI3KCA and TP53 status on outcome of elderly metastatic colorectal cancer patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23822828
BRAF V600E mutated tumour cells was detected in the cortical tumour component, pronounced leptomeningeal tumoural stroma was predominantly negative for VE1 binding. BRAF V600E mutation affects a subset of desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma/ganglioglioma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23833299
Although no melanomas had high-level amplification of BRAF, the two patients with progressive disease as their best response had BRAF copy gain in their tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23833303
Melanomas arising in SSD skin have higher mutation loads and contain a spectrum of molecular subtypes compared with BRAF- and NRAS-mutant tumors indicating multigene screening approaches
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23841470
BRAF mutations are found in 2 to 4% of non-small cell lung cancers. The mutations harbor non-V600E mutations in 40 to 50% of cases. A phase 2 trial of dabrafenib described 8 responses of 20 patients with BRAF V600E mutant NSCLC
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23845288
Although BRAF mutation appears to play a role in local tumour progression, it is not a risk factor for poor prognosis or tumour recurrence in papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23845441
demonstrate dose-dependent effects of oncogenic signaling, with physiologic Braf(V600E) expression being sufficient for hyperplasia induction
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23849768
Summing up the results about the KRAS and the BRAF mutation carriers from our study, the portion of potentially non responsive colorectal cancer patients for the anti-EGFR treatment is 28.26%.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23852164
Patient-derived tumor xenografts provides 'real-time' results in an animal that phenocopies the biology and expected vemurafenib responses of the tumor in a patient with BRAF V600E melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23855428
The study found a high concordance of BRAF mutation status between paired metastases diagnosed at different time points.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23860532
Findings show that KIT and BRAF mutations are only rarely present in SNMMs, whereas NRAS mutations seem to be relatively more frequent.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23861977
the presence of a BRAF- or NRAS mutation in a nevus was not associated with the risk of malignant transformation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23878352
No evidence existed for a differential prognostic role of BRAF mutation by MSI status (P(interaction) > .50). Combined BRAF/MSI status in colorectal cancer is a tumor molecular biomarker for prognosic risk stratification.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23880961
BRAF V600E mutations occurs infrequently in endometrial cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23883275
Shifted termination assay fragment analysis can detect BRAF V600 mutations in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded papillary thyroid carcinoma samples.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23887306
Classification of serrated lesions using immunohistochemical evaluation of BRAF V600E mutation may identify lesions with higher potential to progression into sessile serrated adenoma/polyp, and further to BRAF V600E-mutated colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23893334
TIMP-1 protein expression is a reliable surrogate marker for BRAF(V600E)-mutated status in papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23893412
Ras-mutant cancer cells display B-Raf binding to Ras that activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase and is inhibited by protein kinase A phosphorylation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23903755
Suppression of TORC1 activity in response to RAF or MEK inhibitors, as measured by decreased phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 (P-S6), effectively predicted induction of cell death by the inhibitor in BRAF-mutant melanoma cell lines.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23906414
In our Near Eastern cohort, the BRAF mutation rate varied significantly by geographic location. In patients with multiple dysplastic nevi examined, discordant BRAF mutation status potentially negates an underlying constitutional predilection
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23907581
Our studies have identified a previously unrecognized regulatory role of Lys63-linked polyubiquitination in BRAF-mediated normal and oncogenic signalings.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23908594
Findings support the development of CDK and Raf co-targeting strategies in EGFR/HER-2-overexpressing or RAS/RAF mutant breast cancer (BC).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23922205
These findings demonstrate the presence of mutation-specific clinical differences between different BRAF genotypes in patients with melanoma, and support the incorporation of this information in patient evaluation and clinical trial design.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23930206
The frequencies of EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, and HER-2 mutations in BM-NSCLC were 2.6, 38.5, 0, and 0% respectively.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23931769
used a mutation-specific antibody for immunohistochemical detection of the BRAF V600E mutation and correlated expression with clinicopathologic features in papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23938765
Report relatively high frequency of BRAF(V600E) and KIT mutations in amelanotic melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23941441
BRAF V600E-mutated protein may be valuable in the diagnostic evaluation of these glioneuronal lesions and the observed association with mTOR activation may aid in the development of targeted treatment involving specific pathogenic pathways
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23959801
Mortalin mediates a switch in tumor-suppressive signaling of Raf/MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23960272
BRAF mutation is associated with the serrated morphology of traditional serrated adenoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23963522
detection of BRAF V600E in colorectal cancer specimens by immunohistochemistry is sensitive and specific and may help to identify Lynch syndrome patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23965740
This study demonstrated the absence of consistent recurrent chromosomal alterations in desmoplastic infantile astrocytomas and desmoplastic infantile gangliogliomas and overall rarity of the BRAF mutation in these tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23969188
the association between BRAF V600E mutation and aggressive features of papillary thyroid cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23972510
BRAF mutations were detected in 2 amelanotic acral melanoma cases
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23981603
BRAF(V600E) mutation is predictive for distant metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma but not positively.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23987572
Prevalence and distribution of pathogenetic mutations in BRAF and NRAS genes were evaluated in multiple melanoma lesions from patients with different geographical origin within the same Italian population.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23993026
Mutation occurs at similar frequencies as NRAS in acral lentiginous melanoma of Swedish patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23996432
Significant difference in Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS)between patients with BRAF mutated and BRAF wild-type tumours was not detected
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24006859
mutations in KRAS codon 61, KRAS codon 146, BRAF, NRAS, or PIK3CA detected in Asian patients were not predictive of clinical benefits from cetuximab treatment.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24024839
BRAF mutations were associated with reduced overall survival among patients with cololectal cancer without KRAS mutations in exon 2 and among those with NRAS mutations in exon 3.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24026210
We found BRAF mutations in 13/61 of the melanoma lesions and V600K predominated over V600E.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24030686
There was no significant association between BRAF positivity and tumor multicentricity, lymphovascular invasion, extranodal extension, central neck involvement, advanced stage (stage III or IV), and distant metastasis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24039206
BRAF protein mutation can be reliably detected in patients diagnosed with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24052184
The BRAF mutation was positive in 37 % of papillary thyroid carcinoma patients. It had no prognostic impact. Cause-specific survival of mutation-positive high-risk patients was poorer than CSS of mutation-negative high-risk patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24057326
High rate of BRAF-KIAA1549 fusion is associated with pilocytic astrocytoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24073892
The BRAF mutation represents an additional risk factor only in some subpopulations of colorectal cancers, in others having limited prognostic value.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24094449
hypothesize that the level of SPRY2 expression contributes to MAPK/ERK pathway output and accounts for BRAF V600E+ and clinical heterogeneity in papillary thyroid cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24095280
Data indicate that phosphorylation of BRAF by AMPK disrupts its association with KSR1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24104864
The low incidence of BRAF mutation limited assessment of its prognostic impact.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24112392
BRAF mutation appears to be associated with distinct, unfavourable clinicopathological characteristics in colorectal cancer - systematic review and meta-analysis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24112705
The kinase activity of BRAFV600E/L505H was higher than that of BRAFV600E, resulting in cross-resistance to a MEK inhibitor
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24114843
EGF, which signals through CRAF, and an activated BRAF mutant also activate PKC and stimulate cell migration through up-regulating RFFL expression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24117833
BRAF mutational analysis was performed on tissue from 104 patients: 90 with sarcoma only and 14 with sarcoma and melanoma. In the sarcoma-melanoma group, three sarcomas showed BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24118207
BRAF signalling increases Mcl-1 expression in cutaneous metastatic melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24122611
No mutations were found in the BRAF gene in a cohort of 84 patients affected by squamous cell anal cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24123003
HSP60 protein expression may inhibit lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinomas harboring the BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24124924
evaluated the potential role of XIAP expression as a novel prognostic marker to predict recurrence, in combination with the BRAF(V600E) mutational status in papillary thyroid cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24139215
Of 54 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cases, 7.4% were mutant for KRAS, 7.4% were mutant for BRAF, and these were mutually exclusive. These cases were associated with a higher tumor stage and a greater likelihood of lymph node involvement.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24139521
When genotypes of BRAF/KRAS mutated s-BOTs and corresponding implants were compared, no patient presented with a fully matching mutation profile of s-BOT and all corresponding implants.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24152792
results provide evidence that constitutively activated BRAF(V600E) drives aberrant proliferation of monocyte-lineage cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24161954
B-Raf mutations are associated with cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24164374
Based on this methodology and other published results for the BRAF mutation, we believe that it is now feasible and cost effective for the UK NHS to BRAF co-test all Thy4/Bethesda Class V thyroid FNAs.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24166180
Results sugggest that Cdx2 may play a role in the serrated pathway to colorectal cancer with BRAF(V600E), CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (CIMP)-high and mismatch repair (MMR)-deficiency.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24167125
When supplemented with other noninvasive test methods, the B-RAF(V600E) test could be a powerful adjunct with extensive clinical applications for diagnosis of thyroid nodules. (review)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24178368
study characterized the multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of vemurafenib 240-960 mg twice daily (bid) in BRAF(V600E) mutation-positive metastatic melanoma patients, using the commercial formulation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24183461
Data indicate that the median time to progression (TTP) 8.9 months is close to the promising BRAF- and MEKi combination therapy with median progression-free survival (PFS) 9.4 months.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24196789
As heterogeneity with respect to BRAF mutation status is detected in melanoma patients, subsequent testing of initially wild-type patients can yield different results and thus make BRAF inhibitor therapy accessible.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24228637
BRAF(V600E) mutation is not associated with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24238153
The study found a BRAF(V600E) mutation frequency of 54% (seven of 13) in brainstem gangliogliomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24238398
Rapidly metastasizing malignant melanoma characterized by a rare BRAF mutation not responding to vemurafenib
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24242331
associations were identified between miR-31, BRAF and prognosis in CRC
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24244575
BRAF p.V600E colon tumors showed significant MEIS1 promoter methylation, which was associated with decreased MEIS1 gene expression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24247620
BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma determined by IHC is associated with significantly increased risk of lymph node recurrence.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24256466
Frequency of somatic BRAF mutations in melanocytic lesions from patients in a CDK4 melanoma family.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24258620
B-RAF increases the cell surface protein abundance and activity of the type II Na+-coupled phosphate transporters NaPi-IIa and NaPi-IIb.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24265152
A novel AKT1 mutant amplifies an adaptive melanoma response to BRAF inhibition.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24267957
Detection of BRAF(V600E) in cytology specimens by pyrosequencing is a useful diagnostic adjunctive tool in the evaluation of thyroid nodules also in elderly subjects
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24295088
genetic association study in population in Italy: Data suggest rare BRAF variants (found in 1.6% of all thyroid malignancies) cluster around codon V600 in binding pocket named A-loop of kinase domain leading to greater stability of BRAF conformation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24297085
The overall survival rate was not significantly different between patients with wild-type BRAF and those with V600E or non-V600E BRAF mutations in an Asian cohort.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24301760
We conclude that a high proportion of PTC cases likely harbors the BRAF V600E mutation. This mutation can be used as an independent factor for predicting the recurrence and distal metastasis of PTC tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24309328
BRAF V600E mutation is a rare event in biliary tract cancer, accounting for only 1% of all subtypes, and is restricted to intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24311634
BRAF-V600E mutation is associated with younger glioblastoma patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24321241
These cases further expand the range of glial neoplasia in which epithelioid morphology is encountered, and add to the growing list of biphasic tumors harboring the BRAF V600E mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24335665
Provided there is adequate quantity of viable tumor cells, immunohistochemical testing any melanoma sample from a patient with metastatic disease will accurately determine BRAF status.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24345274
This study demonstrated that temporal location, reticulin deposition and CD34 expression are associated with BRAF mutation in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24345920
BRAF fusions define a new molecular subset of melanoma, potentially comprising 4% to 8% of "pan-negative" cases.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24353007
Molecular genetic tests revealed BRAF V600E mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24354346
there was no correlation between BRAF-positive primary focus of papillary microcarcinoma and more aggressive or recurrent disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24356563
The KRAS mutation is not present in about one-third of CRC patients, and therefore other gene mutations need to be investigated to better understand the molecular mechanisms of CRC and its treatment.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24362353
Braf(V600E)-driven tumors become addicted to autophagy as a means to preserve mitochondrial function and glutamine metabolism
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24366910
The study identifies the BRAFV600E mutation as a significant molecular alteration in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24367680
BRAF V600E-mutation in metastatic colorectal cancer characterizes a subgroup of patients with distinct biologic, clinical and pathological features and is associated with very poor patients' prognosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24372748
correlation between KRAS or BRAF mutations and prognosis was not observed
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24374844
Report clinical consequences of high frequency of BRAF mutations in ameloblastoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24375920
Response to vemurafenib suggests that BRAFV600 is an oncogenic driver in pediatric gliomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24382015
study found CYP24A1 expression was increased in papillary thyroid carcinoma compared to benign multinodular goitre; expression was further increased in stage III and IV tumours; a strong correlation found between CYP24A1 overexpression and BRAF(V600E) mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24389984
meta-analysis suggested that extrathyroidal extension, lymph node metastasis, disease recurrence, and advanced TNM stage were associated with BRAF(V600E) mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24390240
BRAF mutation decreases tumor response in first-line treatment whether cetuximab was given or not in patients with KRAS wild-type, and anti-EGFR MoAb produces a clear benefit in response rate in patients with BRAF and KRAS wild-type.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24397598
the first BRAF V600/601 and KRAS G12-K16 screening study in primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma that failed to identify hotspot mutations in this specific subtype
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24398428
Data indicate that dual targeting of heat-shock proteins 90 (Hsp90) and BRAF(V600E) kinase provided combinatorial benefit in vemurafenib-sensitive melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24402044
Despite being an independent predictor of central node metastasis in small papillary thyroid carcinoma, BRAF did not add substantially to the overall prediction of occult central node metastasis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24410877
Report detection of BRAF mutations eligible for therapy with vemurafenib in melanoma patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24413733
Targeted genotyping revealed BRAF p.Val600Glu in 95% of papillary craniopharyngiomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24417615
BRAF mutational analysis by melt curve analysis is feasible in routine thyroid cytology, and in our series had a 100% specificity for PTC in subsequent histology. The application of BRAF analysis could be useful for indeterminate cytology
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24424406
The B-RafV600E mutation detected in melanoma is not associated with a chronic exposure to the sun.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24425783
Data reveal a mechanism by which BRAF(V600E) and PI3K signaling cooperate to regulate melanoma proliferation through AKT-independent effects on protein translation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24433452
Two V600E-negative hairy-cell leukemias had new pote mutations in exon 11 (F468C and D449E). Another HCL was BRAF wild-type in exons 2-17. All non-HCL lymphomas lacked BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24440976
The presence of BRAF mutations is positively associated with advanced tumor stage in African American colorectal cancer patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24442520
Mutational events as well as over-expression of BRAF gene are highly implicated, independently, in the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24446311
A subset of patients with RAS(wt) CMML harbors BRAF kinase domain mutations that are potentially capable of activating the MAPK signaling pathway.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24463458
Resistance mechanisms were identified in 58% progressing tumors and BRAF alterations were common. Gene expression analysis revealed that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity remained inhibited in 21% of resistant tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24471189
results probably indicate that BRAF mutation may not be the only key factor in melanoma tumorigenesis, and that there should be multiple alternative genetic pathways related to melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24471909
Data show that a high proportion of cases of non-pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) and pulmonary LCH (PLCH) expressed the proto-oncogene protein B-raf (BRAF) V600E mutant protein.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24475086
no significant survival differences were found according to BRAF-V600 tumor mutations in patients with primary melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24475291
B-RAF is a powerful regulator of hERG channel activity and cell surface hERG protein abundance.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24484235
Suggest that some patients with advanced melanoma who are BRAF-mutation positive may benefit from ipilimumab as the first part of their sequential treatment schedule.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24486585
A novel mechanism for response was discovered whereby high expression level of CAV-1 at the plasma membrane disrupts the BRaf/CRaf heterodimer and thus inhibits the activation of MAPK pathway during dasatinib treatment.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24489105
BRAF inhibition causes decreased CXCL8 secretion from melanoma cells and induce an immune response against the tumor associated with increased IFN-gamma, CCL4, and TNF-alpha.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24493731
The finding of BRAF mutations in meningeal melanocytomas points to a potential initiating role of BRAF in transformation toward malignancy and could have therapeutic implications in these specific melanocytomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24496868
we sought to analyze the nature of IC and EC response and progression in patients with melanoma brain metastases treated with dabrafenib, and hypothesized that metastases respond and progress similarly to BRAF inhibitors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24497953
B-cell receptor functions differ in hairy cell leukemia displying BRAF V(600)E and mutated IGHV.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24503706
Two cases of classic HCL, 1 showing CD5 expression, were truly BRAF V600E-negative based on negative results by PCR and sequencing despite high-level leukemic involvement
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24508103
For the 598 (91%) patients with BRAF(V600E) disease, median overall survival in the vemurafenib group was 13.3 months (95% CI 11.9-14.9) compared with 10.0 months (8.0-14.0) in the dacarbazine group (HR 0.75 [95% CI 0.60-0.93]; p=0.0085)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24529209
Molecular genetic analysis revealed BRAF duplication and a KIAA1549-BRAF fusion gene in 82% of group II tumors, but in none of the group I tumors, and a BRAF:p.V600E mutation in 43% of group I tumors, but in none of the group II tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24532263
we identify KIAA1549-BRAF gene fusions in 45 % of 82 low-grade glioma samples
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24535907
Our results demonstrated that the BRAF V600E mutation is a common event in melanomas, representing an important molecular target for novel therapeutic approaches in such tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24548081
BRAF mutation in FVPTC is associated with unfavourable clinicopathological characteristics and malignant features on ultrasonography and may be a potential prognostic factor as it is in classical PTC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24550319
Nonsmall cell lung cancer cells with BRAF-V600E, but not other BRAF mutations, initially are sensitive to BRAF-inhibitor treatment, but rapidly acquire resistance to BRAF inhibition.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24552757
BRAF-mutation analysis should be part of the subtyping of non-squamous NSCLC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24559116
BRAF mutation was significantly associated with a larger tumor size, extrathyroidal invasion and lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24560515
Although the sensitive pyrosequencing method was used, no EGFR, KRAS or BRAF mutations could be found
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24582505
Report safety of vemurafenib in diverse population of patients with BRAF(V600) mutated metastatic melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24586605
BRAF-V600 mutations are not associated with response to chemotherapy in stage IV melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24588959
analysis of BRAF mutation and DNA methylation markers on fine needle aspiration biopsy specimens may be a useful strategy to facilitate the diagnosis of malignant thyroid neoplasm
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24591408
BRAF mutation is associated with atypia of undetermined significance and papillary carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24594804
Meta-analysis demonstrated that the BRAF V600E mutation was significantly correlated with adverse pathological features of colorectal cancer and distinct clinical characteristics.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24603591
BRAF mutations are virtually absent in melanomas originating from the vulva or vagina
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24604709
BRAF V600E mutations may be more prevalent than previously thought in pediatric patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma, but do not correlate with aggressive disease characteristics
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24608435
Anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins govern cellular outcome following B-RAF(V600E) inhibition and can be targeted to reduce resistance.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24612059
Serrated colorectal carcinoma as proposed to arise from serrated adenoma is characterized by mutation of BRAF.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24612623
Most of the Korean patients with multifocal papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) had the BRAF(V600E) mutation in one or more tumor foci, and all BRAF(V600E)-positive multifocal PTC showed more aggressive features.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24614711
Melanomas with associated naevi have a higher frequency of BRAF(V600E) mutations than melanomas unassociated with naevi.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24617711
In this large cohort, we found TERT promoter mutations to be common, particularly in Follicular thyroid carcinoma and BRAF mutation-positive papillary thyroid carcinoma, and associated with aggressive clinicopathological characteristics.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24619974
findings suggest that subcategorization of AUS by cytomorphology and BRAF V600E mutation status is important for predicting the risk of malignancy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24625419
We evaluated the BRAF V600E expression by immunohistochemistry in pulmonary and extrapulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis cases
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24634053
V600E mutations in 8/15 bile duct adenomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24638167
BRAF-V600E expression in tissue dendritic cells did not define specific clinical risk groups but was associated with increased risk of recurrence.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24639117
Although it has limitations, the VE1 antibody represents a feasible first-line approach for evaluating BRAF mutation status and may be a valid tool in the selection of samples for molecular analysis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24642661
KRAS and BRAF genes were wild-type in all squamous cell anal carcinoma cases.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24651849
BRAF mutant/microsatellite stable (MSS) (BRAFmut/MSS) cancers (n = 33) and BRAF mutant/microsatellite unstable (MSI) (BRAFmut/MSI) cancers (n = 30) were compared for presence of copy number aberrations (CNAs) indicative of chromosomal insatbility.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24659028
Increased BRAF mutation is associated with colorectal cancer progression and poor response to therapy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24664307
Studies indicate that the role of proto-cncogene protein B-raf-MEK-ERK pathway in controlling cell fate as a primary target for deregulated activation in cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24666267
Mutations in BRAF predict resistance to anti-EGFR therapies.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24671772
Data support a central role of BRAF V600E mutation in Erdheim-Chester disease and suggest oncogene-induced senescense as a link to both inflammation and oncogenic mutation in histiocytes playing a role in the disease.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24673746
Disruption of mutated BRAF signaling modulates thyroid cancer phenotype.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24677749
This analysis suggests that differences in disease course of PTC in children versus adults are not strongly dependent upon the presence of the BRAF(V600E) mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24679337
genetic association studies in a population in Iran: Data suggest that a mutation in BRAF (V600E) is associated with prognosis of paritents with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24684646
analysis of a possible association between AID expression and BRAF mutation in melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24691006
the outcome of 68 patients with advanced colorectal cancer and RAS, BRAF and PI3KCA status according to ALK gene status, is reported.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24703243
Near-genomewide RNAi screening for regulators of BRAF(V600E) -induced senescence identifies RASEF, a gene epigenetically silenced in melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24709886
A combined inhibition strategy targeting BRAF together with multiple erbB family kinases is potentially beneficial for treating BRAF V600E mutant melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24710085
mutations in BRAF and NRAS are not mutually exclusive because they were simultaneously present in the same tumor specimens
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24713734
the homebrew dispensation sequence unambiguously identifies all known BRAF mutations in this region, whereas the kit-based dispensation sequence has one unresolvable degeneracy that could be solved with the addition of two injections
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24714776
BRAF mutation is associated with melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24715106
Study found BRAF V600E mutations in 81 percent of papillary craniopharyngioma sampled
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24717435
decreasing the levels of CTR1 (Cu transporter 1), or mutations in MEK1 that disrupt Cu binding, decreased BRAF(V600E)-driven signalling and tumorigenesis in mice and human cell settings
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24720374
the BRAF pathway may contribute to the pathogenesis or malignant transformation of histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasms.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24721322
BRAF(V600E) mutation demonstrated to be an adverse prognostic factor indicating aggressiveness of papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24721513
analysis of pro-death autophagic processes responsible for sensitization of BRAF-V600E glioma cells toward UAI-201
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24725538
Response to this therapy suggests that BRAF inhibitors can affect primary CNS lesions when a documented and targetable mutation is present.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24733413
long-term treatment with BRAF inhibitors can affect the interaction between BRAF/MAPK and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling to affect patient outcomes
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24733801
Case Report: patient with V600E BRAF-mutant leptomeningeal melanoma who experienced a complete clinical and radiologic response after dabrafenib treatment.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24735930
AKTi combined with BRAFi-based therapy may benefit patients with tumors harboring BRAF mutations and particularly PTEN deletions or AKT mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24737664
BRAF-mutant mCRC is associated with worse clinical outcome. Patients with BRAF-mutant tumors develop peritoneal metastases, less frequently present with disease limited to the liver, and have shorter survival after metastasectomy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24742923
From a practical perspective, small biopsies may not adequately represent a tumor's full mutational profile, particularly for later arising but prognostically important mutations such as those in the KRAS and BRAF genes
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24746198
discordant BRAF mutation status is rare when samples from individual PTCs are compared or when samples from individual PTCs and lymph node metastasis at thyroidectomy are compared but occurs more when primary and recurrent metastasis are compared
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24748129
The percentage of mutant BRAF alleles in papillary thyroid carcinoma is significantly associated with tumor burden and extrathyroidal invasion.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24749938
The presence of dermoscopic peppering and thicker Breslow index ulceration suggest a morphological consequence of immune behaviour in BRAF-mutated melanomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24764675
colorectal cancers with a BRAF mutation have distinct molecular features and resulted in a poor prognosis in Korean patients with advanced colorectal cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24767862
We conclude that a V600E BRAF mutation may not be helpful in distinguishing sporadic from MTS-associated sebaceous neoplasms
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24770869
Data demonstrate that the BRAF(V600E) cooperates with either PIK3CA(H1074R) or with silencing of the tumor-suppressor PTEN, to promote development of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24774510
This study indicated that mutations of KRAS, PIK3CA and NRAS were rare in advanced gastric cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24780046
BRAF V600E is heterogeneously distributed in some papillary thyroid carcinomas(PTCs). The large BRAF V600E neoplastic cell subpopulations found in mutated cases is consistent with the view that the BRAF V600E is acquired early during PTC development.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24787545
BRAF(V600E) mutation is not a useful prognostic marker, though it does influence the short- and medium-term outcomes of classic papillary thyroid cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24789721
BRAF V600E mutation is associated with refractory hairy cell leukemia.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24792487
BRAF V600E mutation positive pediatric posterior fossa gangliogliomas exhibit no unique imaging features, are associated with shorter progression-free survival, and carry promising treatment implications by BRAF inhibitors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24798740
analysis of RAS, RET/PTC, and BRAF mutations in advanced stage of papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24806883
Characteristics and prognosis of colorectal cancer with NRAS mutations are different from those with KRAS or BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24821886
Case Report: KRAS mutated pancreatic adenocarcinoma developing on treatment with combined BRAF and MEK inhibition for metastatic melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24828987
The present work discusses the most recent and controversial evidence on the BRAF V600E relevance in development and progression of thyroid tumors. [Review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24832158
Although VE1 antibody can be useful in the screening of colon carcinomas for BRAF V600E-mutant proteins, molecular genetic confirmation is always necessary for mutation diagnosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24833563
RAC1b overexpression constitutes a marker of poor prognosis in KRAS/BRAF WT mCRC patients treated with first-line FOLFOX/XELOX therapy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24838814
The BRAF mutation was significantly associated with persistence/recurrence and a potential predictor in patients with classical PTC >10 mm at a BRAF mutation prevalent area
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24839220
BRAF mutation cannot be regarded as a reliable marker of node metastases in patients with PTC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24848709
Overexpression of BRAF(V600E) in normal thyroid epithelial (H tori) cells also reduced the effects of Dkk-1 on cell survival.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24857351
report of a new IDH1 mutation associated with BRAF mutation in a very unusual glial tumor.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24859340
BRAF mutation is asociated with ameloblastoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24859998
The high-resolution melting method developed was shown to be a reliable method for BRAF mutation detection
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24861115
12% of KRAS negative colorectal cancer showed BRAF gene mutation. Considering that 42% of samples have a KRAS mutation, 54% of patients should not respond to therapies with monoclonal antibodies directed against epidermic growth factor (EGFR) pathway.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24862939
BRAF mutation was not associated with negative prognostic indicators or adverse outcomes in PTC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24863948
Data indicate that BRAF protein overexpression was significantly associated with thyroid extracapsular extension (ECE) and lymph node metastasis (LNM) positive cases.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24866436
BRAF mutation is associated with melanoma nodal metastases and an unknown primary site.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24871132
Treatment of HCL patients with vemurafenib, an inhibitor of mutated BRAF, resulted in normalization of HSPC frequencies and increased myeloid and erythroid output from HSPCs
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24885594
While frequency rates of BRAF mutations were quite identical across the different MPM lesions, a significant increase of cKIT (p<0.001) and CyclinD1 (p=0.002) amplification rates was observed between first and subsequent primary melanomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24885690
Genetic targeting of BRAF Valine600Aspartate drug resistance mutation identifies dabrafenib as a selective agent against BRAF-resistant colorectal cancer cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24893747
Our results indicate a cross-talk between Braf and p300 in melanoma and demonstrate the importance Braf and p300 expression in the diagnosis and prognosis of melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24894769
Findings suggest a link between Langerhans cell histiocytosis and Erdheim-Chester disease involving the BRAF(V600E) mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24897065
suboptimal specificity and PPV limits the diagnostic utility of both antibodies to reliably detect BRAF p.V600E mutations in thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24901049
The B-Raf(V600E) inhibitor dabrafenib selectively inhibits RIP3 and alleviates acetaminophen-induced liver injury.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24906137
BET inhibition with I-BET151 appears independent of the BRAF and NRAS mutational status of melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24909403
BRAF was a significant parameter for predicting multifocality in follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24918610
The results from this prospective cohort study further support an influence of sex and lifestyle factors on different pathways of colorectal carcinogenesis, defined by KRAS and BRAF mutation status of the tumours.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24918823
BRAF and NRAS mutation status does not influence survival in metastatic melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24921639
BRAF V600E immunohistochemistry is reliable for the evaluation of mutational status in colorectal carcinoma regardless of site or prior treatment history, and staining shows a high degree of intratumoral homogeneity.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24922189
Using the PCR test with sense allele-specific primers, mutations in V600 were found in 33 of 51 Russian patients (64.7%) with cutaneous melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24926836
Results show that BRAF-mutated patients were significantly younger at the time of primary melanoma and first diagnosis of metastasis than BRAF wild-type patients but BRAF mutation is not associated with a more aggressive illness.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24936068
a novel role for B-Raf in the selective regulation of alpha4beta1 integrin-mediated adhesion.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24941944
Although both, DTIC and TMZ act as alkylating agents through the same intermediate, NRAS and BRAF mutant cells responded differentially only to DTIC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24942334
The 5-year survival rate of colorectal cancer patients with BRAF mutations was significantly decreased.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24947927
BRAF mutations are associated with response to chemotherapy in cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24950457
amuvatinib has proapoptotic activity against melanoma cell lines, with selectivity observed for those harboring oncogenic NRAS but not BRAF
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24954313
Considering the diagnostic performance and low reproducibility of US, the combination of FNA with BRAFV600E is the most reliable and objective method for diagnosing thyroid malignancy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24958809
Although there was large variability between patients, FDG uptake decreased with higher daily doses in patients with BRAFV600 mutation-positive melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24958825
BRAF(V600) mutation is associated with melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24964758
MSI and the BRAF(V600E) mutation have a prognostic impact in colon cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24964857
Results suggest tha tthe pathological progression from Serrated adenoma through colon carcinoma required the successive events: mutations in BRAF protein, hypermethylation of MLH1 then hypermethylation in AXIN2.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24978326
BRAFV600E mutation in primary tumor might be a promising molecular marker to predict the status of 131I uptake in distal metastases.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24979348
BRAF mutations in NSCLC were significantly associated with adenocarcinomas .
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24989827
BRAF testing is a useful adjunct to improve PPV for patients with "suspicious for PTC" cytology.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24992171
The absence of CXCR4 expression and BRAF mutation in cancers with a minor PD component underlined different pathogenic and metastatic processes in comparison with WDCs.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24993163
Activating FGFR2-RAS-BRAF mutations play a critical role in the pathogenesis of most cases of ameloblastoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25005754
Our results highlight the low incidence of BRAF mutations and CIMP in CRC from Saudi Arabia.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25010701
SOX2 expression is partly regulated by BRAF signalling, and an increased SOX2 expression may promote CRC metastasis and mediate a poor patient prognosis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25013125
In tDNA, 50 mutations (36 EGFR, 5 ERBB2, 4 KRAS, 3 BRAF, and 2 PIK3CA) were identified, of which 26 were detected in cfDNA. These data demonstrate the feasibility and potential utility of mutation screening in the detection of a range of tumor biomarkers
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25015869
document two rare cases of massively metastatic spinal cord GGs in adult patients who were negative for BRAF V600E mutations via multiple methods
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25024077
Coexisting BRAF V600E and TERT C228T mutations form a novel genetic background that defines PTC with the worst clinicopathologic outcomes, providing unique prognostic and therapeutic implications.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25029639
Data indicate mutation in the proto-oncogene protein B-raf (BRAF) gene at the time of hairy cell leukemia (HCL) diagnosis in two cases.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25031736
No BRAF mutations were detected in the lesions of 18 cases
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25034364
Common BRAF mutations are not present in systemic mastocytosis patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25039399
The adenocarcinoma showed expression of CK20 and p53, but CK7 in patches. The molecular profile of the adenocarcinoma showed a mutation in KRAS and wild-type BRAF, which might be associated with malignant transformation of intracranial mature teratomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25046227
This study demonstrates that IHC analysis is a very sensitive test for evaluation of BRAF mutations in metastatic malignant melanoma and may be useful as an initial screening test.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25048604
BRAF(V600E) mutations in primary cutaneous melanomas were associated with residence in locations with medium and high UV indices in mid-life.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25050586
BRAF mutations were found in 8.7% of colorectal cancer precursor lesions, mainly associated with serrated polyps and absent in adenomas. In CRC cases, 6.5% exhibited BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25051202
BRAF V600 mutations are associated with pathological features in Japanese melanoma patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25056119
Enforced expression of RAC1 P29S in sensitive BRAF-mutant melanoma cell lines confers resistance manifested by increased viability.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25063807
NRAS expression and increased MAPK activation drive vemurafenib resistance in V600E BRAF+ve melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25066317
BRAF mutation in pilocytic astrocytoma is associated with a more diffuse growth pattern but does not confer a more aggressive clinical behavior
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25070294
Data indicate that BRAF mutant status and number of positive lymph nodes as the only independent prognostic factors for recurrence-free (RFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25073438
KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations were evaluated in 204 colorectal carcinoma samples; the frequency of KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations was 23.5, 9.8, and 5.9 %, respectively.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25073704
ETV1 expression is a rare event in human melanoma and seems to be rather based on hyperactivation of MAPK signals, by BRAF (V600E) mutation, than on ETV1 gene amplification.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25076244
Prevalence of BRAF mutations in CRC patients is not high but extremely correlated with MSI and risk categories as BG, whereas they are absent in LS patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25085839
The up-regulation of uPA mRNAs was correlated with high-risk clinicopathological features, including extrathyroid invasion, loss of cellular polarity/cohesiveness, and the BRAF(V600E) mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104559
It is a major negative mediator of the extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase and a substrate of cdk5 in neurons.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25109331
loss of stem cell identity upon induction of BRAF/MAPK activity may represent a novel fail-safe mechanism protecting intestinal tissue from oncogene activation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25116269
Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) assay revealed three genomic alterations: activating BRAF mutation (V600E), loss of CDKN2A/2B, and APC I1307K. After treatment with BRAF inhibitor (dabrafenib), the child's clinical condition improved progressively.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25118810
activating V600E BRAF mutation can be frequently demonstrated in pediatric Langerhans cell histiocytosis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25120313
The prevalence of rare BRAF mutations was 0.76% of all BRAF-positive thyroid cancers, and the rare mutations were associated with less aggressive pathologic features.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25139339
Our data suggest that the poor prognosis of dMMR is driven by the BRAF(MT) status.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25148578
Multiple potential therapeutic targets were identified in metastatic unknown primary and cutaneous melanomas that lacked BRAFV600 and NRAS mutations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25153715
The potential role of combined MMR and BRAF IHC as prognostic markers in CRC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25154726
combination of microsatellite instability and BRAF status serves as both a prognostic and predictive marker and may provide much-needed guidance during the planning of therapeutic strategies
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25155755
X-ray crystallography reveals a regulatory role for BRAF in the MAPK pathway independent of its kinase activity but dependent on interaction with MEK.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25156525
V600E BRAF mutation is associated with synchronous and metachronous thyroid cancer coexisting with Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25156883
BRAF(V600E) mutation is associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25164765
Targeted sequencing on primary, metastatic, and normal tissue from colorectal cancer patients found a high degree of concordance for KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF mutations that were identical in both the primary and metastatic tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25165098
PTEN loss was significantly associated with OS and time to MBM in patients with BRAF(V600) mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25174651
This study suggests that BRAF mutation-related specific transcripts associate with a poor phenotype in melanoma and provide a nest for further investigation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25176643
Methylation of MLH1 is strongly associated with BRAF mutations in sporadic colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25180764
Targeted therapy in BRAF mutated melanoma; treatment with BRAF inhibitors and in combination with MEK inhibitors. [Review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25188864
this study sheds light on the pathogenesis of Serous borderline tumor ovarian tumors by showing that BRAF mutation is associated with cellular senescence
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25194980
6 different BRAF missense mutations were found in 9 of 11 patients with cadiofaciocutaneous syndrome.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25202140
33% of Langerhans cell histiocytosis cases with wild-type BRAF and none with BRAFV600E harbored somatic mutations in MAP2K1 (6 in-frame deletions and 1 missense mutation) that induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in vitro.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25213729
BRAF(V600E) status may help to predict clinical outcome of PTC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25219500
Results reveal a BRAF(V600E)-directed pathway that mediates silencing of MLH1 and, more generally, is responsible for CpG Island Methylator phenotype.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25236573
A high discordant rate was found in Braf mutation statuses between primary and metastatic cutaneous melanoma lesions.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25239454
dual HSP90/TRAP1 inhibitor HSP990 showed activity against the TRAP1 network and high cytostatic potential in BRAF-mutated colorectal carcinoma cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25242093
Data suggest that proto-oncogene potein B-raf (BRAF) V600E mutations are present in rare cases of dendritic cell and histiocytic disorders, and their identifi cation off ers a potential therapeutic target for these neoplasms.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25244542
The frequency of KRAS and BRAF mutations was low; KRAS mutations were detected in 1.6% and BRAF mutations in 4.7% of the biopsies for anal carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25262755
BRAF mutation status was obtained for 146/160 cases. Overall mutation rate was 24/88 (27.3%) in primary and 25/58 (43.1%) in metastatic melanoma. V600E was the predominant mutation in 21/24 (87.5%) of primary and 23/25 (92%) of metastatic melanomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25262966
Overexpression of HO-1 in a subset of thyroid cancers is associated with tumour aggressiveness and BRAF V600E expression
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25266729
BRAF V600E allele frequency is associated with papillary thyroid cancer progression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25267307
KRAS and BRAF mutation analysis could be used in the selection of patients for anti-EGFR therapy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25273224
BRAF mutations occurred in 2.2% of advanced-stage lung adenocarcinomas, were most commonly V600E, and were associated with distinct clinicopathologic features in comparison with other genomic subtypes and with a high mutation rate in more than 1 gene.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25306614
710 melanomas included in the study were located in sun non-exposed regions of the skin; this category of tumors was characterized by the highest occurrence of BRAF mutations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25314065
B-RAF mutations were frequently detected in aberrant crypt foci.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25318602
we detected 15 additional mutated melanoma samples and two additional BRAF V600E mutations in metastatic colorectal cancer samples by the LightMix assay compared to Sanger sequencing.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25324352
we identify that analysis of plasma and urinary cfDNA provides a reliable method to detect the BRAF(V600E) mutation and monitor response to therapy in these disorders.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25332244
Data indicate an independent prognostic value of BRAF V600E mutation for papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) recurrence in various clinicopathologic categories.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25337237
Report BRAF mutation status in colorectal neoplasms and neuroendocrine differentiation in primary/metastatic colorectal neoplasms.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25337709
The BRAF(V600E)mutation iss significantly associated with several poor clinicopathologic characteristics, but was not associated with sonographic features, regardless of thyroid tumor size.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25346165
BRAF V600E mutations are frequent in dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors and subependymal giant cell astrocytomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25351955
this study supports the idea that additional NK cell-based immunotherapy (by checkpoint blockade or agonists or cytokines) may combine well with BRAF(V600E) inhibitor therapy to promote more durable responses in melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25363723
BRAF and NRAS alterations are preserved during in vitro culture in melanoma in a series of patients in which the c-KIT mutation was not detected
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25367198
our study demonstrated the BRAF V600E mutation was an independent prognostic factor for colon cancer patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25370473
our data indicate that preexisting MEK1(P124) mutations are associated with a reduced response to BRAF inhibitor therapy and identify a subset of patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma likely to benefit from combination therapies
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25370533
PD-L1 expression in melanocytic lesions does not correlate with the BRAF V600E mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25376477
discordancy of BRAF mutation status is not an infrequent finding between primary and metastatic melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25378232
BRAF V600E inhibited NIS expression by the upregulation of its promoter methylation.  Specific regions of CpG islands of NIS promoter in BRAF V600E harboring papillary thyroid carcinoma were highly methylated compared with surrounding normal tissue.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25385688
Results demonstrate that mutated BRAF is associated with melanomas that are more aggressive.They are also associated with absence of solar elastosis and tumor epitheloid cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25389051
we describe three interesting cases of paediatric glial and glioneuronal tumours harbouring both BRAF V600E and H3F3A K27M mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25400776
Concluded that the presence of BRAF(V600E) mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma could be preoperatively predictive of extrathyroidal invasion in a Chinese population.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25404749
The frequency of the BRAF mutation in cPTCs with suspicious US features was higher than that of cPTCs with negative US features regardless of the BSRTC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25426645
there is a lower incidence of brain metastases in patients with BRAF-mutated tumors who took vemurafenib before the diagnosis of brain metastases
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25427581
In this retrospective analysis, triplet chemotherapy with OCX was well tolerated and achieved encouraging efficacy in metastatic colorectal cancer irrespective of RAS/RAF mutation status.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25429742
BRAF V600E mutation is related to lack of response and worse survival in wild-type KRAS metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with anti-EGFR MoAbs.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25430497
Preanalytical workflow optimisation may reduce errors in down-stream sequencing in BRAF mutation detection.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25437182
Proteomic profile and in silico analysis in metastatic melanoma with and without BRAF mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25437913
Together, this work provides formal proof of an allosteric link between the RAF dimer interface, the activation segment and the catalytic infrastructure.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25442222
BRAF V600E mutation status did not correlate with any clinicopathological parameters
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25442675
The determination of BRAF mutational status is recommended in any cystic sellar lesion and can in most cases be provided by VE1 immunohistochemistry even in specimens of low cellularity.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25450274
The consistency of the BRAF gene mutation in peripheral blood and tissue is high.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25456393
Lymph node specimens with low tumor cellularity due to numerous adjacent lymphocytes may pose a challenge to clinical detection of BRAF mutations of melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25463315
We documented three novel mutations in the BRAF gene in cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome patients and correlated clinical findings with causative mutations in the BRAF or MEK1/MEK2 genes
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25468810
The BRAF(V600E) mutation was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25473895
truncated RAF1 and BRAF proteins, recently described as products of genomic rearrangements in gastric cancer and other malignancies, have the ability to render neoplastic cells resistant to RTK-targeted therapy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25479927
The combined BAP1-BRAFV600E+ immunoprofile appears to be a constant feature of BAP1 tumor syndrome-associated melanocytic lesions
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25482468
did not find a negative prognostic impact of a positive BRAF V600E mutation status on survival in papillary thyroid cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25490715
BRAF V600E mutation affects patients with large/giant congenital melanocytic nevi, and with neurocutaneous melanocytosis, a novel finding.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25490969
global miRNA expression profiles in fresh-frozen metastatic melanomas in relation to clinical outcome and BRAF mutation, were examined.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25491441
The V600E BRAF mutation in a borderline serous tumour of the testis is genotypic evidence of similarity with its phenotypic ovarian counterpart.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25499223
These observations led us to conclude that increased TSH signaling overcomes OIS and is essential for B-RafV600E-induced papillary thyroid carcinogenesis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25499274
BRAF V600 mutation is associated with melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25515650
Missense mutations were identified in the BRAF and KRAS genes in cutaneous melanoma cell line.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25515853
This is the first observation of a secondary BRAF mutation in a vemurafenib-resistant patient-derived melanoma sample, which confirms the potential importance of the BRAF L505H mutation in the development of therapy resistance.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25526463
BRAFV600E intratumor and intrapatient heterogeneity in melanoma is diminutive, nevertheless, the identified exceptions will have important implications for the clinical management of this disease.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25527633
IRS2 copy number gain, IGF-1R, IR-A, and IGFBP6 RNA expression levels, and KRAS and BRAF mutational status were identified as candidate predictive biomarkers for response to BMS-754807.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25537974
The association between a host response and lymphovascular invasion and microvessel density in primary cutaneous melanoma with a BRAF mutation suggests that they exhibit potential for strategizing immunotherapies
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25543407
To detect whether the V600E mutation is present or absent in the BRAF gene in melanoma patients is an important component in the evaluation of the biological behavior of tumor cells and their performance of biologically significant functions.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25551625
in different macroscopic subtypes of colorectal adenoma, BRAF mutation (V600E) was found in 2 of 36 lateral spreading tumors and 1 of 34 polypoid lesions; mutations in KRAS, BRAF or PIK3CA occurred in a mutually exclusive manner
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25576923
Data suggest that Sema6A and Mical1 may represent new potential therapeutic targets in BRAFV600E melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25581727
Report BRAF VE1 immunoreactivity patterns in epithelioid glioblastomas positive for BRAF V600E mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25584719
This is the largest study on the aggressive role of TERT promoter mutations in anaplastic thyroid cancer(ATC), demonstrating an association of TERT C228T with BRAF V600E, older patient age, and tumor distant metastasis in ATC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25588542
BRAF V600E mutation is associated with Anaplastic thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25593071
BRAFV600E-mutation-positive papillary thyroid microcarcinoma are more likely to manifest with aggressive clinicopathological characteristics.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25600339
melanoma cell lines selected for resistance to BRAFi+MEKi, but not those to BRAFi alone, displayed robust drug addiction, providing a potentially exploitable therapeutic opportunity.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25602792
Data support a role for BRAF V600E immunohistochemistry in diagnostically challenging cases of metanephric adenoma and expand the spectrum of BRAF exon 15 mutations in this uncommon but unique renal neoplasm.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25605225
high-resolution melt and allele-specific PCR could detect as low as 1.25% KRAS- or BRAF-mutant alleles.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25616949
In the management of thyroid nodules with benign cytology but positive BRAF(V600E) mutation, thyroidectomy should be considered in nodules which have 2 or more suspicious US features and are considered discordant on image-cytology correlation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25618114
BRAF overexpression could be an independent factor causing tumorigenesis in gliomas regardless of phospho-EGFR expression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25627962
suggests that PIK3CA mutations account for a small fraction of PI3K pathway activation and have a limited impact in interfering with the BRAF/NRAS-driven growth in melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25628445
BRAF mutations are associated with response to chemotherapy in colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25632202
KRAS and BRAF mutations are associated with inferior survival, independent of MSI status, in Japanese patients with curatively resected colorectal carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25634750
Report predictive value of immunohistochemistry in detecting BRAF mutations in neoplasms.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25643238
Case Report: successful (neo)adjuvant BRAF-targeted therapy in a patient with locally advanced BRAF V600E mutant melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25646931
These findings suggest that prenylation inhibition may be able to target melanoma cells with mutant NRAS or with mutant BRAF and PTEN.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25647260
HPV presence was not associated with age, stage or grade of tumours, MSI or mutations in KRAS, TP53 or BRAF genes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25663779
Report low rates of BRAF mutations in Chinese colorectal carcinoma patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25666295
BRAF mutations are associated with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25667294
analysis of BRAF mutation and CDKN2A deletions in childhood secondary high-grade glioma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25673558
Review/Meta-analysis: findings support BRAF mutation assessment before initiation of treatment with anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25674762
Aberrant expression of A-, B-, and C-RAF, and COT is frequent in PTC; increased expression of COT is correlated with recurrence of PTC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25685929
analysis of BRAF 3'UTR isoforms in melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25688918
mutated KRAS and mutated BRAF seem to be prognostic factors in patients with Colorectal cancer who undergo lung metastasectomy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25689095
BRAF mutations in Non-small cell lung cancer are more likely in Adenocarcinoma, and BRAF V600E mutations are more frequent in women and never smokers.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25690538
Suggest that continuing vemurafenib treatment beyond progression may be beneficial in BRAF V600 mutated advanced melanoma patients, who prior to progression responded to vemurafenib.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25702102
All four tumors that recurred were LN+, with infiltrative borders, and lacked the BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25704541
Mutated BRAF mutant protein was detected in 53% of the bile duct adenomas and in none of the cases of bile duct hamartomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25706985
Trametinib alone caused upregulation of p-AKT in BRAF non-V600 mutated cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25710585
mutation is associated with distinct clinical and histopathologic features of colonic carcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25710724
Data show that licochalcone A (LicoA) suppresses solar UV-induced cyclooxygenase (COX-2) expression by acting as a potent inhibitor of enzymes PI3K, MEK1, and B-Raf.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25712893
BRAF is minimally prognostic in papillary thyroid carcinoma. However, prevalence of the BRAF mutation is 70% in the general population, providing the opportunity for targeted therapy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724524
These findings enhance our understanding of factors cooperating with BRAF inhibition that accelerate keratinocyte oncogenesis as well as broaden the knowledge base of multifactorial mediators of cancer in general.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25729732
Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf V600E mutation analysis is considered to be the most useful diagnostic tool for differentiating hairy cell leukemia from related lymphomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25735579
A pathogenic BRAF(V600E) mutation was identified in a patient with Erdheim-Chester disease.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25736029
No BRAF V600E mutations were seen in this cohort of non-infiltrative, non-invasive follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25746038
genetic association studies in populations in Ireland and Belgium: Data suggest that frequency of mutations in BRAF (specifically the V600E mutation) vary by demographic location.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25749811
BRAF mutation is not associated response to chemotherapy in melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25752325
Results suggest that the presence of a BRAF mutation does not necessarily 'drive' more rapid tumour growth but is associated with poorer MSS in patients with early-stage disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25752754
These tumors showed a markedly better prognosis, with molecularly PXA-like tumors frequently harboring BRAF V600E mutations and 9p21 (CDKN2A) homozygous deletion.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25755776
No association was established between BRAF V600E mutation and regional lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma in Chinese patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25762352
Radiotherapy with concomitant BRAF inhibitor therapy is feasible with an acceptable increase in toxicity. Vemurafenib is a more potent radiosensitizer than dabrafenib.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25766129
Our results indicate that the mutations of BRAF and KIT exist in Japanese melanoma patients, however, the cell growth signaling may be regulated by not only these mutated genes, but by other unknown regulatory factors, which may affect the prognosis of melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25767048
BRAF mutation was frequently detected in younger patients, in thin melanomas, and in melanomas with less ulceration. As BRAF and NRAS mutations are rare in Taiwan, BRAF- or NRAS-targeted therapies may be effective only for selected Taiwanese melanoma patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25767210
The study demonstrates the activating BRAF mutation (V600E), which is found in multiple human cancers, is a driver of canine invasive cell carcinoma of the bladder, and highlights a urine-based test for quick diagnosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25784606
Among the 779 cases, 150 cases were positive for BRAF (V600E) staining, including 38 (of 611, 6%) CRCs, 102 (of 127, 80%) PTCs and 10 (of 41, 24%) malignant melanomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25794135
By this integrated approach, we found that patients with BRAF V600E mutation responded very well to broad acting drugs and there was no relation to prognosis in early-stage myeloma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25794445
Pediatric oligodendrogliomas (pODGs) can harbor the KIAA1549-BRAF fusion with aberrant MAPK/ERK signaling, and there exists an option of targeting these pathways in such patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25794798
Chitosan nanoparticle-mediated BRAF siRNA interference evidently reduced the invasion capacity of gastric cancers.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25795007
oncogenic activation of BRAF allows tumor cells to co-opt an evolutionarily conserved MHC-I trafficking pathway as a strategy to facilitate immune evasion.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25797743
Preoperative targeted therapy of advanced BRAF-mutant melanoma is feasible, well tolerated, induces brisk tumor responses, and facilitates correlative science.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25815786
No mutations in the BRAF gene were identified in patients with gastric cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25817073
This work supports the fact that BRAF V600 mutation is not implicated in meningioma tumorigenesis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25818616
The most important implication of these findings is that we could begin to treat patients with the BRAF V600E and CDKN2A alteration differently when they are first diagnosed than those with a lower risk for secondary high-grade glioma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25819940
BRAF mutation in cutaneous malignant melanoma plays an important role in the development of skin cancer in Asians. population.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25820214
BRAF V600E mutation is associated with differentiating Rathke's cleft cyst with squamous metaplasia from papillary craniopharyngioma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25832798
these results may not only indicate some future applications of inhibitors targeting B-Raf(v600e), but also benefit B-Raf(v600e) harboring cancer patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25837167
findings suggest that the BRAF(V600E) mutation can be detected using a PNA clamp real-time PCR in the blood of PTC[ papillary thyroid carcinoma ] patients with lung metastasis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25843629
Study reports that mice engineered to overexpress either the full-length murine B-Raf pseudogene Braf-rs1 and its human ortholog, BRAFP1, elicit their oncogenic activity, at least in part, as competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) that elevate BRAF expression and MAPK activation in vitro and in vivo.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25851630
BRAF mutations often affect a limited fraction of transformed metastatic colorectal cancer cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25854168
The SMOF412E mutation was not detected in ameloblastoma. The BRAFV600E-activating mutation is a common event in ameloblastomas, occurring regardless of site or histological type. This mutation is also detected in odontogenic carcinomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25854387
The BRAFT1799A mutation was found in 38 cases (42.7%).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25862899
BRAF V600E mutation might be associated with right-sided tumors and subsequently related unexplained iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) at presentation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25868080
The increased activity of the V600E mutant is twofold: increased flexibility of the A-loop which likely promotes the release of the products following phosphorylation of the substrate and an increased energy barrier between the active and inactive state.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25870252
The presence of TC was significantly associated with TERT promoter and BRAF mutations. BRAF did not influence patient outcome.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25870264
Multifunctional bioscaffolds for 3D culture of melanoma cells reveal increased MMP activity and migration with BRAF kinase inhibition.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25884297
Tumor dissemination in colon cancer patients is less likely to occur with the BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25885250
BRAF V600E mutation is associated with glioblastoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25886136
Among 264 patients, mutations in KRAS exon 2, KRAS exons 3 or 4, NRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA were detected in 34.1%, 3.8%, 4.2%, 5.4% and 6.4%, respectively. Thus, a total of 12.1% of patients without KRAS exon 2 mutations had other RAS mutations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25888143
Histopathological prognostic markers (Breslow thickness, mitotic index, ulceration, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes pattern) did not show any differences depending on BRAF V600E mutational status
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25890285
A complex mechanism driven by mutation BRAF (V600E) on melanoma tumorigenesis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25899003
associate higher expression of the ligand-receptor axis of TFF2 and CXCR4 with BRAF V600E-mutant colon cancer (P = 3.0 x 10(-3) and 0.077, respectively for TCGA; P = 3.0 x 10(-8) and 5.1 x 10(-7) for CIT)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25899612
This review will focus on the science and clinical findings related to targeted therapies that inhibit BRAF or MEK as well as the immunotherapies that block the CTLA-4 or PD-1 pathways
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25899783
BRAF V600 mutation is associated with melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25900832
BRAF-induced tumorigenesis is IKKalpha-dependent but NF-kappaB-independent
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25908244
Following B-RAF expression, MIR31HG is located mainly in the cytoplasm.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25911848
Report increased frequency of BRAF proto-oncogene hot spot mutation V600E in cohort of colorectal cancer patients from Ahvaz City, southwest Iran.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25916409
Results indicated that rs3748093*A single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of BRAF proto-oncogene (BRAF) was significantly correlated with an increased risk of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in a Chinese population.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25920006
Studies suggest that the role of tumor biomarker V600E mutation of the BRAF proto-oncogene to detect or exclude cancers in patients with fine-needle aspiration (FNA) reports is marginal and should be reconsidered in guidelines.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25922907
RNA expression profiles were compared between conventional BRAFwild type and BRAFmutation papillary thyroid carcinomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25929517
The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic role of MMR status, BRAF mutations and specific KRAS point mutation in 762 patients in Chinese population, and several clinicopathologic features to better stratify colorectal cancer patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25937573
The patient carrying a concomitant BRAF mutation in temporal gangliogliomas and focal cortical dysplasia fell into Engel Class II.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25937618
BRAF V600E Mutation is associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25938346
BRAF V600E mutation can be used as a supplementary molecular marker to aid in the diagnosis of Hairy cell leukaemia
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25948295
Data show that proto-oncogene protein B-raf (BRAF) inhibition reduces melanoma glucose uptake per cell, but that this change is no longer significant following normalization for cell volume changes
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25950823
Somatic BRAF mutation was found in a patient with syringocystadenoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25952101
BRAF V600E Mutation is associated with Melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25957797
BRAF immunohistochemistry(IHC) was strongly concordant with BRAF mutation test and had high diagnostic accuracy in BRAF mutation analysis of Papillary thyroid carcinoma.[review; meta-analysis]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25970686
KIT-mutated patients had a worse outcome than PDGFRA-mutated or triple-negative (KIT, PDGFRA, BRAF wild-type) cases
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25975986
reviews the current knowledge on the use and implications of BRAF mutational status in colorectal tumors, in order to define its present role in the clinical practice
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25985019
we identified a new SND1-BRAF fusion that appeared to be present in a subpopulation of tumor cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25988212
With respect to diagnostic potential, results obtained using the BRAF(V) (600E) mutation test combined with cytological examination were not significantly different from those obtained with cytological examination only.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26014474
BRAF V600E immunostaining is a helpful marker for pediatric metanephric adenoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26032958
BRAF protein play a role in the mitochondrial fragmentation in melanoma patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26036358
BRAFV600E expression in melanocytes induces Schwannian differentiation in vivo
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26045855
Case Report: BRAFV600 mutant non-small-cell lung cancer which progressed on vemurafenib therapy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26055532
Our data lead us to hypothesize that TERT promoter and BRAF mutations cooperate in cutaneous melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26066373
BRAF-V600E mutations occur predominantly in female smokers with adenocarcinomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26071465
detection of BRAF V600E by immunohistochemistry is useful in the distinction of hairy cell leukemias from other splenic-based lymphomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26075701
According to results, oral benign peripheral nerve sheath tumours have a low LOH rate, but P53 locus alteration is occasionally found. Additionally, BRAF V600E mutation is either not relevant to the molecular pathogenesis of this group of lesions of the oral cavity, or may occur at very low rates.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26080065
BRAF protein immunohistochemistry on fine needle aspiration can be important in the diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26083553
BRAFV600E expression is homogeneous in melanoma tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26083571
This study confirmed the high frequency of KIAA1549:BRAF fusion in Pilocytic Astrocytomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26084290
TRAP1 is a downstream effector of BRAF cytoprotective pathway in mitochondria and TRAP1 targeting may represent a novel strategy to improve the activity of proapoptotic agents in BRAF-driven CRC cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26084614
LOH and TP53 mutations detected in lip squamous cell carcinoma and actinic cheilitis may be associated with tumorigenesis, whereas BRAF mutation does not seem to significantly contribute to LSCC pathogenesis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26090869
BRAF, NRAS and KRAS gene mutations in plasma cell dyscrasias may have a role MEK-ERK pathway activation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26102513
Given the high prevalence of lung cancer and the availability of targeted therapy, Chinese lung ADC patients without EGFR and KRAS mutations are recommended for HER2 and BRAF mutations detection, especially for those never smokers
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26105190
Presence of BRAF V600E associated with aggressive tumor features in Papillary thyroid carcinoma, including invasion, metastasis, advanced TNM stage at presentation, low response to radioiodine treatment, recurrence, and tumor-related mortality.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26110571
Report BRAF mutations and PD-L1 expression in disseminated histiocytoses.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26115961
BRAF mutations were associated with central nervous system tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26120069
The BRAF mutation is a possible indicator for determining the extent of thyroidectomy required but not for the extent of lymph node dissection and prognosis in patients with conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26121270
Tissue micro array availability, BRAF mutation and KRAS mutation were all independent prognostic factors for colorectal cancer survival.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26122804
We show for the first time that this important pediatric tumor may harbor the oncogenic BRAFV600E mutation, providing the first insights to their personalized treatment.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26123241
Case Report: melanoma with BRAF mutation in circulating cell-free DNA despite no detectable mutation in the primary lesion.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26125673
In 19 cases of papillary tumor of the pineal region, there was a lack of BRAF-V600E mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26125698
BRAF overexpression is associated with BRAF V600E mutation in papillary thyroid carcinomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26138035
BRAF mutation frequencies depended on histological subtype and localization of primary melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26143373
Data suggest that the two strands of the BRAF promoter region, the G-rich strand and the C-rich strand, fold into a predominant antiparallel G-quadruplex and into an i-motif, respectively, and that they can coexist at nearly physiological conditions.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26143635
Studies indicate that concurrent inhibition of proto-oncogene protein B-raf (BRAF) and Map kinase kinase (MEK) improved the most effective therapeutic modality as compared as single BRAF or MEK inhibition for patients with metastatic melanoma (MM).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26145173
Results show that active BRAF upregulates HMGCL via Oct-1 in cancer cells. HMGCL selectively promotes BRAF V600E-dependent phosphorylation and activation of MEK1 pathway by controlling intracellular levels of its product acetoacetate.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26145760
v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) is preferentially mutated in proximal colon cancers.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26146664
Report 3-fold increased risk of death for higher-risk melanomas harboring NRAS or BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26153495
BRAF mutations are associated with metastatic colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26154146
BRAF mutation detection in cell block material is feasible and highly specific for papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26160882
Colon cancers from Asians have a lower rate of BRAF mutations than blacks or whites.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26165597
The RAS-binding domain of human BRAF protein exhibits allosteric conformational changes upon binding HRAS.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26172302
BRAF(V600E) mutation induces MGL ligand expression, thereby providing a direct link between oncogenic transformation and aberrant expression of immunosuppressive glycans in colorectal neoplasms.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26181250
Retrospective analysis suggesting that nivolumab has similar efficacy and safety outcomes in patients with wild-type or mutant BRAF, regardless of prior BRAF inhibitor or ipilimumab treatment.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26181555
real-time PCR cycle threshold values for the BRAFV600E mutation obtained from fine needle aspirates can be associated with central lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26182194
Report acute kidney injury in patients receiving BRAF inhibitors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26182332
Letter/Case Reports: BRAF-mutant colorectal cancers with axillary lymph node involvement.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26187369
Cytomorphologic features can help select nodules for the BRAF(V600E) mutation test among thyroid nodules read as "suspicious for malignancy" on cytology.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26189429
Angiogenic/cachectic and pro-inflammatory/immune response factors could play a crucial role in BRAF(V600E)-positive human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma aggressiveness.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26190162
Data show that B-Raf proto-oncogene (BRAF) V600E mutation was identified in 4 of 27 thyroid nodule patients with isthmic lesion.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26191315
Case Report: oncocytic papillary thyroid carcinoma with lymphoid stroma (Warthin-like tumor) with BRAF V600E and V600K mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26197238
Studies indicate that more than half of all Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) patients carry the proto-oncogene protein B-raf mutation BRAF(V600E) and treated with vemurafenib, a BRAF inhibitor, which has proven highly beneficial.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26202550
BRAF Mutations are associated with Lung Adenocarcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26206478
Study found that BRAF alterations do not appear to play a prominent role in pediatric oligodendroglioma, and lack of BRAF fusions or BRAF p.V600E separate these tumors from several other pediatric low-grade gliomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26208478
Findings suggest that triple therapy directed against BRAF/MEK/ErbB3 may be able to provide durable control of BRAF mutated metastatic melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26208946
BRAF (V600) -mutation is associated with metastatic melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26214416
This study sought to investigate the correlations of V-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) gene mutations with the clinicopathologic features of papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26215201
BRAFV600E Mutation Status in obese Patient is associated with Papillary Thyroid Cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26215382
Data suggest that core-needle biopsy (CNB) + B-Raf proto-oncogene protein BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis can reduce rates of preventable diagnostic surgery.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26223933
Results revealed that in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC), BRAF mutation is associated with tumor size, multifocality and aggressive features and may be used as a predictive factor for prognosis of PTMC. [meta-analysis]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26225944
BRAF mutations are infrequent, whereas C-KIT and NRAS mutations are seen with higher frequency in vulvar melanomas than melanomas of other sites.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26230187
BRAF mutations are associated with follicular variant of thyroid papillary carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26232865
Despite its high specificity, our meta-analysis shows that BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis has a low sensitivity in diagnosing papillary thyroid cancer in thyroid nodules
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26240026
Combination of mutant-specific BRAF and CD117 ICC with cytopathology may facilitate the PTC-risk stratification in thyroid FNAB specimens.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26258321
Compared with RAS or PAX8/PPARG-positive TCs, BRAFV600E or RET/PTC-positive Thyroid cancers were more often associated with stage III/IV disease and recurrence.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26259532
BRAF mutations are associated with Papillary Thyroid Cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26268700
the predictive value of BRAF mutation for central lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma was found to be related to the tumor size.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26269601
neuregulin 1 promotes compensatory ErbB3 receptor signaling in mutant BRAF melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26271724
BRAF V600E-mutated microcarcinomas represent a distinct biological subtype
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26274032
Letter/Case Report: BRAF mutations in metanephric adenofibroma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26282084
presence of BRAF mutations in melanoma associated with younger age
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26284586
Data suggest that combination of proto-oncogene protein B-raf (BRAF) and mTOR serine-threonine kinase (mTOR) inhibition forms the basis of a treatment regimen of thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26285159
Data indicate that BRAFV600E, P-cadherin and cadherin 6 protein expressions were correlated with one another.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26287849
BRAF V600 appears to be a targetable oncogene in some, but not all, nonmelanoma cancers. Preliminary vemurafenib activity was observed in non-small-cell lung cancer and in Erdheim-Chester disease and Langerhans'-cell histiocytosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26297254
NRASQ61R and BRAFV600E immunohistochemistry coupled with next-generation sequencing allow detection of mutations in melanoma challenging samples.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26299074
BRAF codon 600 mutations not found in Iranian prostate adenocarcinoma patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26299805
KRAS and BRAF oncogenes have roles in colorectal cancer development and therapy resistance [review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26305188
Report BRAF mutations in selected cohort of patients with pulmonary metastases of malignant melanoma and prognostic implications.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26306423
BRAF mutations seem to occur exclusively in the epithelial, but not in the stromal component
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26314551
BRAF fusions are rare driver alterations in a wide variety of malignant neoplasms, but enriched in Spitzoid melanoma, pilocytic astrocytomas, pancreatic acinar and papillary thyroid cancers.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26318033
AKT3 has a role in prostate cancer proliferation through regulation of Akt, B-Raf, and TSC1/TSC2
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26319365
The lesions designated as KAs and BRAF inhibitor-associated verrucous keratoses had a similar mutational profile.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26321697
no BRAF V600E mutations were found in PMSAs, but KIAA1549-BRAF fusion was identified in intermediate pilomyxoid tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26339422
Report BRAF V600 mutation detection in a large cohort of clinical samples of cutaneous melanoma metastases to the lymph nodes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26343582
Tumors with non-V600E BRAF mutants are insensitive to these drugs.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26343583
LY3009120 also inhibits various forms of RAF dimers including BRAF.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26351322
combined pan-RAF and MEK inhibition can overcome intrinsic and acquired resistance to single-agent RAF/MEK inhibition, supporting dual pan-RAF and MEK inhibition as a novel therapeutic strategy for BRAF- and KRAS-mutant cancers
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26353041
BRAF mutation is associated with melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26359417
BRAF V600E mutation in non-tumoral surrounding tissue in patients with colorectal cancer may be used as a valuable marker to foresee clinical outcome or a possible recurrence.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26362194
In three cases of papillary carcinoma arising in struma ovarii (PSCS), novel BRAF and KRAS mutations were identified in two of three tumors suggesting that mutations in PCSO may differ from those commonly identified in papillary carcinoma of the eutopic thyroid.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26376292
BRAF and KRAS mutations show together a high prevalence in stage II and III MSI colon cancer and, when combined, are associated with poor survival compared to dWT cancers, which status confers an excellent cancer-specific survival.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26381028
Case Report: erythematous rash as a result of BRAF inhibitor therapy in advance melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26384551
Dual inhibition of BRAF(V600E) and MEK reduced but did not prevent SW1736 invasion.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26384810
BRAF V600E-mutation is associated with response to therapy in glioma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26392102
BRAF V600-Mutation is associated with Colorectal Cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26392334
A constitutive active MAPK/ERK pathway due to BRAFV600E mutation positively regulates aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway in papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26399561
Driver mutations are rare in mutational hotspots of BRAF, NRAS, KIT, and GNAQ/GNA11 in oral mucosal melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26403329
consideration needs to put on multiple targets when deciding molecular target therapies for patients with BRAF V600E mutated thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26405815
Systems Analysis of Adaptive Responses to MAP Kinase Pathway Blockade in BRAF Mutant Melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26414224
Case Report: combined "infiltrating astrocytoma/pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma" harboring IDH1 R132H and BRAF V600E mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26422023
BRAFK601E mutant thyroid tumors show better clinical outcomes than BRAFV600E positive tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26425792
BRAF-mutated conjunctival melanoma (CM) were frequent in younger patients and were rare in tumors involving the extrabulbar conjunctiva.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26426340
BRAF Mutation is associated with response to therapy in Advanced Melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26433819
Combination of a BRAF inhibitor plus a MEK inhibitor adds a clear benefit over monotherapy with BRAF inhibitor in unresectable or metastatic cutaneous BRAF Val600-mutation-positive melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26438153
Among 33 BRAF wild-type colorectal carcinomas, 16 had no or weak staining, whereas 15 (45%) had heterogeneous staining. In contrast with colorectal carcinoma, Bond and Ventana VE1 IHC in melanoma and PTC were highly concordant with sequencing results
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26440707
Levels of BRAF(mutant) and NRAS(mutant) ctDNA were determined using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assays. Among patients with samples available prior to treatment initiation ctDNA and LDH levels were elevated in 12/15 (80%) and 6/20 (30%) (p = 0.006) patients respectively
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26446234
RAS and BRAF wild-type status could help select an elderly and unfit population that could benefit from anti-epidermal growth factor receptor single agent therapy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26446943
BRAF mutations in cfDNA are detectable in >75% of late-stage melanoma patients with BRAF mutation-positive tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26448939
Patients with multifocal PTC whose largest tumor is BRAF-negative can have smaller tumors that are BRAF-positive.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26454140
Langerhans cell histiocytosis and Erdheim-Chester disease, both with cutaneous presentations, and papillary thyroid carcinoma all harboring the BRAF(V600E) mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26454767
PXA in adults PXA may present features distinct from pediatric PXA. Anaplastic features and BRAF mutation may potentially identify specific subgroups with distinct prognoses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26457492
The presence of BRAF mutation in fine-needle aspiration cytology specimens of nodular goitre may be useful in the assessment of oncological risk.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26460303
BRAF V600-Mutation is associated with Colorectal Cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26461266
The presence or absence of the BRAF mutation and TERT promoter polymorphism was not significantly correlated with survival in Papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26496026
Monoclonal antibody VE1 immunohistochemistry predicts BRAF V600E mutation status and clinical outcome in colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26496853
BRAF-mutated traditional serrated adenoma (TSA) is distinct from KRAS-mutated TSA in predisposing to the acquisition of subsequent serrated neoplasia
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26498143
BRAFV600 mutations are associated with response to BRAF inhibitors in metastatic melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26500331
BRAF mutation is frequent in early-onset colorectal cancer in Taiwan and is associated with a poorly differentiated histology, a serrated precursor polyp, focal signet ring cell differentiation, lack of microsatellite instability and a poor prognosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26504080
B-Raf(V600E) mutation in metastatic melanoma cells up-regulated tissue factor expression on cell membranes and promoted thrombin production
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26511315
Apart from these distinct Cdc37/Hsp90 interfaces, binding of the B-Raf protein kinase to the cochaperone is conserved between mammals and nematodes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26512781
BRAF mutation is associated with poor response to cetuximab in colorectal carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26513490
Both Glut1 and GLUT3 are strongly expressed by papillary thyroid carcinomas, and their expressions were significantly associated with the presence of the BRAF V600E mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26521063
that BRAF sequencing has been used to discriminate between dedifferentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma and tumor to tumor metastasis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26521469
High frequency and specificity of the V600E BRAF mutation make it a useful biochemical marker for selecting the right surgical strategy for thyroidectomy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26530529
Data indicate that tumors with proto-oncogene proteins BRAF or KRAS mutations were in correlation with elevated serum level of carbohydrate antigen (CA19-9) and carcinoma embryonic antigen (CEA).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26541605
Vitamin C is selectively toxic to cells with mutant KRAS or BRAF alleles.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26562020
Data indicate that mutations in PTEN phosphatase A167T and NRAS protein Q61L, and proto-oncogene protein BRAF V600E were detected in melanoma cell line.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26562024
Case Report: BRAF kinase domains are a clinically important genomic alteration and therapeutic target.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26563980
The vast majority of these tumors harbor the oncogenic BRAF V600E mutation. [review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26575115
NRAS codon 61 is the most frequent genetic alteration in this acromegaly series with Differentiated Thyroid Cancer . Since acromegalic patients have lower prevalance of BRAF V600E mutation, BRAF V600E mutation may not be a causative factor in development ofDifferentiated Thyroid Cancer in acromegaly.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26575603
In the validation-set (508 pts, RAS wt: 262 (51.6%), BRAFV600E mutated: 49 (9.6%)), right-sided primary, female gender and mucinous histology were confirmed as independent predictors of BRAFV600E mutation with high accuracy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26582644
Cooperation of BRAF(F595L) and mutant HRAS is associated with histiocytic sarcoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26582795
Characterization of TP53 as a downstream effector of miR-3151 provides evidence for a causal link between BRAF mutations and TP53 inactivation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26584635
Data indicate that among classic and follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs), mutation of proto-oncogene protein B-raf (BRAF(V600E)) was significantly associated with the smaller size.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26597176
The patient's resected brain tumor is BRAF V600E mutated, NRAS wild type (WT), and TERT C250T mutated. The patient is a carrier of germline variants in immunomodulatory loci associated with prolonged survival.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26598713
Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis was an independent predictor for less aggressiveness in conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma patients regardless of BRAF mutation status.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26600396
the V600E BRAF mutation occurred in about half of melanoma patients; it was associated with earlier manifestation of melanoma and likely with more aggressive clinical features.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26600545
PIK3CA mutations were observed in 32% (8) of the 25 breast cancer tissues examined, Sequencing of exon 2 of KRAS suggested that 20% (5) of the 25 samples harbored a mutation and 16% (4) of BRAF harbored a mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26608120
Report incidence and heterogeneity of genetic changes driving BRAF inhibitor resistance in melanomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26613644
The findings suggest that the presence of the BRAFV600E mutation and loss of p16 expression accelerate the growth rate of melanomas in vivo leading to larger melanocytes that are more frequently arranged in nests.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26616061
Recent reports show a significant radiosensitization of the irradiated healthy tissue in patients with melanoma after the combination of radiotherapy and BRAF(V600) inhibitors, evoking concern in clinical practice
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26616508
use of sorafenib has been ineffective in the management of advanced Colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with KRAS mutation, combination of selective BRAF inhibitors plus EGFR inhibitors may represent a good therapeutic strategy in BRAF-mutant CRC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26623721
Data show that dasatinib induced DNA damage and activated DNA repair pathways leading to senescence only in the kinase-inactivating BRAF kinase (BRAF) mutations (KIBRAF) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26625260
identification of 7 BRAF-induced genes that are specific for BRAF V600E-driven papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26630683
BRAF-V600 mutation inconsistencies of up to 14.5% can be seen between the primary and metastatic foci in melanoma cases. These findings should be taken into account when planning targeted therapy and deciding on treatment responsiveness/unresponsiveness.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26632889
The presence of the BRAFV600E mutation is independently associated with high F-18 FDG uptake on preoperative PET/CT in patients with overt papillary thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26643848
Twenty-three percent of patients with V600E- and 43% of patients with K601E-mutant melanomas presented with nodal disease at diagnosis compared to just 14% of patients with BRAF wild-type tumors (P = 0.001 and 0.006, respectively). Overall, these mutations represent a significant minority of BRAF mutations, but have distinct clinicopathological phenotypes and clinical behaviors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26646323
Data show that Griffipavixanthone (GPX), a dimeric xanthone isolated from Garcinia esculenta, is a B-RAF and C-RAF inhibitor against esophageal cancer cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26668268
Actin remodeling confers BRAF inhibitor resistance to melanoma cells through YAP/TAZ activation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26671072
BRAF mutational status correlates with recurrence of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma [review; meta-analysis]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26678033
BRAF mutation is associated with melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26684240
BRAF V600E mutation is associated with resistance to pazopanib in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26691448
These results revealed differences in the genetic profiles of KRAS, NRAS, PIK3CA and BRAF at mutation hotspots between Chinese CRC patients and those of Western countries.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26695089
BRAFV600E status during melanoma progression was evaluated in a cohort of 54 patients with at least paired-samples. These findings suggest that only VE1-negative tumours would be genotyped to detect other BRAFV600 mutations, and that either primary melanoma or metastasis can be tested using immunohistochemistry, according to the material available.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26710756
BRAF mutation is not associated with pheochromocytoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26711586
TERT promoter mutations have a limited role in pediatric thyroid carcinoma, but the BRAFV600E mutation may have a role in recurrence in pediatric patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26711930
Clinical data suggest that BRAF mutations define specific subsets of patients with NSCLC; while their oncogenic nature is yet to be established in lung cancer, especially for non-V600E mutations, the value of BRAF mutations to predict the efficacy of targeted agents remains unclear.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26718882
four cases harbored the BRAF-V600E mutation, one case harbored the BRAF-G606R mutation, and three cases harbored deletions in exon 19 of EGFR
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26718898
It was suggested that somatic point mutations in BRAF, CDKN2A and PI3KCA do not participate in the oncogenesis of Medullary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26732095
This study discovered oncogenic BRAF deletions with a distinct activation mechanism dependent on the BRAF dimer formation in tumor cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26733165
study suggests an influence of overweight BMI on the status of BRAF (V600E) in patients with PTC, whereas the underlying mechanism need to be further investigated
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26734696
BRAF V600E mutation is associated with Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26749005
BRAF mutation is associated with thyroid neoplasms.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26750533
The significant association of SLP-2 overexpression with unfavorable clinicopathological characteristics and BRAFV600E mutation indicates that SLP-2 may have a role in aggressiveness of BRAF-mutated papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26750638
BRAF V600E inhibition stimulates AMP-activated protein kinase-mediated autophagy in colorectal cancer cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26753950
olfactory neuroepithelial progenitor cells with the genetic heritage of bipolar I disorder were more sensitive to glutamate induced apoptosis. Under expression of the BRAF gene and protein, which plays a role in regulating the pro-survival MEK/ERK signaling pathway, may contribute to this apoptotic sensitivity.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26758762
Findings suggested that BRAF-activated noncoding RNA may contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma initiation and progression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26775732
BRAF mutations are associated with response to therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26787892
results reveal a common BRAF(V600E)-directed transcriptional regulatory pathway that mediates epigenetic silencing in unrelated solid tumors and provide strong support for an instructive model of oncoprotein-directed epigenetic silencing
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26790143
Conclude that PRIMA-1(Met) through its ability to directly reactivate p53, sensitises (V600E/K)BRAF-positive melanoma cells to BRAF inhibitors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26796506
Letter: report frequent BRAF V600E mutations in metanephric stromal tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26799289
BRAF mutation is associated with colon cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26802240
BRAF mutation is playing an important role in the pathogenesis of pyogenic granuloma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26807515
MC1R status is associated with BRAF(V600E), BRAF(V600K), and NRAS mutations in cutaneous melanomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26808395
Alternative pathways through mutations in BRAF gene are associated with the progression of Colorectal polyps to cancer and may provide insights into the genetic characteristics of skirts.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26810070
BRAF, FGFR1, and MYB mutations occur at high frequency and align with morphology of low-grade neuroepithelial tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26810733
Our findings present EBI-907 as a potent and promising BRAF inhibitor, which might be useful in broader indications.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26814611
A BRAF mutation, p.Val600Ala, was identified in 1 of 8,000 peripheral blood lymphocytes and 1 of 6,000 T lymphocytes from rheumatoid arthritis patients and in 1 of 12,500 peripheral blood lymphocytes and 1 of 12,500 T lymphocytes from controls
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26823860
We demonstrated that the BRAF (V600E) mutation slightly correlated with the clinicopathological characteristics of papillary thyroid cancer in the Han population
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26825657
One of the most cited proteins in melanoma is BRAF (about 50-60 % of melanomas harbors activating BRAF mutations), for these the most common is a substitution of valine to glutamic acid at codon 600 (p.V600E)[review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26825960
Specific inhibition of BRAF oncogene, MEK or p38 signaling was associated with decreases in DIO3 expression in papillary thyroid cancer cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26826419
Colorectal poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas frequently harbor BRAF mutations and are associated with poor overall survival.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26835544
BRAF mutation subclonality was associated with earlier disease stage in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26838744
BRAF(V600E) mutation is correlated with a lower expression of Na(+)/I(-) symporter in papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26848795
The BRAF V600 mutations were significantly associated with AQP1 expression (P=0.014). Long-term follow-up indicated a reduced progression-free survival (P=0.036) and overall survival (P=0.017) for the AQP1-positive cutaneous melanoma patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26857243
TERT promoter mutation is an independent predictor for distant metastasis of thyroid neoplasms, but ALK testing is not useful for clinical decision-making in Korean patients with a high prevalence of the BRAF V600E mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26871591
Apart from BRAF V(600)E, no other recurrent somatic mutation was identified in these hairy cell leukaemia exomes, thereby excluding additional acquired mutations as also prevalent at a near-universal frequency in this form of the disease.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26871894
Positive status of BRAF(V600E) mutation was a significant predictor of multifocality (OR = 1.23; 95%CI = 1.14-1.32), extrathyroidal extension (OR = 2.23; 95%CI = 1.90-2.63), TNM stage (OR = 1.67; 95%CI = 1.53-1.81), lymph node metastasis (OR = 1.67; 95%CI = 1.45-1.93), vascular invasion (OR = 1.47; 95%CI = 1.22-1.79) and recurrence/persistence (OR = 2.33; 95%CI = 1.71-3.18) of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26889698
The rate of the BRAFV600E mutation increased significantly in papillary thyroid cancer diagnosed in Poland from 2000-2013
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26892442
KRAS and, infrequently, BRAF mutations are observed in a subset of small intestinal adenocarcinomas, and are associated with higher pT classification and more frequent pancreatic invasion
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26910217
The rate of the BRAF V600E mutation in the pediatric population with papillary thyroid carcinoma is significantly lower than that seen in the adult population
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26910894
Mutant BRAF may, in part, drive the histologic progression of colorectal adenomas toward serrated histology
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26912807
BRAF V600E mutation predisposes papillary thyroid carcinoma cells toward invasive phenotypes
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26924424
BRAF-V600E expression in primary nodular melanoma is associated with aggressive tumour features.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26925640
BRAF mutations are associated with poor response to chemptherapy in Colorectal Peritoneal Carcinomatosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26925650
KRAS mutations are not Associated with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26927026
BRAF V600E mutations were found in the papillary craniopharyngiomas subgroup and were not detectable in papillary craniopharyngiomas samples.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26927447
Braf mutations were extremely rare in pancreatic cancer, suggesting that they play a limited role in PC development.[review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26932501
Results are the first to describe the presence of Wnt signaling pathway abnormalities, manifested by nuclear beta-catenin, in a subset, as well as the lack of BRAF(V600E) mutation in gliosarcoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26943032
This study, the largest on TERT mutation so far, demonstrates a significant role of BRAF V600E and TERT promoter mutations in the aggressiveness of papillary thyroid carcinoma, which is particularly robust and cooperative when the two mutations coexist.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26945035
This study demonstrated that when whole chromosome 7 gain accompanies the KIAA1549-BRAF fusion, the fusion likely arises first.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26950846
The BRAFV600E mutation was significantly associated with central lymph node metastases in patients undergoing prophylactic central neck dissection when specifically controlling for preoperatively available clinicopathologic variables in all papillary thyroid cancer subtypes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26951110
The present cohort identifies that the classic architecture with multicentricity and local recurrence are correlates of BRAF (V600E) harboring pediatric papillary thyroid carcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26959608
Thus ERK5 signaling is unlikely to play a role in tumor cell proliferation downstream of KRAS or BRAF or in tumor cells with ERK5 amplification. These results have important implications for the role of ERK5 as an anti-cancer drug target
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26959890
Growth arrest is accompanied by MAPK-mediated serine/threonine phosphorylation and suppression of a variety of oncogenic drivers that resist treatment by B-Raf(V600E) kinase inhibitors, including ErbB members, c-Met, IGFR, IRS, STAT3 and Akt.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26960768
The diagnostic classifier based on profiling of 13 microRNAs was proposed, with total estimated accuracy varying from 82.7 to 99% for different nodule types. Relative expression of six microRNAs appeared significantly different in BRAF(V600E)-positive samples compared to BRAF(V600E)-negative papillary carcinoma samples
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26969876
The coexistence of BRAF or RAS mutations enhanced the prognostic effects of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutations. Furthermore, TERT promoter mutations strengthened the predictions of mortality and recurrence by the ATA and TNM staging systems, particularly for high-risk patients with differentiated thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26974965
Results indicate that MAPK pathway inhibition leads to changes in the immunological properties of mutant BRAF melanoma cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26980021
There was no statistically significant association between BRAF or MAP2K1 mutation and anatomic site, unifocal versus multifocal presentation, or clinical outcome in Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26980024
Mutant BRAF represses E-cadherin expression, implicating a catalytic role for BRAF in epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26989027
Our data suggest that KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF mutations predict response to cetuximab treatment in metastatic colorectal cancer patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26991344
Our findings indicate that BRAF and KRAS mutations as well as mutation heterogeneity predict poor outcome in CRC patients subsequent to liver resections and might help guide treatment decisions.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26994902
Study provides evidence of BRAF-KIAA fusion in disseminated glioneuronal lesions occurring in childhood and the first report of a BRAF V600E mutation in children with this disease, representing a potential therapeutic target.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26996308
beta3-alphaC deletions are activating mutations in BRAF. BRAF deltaNVTAP confers CRAF- and dimer-independent activity and is resistant to vemurafenib.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26997441
BRAF inhibitor therapy-associated melanocytic lesions lack the BRAF V600E mutation and show increased levels of cyclin D1 expression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26997442
Low incidence of BRAF mutations in adenocarcinomas of the ampulla of Vater suggest no major role in tumorigenesis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27000992
The additive effects given by gamma-secretase inhibitor to BRAF inhibitor are due to enhancement of induction of the senescent-like arrest, which is associated with decreased RB phosphorylation and CDK6 expression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27009410
The incidence of conjunctival melanoma increased in Denmark over 50 years. The proportion of BRAF-mutated conjunctival melanoma was constant. BRAF mutations were identified as early events in conjunctival melanoma, associated with a distinct clinicopathological profile.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27028853
Data indicate that BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) have unique paradoxical ERK activation profiles.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27033063
The prognostic role of BRAF, PIK3CA mutations and ploidy in advanced CRC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27034263
BRAF mutation may have different prognostic implications in early- and late-stage colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27036313
Increased staining for phosphorylated ERK1/2 does not correlate to BRAF or KRAS mutations in colorectal neoplasms.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27041569
These findings identify a key mechanism of tolerance to Ras-Raf pathway inhibitors and suggest that blocking either AMPK or autophagy in combination with these targeted inhibitors could increase tumor regression and decrease the likelihood of eventual recurrence.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27048246
we identify recurrent somatic BRAF alterations in high-grade colorectal NET and demonstrate rapid clinical improvement and tumor responses with a combination of BRAF- and MEK-directed therapies.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27062580
our results suggest that the mutational spectrum of pediatric AF is more complex than in adult AF, being rich in AKT1 and BRAF, as well as CTNNB1 gene mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27064992
the prevalence and clinicopathological associations of BRAF V600E and TERT promoter mutations in Chinese PTC patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27080216
Dabrafenib showed clinical activity in BRAF(V600E)-positive NSCLC. Our findings suggest that dabrafenib could represent a treatment option for a population of patients with limited therapeutic options
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27082577
The BRAF-mutated Colorectal Cancers ,in comparison to KRAS-mutated ones, are associated with a much worse prognosis for the afflicted patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27084044
The BRAFV600E antibody (clone VE1) IHC may show non-specific staining, but molecular assays may be useful for the diagnosis of unicystic ameloblastoma, in conjunction with clinical, radiological and histopathological features.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27085458
BRAF mutations occur frequently in testicular germ cell tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27087167
the BRAF pathway is activated in endometriotic cells from patients with endometriosis, and inhibition of the BRAF pathway can significantly decrease proliferation in both epithelial and stromal endometriotic cells in vitro and in vivo
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27094161
New and highly sensitive method to detect BRAF V600 mutations in Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27098748
BRAF mutations were not detected in any of the four IM cases examined. One patient with IM died from metastatic disease: this tumour was disomy 3 with 6p and 8q gains. All other patients were alive with no evidence of metastases at study closure.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27101548
The BRAF was mutated in 55% (29/53) and NRAS in 11% (5/45) of the primary melanomas sequenced.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27105117
Cdc37 performs a quality control of protein kinases, including b-raf, where induced conformational instability acts as a "flag" for Hsp90 dependence and stable cochaperone association.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27111917
HRM appears the less sensitive assay for the detection of BRAF V600 mutations. The RT-ASA, IdyllaTM and IHC assays are suitable for routine molecular diagnostics aiming at the prescription of anti-BRAF therapies
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27116958
Braf and Kras genes mutation were reveled in gastritis and adenocarcinoma patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27138801
BRAF mutation was significantly related with shorter DFS and OS among stage II/III CRC patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy after curative resection
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27138882
BRAF(V600E) in papillary thyroid cancer predicts an increased risk of lymph node metastasis, extra-thyroidal extension and reduced disease-free survival. It is an additional useful prognostic biomarker.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27147251
BRAF mutation is correlated with response to therapy in melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27150060
Data show that 514 of 1170 patients (44%) carried a BRAF mutation, and all models indicated age and histological subtype of melanoma as the two major predictive variables.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27165943
BRAF mutation is associated with response to chemotherapy in lung cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27167340
Data show that long noncoding RNA RMEL3 is required for MAPK and PI3K signaling, and its knockdown decrease BRAFV600E melanoma cell survival and proliferation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27180062
Functional Na+/I- symporter activity was higher in BRAF(V600E) mutation-positive cases of classical variant papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27194447
strong correlation between the presence of circulating V600 mutated DNA and overall survival of melanoma patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27197524
BRAF IHC is strongly concordant with the BRAF mutation test.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27198569
PD-L1 expression in colorectal cancer is associated with microsatellite instability and BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27210749
These results provide support for the role of BRAF(V600E) in metastasis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27220764
p16 and BRAFV600E are useful to distinguish between sporadic and hereditary (Lynch syndrome-related) microsatellite instable colorectal carcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27222248
The B-Raf inhibitor PLX4032 induces DR5 upregulation exclusively in Ras-mutant cancer cells; this effect is dependent on Ras/c-Raf/MEK/ERK signaling activation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27226552
using a kinase-inactive mutant of CK2alpha, that RAF-MEK inhibitor resistance did not rely on CK2alpha kinase catalytic function, and both wild-type and kinase-inactive CK2alpha maintained ERK phosphorylation upon inhibition of BRAF or MEK.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27249714
For patients with non-small cell lung cancer with a EGFR mutation and an anaplastic lymphoma kinase mutation(ALK) with brain metastases, several agents have shown intracranial activity. Lapatinib has been tested for patients with brain metastases from breast cancer harboring a HER2 mutation. molecular targeted therapies have shown efficacy in BRAF-positive melanoma brain metastasis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27253461
investigation of MGMT promoter methylation and in particular BRAF V600E mutations represent reliable additional tools to sustain differentiation of Giant Cell Glioblastoma (gcGBM) from Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) on a molecular basis. Based on these data specific BRAF kinase inhibitors could represent a promising agent in the therapy of PXA and their use should be emphasized.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27256275
The BRAF(V)(600E) mutation is also seen in paediatric cytology and the morphological features showed a high accuracy as both predictive mutational parameters and a helpful aid in management mainly of the aggressive BRAF(V)(600E) mutated carcinomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27261210
The association of BRAF mutations with clinical and pathological features was assessed next in a cohort of 840 KRAS exon 2 wild type CRC patients screened with the Real Time PCR assay.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27283860
BRAF(V600E)-mutation is associated with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27296272
Erdheim-Chester Disease With Cardiovascular Involvement and BRAF V600E Mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27314237
Our study provides a rationale to strengthen NK cell immunotherapy through a combination with cetuximab for RAS and BRAF mutant mCRC patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27325282
MET amplification is here identified-clinically and preclinically-as a new mechanism of resistance to EGFR and BRAF dual/triple block combinations in BRAF-mutated colorectal cancer. Switching from EGFR to MET inhibition, while maintaining BRAF inhibition, resulted in clinical benefit after the occurrence of MET-driven acquired resistance.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27329244
RNF43 germline and somatic mutation in Serrated Neoplasia pathway associated with BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27342756
Studies indicate the clinical importance of BRAF-V600 mutations and BRAF inhibition in the progression to melanoma brain metastasis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27345584
Here we review the current knowledge about the classification of this tumor subtype and its association with five key features: mutation status of the BRAF or KRAS genes, the CpG island methylation phenotype, microsatellite instability, immune cell infiltration, and overexpression of GTPase RAC1b
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27351224
Using a panel of BRAF V600E and WT colorectal cancer cell lines and in vitro selected resistant culture, and xenograft models, authors demonstrate here that BRAFV600E confers resistance to mTOR inhibitors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27354468
We suggest that BRAF mutant patients should not be considered as having a unique biology and provide an in depth characterization of heterogeneous motifs that may be exploited for drug targeting.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27358379
Mutations in KRAS and BRAF were associated with inferior PFS and OS of mCRC patients compared with patients with non-mutated tumors. KRAS exon 2 mutation variants were associated with heterogeneous outcome compared with unmutated tumors with KRAS G12C and G13D (trend) being associated with rather poor survival
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27368419
DiRas3 binds to KSR1 independently of its interaction with activated Ras and RAF.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27382031
The results demonstrated the lack of activity of anti-EGFRs in RAS(KRAS and NRAS) and BRAF wild-type, right-sided tumors, thus suggesting a potential role for primary tumor location in driving treatment choices
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27387551
This study is the first to report BRAF mutations in a pure adult sample of differentiated thyroid cancer of Saudi Arabian ethnicity.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27401113
The results establish a link between BRAF(V600E) and NOX4, which is confirmed by a comparative analysis of NOX4 expression in human (TCGA) and mouse thyroid cancers.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27404270
colorectal cancers with BRAF D594G mutations are similar to those with BRAF wild-type with regard to clinicopathological features, microsatellite instability status, and prognosis. However, colorectal cancers with BRAF D594G mutations are rare.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27416954
BRAFV600E mutation is associated with astroblastoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27433783
BRAFV600E mutations were associated with younger patient age and localization of melanoma on sun-protected areas of the skin.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27435270
There is association between CpG island methylator phenotype and mutation of BRAF in patients with metastatic Colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27438990
Results indicate that MLH1-hypermethylated BRAF wild-type colorectal carcinomas can harbor KRAS mutations and arise from precursor polyps resembling conventional tubular/tubulovillous adenomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27442672
A higher number of suspicious US features classified by the TIRADS, but not the BRAF mutation, are associated with lateral lymph node metastasis in patients with PTC, and can aid in the preoperative identification of patients at increased risk of lateral lymph node metastasis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27449293
Results show that promoter mutations render telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression dependent on MAPK signal pathway activation due to oncogenic BRAF or NRAS mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27454941
Study of four cases confirms BRAF V600E mutation as a probable driver in a subset of ciliated muconodular papillary tumors (CMPT) of the lung, along with AKT1 mutation, which further supports that CMPT are indolent pulmonary neoplasms.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27458004
Compared with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, an increased prevalence of mutations in the Ras pathway genes KRAS, NRAS, and/or BRAF (72%), as well as TP53 (26%), CRBN (12%), and CRBN pathway genes (10%) was observed.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27460442
BRAF(V600)-mutation is associated with papillary thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27466810
found that BRAF genotyping in weakly and moderately pigmented samples was more efficient when the sample was processed with BSA or purified with a NucleoSpin(R) gDNA Clean-up XS Kit prior to PCR amplification
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27480103
BRAF(V600)-mutation is associated with melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27503895
miR-579-3p controls melanoma progression and resistance to target therapy by targeting the 3'UTR of two oncoproteins: BRAF and MDM2.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27532222
A pointmutation located in exon 5 of the TP53 gene and a point mutation in exon 15 of the BRAF gene (c.1799T>A, V600E) were detected in an anaplastic thyroid carcinoma patient
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27535135
Point mutations of BRAF is associated with thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27542908
(V600)BRAF switches on a metabolic reprogramming in melanoma cells, leading to a decreased OXPHOS activity and increased glycolytic ATP, lactate, HIF-1alpha and MCT4 levels.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27545333
A report of BRAF mutations in acute myeloid leukemias (AML) found mutations only in de novo AML with monocytic differentiation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27554081
The BRAF V600E mutation is now recognized as the causal genetic event of hairy cell leukemia because it is somatic, present in the entire tumor clone, detectable in almost all cases at diagnosis (encompassing the whole disease spectrum), and stable at relapse.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27555670
IFNgamma inhibits CXCL8 secretion and in turn the migration of a BRAF V600e mutated thyroid cell line
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27568671
Compared to some Asian populations, this study of Filipino papillary thyroid carcinoma patients shows a lower prevalence of BRAF V600E mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27571181
r-BRAF are very uncommon in papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) and are found almost exclusively in PTC with low-risk clinicopathological features.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27597420
The BRAF/MAP2K1-mut LCH cells had a more immature state than BRAF/MAP2K1-wt LCH cells. Authors also found the BRAFV600E and MAP2K1 mutations were significantly associated with pERK expression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27599148
Study found that BRAF alterations are frequent in dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNTs), particularly BRAF copy number gain which is being reported for the first time in these tumors. Evidence of activation of mTOR and MAPK pathways suggests a role for altered signalling in DNT pathogenesis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27600854
BRAF mutations are closely associated with aggressive clinicopathological characteristics and poorer prognosis in papillary thyroid cancer. [meta-analysis]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27608415
Study finds infrequent BRAF alterations but enriched FGFR alterations in adults as compared with that reported in pediatric pilocytic astrocytomas. In addition, coexistent BRAF and FGFR alterations and a significant association of FGFR alterations with age and tumor location were noted.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27620500
The authors find that the interaction between sB-Raf and the Hsp90 chaperone system is based on contacts with the M domain of Hsp90, which contributes in forming the ternary complex with Cdc37 as long as the kinase is not stabilized by nucleotide.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27630332
BRAF-mutant lesions are consistently associated with poor prognosis. Consequently, the indications of colorectal liver metastasis resection in this patient group should be reconsidered.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27634910
Mutation analysis Iindicate NRAS as the most commonly mutated gene in myeloma patients followed by KRAS ( and BRAF.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27659822
The V600E mutation is associated with a risk of transformation to high-grade glioma and poor response to chemoradiation approaches and outcome.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666765
BRAF V600E mutation in capsular nevi of sentinel lymph nodes may be useful as an adverse predictive biomarker in patients with melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27671879
In this report, we describe a 35-year-old female who presented with multifocal ganglioglioma, involving both the conus medullaris and filum terminale. The dominant lesion in the filum terminale was resected, which revealed World Health Organization I grade, p53 mutant, and BRAF wildtype status
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27672042
Japanese patients with sporadic colorectal cancer with BRAF V600E mutation exhibited a significantly shorter overall survival.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27681305
findings suggest an association of BRAF-V600E with parameters of a more aggressive behaviour of ameloblastoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27689252
BRAF-positive thyroid cancers most often demonstrate worrisome sonographic features and are frequently associated with positive or suspicious Bethesda cytology.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27718322
BRAF V600E mutation is associated with cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma recurring as a ganglioglioma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27729324
Alternative genetic mechanisms of BRAF activation in Langerhans cell histiocytosis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27737711
No significant impact on prognosis was observed for mutated KRAS, NRAS, and PIK3CA genes or combined RAS mutations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27760550
BRAF(V600E) mutation is a common genetic change in isolated hypothalamic-pituitary Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27764839
Incidence of adverse events was similar regardless of RAS/BRAF status.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27765849
BRAF(V600E)-mediated MEK/ERK activation can upregulate MCL-1 by phosphorylation/stabilization to confer apoptosis resistance that can be reversed by MCL-1 antagonism combined with cobimetinib, suggesting a novel therapeutic strategy against BRAF(V600E)-mutant CRCs.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27766572
BRAF mutations were detected in 54 of 115 (47 %) including 51 of V600E and 3 of V600 K in Japanese melanoma cases.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27769870
BRAF V600E mutations wereencountered in most metanephric stromal tumors, supporting a link with other metanephric tumors and suggesting a clonal event possibly affecting primordial renal cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27771229
BRAF V600E is the predominant mutation in Japanese non-chronically sun-damaged melanoma patients, and that both intra- and inter-tumor mutational heterogeneities exist in primary and metastatic melanomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27775641
Findings suggest that the association of HER2 amplification with BRAF(V600E) mutation and telomere shortening may represent a marker of tumor aggressiveness, and, in refractory thyroid cancer, may warrant exploration as a site for targeted therapy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27775691
Data show that BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) treatment failed to affect Nodal protein levels in melanoma tissues.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27776007
Spitzoid neoplasms with BRAF fusion cases were most likely to have high-grade nuclear atypia, to be diagnosed as spitzoid melanoma, to have a positive result by melanoma fluorescence in situ hybridization assay, and to develop copy number gains in the kinase domain of the fusion protein.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27791198
A rapid monophyletic evolution of melanoma subpopulations in response to targeted therapy that was not observed in non-targeted therapy was observed. NRAS mutations in BRAF mutated patient treated with a BRAF inhibitor were identified post-resistant samples. Sequence analysis showed that NRAS mutations co-occur with BRAF mutations in single cells, and are not mutually exclusive.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27792249
Results indicate that in addition to being present in established BRAF-associated gliomas, BRAF mutations might be associated with epithelial features in high-grade gliomas, including sheet-like arrangement of polygonal tumor cells with a plump cytoplasm and astroblastic rosettes, and thus could potentially serve as a genetic marker for these features.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27813079
Increased plasma membrane abundance of PMCA4b in vemurafenib-treated BRAF mutant cells is associated with enhanced Ca2+ clearance.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27815357
KRAS mutations were rarely found together and those in codons 12 and 13 conferred poor prognosis. For BRAF, more c.1781A>G (p.D594G) colorectal cancers (CRC)carried RAS mutations [14% (3/21)] compared with c.1799T>A (p.V600E) CRCs.For NRAS, 5% (3/60) of codon 61 mutant colorectal cancers had KRAS mutations compared with 44% (10/23) of codons 12 and 13 mutant colorectal cancers
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27835901
Mutational activation of BRAF confers sensitivity to TGFBR1 inhibitors in human melanoma cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27860162
Desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma/ganglioglioma with rare BRAF V600D mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27860480
BRAF gene mutation is confirmed by several studies found in malignant melanoma of the skin. The histopathology findings in our group did not confirmed our theory, that since the uveal melanoma itself has the similar origin as skin melanoma, should also contain a BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27863403
Report targeted analysis of KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA mutations in circulating tumor cells captured by a label-free platform and compare to expression in primary tumor tissue and metastases.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27863426
CSF tumor-derived cell-free DNA has the potential to serve as a diagnostic tool in patients with BRAFV600 mutated malignancies.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27863429
the present study identifies the WIPF1 gene as having novel oncogenic functions and playing an important role in the invasiveness and aggressiveness of thyroid cancer when aberrantly up-regulated by the BRAF V600E/MAPK pathway through its promoter demethylation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27863476
Data indicate the role of immunohistochemical BRAF V600E expression in patients at the time of progression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27864688
genome analysis of wild-type gastrointestinal stromal tumors for mutations should include the BRAF gene in patients with KIT and PDGFRA wild-type gastrointestinal stromal tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27864876
ARMC10-BRAF fusion is associated with melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27865374
A high extent more than 25% of BRAF(V600E) alleles may be associated with disease outcome in PTC patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27866718
BRAF protein mutation in metastatic lymph nodes maybe responsible for the recurrence of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27870159
ndings indicate that BRAF V600E is not a consistent squarending in myopericytoma and does not serve as a useful diagnostic immunohistochemistry marker
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27875244
This multicenter data analysis establishes a six-genotype genetic prognostic model for poor outcomes of papillary thyroid cancer with a risk order of genetic duet of BRAF V600E/RAS mutation and TERT mutation >>>>BRAF V600E = TERT mutation alone >RAS mutation alone = wild-type genes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27888823
No relation between oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas and BRAF gene mutations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27911099
Morphometric variables are predictive markers for papillary thyroid carcinoma cases with positivity for BRAF V600 mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27911794
RAS-ERK signaling in BRAF mutant melanomas is critical for regulating active chromatin state and recruitment of RNA polymerase II at mutant TERT promoters. Our study provides evidence that the mutant TERT promoter is a key substrate downstream of the RAS-ERK pathway.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27911979
our studies show that BRAFNon-V600 mutations are not prognostic for stage IV melanoma patients, and this information will augment the design and interpretation of current and future clinical trials in this patient population.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27912827
This review highlights treatment options, including clinical trials for ROS1 rearrangement, RET fusions, NTRK1 fusions, MET exon skipping, BRAF mutations, and KRAS mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27916952
multiregion analysis was performed in 60 spatially separated tumor areas according to the pathological tumor node metastasis (pTNM) staging and KRAS, NRAS and BRAF mutations were tested using pyrosequencing.these results suggest the need for multiple RAS testing in different parts of the same tumor and/or more sensitive techniques.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27919446
Immunohistochemistry is an accurate method to evaluate BRAF proto-oncogene is papillary thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27923591
Despite a high specificity for thyroid cancer, BRAF(V600E) mutation has a low overall sensitivity and therefore has a limited diagnostic value as a single screening test.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27923714
Acquired BRAF V600E Mutation is associated with resistance to osimertinib in lung cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27928645
Our data demonstrate that starvation-trigged autophagy, which is BRAF V600E dependent, promotes cancer cell survival in uveal melanoma. Vemurafenib induces autophagic cell death rather than adaptive cell survival in BRAF V600E-mutant melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27930579
BRAF mutation and DNA mutation was associated with serrated polyps and hyperplastic polyps in the carcinogenesis of colorectal cancers.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27936049
Extrathyroid invasion, lymph node metastases, and BRAFV600E mutation were the high risk factors of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27943267
Alcohol intake is associated with an increased risk of KRAS+ and BRAF-/KRAS- tumors originating via specific molecular pathways including the traditional adenoma-carcinoma pathway but not with BRAF+ tumors originating via the serrated pathway
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27965097
in response to vemurafenib, BRAF-mutated melanoma and colorectal cancer cells rapidly induced the ISR as a cytoprotective mechanism through activation of general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2), an eIF2alpha kinase sensing amino acid levels
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27977682
we demonstrate that small molecule PERK inhibitors exhibit single agent efficacy against BrafV600E-dependent tumors highlighting the clinical value of targeting PERK
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27984673
A series of midline gangliogliomas demonstrate that the H3 K27M mutation can occur in association with the BRAF V600E mutation in grade I glioneuronal tumors. Despite the presence of H3 K27M mutations, these cases should not be graded and treated as grade IV tumors because they have a better spontaneous outcome than classic diffuse midline H3 K27M-mutant glioma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27984807
This study demonstrated the presence of BRAF V600E mutation in Chinese epileptic patients with Glioneuronal tumors, which was significantly correlated with gender and multiple seizure types.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27993793
these data highlight the poor prognosis of patients with metastatic melanoma and BM, despite a targetable 'driver' oncogene mutation(BRAFv600) and evidence of initial drug-responsiveness
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27993800
BRAF-mutant advanced colorectal cancer ( aCRC) confers a markedly worse prognosis independent of associated clinicopathological features. Chemotherapy provides meaningful improvements in outcome throughout treatment lines. Post-progression survival is markedly worse and vigilance is required to ensure appropriate delivery of treatment after first-line progression
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27999210
A panRAF inhibitor, LY3009120, potently inhibited proliferation and tumor growth in BRAF/KRAS mutated colorectal tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28000889
High BRAF mutation rate is associated between primary colorectal cancer and corresponding metastases.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28002643
BRAF mutation is not associated with response to chemotherapy in Melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28006055
Mutations in BRAFV600E were significantly associated with worse survival after recurrence (SAR) in patients with recurrent stage III colon cancer, and worse SAR for BRAFV600E or KRAS mutant tumors was more strongly associated with distal cancers.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28025078
Report KRAS, NRAS, PIK3CA, and BRAF mutational profile in poorly differentiated clusters of KRAS-mutated colon cancer may depend on tumor histology.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28030835
Co-targeting translation and proteasome using the combination of Episilvestrol and Bortezomib promoted strong endoplasmic reticulum stress and rapid killing of colon cancer cells with KRAS/BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28034324
The expression of the nuclear and cytoplasmic forms of p16 represent two independent mechanisms, and both seemed to control proliferation in response to oncogenic stimuli, protecting the cell from malignant transformation in BRAF-mutated gastrointestinal stromal tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28039443
Report heterogeneity and frequency of BRAF mutations in primary melanoma samples.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28040692
BRAF or KRAS mutations are independently associated with shorter time to recurrence, shorter survival after relapse, and overall survival in patients with microsatellite-stable (MSS) subgroups, but not microsatellite-unstable tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28062544
Despite a significant prevalence of BRAF mutation, more than 70% of hobnail variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas (HPTCs) in our series showed concurrent mutations of other genes such as TP53, PIK3CA, CTNNB1 and hTERT, in contrast to classic PTC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28067893
Data show that the expression of Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) was significantly reduced by treatment with vemurafenib and trametinib in (V600E)BRAF protein melanoma cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28073844
The results of the trial submitted to confirm clinical benefit, which formed the FDA basis for the regular approval of nivolumab for the first-line treatment of patients with BRAFV600 wild-type (WT) unresectable or metastatic melanoma, are described in this article.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28074351
review focuses on the genes, which are frequently mutated in various cancers and are known to be important in the advance and progression of colorectal cancer and melanoma, namely KRAS, NRAS and BRAF
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28077340
Frequency of BRAF(V600E) mutation was similar in prepubertal and pubertal patients. BRAF(V600E) mutation was found in 14/56 (25%) patients and was high in the classic variant papillary thyroid cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28087644
the FDA granted accelerated approval to nivolumab (OPDIVO; Bristol-Myers Squibb) for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma and disease progression following ipilimumab and, if BRAF V600 mutation positive, a BRAF inhibitor. Approval was based on a clinically meaningful, durable objective response rate (ORR) in a non-comparative analysis of 120 patients who received 3 mg/kg of nivolumab
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28089569
These findings reveal a signaling basis underlying a pathogenic role of dietary fat in BRAF V600E-expressing melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28091917
Rare mutations in KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF oncogenes have been found in patients with melanoma and colorectal neoplasms.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28092667
ZNF767-BRAF fusion is associated with mucosal melanomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28093487
One way to potentially improve adoptive T cell therapy is to combine it with the administration of small molecule inhibitors. Vemurafenib specifically inhibits mutated BRAFV600E/K molecules and directs cell death of BRAFV600E/K expressing tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28093501
Thus, the quaternary structure of BRAF complexes is shaped by its activation status, the conformation of its kinase domain, and clinically relevant inhibitors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28125730
Aspirin use after colon cancer diagnosis was associated with improved overall survival in wild-type BRAF tumors. In contrast, aspirin use in BRAF mutated tumors was not associated with an improved survival.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28134726
NRAS and BRAF mutations are independent events and alternative molecular mechanisms in the primary oral mucosal melanoma tumorigenesis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28135039
Study identified BRAF mutations in 1.7% of Chinese patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and seems associated with adenocarcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28159677
BRAF mutations are rare events in KIT/PDGFRA wild-type gastrointestinal stromal tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28160058
Association of the Bethesda category with BRAF mutation can slightly improve the value of stage prediction in papillary thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28174173
FZR1 inhibits BRAF oncogenic functions via both APC-dependent proteolysis and APC-independent disruption of BRAF dimers, whereas hyperactivated ERK and CDK4 reciprocally suppress APC(FZR1) E3 ligase activity
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28176151
pediatric papillary thyroid carcinomas in Japan are characterized by more advanced clinicopathological features, lower BRAF (V600E) frequency, and absence of TERT mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28179313
Data suggest that genotyping for KRAS and BRAF mutation status is a gold standard for categorizing colorectal cancer (CRC) for clinical decisions.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28214213
The expression levels of BRAFV600E and NF-kappaB were significantly greater in thyroglobuiln antibody-positive than in thyroglobuiln antibody-negative papillary thyroid carcinoma patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28216139
Real-time PCR and pyrosequencing methods were equally excellent in determination of BRAF V600 mutations. The immunohistochemistry method, which is commonly used in routine pathology practice, can also be safely used as a screening test for determination of BRAF V600 mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28216246
KRAS and BRAF mutations are negatively associated with overall and relapse-free survival in patients who undergo complete liver resection for colorectal cancer liver metastases
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28219109
Authors tested the mutation-specific BRAF V600E monoclonal antibody (clone VE1) in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded LCH samples from 26 pediatric patients using allele-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a limit of detection of 0.5% as the comparative gold standard.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28220299
BRAF V600E mutation is frequent in pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28232477
We show that rosiglitazone increases klotho and decreases Wnt5A in tumor cells, reducing the burden of both BRAF inhibitor-sensitive and BRAF inhibitor-resistant tumors in aged, but not young mice. However, when used in combination with PLX4720, tumor burden was reduced in both young and aged mice, even in resistant tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28234922
Our purpose was the evaluation of microsatellite stability status within conventional colon adenomas and also b-catenin, BRAFV600E and p53 contribution.we noted a 10% frequency of MSI events where MSI-H reached a 5% share occurred within the left colon and rectal polyps. b-catenin nuclear overexpression was noted with a 70% frequency and p53 with close to a 24% frequency.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28249840
Mutations in KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF together occur in more than half of all colorectal cancer cases and are often associated with negative responses to the EGFR inhibitors cetuximab and panitumumab.guideline is clear that we should not be giving EGFR inhibitors to patients with RAS mutations and that patients with BRAF V600E mutations have a much worse prognosis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28258306
genetic association/nutrigenomic studies in population in Seoul, Republic of Korea: Data suggest that (1) relatively low iodine intake and (2) more than excessive iodine intake are significant risk factors for occurrence of BRAF mutations in thyroid gland and may be risk factors for development of PTC (papillary thyroid cancer) in iodine-replete area.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28268064
BRAF mutation is associated with melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28278349
summary of the current evidence of non-V600 BRAF mutations and BRAF fusions in melanoma (review).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28281325
IRP2 expression was associated with mutations in BRAF.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28285720
we did not observe GNAS or BRAF mutations in urachal adenocarcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28292959
Data suggest that activation of the metalloproteinase ADAM10 by signal peptide peptidase-like 3 (SPPL3) triggered by mutant BRAF(V600E) was a critical transformation event.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28293988
analysis of BRAF genetic alterations among the histologic variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma in Korea
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28295004
The patients with traditional serrated adenoma showed KRAS and BRAF mutations in 58.4 and 8.3% of cases, respectively. Mutations of these genes were absent.  The study revealed that the subtypes of serrated adenomas substantially differ by sex, age, localization, and molecular genetic characteristics
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28319896
BRAF mutations in the genomic DNA extracted from cancer cell lines were tested, allowing sensitive detection of SNM at very low abundances
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28323937
BRAF mutations were present in 44.6% of primary papillary thyroid carcinomas, 41.7% of lymph node metastasis, and 23.8% of distant metastasis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28342873
These findings demonstrate that the BRAF V600E mutation down-regulates levels of HMGB1, likely through activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28373167
These findings identify a dynamic interplay between FZR1 and BRAF with strong implications for cell-fate determination and the tumor suppressor role of FZR1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28383426
BRAFV600E mutation significantly associated with nonsmall cell lung cancer in females and nonsmokers [meta-analysis]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28393212
these results suggest that SIRT6 enhances cell aggressiveness in PTC via BRAF/ERK/Mcl1 pathway, and thus may be a promising target in the treatment of the disease.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28404629
functional analysis of human BRaf disease-linked mutations identified BRaf as the key missing signaling effector in the common synaptic NMDA-R-CaMKII-SynGap-Ras-BRaf-MEK-ERK transduction cascade.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28421232
mutations were detected in 8 of the 18 adult Langerhans cell histiocytosis patients analysed.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28423545
BRAF mutation is associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28423638
Data show that combined therapy using HER2 inhibitor and BRAF/MEK inhibitor presented more significant redifferentiation effect on papillary thyroid cancer cells harboring BRAFV600E than BRAF/MEK inhibitor alone.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28424234
the rate of BRAF mutation in Irish cohort (28.8%) was lower than international published rates of 40%-60%.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28444112
In the coBRIM phase III trial, the addition of cobimetinib, an MEK inhibitor, to vemurafenib, a BRAF inhibitor, significantly improved progression-free survival [hazard ratio (HR), 0.58; P < 0.0001] and overall survival (HR, 0.70; P = 0.005) in advanced BRAF-mutated melanoma. Here, we report on the incidence, course, and management of key adverse events (AEs) in the coBRIM study
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28448514
a new BRAF fusion in pilocytic astrocytoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28454577
By shedding light on the repertoire of BRAF mRNA and protein variants, and on the complex regulation of their expression, our work paves the way to a deeper understanding of a crucially important player in human cancer and to a more informed development of new therapeutic strategies
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28455392
This study identified two mechanistic subtypes of melanoma: (1) the best responders to clinical BRAF/MEK inhibitors (25%) and (2) nonresponders due to primary resistance mechanisms (9.9%). We identified robust biomarkers that can detect these subtypes in patient samples and predict clinical outcome
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28463756
The results show that BRAF mutations are associated with a worse prognosis than expected in patients treated with FOLFIRI protocol plus bevacizumab compared with the BRAF wild-type population.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28468827
Data suggest that HMGCS1 (HMG-CoA synthase 1) signals through ketogenesis/acetoacetate to promote cell proliferation and BRAF(V600E)-dependent MEK1 activation in BRAF(V600E)-positive melanoma and colon cancer cells; HMGCS1 co-localizes with HMGCL (HMG-CoA lyase) and BRAF(V600E) in cytosol of melanoma and colon cancer cells. (BRAF = proto-oncogene protein B-raf)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28475671
Durable (>/=3 years) survival is achievable with dabrafenib plus trametinib in patients with BRAF V600-mutant metastatic melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28488545
ytoplasmic immunoexpression of BRAF V600E (VE1) protein was found in three specimens: serous superficial papilloma, serous papillary cystadenoma of borderline malignancy, and partially proliferative serous cystadenoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28500561
study to identify the incidence of BRAF and CTNNB1 gene mutations in craniopharyngiomas and correlate it with clinicopathological parameters including histopathology, immunohistochemical expression of proteins BRAF pVal600Glu and beta-catenin and clinical outcome
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28504206
Case Reports: pediatric intracranial and cranial juvenile xanthogranuloma with BRAF V600E mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28523274
Our model is trained to mimic the predictions of a 64-gene signature, the current definition of BRAF-positive group.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28536307
In vemurafenib-treated patients, the cell-cycle gene signature was associated with shorter PFS. However, in cobimetinib combined with vemurafenib-treated patients, both cell cycle and immune signature subgroups had comparable PFS. Cobimetinib combined with vemurafenib may abrogate the adverse impact of the cell-cycle signature.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28539463
We report acquisition of a BRAF fusion as a novel mechanism of acquired resistance to vemurafenib in a patient with melanoma harboring a BRAF(V600E) mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28543997
Our findings showed BRAF and/or KRAS mutations in three of seven cases of low-grade serous neoplasms of the testis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28551389
The lack of KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutation in our study may suggest that a subset of eyelid sebaceous carcinomas is unlike that of eyelid sebaceous carcinomas of western countries.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28561662
Combination BRAF and MEK inhibition has also been shown to improve overall survival in patients with V600E-mutated melanoma. Responses to therapy are often rapid, and treatment is not associated with immune-related adverse events.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28576751
Bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) inhibitors can suppress growth of BRAF-mutant colon cancer cells via repression of MAPK signaling pathway.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28576831
Vemurafenib, inhibiting BRAF signaling, shifted the balance of activatory and inhibitory NK ligands on melanoma cells and displayed immunoregulatory effects on NK-cell functional activities
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28576857
Braf mutations served as biomarkers for response to anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies in colorectal cancer.[review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28583095
BRAF mutation, rather than KRAS, was a significant prognostic factor in Korean colorectal cancer patients at both early and advanced stages.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28595259
Our data show that Signet ring cell colorectal cancer (SRCCa) phenotype comprises two distinct genotypes. The MSI(+)/CIMP(+)/BRAF V600E(+)/CD3(+)/PDL1(+) hypermethylated genotype is an ideal candidate for immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. In addition, one fourth of SRCCa cases can potentially be targeted by KIT inhibitors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28611106
we have found that a subgroup of colorectal cancers, defined by having either KRAS or BRAF (KRAS/BRAF) mutations and BCL2L1 (encoding BCL-XL) amplification, can be effectively targeted by simultaneous inhibition of BCL-XL (with ABT-263) and MCL1 (with YM-155).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28611337
meta-analysis revealed that, in patients with colorectal cancer, the BRAF mutation was associated with female, proximal site, poor differentiation, >5 cm size, and advanced AJCC stage
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28623774
We found a clinically meaningful discrepancy rate in BRAF status both between primary-metastatic and metastatic-metastatic melanoma lesions.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28625649
We have found a higher incidence of axLN metastases in BRAF mutated NSCLC patients than described in non-BRAF mutated NSCLC patients. Examination of the axilla should be a routine part of physical examination in this genetically distinct subgroup of lung cancer patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28646474
the presence of the BRAF (V600E) mutation may be negatively correlated with partial aggressive clinicopathological features of pediatric papillary thyroid cancer (PTC).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28650561
we describe patients with craniosynostosis and Noonan syndrome due to de novo mutations in PTPN11 and patients with craniosynostosis and CFC syndrome due to de novo mutations in BRAF or KRAS. All of these patients had cranial deformities in addition to the typical phenotypes of CFC syndrome and Noonan syndrome.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28650588
The BRAF gene has been reported to be mutated in some human cancers. The BRAF mutations have been implicated in ameloblastoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28656062
c-Myc, a downstream key effector of BRAF(V600E) signaling, was required for BRAF(V600E)-induced changes in lysine27-trimethylated histone H3 through regulating the components of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) genes Ezh2, Suz12 and Jarid2 at both transcriptional levels via direct binding to their regulatory elements and post-transcriptional levels via repressing the miR-26a, miR-200b and miR-155.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28656305
Exposure to cetuximab and various concentration of AG490, an inhibitor of JAK2, STAT3 and HSP27 protein levels, except in the KRAS G12V mutant line, SW620...cetuximab may promote SN38 sensitivity via suppression of HSP27, through blocking the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, and shows synergistic effects when combined with SN38 in wild-type RAS CRC cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28662062
findings should encourage the genetic evaluation of BRAF mutation. This study highlights the potential of RCM as a supplementary tool in the screening of BRAF-mutated melanomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28666074
Meta-analysis:  The combination of BRAF and TERT promoter mutations could classify PTCs into four distinct risk groups with decreasing aggressiveness as follows: coexisting BRAF and TERT > TERT alone=BRAF alone > no mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28667867
Study found that high expression of LC3B protein was associated with the presence of BRAF V600E mutation and temporal lesion in glioneuronal tumors, as well as in gangliogliomas alone. As for Beclin-1 protein, it showed statistically significant correlation with BRAF V600E mutation in glioneuronal tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28679432
a new somatic BRAF splicing mutation, was identified.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28685592
Knowing the mutation status of KRAS, BRAF or PIK3CA in stage II colorectal cancer can significantly improve the accuracy of prognoses.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28692601
BRAF rearrangements were only found in myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcomas but not in hemosiderotic fibrolipomatous tumor lacking TGFBR3-MGEA5 fusions.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28718951
data are consistent with those of other studies reporting a positive relation between BRAF V600E mutation and poor prognostic factors in PTC; however, the BRAF status did not significantly correlate with a response to therapy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28727518
Patients with BRAF V600E PLGG exhibited poor outcomes after chemotherapy and radiation therapies that resulted in a 10-year progression-free survival of 27% (95% CI, 12.1% to 41.9%) and 60.2% (95% CI, 53.3% to 67.1%) for BRAF V600E and wild-type PLGG, respectively ( P < .001).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28743501
Hypoxic postconditioning attenuates apoptosis via inactivation of adenosine A2a receptor through NDRG3-Raf-ERK pathway.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28753606
Short-term treatment of nascent melanoma tumors with PAK inhibitors that block RhoJ signaling halts the growth of BRAF mutant melanoma tumors in vivo and induces apoptosis in melanoma cells in vitro via a BAD-dependent mechanism. As up to 50% of BRAF mutant human melanomas express high levels of RhoJ, these studies nominate the RhoJ-BAD signaling network as a therapeutic vulnerability for fledgling BRAF mutant human tumor
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28756651
The rate of EGFR mutation was significantly higher in female and non-smoker patients. In TTF-1 positive cases EGFR mutation was more frequent. Age of the patients over 62-year old was correlated with KRAS mutations. The concordance between ALK IHC and FISH was 58.3%. The MET protein in the cases with MET amplification was 100% positive.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28775171
Case Reports: two cases of gliosarcoma harbouring the BRAF V600E mutation, of which one case appears to have arisen de novo, while the other likely arose from ganglioglioma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28787433
BRAF mutation was found to be associated with lymph node metastasis as first metastasis and sentinel lymph node positivity. BRAF and NRAS mutations were associated with CNS and liver metastasis and NRAS mutation with lung metastasis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28791997
Clinical and morphological data and the results of molecular genetic studies led to the conclusion that there was eosinophilic granuloma of the right parietal bone (the unifocal form of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), type I, group A1, with the monoossal nature of lesion and with BRAFV600E mutation).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28810144
Mutation in BRAF gene is associated with Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28822769
BRAF mutation is associated with melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28829677
our study suggests that an activating BRAF I463T mutation was associated with eosinophilic cystitis. Importantly, analysis of ctDNA obtained through "liquid biopsies" can identify potentially important genomic alterations in patients for whom biopsy may be difficult in terms of risk or cost.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28834810
BRAF V600E mutation was detected in 6% of glomus tumors, all of which were malignant or glomus tumors of uncertain malignant potential. This mutation may be associated with a malignant phenotype.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28842324
MC1R genotype is associated with patient phenotypes with BRAF and NRAS mutations in melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28850092
while telomere length did not correlate with the presence of a mutation in BRAF (V-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B), PIK3CA (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit), or MSI status, it was significantly associated with the occurrence of a mutation in KRAS
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28858076
Authors systematically compared BRAF V600E and V600K skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) for differential protein, gene, and microRNA expression genome-wide using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Analyses showed that elements of energy-metabolism and protein-translation pathways were upregulated and that proapoptotic pathways were downregulated in V600K tumors compared with V600E tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28862766
This study demonstrates that idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis-associated lung cancer (IPF-LC) is genetically characterized by the presence of somatic mutations reflecting a variety of environmental exposures on the background of specific germline mutations, and is associated with potentially targetable alterations such as BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28873491
Despite the presence of histological findings indicating long-standing gastroesophageal reflux in 25%, as well as symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux in more than 40%, there was no detectable tissue expression of KRAS or BRAF mutations in adult patients treated for esophageal atresia in childhood.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28877062
Findings of recurrent BRAF gene rearrangements in spindle cell sarcomas showing morphologic overlap with infantile fibrosarcomas expand the genetic spectrum of fusion-positive spindle cell sarcomas, to include unusual presentations, such as older children and adolescents and predilection for axial location.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28892804
Following adjustment for sex, logistic regression analysis showed that BRAFV600E mutation, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) expression, age, and tumor size are risk factors that can affect tumor clinical stage (p < 0.05). Based on the results of this analysis, we generated a matrix that incorporated 4 variables: patient age, tumor size, BRAFV600E mutation, and TGF-beta expression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28937091
results indicate that exposure of the melanoma cell lines to a modified PNA-peptide conjugate complementary to BRAF(V600E) mutation sequence results in a concentration-dependent and time-dependent inhibition of cell growth that is specific for the BRAF(V600E)-mutant melanoma cell lines with inhibition of mRNA and protein expression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28939558
In in vivo xenograft studies, BVD-523 showed dose-dependent growth inhibition and tumor regression. BVD-523 yielded synergistic antiproliferative effects in a BRAF(V600E)-mutant melanoma cell line xenograft model when used in combination with BRAF inhibition. Antitumor activity was also demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo models of acquired resistance to single-agent and combination BRAF/MEK-targeted therapy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28940307
BRAF mutation is associated with colonic neuroendocrine carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28947418
KIT knockdown increased RAS/MAPK pathway activation in a BRAF(V600E)-mutant melanoma cell line.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28953955
somatic KRAS mutations in polyps represent a potential molecular marker for the risk of developing advanced neoplasia
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28972961
Although BRAF(non-V600E) mutations identified were a rare and unestablished molecular subtype, certain BRAF(non-V600E) mutations might contribute to a lesser benefit of anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody treatment in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28986151
These data suggest that BRAF V600E can predict the regrowth rate of brainstem gangliogliomas after microsurgery
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29037127
BRAF mutations were not associated with an elevated risk for distant metastasis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29039591
is is the first series on adult patients with BRAF-mutated malignant glioma and leptomeningeal dissemination treated with dabrafenib monotherapy. All patients showed a dramatic response with one patient showing an ongoing response for more than two years.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29059311
Adenocarcinomas or adenomas derived from pigmented ciliary epithelium is distinguished from uveal melanoma by the absence of SOX10 expression and presence of the BRAF V600E mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29061376
the mutational status of BRAF, NRAS, and TERT promoter genes in 97 melanomas, was investigated.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29070763
genetic association studies in population in China: Data suggest that, in patients with unilateral papillary thyroid carcinoma, a mutation in BRAF (V600E) plus multi-focality are both independently and synergically associated with CLNM (central lymph node metastasis) in the population studied.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29074543
The diesel exhaust fumes-exposed patients were diagnosed with a BRAF mutation in 25% of all cases. Given its minimal effects in the subgroups, we conclude that occupational exposure slightly affects the molecular pattern of lung cancers in never-smokers.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29080842
Enhanced BRAF-mediated NRF2 gene transcription and Histone Acetyltransferases-mediated NRF2 protein acetylation contributes to ABCC1-mediated chemoresistance and glutathione-mediated survival in acquired topoisomerase II poison-resistant cancer cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29094484
Proteomic analysis discovers that a novel E3 ligase, RNF44, accounts for ubiquitin-proteasome system of AMPK-alpha1 degradation in BRAF inhibitor-resistant melanoma cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29094776
Mutated Liquid-based FNAs BRAF, N/HRAS and TERT mutations were significantly associated with malignancy regardless of the cytological classification
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29103753
These results indicate that BRAF V600E mutation occurs in OKCs at a high rate and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of OKCs
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29115628
Results show BRAFV600E mutation in 42.1% of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) patients enrolled. In addition, BRAF mutation status was associated with the methylation and expression level of HOXD10 in PTC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29117154
BRAFV600E and RET/PTC and the expression of NF-kappaB promote the proliferation and migration of papillary thyroid carcinoma cells in vitro.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29144823
The presence of BRAF(V600E) mutation in PTC confers a higher likelihood of FDG PET avidity and is associated with higher SUV uptake values compared to BRAF(V600E)-mutation negative status. [Review and Meta-Analysis]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29162506
This study is the first to describe the BRAF (L597Q) mutation in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors and the first to implicate a BRAF mutation in neurofibroma biology
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29175303
Tumor cell content was not associated with mutational rate for EGFR, BRAF and HER2 mutations. DNA quantity was not associated with mutational rate for EGFR, KRAS, BRAF and HER2
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29180316
BRAF mutations more frequently affected individuals younger than 61 with phototype II. In contrast, NRAS mutations were more frequent in phototype III cases. Mutations of both genes were more frequent in cases with satellitosis in the first melanoma, and in cases with ulceration in the subsequent lesions.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29187493
Data indicate that BRAF, NRAS and C-KIT melanomas constitute distinct clinico-pathological entities.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29199726
The result of our study adds to the growing consensus that BRAF V600E mutational status should be analyzed in correlation with other molecular and clinicopathological prognostic factors for a better risk stratification.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29202777
Coexistence of BRAF V600E mutation and EZH2 gain is rather prevalent in melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29238890
The presence and frequency of BRAF c.1799T > A mutation was investigated in two archival tissue specimens of Hairy cell leukemia and Hairy cell leukemia Variant.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29273082
a low frequency of BRAF or KRAS mutation in Chinese patients with low-grade serous carcinoma of the ovary
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29286077
CREB1 may activate the transcription of wtBRAF through directly binding to its promoter, increasing BRAF expression and regulating the cell proliferation, migration and invasion of endometriosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29295999
Data show that depletion of SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 10 protein (SOX10) sensitizes mutant proto-oncogene proteins B-raf (BRAF) melanoma cells to RAF inhibitors in vitro and in vivo.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29304767
The MLH1-93 AA genotype is significantly associated with promoter hypermethylation and MLH1 loss in the context of Sessile serrated adenoma of dysplasia. BRAF mutant microsatellite stable colorectal cancers with the AA genotype most likely arise in traditional serrated adenomas since the A allele does not predispose to methylation in this context.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29310328
Of these 6 patients, 3 had a BRAF mutation positive primary with a BRAF mutation negative metastatic lesion, while the other 3 had a BRAF mutation negative primary with BRAF mutation positive metastasis.There is an important discordance rate in the BRAF mutation status of melanoma primaries versus brain metastases.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29320776
In lung adenocarcinomas, BRAF mutations tended to occur in former or current smokers, and BRAF V600E mutations are more common in females. The histologic grade and architecture of these tumors varied significantly in both cytology and histology material, from well to poorly differentiated.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29320991
RHEB Y35N expressing cells undergo cancer transformation due to decreased interaction between RHEB and BRAF resulting in overactive RAF/MEK/ERK signaling. Taken together with the previously established function of RHEB to activate mTORC1 signaling, it appears that RHEB performs a dual function; one is to suppress the RAF/MEK/ERK signaling and the other is to activate mTORC1 signaling.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29332123
common conjunctival melanocytic nevi have mutually exclusive mutations in BRAF and NRAS. The two conjunctival blue nevi harbored GNAQ mutations. This suggests the driver mutations of conjunctival nevi are similar to those of nevi of the skin. At the molecular level, conjunctival nevi appear more like cutaneous nevi than choroidal nevi
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29335867
Identification of KRAS/NRAS/BRAF mutation status is crucial to predict the therapeutic effect and determine individual therapeutic strategies for patients with colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29433126
findings demonstrate that KSR-MEK complexes allosterically activate BRAF through the action of N-terminal regulatory region and kinase domain contacts and challenge the accepted role of KSR as a scaffold for MEK recruitment to RAF
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29464327
RNA sequencing identified in both an AKAP9-BRAF gene fusion
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29505523
mutations and expression might serve as independent adverse prognostic factors in melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29546640
mutation profiles of BRAF wild-type craniopharyngiomas and ameloblastomas share mutations of FGFR genes and have additional mutations with potential for targeted therapy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29562502
Lower CA125 serum levels, negative vascular invasion, and wild-type BRAF status were significantly associated with improved 2-year DFS rates among patient with stage III disease who received adjuvant chemotherapy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29590112
Data indicate proto-oncogene protein B-raf (BRAF)-V600E as the sole recurring somatic mutation in sessile serrated polyps (SSPs) with no additional major genetic mutations detected.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29658453
Children with Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) tend to have a high overall survival rate and a high incidence rate of BRAF-V600E mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29715113
The present case series suggests that the incidence of concomitant KRAS/BRAF mutations in patients with surgically treated colorectal liver metastasis may be higher than previously hypothesized, and associated with more variable survival outcomes than expected.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29762246
The BRAFV600E mutation status may not impact the clinical response to radioiodine therapy for papillary thyroid carcinoma patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29767243
The present findings suggested that miR9 may suppress the viability ofpapillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cells and inhibit tumor growth through directly targeting the expression of BRAF in PTC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29808165
Studied frequency of BRAF 1799T>A mutation in Mexican Papillary Thyroid Cancer patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29974407
The frequency of BRAF mutations was significantly higher in Serrated Lesions subgroups with highly methylated epigenotype tumors and microsatellite instability.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30010109
these results indicated that STAT3-mediated downexpression of miR-579-3p caused resistance to vemurafenib. Our findings suggest novel approaches to overcome resistance to vemurafenib by combining vemurafenib with STAT3 sliencing or miR-579-3p overexpression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30150413
Data show that glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and proto-oncogene proteins B-raf (BRAF)/MAPK signaling converges to control microphthalmia-associated transcription factor MITF (MITF) nuclear export.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30220118
The occurrence of BRAF V600E mutations in ganglioglioma is common, and their detection may be valuable for the diagnosis and treatment in ganglioglioma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30224486
MET inactivation in the context of the BRAF-activating mutation is driven through a negative feedback loop involving inactivation of PP2A phosphatase, which in turn leads to phosphorylation on MET inhibitory Ser985.

















In [42]:



    


def print_pubmeds_recent(gene_name):
    gene_info = gene_search(gene_name)
    for reference in gene_info['generif'][::-1]:
        print('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/' + str(reference['pubmed']))
        print(reference['text'])



    











In [43]:



    


print_pubmeds_recent('BRAF')



    


















    






https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30224486
MET inactivation in the context of the BRAF-activating mutation is driven through a negative feedback loop involving inactivation of PP2A phosphatase, which in turn leads to phosphorylation on MET inhibitory Ser985.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30220118
The occurrence of BRAF V600E mutations in ganglioglioma is common, and their detection may be valuable for the diagnosis and treatment in ganglioglioma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30150413
Data show that glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and proto-oncogene proteins B-raf (BRAF)/MAPK signaling converges to control microphthalmia-associated transcription factor MITF (MITF) nuclear export.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30010109
these results indicated that STAT3-mediated downexpression of miR-579-3p caused resistance to vemurafenib. Our findings suggest novel approaches to overcome resistance to vemurafenib by combining vemurafenib with STAT3 sliencing or miR-579-3p overexpression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29974407
The frequency of BRAF mutations was significantly higher in Serrated Lesions subgroups with highly methylated epigenotype tumors and microsatellite instability.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29808165
Studied frequency of BRAF 1799T>A mutation in Mexican Papillary Thyroid Cancer patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29767243
The present findings suggested that miR9 may suppress the viability ofpapillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cells and inhibit tumor growth through directly targeting the expression of BRAF in PTC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29762246
The BRAFV600E mutation status may not impact the clinical response to radioiodine therapy for papillary thyroid carcinoma patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29715113
The present case series suggests that the incidence of concomitant KRAS/BRAF mutations in patients with surgically treated colorectal liver metastasis may be higher than previously hypothesized, and associated with more variable survival outcomes than expected.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29658453
Children with Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) tend to have a high overall survival rate and a high incidence rate of BRAF-V600E mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29590112
Data indicate proto-oncogene protein B-raf (BRAF)-V600E as the sole recurring somatic mutation in sessile serrated polyps (SSPs) with no additional major genetic mutations detected.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29562502
Lower CA125 serum levels, negative vascular invasion, and wild-type BRAF status were significantly associated with improved 2-year DFS rates among patient with stage III disease who received adjuvant chemotherapy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29546640
mutation profiles of BRAF wild-type craniopharyngiomas and ameloblastomas share mutations of FGFR genes and have additional mutations with potential for targeted therapy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29505523
mutations and expression might serve as independent adverse prognostic factors in melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29464327
RNA sequencing identified in both an AKAP9-BRAF gene fusion
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29433126
findings demonstrate that KSR-MEK complexes allosterically activate BRAF through the action of N-terminal regulatory region and kinase domain contacts and challenge the accepted role of KSR as a scaffold for MEK recruitment to RAF
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29335867
Identification of KRAS/NRAS/BRAF mutation status is crucial to predict the therapeutic effect and determine individual therapeutic strategies for patients with colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29332123
common conjunctival melanocytic nevi have mutually exclusive mutations in BRAF and NRAS. The two conjunctival blue nevi harbored GNAQ mutations. This suggests the driver mutations of conjunctival nevi are similar to those of nevi of the skin. At the molecular level, conjunctival nevi appear more like cutaneous nevi than choroidal nevi
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29320991
RHEB Y35N expressing cells undergo cancer transformation due to decreased interaction between RHEB and BRAF resulting in overactive RAF/MEK/ERK signaling. Taken together with the previously established function of RHEB to activate mTORC1 signaling, it appears that RHEB performs a dual function; one is to suppress the RAF/MEK/ERK signaling and the other is to activate mTORC1 signaling.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29320776
In lung adenocarcinomas, BRAF mutations tended to occur in former or current smokers, and BRAF V600E mutations are more common in females. The histologic grade and architecture of these tumors varied significantly in both cytology and histology material, from well to poorly differentiated.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29310328
Of these 6 patients, 3 had a BRAF mutation positive primary with a BRAF mutation negative metastatic lesion, while the other 3 had a BRAF mutation negative primary with BRAF mutation positive metastasis.There is an important discordance rate in the BRAF mutation status of melanoma primaries versus brain metastases.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29304767
The MLH1-93 AA genotype is significantly associated with promoter hypermethylation and MLH1 loss in the context of Sessile serrated adenoma of dysplasia. BRAF mutant microsatellite stable colorectal cancers with the AA genotype most likely arise in traditional serrated adenomas since the A allele does not predispose to methylation in this context.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29295999
Data show that depletion of SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 10 protein (SOX10) sensitizes mutant proto-oncogene proteins B-raf (BRAF) melanoma cells to RAF inhibitors in vitro and in vivo.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29286077
CREB1 may activate the transcription of wtBRAF through directly binding to its promoter, increasing BRAF expression and regulating the cell proliferation, migration and invasion of endometriosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29273082
a low frequency of BRAF or KRAS mutation in Chinese patients with low-grade serous carcinoma of the ovary
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29238890
The presence and frequency of BRAF c.1799T > A mutation was investigated in two archival tissue specimens of Hairy cell leukemia and Hairy cell leukemia Variant.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29202777
Coexistence of BRAF V600E mutation and EZH2 gain is rather prevalent in melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29199726
The result of our study adds to the growing consensus that BRAF V600E mutational status should be analyzed in correlation with other molecular and clinicopathological prognostic factors for a better risk stratification.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29187493
Data indicate that BRAF, NRAS and C-KIT melanomas constitute distinct clinico-pathological entities.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29180316
BRAF mutations more frequently affected individuals younger than 61 with phototype II. In contrast, NRAS mutations were more frequent in phototype III cases. Mutations of both genes were more frequent in cases with satellitosis in the first melanoma, and in cases with ulceration in the subsequent lesions.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29175303
Tumor cell content was not associated with mutational rate for EGFR, BRAF and HER2 mutations. DNA quantity was not associated with mutational rate for EGFR, KRAS, BRAF and HER2
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29162506
This study is the first to describe the BRAF (L597Q) mutation in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors and the first to implicate a BRAF mutation in neurofibroma biology
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29144823
The presence of BRAF(V600E) mutation in PTC confers a higher likelihood of FDG PET avidity and is associated with higher SUV uptake values compared to BRAF(V600E)-mutation negative status. [Review and Meta-Analysis]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29117154
BRAFV600E and RET/PTC and the expression of NF-kappaB promote the proliferation and migration of papillary thyroid carcinoma cells in vitro.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29115628
Results show BRAFV600E mutation in 42.1% of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) patients enrolled. In addition, BRAF mutation status was associated with the methylation and expression level of HOXD10 in PTC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29103753
These results indicate that BRAF V600E mutation occurs in OKCs at a high rate and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of OKCs
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29094776
Mutated Liquid-based FNAs BRAF, N/HRAS and TERT mutations were significantly associated with malignancy regardless of the cytological classification
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29094484
Proteomic analysis discovers that a novel E3 ligase, RNF44, accounts for ubiquitin-proteasome system of AMPK-alpha1 degradation in BRAF inhibitor-resistant melanoma cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29080842
Enhanced BRAF-mediated NRF2 gene transcription and Histone Acetyltransferases-mediated NRF2 protein acetylation contributes to ABCC1-mediated chemoresistance and glutathione-mediated survival in acquired topoisomerase II poison-resistant cancer cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29074543
The diesel exhaust fumes-exposed patients were diagnosed with a BRAF mutation in 25% of all cases. Given its minimal effects in the subgroups, we conclude that occupational exposure slightly affects the molecular pattern of lung cancers in never-smokers.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29070763
genetic association studies in population in China: Data suggest that, in patients with unilateral papillary thyroid carcinoma, a mutation in BRAF (V600E) plus multi-focality are both independently and synergically associated with CLNM (central lymph node metastasis) in the population studied.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29061376
the mutational status of BRAF, NRAS, and TERT promoter genes in 97 melanomas, was investigated.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29059311
Adenocarcinomas or adenomas derived from pigmented ciliary epithelium is distinguished from uveal melanoma by the absence of SOX10 expression and presence of the BRAF V600E mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29039591
is is the first series on adult patients with BRAF-mutated malignant glioma and leptomeningeal dissemination treated with dabrafenib monotherapy. All patients showed a dramatic response with one patient showing an ongoing response for more than two years.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29037127
BRAF mutations were not associated with an elevated risk for distant metastasis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28986151
These data suggest that BRAF V600E can predict the regrowth rate of brainstem gangliogliomas after microsurgery
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28972961
Although BRAF(non-V600E) mutations identified were a rare and unestablished molecular subtype, certain BRAF(non-V600E) mutations might contribute to a lesser benefit of anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody treatment in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28953955
somatic KRAS mutations in polyps represent a potential molecular marker for the risk of developing advanced neoplasia
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28947418
KIT knockdown increased RAS/MAPK pathway activation in a BRAF(V600E)-mutant melanoma cell line.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28940307
BRAF mutation is associated with colonic neuroendocrine carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28939558
In in vivo xenograft studies, BVD-523 showed dose-dependent growth inhibition and tumor regression. BVD-523 yielded synergistic antiproliferative effects in a BRAF(V600E)-mutant melanoma cell line xenograft model when used in combination with BRAF inhibition. Antitumor activity was also demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo models of acquired resistance to single-agent and combination BRAF/MEK-targeted therapy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28937091
results indicate that exposure of the melanoma cell lines to a modified PNA-peptide conjugate complementary to BRAF(V600E) mutation sequence results in a concentration-dependent and time-dependent inhibition of cell growth that is specific for the BRAF(V600E)-mutant melanoma cell lines with inhibition of mRNA and protein expression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28892804
Following adjustment for sex, logistic regression analysis showed that BRAFV600E mutation, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) expression, age, and tumor size are risk factors that can affect tumor clinical stage (p < 0.05). Based on the results of this analysis, we generated a matrix that incorporated 4 variables: patient age, tumor size, BRAFV600E mutation, and TGF-beta expression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28877062
Findings of recurrent BRAF gene rearrangements in spindle cell sarcomas showing morphologic overlap with infantile fibrosarcomas expand the genetic spectrum of fusion-positive spindle cell sarcomas, to include unusual presentations, such as older children and adolescents and predilection for axial location.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28873491
Despite the presence of histological findings indicating long-standing gastroesophageal reflux in 25%, as well as symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux in more than 40%, there was no detectable tissue expression of KRAS or BRAF mutations in adult patients treated for esophageal atresia in childhood.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28862766
This study demonstrates that idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis-associated lung cancer (IPF-LC) is genetically characterized by the presence of somatic mutations reflecting a variety of environmental exposures on the background of specific germline mutations, and is associated with potentially targetable alterations such as BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28858076
Authors systematically compared BRAF V600E and V600K skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) for differential protein, gene, and microRNA expression genome-wide using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Analyses showed that elements of energy-metabolism and protein-translation pathways were upregulated and that proapoptotic pathways were downregulated in V600K tumors compared with V600E tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28850092
while telomere length did not correlate with the presence of a mutation in BRAF (V-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B), PIK3CA (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit), or MSI status, it was significantly associated with the occurrence of a mutation in KRAS
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28842324
MC1R genotype is associated with patient phenotypes with BRAF and NRAS mutations in melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28834810
BRAF V600E mutation was detected in 6% of glomus tumors, all of which were malignant or glomus tumors of uncertain malignant potential. This mutation may be associated with a malignant phenotype.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28829677
our study suggests that an activating BRAF I463T mutation was associated with eosinophilic cystitis. Importantly, analysis of ctDNA obtained through "liquid biopsies" can identify potentially important genomic alterations in patients for whom biopsy may be difficult in terms of risk or cost.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28822769
BRAF mutation is associated with melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28810144
Mutation in BRAF gene is associated with Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28791997
Clinical and morphological data and the results of molecular genetic studies led to the conclusion that there was eosinophilic granuloma of the right parietal bone (the unifocal form of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), type I, group A1, with the monoossal nature of lesion and with BRAFV600E mutation).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28787433
BRAF mutation was found to be associated with lymph node metastasis as first metastasis and sentinel lymph node positivity. BRAF and NRAS mutations were associated with CNS and liver metastasis and NRAS mutation with lung metastasis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28775171
Case Reports: two cases of gliosarcoma harbouring the BRAF V600E mutation, of which one case appears to have arisen de novo, while the other likely arose from ganglioglioma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28756651
The rate of EGFR mutation was significantly higher in female and non-smoker patients. In TTF-1 positive cases EGFR mutation was more frequent. Age of the patients over 62-year old was correlated with KRAS mutations. The concordance between ALK IHC and FISH was 58.3%. The MET protein in the cases with MET amplification was 100% positive.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28753606
Short-term treatment of nascent melanoma tumors with PAK inhibitors that block RhoJ signaling halts the growth of BRAF mutant melanoma tumors in vivo and induces apoptosis in melanoma cells in vitro via a BAD-dependent mechanism. As up to 50% of BRAF mutant human melanomas express high levels of RhoJ, these studies nominate the RhoJ-BAD signaling network as a therapeutic vulnerability for fledgling BRAF mutant human tumor
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28743501
Hypoxic postconditioning attenuates apoptosis via inactivation of adenosine A2a receptor through NDRG3-Raf-ERK pathway.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28727518
Patients with BRAF V600E PLGG exhibited poor outcomes after chemotherapy and radiation therapies that resulted in a 10-year progression-free survival of 27% (95% CI, 12.1% to 41.9%) and 60.2% (95% CI, 53.3% to 67.1%) for BRAF V600E and wild-type PLGG, respectively ( P < .001).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28718951
data are consistent with those of other studies reporting a positive relation between BRAF V600E mutation and poor prognostic factors in PTC; however, the BRAF status did not significantly correlate with a response to therapy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28692601
BRAF rearrangements were only found in myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcomas but not in hemosiderotic fibrolipomatous tumor lacking TGFBR3-MGEA5 fusions.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28685592
Knowing the mutation status of KRAS, BRAF or PIK3CA in stage II colorectal cancer can significantly improve the accuracy of prognoses.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28679432
a new somatic BRAF splicing mutation, was identified.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28667867
Study found that high expression of LC3B protein was associated with the presence of BRAF V600E mutation and temporal lesion in glioneuronal tumors, as well as in gangliogliomas alone. As for Beclin-1 protein, it showed statistically significant correlation with BRAF V600E mutation in glioneuronal tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28666074
Meta-analysis:  The combination of BRAF and TERT promoter mutations could classify PTCs into four distinct risk groups with decreasing aggressiveness as follows: coexisting BRAF and TERT > TERT alone=BRAF alone > no mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28662062
findings should encourage the genetic evaluation of BRAF mutation. This study highlights the potential of RCM as a supplementary tool in the screening of BRAF-mutated melanomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28656305
Exposure to cetuximab and various concentration of AG490, an inhibitor of JAK2, STAT3 and HSP27 protein levels, except in the KRAS G12V mutant line, SW620...cetuximab may promote SN38 sensitivity via suppression of HSP27, through blocking the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, and shows synergistic effects when combined with SN38 in wild-type RAS CRC cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28656062
c-Myc, a downstream key effector of BRAF(V600E) signaling, was required for BRAF(V600E)-induced changes in lysine27-trimethylated histone H3 through regulating the components of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) genes Ezh2, Suz12 and Jarid2 at both transcriptional levels via direct binding to their regulatory elements and post-transcriptional levels via repressing the miR-26a, miR-200b and miR-155.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28650588
The BRAF gene has been reported to be mutated in some human cancers. The BRAF mutations have been implicated in ameloblastoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28650561
we describe patients with craniosynostosis and Noonan syndrome due to de novo mutations in PTPN11 and patients with craniosynostosis and CFC syndrome due to de novo mutations in BRAF or KRAS. All of these patients had cranial deformities in addition to the typical phenotypes of CFC syndrome and Noonan syndrome.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28646474
the presence of the BRAF (V600E) mutation may be negatively correlated with partial aggressive clinicopathological features of pediatric papillary thyroid cancer (PTC).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28625649
We have found a higher incidence of axLN metastases in BRAF mutated NSCLC patients than described in non-BRAF mutated NSCLC patients. Examination of the axilla should be a routine part of physical examination in this genetically distinct subgroup of lung cancer patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28623774
We found a clinically meaningful discrepancy rate in BRAF status both between primary-metastatic and metastatic-metastatic melanoma lesions.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28611337
meta-analysis revealed that, in patients with colorectal cancer, the BRAF mutation was associated with female, proximal site, poor differentiation, >5 cm size, and advanced AJCC stage
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28611106
we have found that a subgroup of colorectal cancers, defined by having either KRAS or BRAF (KRAS/BRAF) mutations and BCL2L1 (encoding BCL-XL) amplification, can be effectively targeted by simultaneous inhibition of BCL-XL (with ABT-263) and MCL1 (with YM-155).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28595259
Our data show that Signet ring cell colorectal cancer (SRCCa) phenotype comprises two distinct genotypes. The MSI(+)/CIMP(+)/BRAF V600E(+)/CD3(+)/PDL1(+) hypermethylated genotype is an ideal candidate for immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. In addition, one fourth of SRCCa cases can potentially be targeted by KIT inhibitors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28583095
BRAF mutation, rather than KRAS, was a significant prognostic factor in Korean colorectal cancer patients at both early and advanced stages.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28576857
Braf mutations served as biomarkers for response to anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies in colorectal cancer.[review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28576831
Vemurafenib, inhibiting BRAF signaling, shifted the balance of activatory and inhibitory NK ligands on melanoma cells and displayed immunoregulatory effects on NK-cell functional activities
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28576751
Bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) inhibitors can suppress growth of BRAF-mutant colon cancer cells via repression of MAPK signaling pathway.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28561662
Combination BRAF and MEK inhibition has also been shown to improve overall survival in patients with V600E-mutated melanoma. Responses to therapy are often rapid, and treatment is not associated with immune-related adverse events.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28551389
The lack of KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutation in our study may suggest that a subset of eyelid sebaceous carcinomas is unlike that of eyelid sebaceous carcinomas of western countries.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28543997
Our findings showed BRAF and/or KRAS mutations in three of seven cases of low-grade serous neoplasms of the testis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28539463
We report acquisition of a BRAF fusion as a novel mechanism of acquired resistance to vemurafenib in a patient with melanoma harboring a BRAF(V600E) mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28536307
In vemurafenib-treated patients, the cell-cycle gene signature was associated with shorter PFS. However, in cobimetinib combined with vemurafenib-treated patients, both cell cycle and immune signature subgroups had comparable PFS. Cobimetinib combined with vemurafenib may abrogate the adverse impact of the cell-cycle signature.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28523274
Our model is trained to mimic the predictions of a 64-gene signature, the current definition of BRAF-positive group.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28504206
Case Reports: pediatric intracranial and cranial juvenile xanthogranuloma with BRAF V600E mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28500561
study to identify the incidence of BRAF and CTNNB1 gene mutations in craniopharyngiomas and correlate it with clinicopathological parameters including histopathology, immunohistochemical expression of proteins BRAF pVal600Glu and beta-catenin and clinical outcome
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28488545
ytoplasmic immunoexpression of BRAF V600E (VE1) protein was found in three specimens: serous superficial papilloma, serous papillary cystadenoma of borderline malignancy, and partially proliferative serous cystadenoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28475671
Durable (>/=3 years) survival is achievable with dabrafenib plus trametinib in patients with BRAF V600-mutant metastatic melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28468827
Data suggest that HMGCS1 (HMG-CoA synthase 1) signals through ketogenesis/acetoacetate to promote cell proliferation and BRAF(V600E)-dependent MEK1 activation in BRAF(V600E)-positive melanoma and colon cancer cells; HMGCS1 co-localizes with HMGCL (HMG-CoA lyase) and BRAF(V600E) in cytosol of melanoma and colon cancer cells. (BRAF = proto-oncogene protein B-raf)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28463756
The results show that BRAF mutations are associated with a worse prognosis than expected in patients treated with FOLFIRI protocol plus bevacizumab compared with the BRAF wild-type population.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28455392
This study identified two mechanistic subtypes of melanoma: (1) the best responders to clinical BRAF/MEK inhibitors (25%) and (2) nonresponders due to primary resistance mechanisms (9.9%). We identified robust biomarkers that can detect these subtypes in patient samples and predict clinical outcome
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28454577
By shedding light on the repertoire of BRAF mRNA and protein variants, and on the complex regulation of their expression, our work paves the way to a deeper understanding of a crucially important player in human cancer and to a more informed development of new therapeutic strategies
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28448514
a new BRAF fusion in pilocytic astrocytoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28444112
In the coBRIM phase III trial, the addition of cobimetinib, an MEK inhibitor, to vemurafenib, a BRAF inhibitor, significantly improved progression-free survival [hazard ratio (HR), 0.58; P < 0.0001] and overall survival (HR, 0.70; P = 0.005) in advanced BRAF-mutated melanoma. Here, we report on the incidence, course, and management of key adverse events (AEs) in the coBRIM study
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28424234
the rate of BRAF mutation in Irish cohort (28.8%) was lower than international published rates of 40%-60%.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28423638
Data show that combined therapy using HER2 inhibitor and BRAF/MEK inhibitor presented more significant redifferentiation effect on papillary thyroid cancer cells harboring BRAFV600E than BRAF/MEK inhibitor alone.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28423545
BRAF mutation is associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28421232
mutations were detected in 8 of the 18 adult Langerhans cell histiocytosis patients analysed.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28404629
functional analysis of human BRaf disease-linked mutations identified BRaf as the key missing signaling effector in the common synaptic NMDA-R-CaMKII-SynGap-Ras-BRaf-MEK-ERK transduction cascade.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28393212
these results suggest that SIRT6 enhances cell aggressiveness in PTC via BRAF/ERK/Mcl1 pathway, and thus may be a promising target in the treatment of the disease.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28383426
BRAFV600E mutation significantly associated with nonsmall cell lung cancer in females and nonsmokers [meta-analysis]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28373167
These findings identify a dynamic interplay between FZR1 and BRAF with strong implications for cell-fate determination and the tumor suppressor role of FZR1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28342873
These findings demonstrate that the BRAF V600E mutation down-regulates levels of HMGB1, likely through activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28323937
BRAF mutations were present in 44.6% of primary papillary thyroid carcinomas, 41.7% of lymph node metastasis, and 23.8% of distant metastasis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28319896
BRAF mutations in the genomic DNA extracted from cancer cell lines were tested, allowing sensitive detection of SNM at very low abundances
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28295004
The patients with traditional serrated adenoma showed KRAS and BRAF mutations in 58.4 and 8.3% of cases, respectively. Mutations of these genes were absent.  The study revealed that the subtypes of serrated adenomas substantially differ by sex, age, localization, and molecular genetic characteristics
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28293988
analysis of BRAF genetic alterations among the histologic variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma in Korea
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28292959
Data suggest that activation of the metalloproteinase ADAM10 by signal peptide peptidase-like 3 (SPPL3) triggered by mutant BRAF(V600E) was a critical transformation event.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28285720
we did not observe GNAS or BRAF mutations in urachal adenocarcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28281325
IRP2 expression was associated with mutations in BRAF.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28278349
summary of the current evidence of non-V600 BRAF mutations and BRAF fusions in melanoma (review).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28268064
BRAF mutation is associated with melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28258306
genetic association/nutrigenomic studies in population in Seoul, Republic of Korea: Data suggest that (1) relatively low iodine intake and (2) more than excessive iodine intake are significant risk factors for occurrence of BRAF mutations in thyroid gland and may be risk factors for development of PTC (papillary thyroid cancer) in iodine-replete area.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28249840
Mutations in KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF together occur in more than half of all colorectal cancer cases and are often associated with negative responses to the EGFR inhibitors cetuximab and panitumumab.guideline is clear that we should not be giving EGFR inhibitors to patients with RAS mutations and that patients with BRAF V600E mutations have a much worse prognosis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28234922
Our purpose was the evaluation of microsatellite stability status within conventional colon adenomas and also b-catenin, BRAFV600E and p53 contribution.we noted a 10% frequency of MSI events where MSI-H reached a 5% share occurred within the left colon and rectal polyps. b-catenin nuclear overexpression was noted with a 70% frequency and p53 with close to a 24% frequency.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28232477
We show that rosiglitazone increases klotho and decreases Wnt5A in tumor cells, reducing the burden of both BRAF inhibitor-sensitive and BRAF inhibitor-resistant tumors in aged, but not young mice. However, when used in combination with PLX4720, tumor burden was reduced in both young and aged mice, even in resistant tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28220299
BRAF V600E mutation is frequent in pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28219109
Authors tested the mutation-specific BRAF V600E monoclonal antibody (clone VE1) in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded LCH samples from 26 pediatric patients using allele-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a limit of detection of 0.5% as the comparative gold standard.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28216246
KRAS and BRAF mutations are negatively associated with overall and relapse-free survival in patients who undergo complete liver resection for colorectal cancer liver metastases
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28216139
Real-time PCR and pyrosequencing methods were equally excellent in determination of BRAF V600 mutations. The immunohistochemistry method, which is commonly used in routine pathology practice, can also be safely used as a screening test for determination of BRAF V600 mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28214213
The expression levels of BRAFV600E and NF-kappaB were significantly greater in thyroglobuiln antibody-positive than in thyroglobuiln antibody-negative papillary thyroid carcinoma patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28179313
Data suggest that genotyping for KRAS and BRAF mutation status is a gold standard for categorizing colorectal cancer (CRC) for clinical decisions.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28176151
pediatric papillary thyroid carcinomas in Japan are characterized by more advanced clinicopathological features, lower BRAF (V600E) frequency, and absence of TERT mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28174173
FZR1 inhibits BRAF oncogenic functions via both APC-dependent proteolysis and APC-independent disruption of BRAF dimers, whereas hyperactivated ERK and CDK4 reciprocally suppress APC(FZR1) E3 ligase activity
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28160058
Association of the Bethesda category with BRAF mutation can slightly improve the value of stage prediction in papillary thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28159677
BRAF mutations are rare events in KIT/PDGFRA wild-type gastrointestinal stromal tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28135039
Study identified BRAF mutations in 1.7% of Chinese patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and seems associated with adenocarcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28134726
NRAS and BRAF mutations are independent events and alternative molecular mechanisms in the primary oral mucosal melanoma tumorigenesis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28125730
Aspirin use after colon cancer diagnosis was associated with improved overall survival in wild-type BRAF tumors. In contrast, aspirin use in BRAF mutated tumors was not associated with an improved survival.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28093501
Thus, the quaternary structure of BRAF complexes is shaped by its activation status, the conformation of its kinase domain, and clinically relevant inhibitors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28093487
One way to potentially improve adoptive T cell therapy is to combine it with the administration of small molecule inhibitors. Vemurafenib specifically inhibits mutated BRAFV600E/K molecules and directs cell death of BRAFV600E/K expressing tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28092667
ZNF767-BRAF fusion is associated with mucosal melanomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28091917
Rare mutations in KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF oncogenes have been found in patients with melanoma and colorectal neoplasms.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28089569
These findings reveal a signaling basis underlying a pathogenic role of dietary fat in BRAF V600E-expressing melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28087644
the FDA granted accelerated approval to nivolumab (OPDIVO; Bristol-Myers Squibb) for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma and disease progression following ipilimumab and, if BRAF V600 mutation positive, a BRAF inhibitor. Approval was based on a clinically meaningful, durable objective response rate (ORR) in a non-comparative analysis of 120 patients who received 3 mg/kg of nivolumab
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28077340
Frequency of BRAF(V600E) mutation was similar in prepubertal and pubertal patients. BRAF(V600E) mutation was found in 14/56 (25%) patients and was high in the classic variant papillary thyroid cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28074351
review focuses on the genes, which are frequently mutated in various cancers and are known to be important in the advance and progression of colorectal cancer and melanoma, namely KRAS, NRAS and BRAF
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28073844
The results of the trial submitted to confirm clinical benefit, which formed the FDA basis for the regular approval of nivolumab for the first-line treatment of patients with BRAFV600 wild-type (WT) unresectable or metastatic melanoma, are described in this article.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28067893
Data show that the expression of Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) was significantly reduced by treatment with vemurafenib and trametinib in (V600E)BRAF protein melanoma cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28062544
Despite a significant prevalence of BRAF mutation, more than 70% of hobnail variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas (HPTCs) in our series showed concurrent mutations of other genes such as TP53, PIK3CA, CTNNB1 and hTERT, in contrast to classic PTC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28040692
BRAF or KRAS mutations are independently associated with shorter time to recurrence, shorter survival after relapse, and overall survival in patients with microsatellite-stable (MSS) subgroups, but not microsatellite-unstable tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28039443
Report heterogeneity and frequency of BRAF mutations in primary melanoma samples.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28034324
The expression of the nuclear and cytoplasmic forms of p16 represent two independent mechanisms, and both seemed to control proliferation in response to oncogenic stimuli, protecting the cell from malignant transformation in BRAF-mutated gastrointestinal stromal tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28030835
Co-targeting translation and proteasome using the combination of Episilvestrol and Bortezomib promoted strong endoplasmic reticulum stress and rapid killing of colon cancer cells with KRAS/BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28025078
Report KRAS, NRAS, PIK3CA, and BRAF mutational profile in poorly differentiated clusters of KRAS-mutated colon cancer may depend on tumor histology.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28006055
Mutations in BRAFV600E were significantly associated with worse survival after recurrence (SAR) in patients with recurrent stage III colon cancer, and worse SAR for BRAFV600E or KRAS mutant tumors was more strongly associated with distal cancers.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28002643
BRAF mutation is not associated with response to chemotherapy in Melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28000889
High BRAF mutation rate is associated between primary colorectal cancer and corresponding metastases.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27999210
A panRAF inhibitor, LY3009120, potently inhibited proliferation and tumor growth in BRAF/KRAS mutated colorectal tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27993800
BRAF-mutant advanced colorectal cancer ( aCRC) confers a markedly worse prognosis independent of associated clinicopathological features. Chemotherapy provides meaningful improvements in outcome throughout treatment lines. Post-progression survival is markedly worse and vigilance is required to ensure appropriate delivery of treatment after first-line progression
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27993793
these data highlight the poor prognosis of patients with metastatic melanoma and BM, despite a targetable 'driver' oncogene mutation(BRAFv600) and evidence of initial drug-responsiveness
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27984807
This study demonstrated the presence of BRAF V600E mutation in Chinese epileptic patients with Glioneuronal tumors, which was significantly correlated with gender and multiple seizure types.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27984673
A series of midline gangliogliomas demonstrate that the H3 K27M mutation can occur in association with the BRAF V600E mutation in grade I glioneuronal tumors. Despite the presence of H3 K27M mutations, these cases should not be graded and treated as grade IV tumors because they have a better spontaneous outcome than classic diffuse midline H3 K27M-mutant glioma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27977682
we demonstrate that small molecule PERK inhibitors exhibit single agent efficacy against BrafV600E-dependent tumors highlighting the clinical value of targeting PERK
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27965097
in response to vemurafenib, BRAF-mutated melanoma and colorectal cancer cells rapidly induced the ISR as a cytoprotective mechanism through activation of general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2), an eIF2alpha kinase sensing amino acid levels
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27943267
Alcohol intake is associated with an increased risk of KRAS+ and BRAF-/KRAS- tumors originating via specific molecular pathways including the traditional adenoma-carcinoma pathway but not with BRAF+ tumors originating via the serrated pathway
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27936049
Extrathyroid invasion, lymph node metastases, and BRAFV600E mutation were the high risk factors of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27930579
BRAF mutation and DNA mutation was associated with serrated polyps and hyperplastic polyps in the carcinogenesis of colorectal cancers.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27928645
Our data demonstrate that starvation-trigged autophagy, which is BRAF V600E dependent, promotes cancer cell survival in uveal melanoma. Vemurafenib induces autophagic cell death rather than adaptive cell survival in BRAF V600E-mutant melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27923714
Acquired BRAF V600E Mutation is associated with resistance to osimertinib in lung cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27923591
Despite a high specificity for thyroid cancer, BRAF(V600E) mutation has a low overall sensitivity and therefore has a limited diagnostic value as a single screening test.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27919446
Immunohistochemistry is an accurate method to evaluate BRAF proto-oncogene is papillary thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27916952
multiregion analysis was performed in 60 spatially separated tumor areas according to the pathological tumor node metastasis (pTNM) staging and KRAS, NRAS and BRAF mutations were tested using pyrosequencing.these results suggest the need for multiple RAS testing in different parts of the same tumor and/or more sensitive techniques.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27912827
This review highlights treatment options, including clinical trials for ROS1 rearrangement, RET fusions, NTRK1 fusions, MET exon skipping, BRAF mutations, and KRAS mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27911979
our studies show that BRAFNon-V600 mutations are not prognostic for stage IV melanoma patients, and this information will augment the design and interpretation of current and future clinical trials in this patient population.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27911794
RAS-ERK signaling in BRAF mutant melanomas is critical for regulating active chromatin state and recruitment of RNA polymerase II at mutant TERT promoters. Our study provides evidence that the mutant TERT promoter is a key substrate downstream of the RAS-ERK pathway.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27911099
Morphometric variables are predictive markers for papillary thyroid carcinoma cases with positivity for BRAF V600 mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27888823
No relation between oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas and BRAF gene mutations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27875244
This multicenter data analysis establishes a six-genotype genetic prognostic model for poor outcomes of papillary thyroid cancer with a risk order of genetic duet of BRAF V600E/RAS mutation and TERT mutation >>>>BRAF V600E = TERT mutation alone >RAS mutation alone = wild-type genes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27870159
ndings indicate that BRAF V600E is not a consistent squarending in myopericytoma and does not serve as a useful diagnostic immunohistochemistry marker
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27866718
BRAF protein mutation in metastatic lymph nodes maybe responsible for the recurrence of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27865374
A high extent more than 25% of BRAF(V600E) alleles may be associated with disease outcome in PTC patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27864876
ARMC10-BRAF fusion is associated with melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27864688
genome analysis of wild-type gastrointestinal stromal tumors for mutations should include the BRAF gene in patients with KIT and PDGFRA wild-type gastrointestinal stromal tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27863476
Data indicate the role of immunohistochemical BRAF V600E expression in patients at the time of progression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27863429
the present study identifies the WIPF1 gene as having novel oncogenic functions and playing an important role in the invasiveness and aggressiveness of thyroid cancer when aberrantly up-regulated by the BRAF V600E/MAPK pathway through its promoter demethylation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27863426
CSF tumor-derived cell-free DNA has the potential to serve as a diagnostic tool in patients with BRAFV600 mutated malignancies.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27863403
Report targeted analysis of KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA mutations in circulating tumor cells captured by a label-free platform and compare to expression in primary tumor tissue and metastases.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27860480
BRAF gene mutation is confirmed by several studies found in malignant melanoma of the skin. The histopathology findings in our group did not confirmed our theory, that since the uveal melanoma itself has the similar origin as skin melanoma, should also contain a BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27860162
Desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma/ganglioglioma with rare BRAF V600D mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27835901
Mutational activation of BRAF confers sensitivity to TGFBR1 inhibitors in human melanoma cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27815357
KRAS mutations were rarely found together and those in codons 12 and 13 conferred poor prognosis. For BRAF, more c.1781A>G (p.D594G) colorectal cancers (CRC)carried RAS mutations [14% (3/21)] compared with c.1799T>A (p.V600E) CRCs.For NRAS, 5% (3/60) of codon 61 mutant colorectal cancers had KRAS mutations compared with 44% (10/23) of codons 12 and 13 mutant colorectal cancers
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27813079
Increased plasma membrane abundance of PMCA4b in vemurafenib-treated BRAF mutant cells is associated with enhanced Ca2+ clearance.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27792249
Results indicate that in addition to being present in established BRAF-associated gliomas, BRAF mutations might be associated with epithelial features in high-grade gliomas, including sheet-like arrangement of polygonal tumor cells with a plump cytoplasm and astroblastic rosettes, and thus could potentially serve as a genetic marker for these features.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27791198
A rapid monophyletic evolution of melanoma subpopulations in response to targeted therapy that was not observed in non-targeted therapy was observed. NRAS mutations in BRAF mutated patient treated with a BRAF inhibitor were identified post-resistant samples. Sequence analysis showed that NRAS mutations co-occur with BRAF mutations in single cells, and are not mutually exclusive.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27776007
Spitzoid neoplasms with BRAF fusion cases were most likely to have high-grade nuclear atypia, to be diagnosed as spitzoid melanoma, to have a positive result by melanoma fluorescence in situ hybridization assay, and to develop copy number gains in the kinase domain of the fusion protein.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27775691
Data show that BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) treatment failed to affect Nodal protein levels in melanoma tissues.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27775641
Findings suggest that the association of HER2 amplification with BRAF(V600E) mutation and telomere shortening may represent a marker of tumor aggressiveness, and, in refractory thyroid cancer, may warrant exploration as a site for targeted therapy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27771229
BRAF V600E is the predominant mutation in Japanese non-chronically sun-damaged melanoma patients, and that both intra- and inter-tumor mutational heterogeneities exist in primary and metastatic melanomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27769870
BRAF V600E mutations wereencountered in most metanephric stromal tumors, supporting a link with other metanephric tumors and suggesting a clonal event possibly affecting primordial renal cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27766572
BRAF mutations were detected in 54 of 115 (47 %) including 51 of V600E and 3 of V600 K in Japanese melanoma cases.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27765849
BRAF(V600E)-mediated MEK/ERK activation can upregulate MCL-1 by phosphorylation/stabilization to confer apoptosis resistance that can be reversed by MCL-1 antagonism combined with cobimetinib, suggesting a novel therapeutic strategy against BRAF(V600E)-mutant CRCs.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27764839
Incidence of adverse events was similar regardless of RAS/BRAF status.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27760550
BRAF(V600E) mutation is a common genetic change in isolated hypothalamic-pituitary Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27737711
No significant impact on prognosis was observed for mutated KRAS, NRAS, and PIK3CA genes or combined RAS mutations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27729324
Alternative genetic mechanisms of BRAF activation in Langerhans cell histiocytosis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27718322
BRAF V600E mutation is associated with cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma recurring as a ganglioglioma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27689252
BRAF-positive thyroid cancers most often demonstrate worrisome sonographic features and are frequently associated with positive or suspicious Bethesda cytology.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27681305
findings suggest an association of BRAF-V600E with parameters of a more aggressive behaviour of ameloblastoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27672042
Japanese patients with sporadic colorectal cancer with BRAF V600E mutation exhibited a significantly shorter overall survival.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27671879
In this report, we describe a 35-year-old female who presented with multifocal ganglioglioma, involving both the conus medullaris and filum terminale. The dominant lesion in the filum terminale was resected, which revealed World Health Organization I grade, p53 mutant, and BRAF wildtype status
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666765
BRAF V600E mutation in capsular nevi of sentinel lymph nodes may be useful as an adverse predictive biomarker in patients with melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27659822
The V600E mutation is associated with a risk of transformation to high-grade glioma and poor response to chemoradiation approaches and outcome.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27634910
Mutation analysis Iindicate NRAS as the most commonly mutated gene in myeloma patients followed by KRAS ( and BRAF.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27630332
BRAF-mutant lesions are consistently associated with poor prognosis. Consequently, the indications of colorectal liver metastasis resection in this patient group should be reconsidered.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27620500
The authors find that the interaction between sB-Raf and the Hsp90 chaperone system is based on contacts with the M domain of Hsp90, which contributes in forming the ternary complex with Cdc37 as long as the kinase is not stabilized by nucleotide.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27608415
Study finds infrequent BRAF alterations but enriched FGFR alterations in adults as compared with that reported in pediatric pilocytic astrocytomas. In addition, coexistent BRAF and FGFR alterations and a significant association of FGFR alterations with age and tumor location were noted.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27600854
BRAF mutations are closely associated with aggressive clinicopathological characteristics and poorer prognosis in papillary thyroid cancer. [meta-analysis]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27599148
Study found that BRAF alterations are frequent in dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNTs), particularly BRAF copy number gain which is being reported for the first time in these tumors. Evidence of activation of mTOR and MAPK pathways suggests a role for altered signalling in DNT pathogenesis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27597420
The BRAF/MAP2K1-mut LCH cells had a more immature state than BRAF/MAP2K1-wt LCH cells. Authors also found the BRAFV600E and MAP2K1 mutations were significantly associated with pERK expression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27571181
r-BRAF are very uncommon in papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) and are found almost exclusively in PTC with low-risk clinicopathological features.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27568671
Compared to some Asian populations, this study of Filipino papillary thyroid carcinoma patients shows a lower prevalence of BRAF V600E mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27555670
IFNgamma inhibits CXCL8 secretion and in turn the migration of a BRAF V600e mutated thyroid cell line
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27554081
The BRAF V600E mutation is now recognized as the causal genetic event of hairy cell leukemia because it is somatic, present in the entire tumor clone, detectable in almost all cases at diagnosis (encompassing the whole disease spectrum), and stable at relapse.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27545333
A report of BRAF mutations in acute myeloid leukemias (AML) found mutations only in de novo AML with monocytic differentiation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27542908
(V600)BRAF switches on a metabolic reprogramming in melanoma cells, leading to a decreased OXPHOS activity and increased glycolytic ATP, lactate, HIF-1alpha and MCT4 levels.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27535135
Point mutations of BRAF is associated with thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27532222
A pointmutation located in exon 5 of the TP53 gene and a point mutation in exon 15 of the BRAF gene (c.1799T>A, V600E) were detected in an anaplastic thyroid carcinoma patient
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27503895
miR-579-3p controls melanoma progression and resistance to target therapy by targeting the 3'UTR of two oncoproteins: BRAF and MDM2.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27480103
BRAF(V600)-mutation is associated with melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27466810
found that BRAF genotyping in weakly and moderately pigmented samples was more efficient when the sample was processed with BSA or purified with a NucleoSpin(R) gDNA Clean-up XS Kit prior to PCR amplification
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27460442
BRAF(V600)-mutation is associated with papillary thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27458004
Compared with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, an increased prevalence of mutations in the Ras pathway genes KRAS, NRAS, and/or BRAF (72%), as well as TP53 (26%), CRBN (12%), and CRBN pathway genes (10%) was observed.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27454941
Study of four cases confirms BRAF V600E mutation as a probable driver in a subset of ciliated muconodular papillary tumors (CMPT) of the lung, along with AKT1 mutation, which further supports that CMPT are indolent pulmonary neoplasms.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27449293
Results show that promoter mutations render telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression dependent on MAPK signal pathway activation due to oncogenic BRAF or NRAS mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27442672
A higher number of suspicious US features classified by the TIRADS, but not the BRAF mutation, are associated with lateral lymph node metastasis in patients with PTC, and can aid in the preoperative identification of patients at increased risk of lateral lymph node metastasis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27438990
Results indicate that MLH1-hypermethylated BRAF wild-type colorectal carcinomas can harbor KRAS mutations and arise from precursor polyps resembling conventional tubular/tubulovillous adenomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27435270
There is association between CpG island methylator phenotype and mutation of BRAF in patients with metastatic Colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27433783
BRAFV600E mutations were associated with younger patient age and localization of melanoma on sun-protected areas of the skin.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27416954
BRAFV600E mutation is associated with astroblastoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27404270
colorectal cancers with BRAF D594G mutations are similar to those with BRAF wild-type with regard to clinicopathological features, microsatellite instability status, and prognosis. However, colorectal cancers with BRAF D594G mutations are rare.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27401113
The results establish a link between BRAF(V600E) and NOX4, which is confirmed by a comparative analysis of NOX4 expression in human (TCGA) and mouse thyroid cancers.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27387551
This study is the first to report BRAF mutations in a pure adult sample of differentiated thyroid cancer of Saudi Arabian ethnicity.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27382031
The results demonstrated the lack of activity of anti-EGFRs in RAS(KRAS and NRAS) and BRAF wild-type, right-sided tumors, thus suggesting a potential role for primary tumor location in driving treatment choices
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27368419
DiRas3 binds to KSR1 independently of its interaction with activated Ras and RAF.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27358379
Mutations in KRAS and BRAF were associated with inferior PFS and OS of mCRC patients compared with patients with non-mutated tumors. KRAS exon 2 mutation variants were associated with heterogeneous outcome compared with unmutated tumors with KRAS G12C and G13D (trend) being associated with rather poor survival
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27354468
We suggest that BRAF mutant patients should not be considered as having a unique biology and provide an in depth characterization of heterogeneous motifs that may be exploited for drug targeting.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27351224
Using a panel of BRAF V600E and WT colorectal cancer cell lines and in vitro selected resistant culture, and xenograft models, authors demonstrate here that BRAFV600E confers resistance to mTOR inhibitors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27345584
Here we review the current knowledge about the classification of this tumor subtype and its association with five key features: mutation status of the BRAF or KRAS genes, the CpG island methylation phenotype, microsatellite instability, immune cell infiltration, and overexpression of GTPase RAC1b
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27342756
Studies indicate the clinical importance of BRAF-V600 mutations and BRAF inhibition in the progression to melanoma brain metastasis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27329244
RNF43 germline and somatic mutation in Serrated Neoplasia pathway associated with BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27325282
MET amplification is here identified-clinically and preclinically-as a new mechanism of resistance to EGFR and BRAF dual/triple block combinations in BRAF-mutated colorectal cancer. Switching from EGFR to MET inhibition, while maintaining BRAF inhibition, resulted in clinical benefit after the occurrence of MET-driven acquired resistance.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27314237
Our study provides a rationale to strengthen NK cell immunotherapy through a combination with cetuximab for RAS and BRAF mutant mCRC patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27296272
Erdheim-Chester Disease With Cardiovascular Involvement and BRAF V600E Mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27283860
BRAF(V600E)-mutation is associated with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27261210
The association of BRAF mutations with clinical and pathological features was assessed next in a cohort of 840 KRAS exon 2 wild type CRC patients screened with the Real Time PCR assay.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27256275
The BRAF(V)(600E) mutation is also seen in paediatric cytology and the morphological features showed a high accuracy as both predictive mutational parameters and a helpful aid in management mainly of the aggressive BRAF(V)(600E) mutated carcinomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27253461
investigation of MGMT promoter methylation and in particular BRAF V600E mutations represent reliable additional tools to sustain differentiation of Giant Cell Glioblastoma (gcGBM) from Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) on a molecular basis. Based on these data specific BRAF kinase inhibitors could represent a promising agent in the therapy of PXA and their use should be emphasized.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27249714
For patients with non-small cell lung cancer with a EGFR mutation and an anaplastic lymphoma kinase mutation(ALK) with brain metastases, several agents have shown intracranial activity. Lapatinib has been tested for patients with brain metastases from breast cancer harboring a HER2 mutation. molecular targeted therapies have shown efficacy in BRAF-positive melanoma brain metastasis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27226552
using a kinase-inactive mutant of CK2alpha, that RAF-MEK inhibitor resistance did not rely on CK2alpha kinase catalytic function, and both wild-type and kinase-inactive CK2alpha maintained ERK phosphorylation upon inhibition of BRAF or MEK.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27222248
The B-Raf inhibitor PLX4032 induces DR5 upregulation exclusively in Ras-mutant cancer cells; this effect is dependent on Ras/c-Raf/MEK/ERK signaling activation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27220764
p16 and BRAFV600E are useful to distinguish between sporadic and hereditary (Lynch syndrome-related) microsatellite instable colorectal carcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27210749
These results provide support for the role of BRAF(V600E) in metastasis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27198569
PD-L1 expression in colorectal cancer is associated with microsatellite instability and BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27197524
BRAF IHC is strongly concordant with the BRAF mutation test.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27194447
strong correlation between the presence of circulating V600 mutated DNA and overall survival of melanoma patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27180062
Functional Na+/I- symporter activity was higher in BRAF(V600E) mutation-positive cases of classical variant papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27167340
Data show that long noncoding RNA RMEL3 is required for MAPK and PI3K signaling, and its knockdown decrease BRAFV600E melanoma cell survival and proliferation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27165943
BRAF mutation is associated with response to chemotherapy in lung cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27150060
Data show that 514 of 1170 patients (44%) carried a BRAF mutation, and all models indicated age and histological subtype of melanoma as the two major predictive variables.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27147251
BRAF mutation is correlated with response to therapy in melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27138882
BRAF(V600E) in papillary thyroid cancer predicts an increased risk of lymph node metastasis, extra-thyroidal extension and reduced disease-free survival. It is an additional useful prognostic biomarker.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27138801
BRAF mutation was significantly related with shorter DFS and OS among stage II/III CRC patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy after curative resection
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27116958
Braf and Kras genes mutation were reveled in gastritis and adenocarcinoma patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27111917
HRM appears the less sensitive assay for the detection of BRAF V600 mutations. The RT-ASA, IdyllaTM and IHC assays are suitable for routine molecular diagnostics aiming at the prescription of anti-BRAF therapies
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27105117
Cdc37 performs a quality control of protein kinases, including b-raf, where induced conformational instability acts as a "flag" for Hsp90 dependence and stable cochaperone association.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27101548
The BRAF was mutated in 55% (29/53) and NRAS in 11% (5/45) of the primary melanomas sequenced.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27098748
BRAF mutations were not detected in any of the four IM cases examined. One patient with IM died from metastatic disease: this tumour was disomy 3 with 6p and 8q gains. All other patients were alive with no evidence of metastases at study closure.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27094161
New and highly sensitive method to detect BRAF V600 mutations in Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27087167
the BRAF pathway is activated in endometriotic cells from patients with endometriosis, and inhibition of the BRAF pathway can significantly decrease proliferation in both epithelial and stromal endometriotic cells in vitro and in vivo
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27085458
BRAF mutations occur frequently in testicular germ cell tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27084044
The BRAFV600E antibody (clone VE1) IHC may show non-specific staining, but molecular assays may be useful for the diagnosis of unicystic ameloblastoma, in conjunction with clinical, radiological and histopathological features.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27082577
The BRAF-mutated Colorectal Cancers ,in comparison to KRAS-mutated ones, are associated with a much worse prognosis for the afflicted patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27080216
Dabrafenib showed clinical activity in BRAF(V600E)-positive NSCLC. Our findings suggest that dabrafenib could represent a treatment option for a population of patients with limited therapeutic options
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27064992
the prevalence and clinicopathological associations of BRAF V600E and TERT promoter mutations in Chinese PTC patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27062580
our results suggest that the mutational spectrum of pediatric AF is more complex than in adult AF, being rich in AKT1 and BRAF, as well as CTNNB1 gene mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27048246
we identify recurrent somatic BRAF alterations in high-grade colorectal NET and demonstrate rapid clinical improvement and tumor responses with a combination of BRAF- and MEK-directed therapies.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27041569
These findings identify a key mechanism of tolerance to Ras-Raf pathway inhibitors and suggest that blocking either AMPK or autophagy in combination with these targeted inhibitors could increase tumor regression and decrease the likelihood of eventual recurrence.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27036313
Increased staining for phosphorylated ERK1/2 does not correlate to BRAF or KRAS mutations in colorectal neoplasms.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27034263
BRAF mutation may have different prognostic implications in early- and late-stage colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27033063
The prognostic role of BRAF, PIK3CA mutations and ploidy in advanced CRC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27028853
Data indicate that BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) have unique paradoxical ERK activation profiles.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27009410
The incidence of conjunctival melanoma increased in Denmark over 50 years. The proportion of BRAF-mutated conjunctival melanoma was constant. BRAF mutations were identified as early events in conjunctival melanoma, associated with a distinct clinicopathological profile.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27000992
The additive effects given by gamma-secretase inhibitor to BRAF inhibitor are due to enhancement of induction of the senescent-like arrest, which is associated with decreased RB phosphorylation and CDK6 expression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26997442
Low incidence of BRAF mutations in adenocarcinomas of the ampulla of Vater suggest no major role in tumorigenesis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26997441
BRAF inhibitor therapy-associated melanocytic lesions lack the BRAF V600E mutation and show increased levels of cyclin D1 expression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26996308
beta3-alphaC deletions are activating mutations in BRAF. BRAF deltaNVTAP confers CRAF- and dimer-independent activity and is resistant to vemurafenib.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26994902
Study provides evidence of BRAF-KIAA fusion in disseminated glioneuronal lesions occurring in childhood and the first report of a BRAF V600E mutation in children with this disease, representing a potential therapeutic target.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26991344
Our findings indicate that BRAF and KRAS mutations as well as mutation heterogeneity predict poor outcome in CRC patients subsequent to liver resections and might help guide treatment decisions.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26989027
Our data suggest that KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF mutations predict response to cetuximab treatment in metastatic colorectal cancer patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26980024
Mutant BRAF represses E-cadherin expression, implicating a catalytic role for BRAF in epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26980021
There was no statistically significant association between BRAF or MAP2K1 mutation and anatomic site, unifocal versus multifocal presentation, or clinical outcome in Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26974965
Results indicate that MAPK pathway inhibition leads to changes in the immunological properties of mutant BRAF melanoma cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26969876
The coexistence of BRAF or RAS mutations enhanced the prognostic effects of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutations. Furthermore, TERT promoter mutations strengthened the predictions of mortality and recurrence by the ATA and TNM staging systems, particularly for high-risk patients with differentiated thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26960768
The diagnostic classifier based on profiling of 13 microRNAs was proposed, with total estimated accuracy varying from 82.7 to 99% for different nodule types. Relative expression of six microRNAs appeared significantly different in BRAF(V600E)-positive samples compared to BRAF(V600E)-negative papillary carcinoma samples
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26959890
Growth arrest is accompanied by MAPK-mediated serine/threonine phosphorylation and suppression of a variety of oncogenic drivers that resist treatment by B-Raf(V600E) kinase inhibitors, including ErbB members, c-Met, IGFR, IRS, STAT3 and Akt.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26959608
Thus ERK5 signaling is unlikely to play a role in tumor cell proliferation downstream of KRAS or BRAF or in tumor cells with ERK5 amplification. These results have important implications for the role of ERK5 as an anti-cancer drug target
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26951110
The present cohort identifies that the classic architecture with multicentricity and local recurrence are correlates of BRAF (V600E) harboring pediatric papillary thyroid carcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26950846
The BRAFV600E mutation was significantly associated with central lymph node metastases in patients undergoing prophylactic central neck dissection when specifically controlling for preoperatively available clinicopathologic variables in all papillary thyroid cancer subtypes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26945035
This study demonstrated that when whole chromosome 7 gain accompanies the KIAA1549-BRAF fusion, the fusion likely arises first.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26943032
This study, the largest on TERT mutation so far, demonstrates a significant role of BRAF V600E and TERT promoter mutations in the aggressiveness of papillary thyroid carcinoma, which is particularly robust and cooperative when the two mutations coexist.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26932501
Results are the first to describe the presence of Wnt signaling pathway abnormalities, manifested by nuclear beta-catenin, in a subset, as well as the lack of BRAF(V600E) mutation in gliosarcoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26927447
Braf mutations were extremely rare in pancreatic cancer, suggesting that they play a limited role in PC development.[review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26927026
BRAF V600E mutations were found in the papillary craniopharyngiomas subgroup and were not detectable in papillary craniopharyngiomas samples.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26925650
KRAS mutations are not Associated with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26925640
BRAF mutations are associated with poor response to chemptherapy in Colorectal Peritoneal Carcinomatosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26924424
BRAF-V600E expression in primary nodular melanoma is associated with aggressive tumour features.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26912807
BRAF V600E mutation predisposes papillary thyroid carcinoma cells toward invasive phenotypes
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26910894
Mutant BRAF may, in part, drive the histologic progression of colorectal adenomas toward serrated histology
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26910217
The rate of the BRAF V600E mutation in the pediatric population with papillary thyroid carcinoma is significantly lower than that seen in the adult population
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26892442
KRAS and, infrequently, BRAF mutations are observed in a subset of small intestinal adenocarcinomas, and are associated with higher pT classification and more frequent pancreatic invasion
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26889698
The rate of the BRAFV600E mutation increased significantly in papillary thyroid cancer diagnosed in Poland from 2000-2013
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26871894
Positive status of BRAF(V600E) mutation was a significant predictor of multifocality (OR = 1.23; 95%CI = 1.14-1.32), extrathyroidal extension (OR = 2.23; 95%CI = 1.90-2.63), TNM stage (OR = 1.67; 95%CI = 1.53-1.81), lymph node metastasis (OR = 1.67; 95%CI = 1.45-1.93), vascular invasion (OR = 1.47; 95%CI = 1.22-1.79) and recurrence/persistence (OR = 2.33; 95%CI = 1.71-3.18) of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26871591
Apart from BRAF V(600)E, no other recurrent somatic mutation was identified in these hairy cell leukaemia exomes, thereby excluding additional acquired mutations as also prevalent at a near-universal frequency in this form of the disease.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26857243
TERT promoter mutation is an independent predictor for distant metastasis of thyroid neoplasms, but ALK testing is not useful for clinical decision-making in Korean patients with a high prevalence of the BRAF V600E mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26848795
The BRAF V600 mutations were significantly associated with AQP1 expression (P=0.014). Long-term follow-up indicated a reduced progression-free survival (P=0.036) and overall survival (P=0.017) for the AQP1-positive cutaneous melanoma patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26838744
BRAF(V600E) mutation is correlated with a lower expression of Na(+)/I(-) symporter in papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26835544
BRAF mutation subclonality was associated with earlier disease stage in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26826419
Colorectal poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas frequently harbor BRAF mutations and are associated with poor overall survival.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26825960
Specific inhibition of BRAF oncogene, MEK or p38 signaling was associated with decreases in DIO3 expression in papillary thyroid cancer cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26825657
One of the most cited proteins in melanoma is BRAF (about 50-60 % of melanomas harbors activating BRAF mutations), for these the most common is a substitution of valine to glutamic acid at codon 600 (p.V600E)[review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26823860
We demonstrated that the BRAF (V600E) mutation slightly correlated with the clinicopathological characteristics of papillary thyroid cancer in the Han population
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26814611
A BRAF mutation, p.Val600Ala, was identified in 1 of 8,000 peripheral blood lymphocytes and 1 of 6,000 T lymphocytes from rheumatoid arthritis patients and in 1 of 12,500 peripheral blood lymphocytes and 1 of 12,500 T lymphocytes from controls
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26810733
Our findings present EBI-907 as a potent and promising BRAF inhibitor, which might be useful in broader indications.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26810070
BRAF, FGFR1, and MYB mutations occur at high frequency and align with morphology of low-grade neuroepithelial tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26808395
Alternative pathways through mutations in BRAF gene are associated with the progression of Colorectal polyps to cancer and may provide insights into the genetic characteristics of skirts.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26807515
MC1R status is associated with BRAF(V600E), BRAF(V600K), and NRAS mutations in cutaneous melanomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26802240
BRAF mutation is playing an important role in the pathogenesis of pyogenic granuloma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26799289
BRAF mutation is associated with colon cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26796506
Letter: report frequent BRAF V600E mutations in metanephric stromal tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26790143
Conclude that PRIMA-1(Met) through its ability to directly reactivate p53, sensitises (V600E/K)BRAF-positive melanoma cells to BRAF inhibitors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26787892
results reveal a common BRAF(V600E)-directed transcriptional regulatory pathway that mediates epigenetic silencing in unrelated solid tumors and provide strong support for an instructive model of oncoprotein-directed epigenetic silencing
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26775732
BRAF mutations are associated with response to therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26758762
Findings suggested that BRAF-activated noncoding RNA may contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma initiation and progression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26753950
olfactory neuroepithelial progenitor cells with the genetic heritage of bipolar I disorder were more sensitive to glutamate induced apoptosis. Under expression of the BRAF gene and protein, which plays a role in regulating the pro-survival MEK/ERK signaling pathway, may contribute to this apoptotic sensitivity.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26750638
BRAF V600E inhibition stimulates AMP-activated protein kinase-mediated autophagy in colorectal cancer cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26750533
The significant association of SLP-2 overexpression with unfavorable clinicopathological characteristics and BRAFV600E mutation indicates that SLP-2 may have a role in aggressiveness of BRAF-mutated papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26749005
BRAF mutation is associated with thyroid neoplasms.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26734696
BRAF V600E mutation is associated with Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26733165
study suggests an influence of overweight BMI on the status of BRAF (V600E) in patients with PTC, whereas the underlying mechanism need to be further investigated
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26732095
This study discovered oncogenic BRAF deletions with a distinct activation mechanism dependent on the BRAF dimer formation in tumor cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26718898
It was suggested that somatic point mutations in BRAF, CDKN2A and PI3KCA do not participate in the oncogenesis of Medullary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26718882
four cases harbored the BRAF-V600E mutation, one case harbored the BRAF-G606R mutation, and three cases harbored deletions in exon 19 of EGFR
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26711930
Clinical data suggest that BRAF mutations define specific subsets of patients with NSCLC; while their oncogenic nature is yet to be established in lung cancer, especially for non-V600E mutations, the value of BRAF mutations to predict the efficacy of targeted agents remains unclear.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26711586
TERT promoter mutations have a limited role in pediatric thyroid carcinoma, but the BRAFV600E mutation may have a role in recurrence in pediatric patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26710756
BRAF mutation is not associated with pheochromocytoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26695089
BRAFV600E status during melanoma progression was evaluated in a cohort of 54 patients with at least paired-samples. These findings suggest that only VE1-negative tumours would be genotyped to detect other BRAFV600 mutations, and that either primary melanoma or metastasis can be tested using immunohistochemistry, according to the material available.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26691448
These results revealed differences in the genetic profiles of KRAS, NRAS, PIK3CA and BRAF at mutation hotspots between Chinese CRC patients and those of Western countries.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26684240
BRAF V600E mutation is associated with resistance to pazopanib in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26678033
BRAF mutation is associated with melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26671072
BRAF mutational status correlates with recurrence of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma [review; meta-analysis]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26668268
Actin remodeling confers BRAF inhibitor resistance to melanoma cells through YAP/TAZ activation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26646323
Data show that Griffipavixanthone (GPX), a dimeric xanthone isolated from Garcinia esculenta, is a B-RAF and C-RAF inhibitor against esophageal cancer cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26643848
Twenty-three percent of patients with V600E- and 43% of patients with K601E-mutant melanomas presented with nodal disease at diagnosis compared to just 14% of patients with BRAF wild-type tumors (P = 0.001 and 0.006, respectively). Overall, these mutations represent a significant minority of BRAF mutations, but have distinct clinicopathological phenotypes and clinical behaviors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26632889
The presence of the BRAFV600E mutation is independently associated with high F-18 FDG uptake on preoperative PET/CT in patients with overt papillary thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26630683
BRAF-V600 mutation inconsistencies of up to 14.5% can be seen between the primary and metastatic foci in melanoma cases. These findings should be taken into account when planning targeted therapy and deciding on treatment responsiveness/unresponsiveness.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26625260
identification of 7 BRAF-induced genes that are specific for BRAF V600E-driven papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26623721
Data show that dasatinib induced DNA damage and activated DNA repair pathways leading to senescence only in the kinase-inactivating BRAF kinase (BRAF) mutations (KIBRAF) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26616508
use of sorafenib has been ineffective in the management of advanced Colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with KRAS mutation, combination of selective BRAF inhibitors plus EGFR inhibitors may represent a good therapeutic strategy in BRAF-mutant CRC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26616061
Recent reports show a significant radiosensitization of the irradiated healthy tissue in patients with melanoma after the combination of radiotherapy and BRAF(V600) inhibitors, evoking concern in clinical practice
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26613644
The findings suggest that the presence of the BRAFV600E mutation and loss of p16 expression accelerate the growth rate of melanomas in vivo leading to larger melanocytes that are more frequently arranged in nests.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26608120
Report incidence and heterogeneity of genetic changes driving BRAF inhibitor resistance in melanomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26600545
PIK3CA mutations were observed in 32% (8) of the 25 breast cancer tissues examined, Sequencing of exon 2 of KRAS suggested that 20% (5) of the 25 samples harbored a mutation and 16% (4) of BRAF harbored a mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26600396
the V600E BRAF mutation occurred in about half of melanoma patients; it was associated with earlier manifestation of melanoma and likely with more aggressive clinical features.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26598713
Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis was an independent predictor for less aggressiveness in conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma patients regardless of BRAF mutation status.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26597176
The patient's resected brain tumor is BRAF V600E mutated, NRAS wild type (WT), and TERT C250T mutated. The patient is a carrier of germline variants in immunomodulatory loci associated with prolonged survival.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26584635
Data indicate that among classic and follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs), mutation of proto-oncogene protein B-raf (BRAF(V600E)) was significantly associated with the smaller size.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26582795
Characterization of TP53 as a downstream effector of miR-3151 provides evidence for a causal link between BRAF mutations and TP53 inactivation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26582644
Cooperation of BRAF(F595L) and mutant HRAS is associated with histiocytic sarcoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26575603
In the validation-set (508 pts, RAS wt: 262 (51.6%), BRAFV600E mutated: 49 (9.6%)), right-sided primary, female gender and mucinous histology were confirmed as independent predictors of BRAFV600E mutation with high accuracy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26575115
NRAS codon 61 is the most frequent genetic alteration in this acromegaly series with Differentiated Thyroid Cancer . Since acromegalic patients have lower prevalance of BRAF V600E mutation, BRAF V600E mutation may not be a causative factor in development ofDifferentiated Thyroid Cancer in acromegaly.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26563980
The vast majority of these tumors harbor the oncogenic BRAF V600E mutation. [review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26562024
Case Report: BRAF kinase domains are a clinically important genomic alteration and therapeutic target.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26562020
Data indicate that mutations in PTEN phosphatase A167T and NRAS protein Q61L, and proto-oncogene protein BRAF V600E were detected in melanoma cell line.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26541605
Vitamin C is selectively toxic to cells with mutant KRAS or BRAF alleles.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26530529
Data indicate that tumors with proto-oncogene proteins BRAF or KRAS mutations were in correlation with elevated serum level of carbohydrate antigen (CA19-9) and carcinoma embryonic antigen (CEA).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26521469
High frequency and specificity of the V600E BRAF mutation make it a useful biochemical marker for selecting the right surgical strategy for thyroidectomy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26521063
that BRAF sequencing has been used to discriminate between dedifferentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma and tumor to tumor metastasis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26513490
Both Glut1 and GLUT3 are strongly expressed by papillary thyroid carcinomas, and their expressions were significantly associated with the presence of the BRAF V600E mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26512781
BRAF mutation is associated with poor response to cetuximab in colorectal carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26511315
Apart from these distinct Cdc37/Hsp90 interfaces, binding of the B-Raf protein kinase to the cochaperone is conserved between mammals and nematodes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26504080
B-Raf(V600E) mutation in metastatic melanoma cells up-regulated tissue factor expression on cell membranes and promoted thrombin production
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26500331
BRAF mutation is frequent in early-onset colorectal cancer in Taiwan and is associated with a poorly differentiated histology, a serrated precursor polyp, focal signet ring cell differentiation, lack of microsatellite instability and a poor prognosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26498143
BRAFV600 mutations are associated with response to BRAF inhibitors in metastatic melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26496853
BRAF-mutated traditional serrated adenoma (TSA) is distinct from KRAS-mutated TSA in predisposing to the acquisition of subsequent serrated neoplasia
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26496026
Monoclonal antibody VE1 immunohistochemistry predicts BRAF V600E mutation status and clinical outcome in colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26461266
The presence or absence of the BRAF mutation and TERT promoter polymorphism was not significantly correlated with survival in Papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26460303
BRAF V600-Mutation is associated with Colorectal Cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26457492
The presence of BRAF mutation in fine-needle aspiration cytology specimens of nodular goitre may be useful in the assessment of oncological risk.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26454767
PXA in adults PXA may present features distinct from pediatric PXA. Anaplastic features and BRAF mutation may potentially identify specific subgroups with distinct prognoses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26454140
Langerhans cell histiocytosis and Erdheim-Chester disease, both with cutaneous presentations, and papillary thyroid carcinoma all harboring the BRAF(V600E) mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26448939
Patients with multifocal PTC whose largest tumor is BRAF-negative can have smaller tumors that are BRAF-positive.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26446943
BRAF mutations in cfDNA are detectable in >75% of late-stage melanoma patients with BRAF mutation-positive tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26446234
RAS and BRAF wild-type status could help select an elderly and unfit population that could benefit from anti-epidermal growth factor receptor single agent therapy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26440707
Levels of BRAF(mutant) and NRAS(mutant) ctDNA were determined using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assays. Among patients with samples available prior to treatment initiation ctDNA and LDH levels were elevated in 12/15 (80%) and 6/20 (30%) (p = 0.006) patients respectively
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26438153
Among 33 BRAF wild-type colorectal carcinomas, 16 had no or weak staining, whereas 15 (45%) had heterogeneous staining. In contrast with colorectal carcinoma, Bond and Ventana VE1 IHC in melanoma and PTC were highly concordant with sequencing results
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26433819
Combination of a BRAF inhibitor plus a MEK inhibitor adds a clear benefit over monotherapy with BRAF inhibitor in unresectable or metastatic cutaneous BRAF Val600-mutation-positive melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26426340
BRAF Mutation is associated with response to therapy in Advanced Melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26425792
BRAF-mutated conjunctival melanoma (CM) were frequent in younger patients and were rare in tumors involving the extrabulbar conjunctiva.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26422023
BRAFK601E mutant thyroid tumors show better clinical outcomes than BRAFV600E positive tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26414224
Case Report: combined "infiltrating astrocytoma/pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma" harboring IDH1 R132H and BRAF V600E mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26405815
Systems Analysis of Adaptive Responses to MAP Kinase Pathway Blockade in BRAF Mutant Melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26403329
consideration needs to put on multiple targets when deciding molecular target therapies for patients with BRAF V600E mutated thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26399561
Driver mutations are rare in mutational hotspots of BRAF, NRAS, KIT, and GNAQ/GNA11 in oral mucosal melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26392334
A constitutive active MAPK/ERK pathway due to BRAFV600E mutation positively regulates aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway in papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26392102
BRAF V600-Mutation is associated with Colorectal Cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26384810
BRAF V600E-mutation is associated with response to therapy in glioma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26384551
Dual inhibition of BRAF(V600E) and MEK reduced but did not prevent SW1736 invasion.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26381028
Case Report: erythematous rash as a result of BRAF inhibitor therapy in advance melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26376292
BRAF and KRAS mutations show together a high prevalence in stage II and III MSI colon cancer and, when combined, are associated with poor survival compared to dWT cancers, which status confers an excellent cancer-specific survival.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26362194
In three cases of papillary carcinoma arising in struma ovarii (PSCS), novel BRAF and KRAS mutations were identified in two of three tumors suggesting that mutations in PCSO may differ from those commonly identified in papillary carcinoma of the eutopic thyroid.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26359417
BRAF V600E mutation in non-tumoral surrounding tissue in patients with colorectal cancer may be used as a valuable marker to foresee clinical outcome or a possible recurrence.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26353041
BRAF mutation is associated with melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26351322
combined pan-RAF and MEK inhibition can overcome intrinsic and acquired resistance to single-agent RAF/MEK inhibition, supporting dual pan-RAF and MEK inhibition as a novel therapeutic strategy for BRAF- and KRAS-mutant cancers
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26343583
LY3009120 also inhibits various forms of RAF dimers including BRAF.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26343582
Tumors with non-V600E BRAF mutants are insensitive to these drugs.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26339422
Report BRAF V600 mutation detection in a large cohort of clinical samples of cutaneous melanoma metastases to the lymph nodes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26321697
no BRAF V600E mutations were found in PMSAs, but KIAA1549-BRAF fusion was identified in intermediate pilomyxoid tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26319365
The lesions designated as KAs and BRAF inhibitor-associated verrucous keratoses had a similar mutational profile.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26318033
AKT3 has a role in prostate cancer proliferation through regulation of Akt, B-Raf, and TSC1/TSC2
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26314551
BRAF fusions are rare driver alterations in a wide variety of malignant neoplasms, but enriched in Spitzoid melanoma, pilocytic astrocytomas, pancreatic acinar and papillary thyroid cancers.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26306423
BRAF mutations seem to occur exclusively in the epithelial, but not in the stromal component
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26305188
Report BRAF mutations in selected cohort of patients with pulmonary metastases of malignant melanoma and prognostic implications.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26299805
KRAS and BRAF oncogenes have roles in colorectal cancer development and therapy resistance [review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26299074
BRAF codon 600 mutations not found in Iranian prostate adenocarcinoma patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26297254
NRASQ61R and BRAFV600E immunohistochemistry coupled with next-generation sequencing allow detection of mutations in melanoma challenging samples.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26287849
BRAF V600 appears to be a targetable oncogene in some, but not all, nonmelanoma cancers. Preliminary vemurafenib activity was observed in non-small-cell lung cancer and in Erdheim-Chester disease and Langerhans'-cell histiocytosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26285159
Data indicate that BRAFV600E, P-cadherin and cadherin 6 protein expressions were correlated with one another.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26284586
Data suggest that combination of proto-oncogene protein B-raf (BRAF) and mTOR serine-threonine kinase (mTOR) inhibition forms the basis of a treatment regimen of thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26282084
presence of BRAF mutations in melanoma associated with younger age
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26274032
Letter/Case Report: BRAF mutations in metanephric adenofibroma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26271724
BRAF V600E-mutated microcarcinomas represent a distinct biological subtype
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26269601
neuregulin 1 promotes compensatory ErbB3 receptor signaling in mutant BRAF melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26268700
the predictive value of BRAF mutation for central lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma was found to be related to the tumor size.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26259532
BRAF mutations are associated with Papillary Thyroid Cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26258321
Compared with RAS or PAX8/PPARG-positive TCs, BRAFV600E or RET/PTC-positive Thyroid cancers were more often associated with stage III/IV disease and recurrence.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26240026
Combination of mutant-specific BRAF and CD117 ICC with cytopathology may facilitate the PTC-risk stratification in thyroid FNAB specimens.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26232865
Despite its high specificity, our meta-analysis shows that BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis has a low sensitivity in diagnosing papillary thyroid cancer in thyroid nodules
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26230187
BRAF mutations are associated with follicular variant of thyroid papillary carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26225944
BRAF mutations are infrequent, whereas C-KIT and NRAS mutations are seen with higher frequency in vulvar melanomas than melanomas of other sites.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26223933
Results revealed that in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC), BRAF mutation is associated with tumor size, multifocality and aggressive features and may be used as a predictive factor for prognosis of PTMC. [meta-analysis]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26215382
Data suggest that core-needle biopsy (CNB) + B-Raf proto-oncogene protein BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis can reduce rates of preventable diagnostic surgery.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26215201
BRAFV600E Mutation Status in obese Patient is associated with Papillary Thyroid Cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26214416
This study sought to investigate the correlations of V-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) gene mutations with the clinicopathologic features of papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26208946
BRAF (V600) -mutation is associated with metastatic melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26208478
Findings suggest that triple therapy directed against BRAF/MEK/ErbB3 may be able to provide durable control of BRAF mutated metastatic melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26206478
Study found that BRAF alterations do not appear to play a prominent role in pediatric oligodendroglioma, and lack of BRAF fusions or BRAF p.V600E separate these tumors from several other pediatric low-grade gliomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26202550
BRAF Mutations are associated with Lung Adenocarcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26197238
Studies indicate that more than half of all Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) patients carry the proto-oncogene protein B-raf mutation BRAF(V600E) and treated with vemurafenib, a BRAF inhibitor, which has proven highly beneficial.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26191315
Case Report: oncocytic papillary thyroid carcinoma with lymphoid stroma (Warthin-like tumor) with BRAF V600E and V600K mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26190162
Data show that B-Raf proto-oncogene (BRAF) V600E mutation was identified in 4 of 27 thyroid nodule patients with isthmic lesion.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26189429
Angiogenic/cachectic and pro-inflammatory/immune response factors could play a crucial role in BRAF(V600E)-positive human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma aggressiveness.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26187369
Cytomorphologic features can help select nodules for the BRAF(V600E) mutation test among thyroid nodules read as "suspicious for malignancy" on cytology.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26182332
Letter/Case Reports: BRAF-mutant colorectal cancers with axillary lymph node involvement.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26182194
Report acute kidney injury in patients receiving BRAF inhibitors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26181555
real-time PCR cycle threshold values for the BRAFV600E mutation obtained from fine needle aspirates can be associated with central lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26181250
Retrospective analysis suggesting that nivolumab has similar efficacy and safety outcomes in patients with wild-type or mutant BRAF, regardless of prior BRAF inhibitor or ipilimumab treatment.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26172302
BRAF(V600E) mutation induces MGL ligand expression, thereby providing a direct link between oncogenic transformation and aberrant expression of immunosuppressive glycans in colorectal neoplasms.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26165597
The RAS-binding domain of human BRAF protein exhibits allosteric conformational changes upon binding HRAS.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26160882
Colon cancers from Asians have a lower rate of BRAF mutations than blacks or whites.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26154146
BRAF mutation detection in cell block material is feasible and highly specific for papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26153495
BRAF mutations are associated with metastatic colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26146664
Report 3-fold increased risk of death for higher-risk melanomas harboring NRAS or BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26145760
v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) is preferentially mutated in proximal colon cancers.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26145173
Results show that active BRAF upregulates HMGCL via Oct-1 in cancer cells. HMGCL selectively promotes BRAF V600E-dependent phosphorylation and activation of MEK1 pathway by controlling intracellular levels of its product acetoacetate.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26143635
Studies indicate that concurrent inhibition of proto-oncogene protein B-raf (BRAF) and Map kinase kinase (MEK) improved the most effective therapeutic modality as compared as single BRAF or MEK inhibition for patients with metastatic melanoma (MM).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26143373
Data suggest that the two strands of the BRAF promoter region, the G-rich strand and the C-rich strand, fold into a predominant antiparallel G-quadruplex and into an i-motif, respectively, and that they can coexist at nearly physiological conditions.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26138035
BRAF mutation frequencies depended on histological subtype and localization of primary melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26125698
BRAF overexpression is associated with BRAF V600E mutation in papillary thyroid carcinomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26125673
In 19 cases of papillary tumor of the pineal region, there was a lack of BRAF-V600E mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26123241
Case Report: melanoma with BRAF mutation in circulating cell-free DNA despite no detectable mutation in the primary lesion.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26122804
We show for the first time that this important pediatric tumor may harbor the oncogenic BRAFV600E mutation, providing the first insights to their personalized treatment.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26121270
Tissue micro array availability, BRAF mutation and KRAS mutation were all independent prognostic factors for colorectal cancer survival.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26120069
The BRAF mutation is a possible indicator for determining the extent of thyroidectomy required but not for the extent of lymph node dissection and prognosis in patients with conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26115961
BRAF mutations were associated with central nervous system tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26110571
Report BRAF mutations and PD-L1 expression in disseminated histiocytoses.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26105190
Presence of BRAF V600E associated with aggressive tumor features in Papillary thyroid carcinoma, including invasion, metastasis, advanced TNM stage at presentation, low response to radioiodine treatment, recurrence, and tumor-related mortality.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26102513
Given the high prevalence of lung cancer and the availability of targeted therapy, Chinese lung ADC patients without EGFR and KRAS mutations are recommended for HER2 and BRAF mutations detection, especially for those never smokers
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26090869
BRAF, NRAS and KRAS gene mutations in plasma cell dyscrasias may have a role MEK-ERK pathway activation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26084614
LOH and TP53 mutations detected in lip squamous cell carcinoma and actinic cheilitis may be associated with tumorigenesis, whereas BRAF mutation does not seem to significantly contribute to LSCC pathogenesis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26084290
TRAP1 is a downstream effector of BRAF cytoprotective pathway in mitochondria and TRAP1 targeting may represent a novel strategy to improve the activity of proapoptotic agents in BRAF-driven CRC cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26083571
This study confirmed the high frequency of KIAA1549:BRAF fusion in Pilocytic Astrocytomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26083553
BRAFV600E expression is homogeneous in melanoma tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26080065
BRAF protein immunohistochemistry on fine needle aspiration can be important in the diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26075701
According to results, oral benign peripheral nerve sheath tumours have a low LOH rate, but P53 locus alteration is occasionally found. Additionally, BRAF V600E mutation is either not relevant to the molecular pathogenesis of this group of lesions of the oral cavity, or may occur at very low rates.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26071465
detection of BRAF V600E by immunohistochemistry is useful in the distinction of hairy cell leukemias from other splenic-based lymphomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26066373
BRAF-V600E mutations occur predominantly in female smokers with adenocarcinomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26055532
Our data lead us to hypothesize that TERT promoter and BRAF mutations cooperate in cutaneous melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26045855
Case Report: BRAFV600 mutant non-small-cell lung cancer which progressed on vemurafenib therapy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26036358
BRAFV600E expression in melanocytes induces Schwannian differentiation in vivo
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26032958
BRAF protein play a role in the mitochondrial fragmentation in melanoma patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26014474
BRAF V600E immunostaining is a helpful marker for pediatric metanephric adenoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25988212
With respect to diagnostic potential, results obtained using the BRAF(V) (600E) mutation test combined with cytological examination were not significantly different from those obtained with cytological examination only.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25985019
we identified a new SND1-BRAF fusion that appeared to be present in a subpopulation of tumor cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25975986
reviews the current knowledge on the use and implications of BRAF mutational status in colorectal tumors, in order to define its present role in the clinical practice
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25970686
KIT-mutated patients had a worse outcome than PDGFRA-mutated or triple-negative (KIT, PDGFRA, BRAF wild-type) cases
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25957797
BRAF immunohistochemistry(IHC) was strongly concordant with BRAF mutation test and had high diagnostic accuracy in BRAF mutation analysis of Papillary thyroid carcinoma.[review; meta-analysis]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25952101
BRAF V600E Mutation is associated with Melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25950823
Somatic BRAF mutation was found in a patient with syringocystadenoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25948295
Data show that proto-oncogene protein B-raf (BRAF) inhibition reduces melanoma glucose uptake per cell, but that this change is no longer significant following normalization for cell volume changes
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25938346
BRAF V600E mutation can be used as a supplementary molecular marker to aid in the diagnosis of Hairy cell leukaemia
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25937618
BRAF V600E Mutation is associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25937573
The patient carrying a concomitant BRAF mutation in temporal gangliogliomas and focal cortical dysplasia fell into Engel Class II.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25929517
The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic role of MMR status, BRAF mutations and specific KRAS point mutation in 762 patients in Chinese population, and several clinicopathologic features to better stratify colorectal cancer patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25922907
RNA expression profiles were compared between conventional BRAFwild type and BRAFmutation papillary thyroid carcinomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25920006
Studies suggest that the role of tumor biomarker V600E mutation of the BRAF proto-oncogene to detect or exclude cancers in patients with fine-needle aspiration (FNA) reports is marginal and should be reconsidered in guidelines.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25916409
Results indicated that rs3748093*A single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of BRAF proto-oncogene (BRAF) was significantly correlated with an increased risk of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in a Chinese population.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25911848
Report increased frequency of BRAF proto-oncogene hot spot mutation V600E in cohort of colorectal cancer patients from Ahvaz City, southwest Iran.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25908244
Following B-RAF expression, MIR31HG is located mainly in the cytoplasm.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25900832
BRAF-induced tumorigenesis is IKKalpha-dependent but NF-kappaB-independent
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25899783
BRAF V600 mutation is associated with melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25899612
This review will focus on the science and clinical findings related to targeted therapies that inhibit BRAF or MEK as well as the immunotherapies that block the CTLA-4 or PD-1 pathways
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25899003
associate higher expression of the ligand-receptor axis of TFF2 and CXCR4 with BRAF V600E-mutant colon cancer (P = 3.0 x 10(-3) and 0.077, respectively for TCGA; P = 3.0 x 10(-8) and 5.1 x 10(-7) for CIT)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25890285
A complex mechanism driven by mutation BRAF (V600E) on melanoma tumorigenesis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25888143
Histopathological prognostic markers (Breslow thickness, mitotic index, ulceration, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes pattern) did not show any differences depending on BRAF V600E mutational status
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25886136
Among 264 patients, mutations in KRAS exon 2, KRAS exons 3 or 4, NRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA were detected in 34.1%, 3.8%, 4.2%, 5.4% and 6.4%, respectively. Thus, a total of 12.1% of patients without KRAS exon 2 mutations had other RAS mutations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25885250
BRAF V600E mutation is associated with glioblastoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25884297
Tumor dissemination in colon cancer patients is less likely to occur with the BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25870264
Multifunctional bioscaffolds for 3D culture of melanoma cells reveal increased MMP activity and migration with BRAF kinase inhibition.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25870252
The presence of TC was significantly associated with TERT promoter and BRAF mutations. BRAF did not influence patient outcome.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25868080
The increased activity of the V600E mutant is twofold: increased flexibility of the A-loop which likely promotes the release of the products following phosphorylation of the substrate and an increased energy barrier between the active and inactive state.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25862899
BRAF V600E mutation might be associated with right-sided tumors and subsequently related unexplained iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) at presentation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25854387
The BRAFT1799A mutation was found in 38 cases (42.7%).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25854168
The SMOF412E mutation was not detected in ameloblastoma. The BRAFV600E-activating mutation is a common event in ameloblastomas, occurring regardless of site or histological type. This mutation is also detected in odontogenic carcinomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25851630
BRAF mutations often affect a limited fraction of transformed metastatic colorectal cancer cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25843629
Study reports that mice engineered to overexpress either the full-length murine B-Raf pseudogene Braf-rs1 and its human ortholog, BRAFP1, elicit their oncogenic activity, at least in part, as competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) that elevate BRAF expression and MAPK activation in vitro and in vivo.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25837167
findings suggest that the BRAF(V600E) mutation can be detected using a PNA clamp real-time PCR in the blood of PTC[ papillary thyroid carcinoma ] patients with lung metastasis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25832798
these results may not only indicate some future applications of inhibitors targeting B-Raf(v600e), but also benefit B-Raf(v600e) harboring cancer patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25820214
BRAF V600E mutation is associated with differentiating Rathke's cleft cyst with squamous metaplasia from papillary craniopharyngioma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25819940
BRAF mutation in cutaneous malignant melanoma plays an important role in the development of skin cancer in Asians. population.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25818616
The most important implication of these findings is that we could begin to treat patients with the BRAF V600E and CDKN2A alteration differently when they are first diagnosed than those with a lower risk for secondary high-grade glioma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25817073
This work supports the fact that BRAF V600 mutation is not implicated in meningioma tumorigenesis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25815786
No mutations in the BRAF gene were identified in patients with gastric cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25797743
Preoperative targeted therapy of advanced BRAF-mutant melanoma is feasible, well tolerated, induces brisk tumor responses, and facilitates correlative science.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25795007
oncogenic activation of BRAF allows tumor cells to co-opt an evolutionarily conserved MHC-I trafficking pathway as a strategy to facilitate immune evasion.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25794798
Chitosan nanoparticle-mediated BRAF siRNA interference evidently reduced the invasion capacity of gastric cancers.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25794445
Pediatric oligodendrogliomas (pODGs) can harbor the KIAA1549-BRAF fusion with aberrant MAPK/ERK signaling, and there exists an option of targeting these pathways in such patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25794135
By this integrated approach, we found that patients with BRAF V600E mutation responded very well to broad acting drugs and there was no relation to prognosis in early-stage myeloma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25784606
Among the 779 cases, 150 cases were positive for BRAF (V600E) staining, including 38 (of 611, 6%) CRCs, 102 (of 127, 80%) PTCs and 10 (of 41, 24%) malignant melanomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25767210
The study demonstrates the activating BRAF mutation (V600E), which is found in multiple human cancers, is a driver of canine invasive cell carcinoma of the bladder, and highlights a urine-based test for quick diagnosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25767048
BRAF mutation was frequently detected in younger patients, in thin melanomas, and in melanomas with less ulceration. As BRAF and NRAS mutations are rare in Taiwan, BRAF- or NRAS-targeted therapies may be effective only for selected Taiwanese melanoma patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25766129
Our results indicate that the mutations of BRAF and KIT exist in Japanese melanoma patients, however, the cell growth signaling may be regulated by not only these mutated genes, but by other unknown regulatory factors, which may affect the prognosis of melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25762352
Radiotherapy with concomitant BRAF inhibitor therapy is feasible with an acceptable increase in toxicity. Vemurafenib is a more potent radiosensitizer than dabrafenib.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25755776
No association was established between BRAF V600E mutation and regional lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma in Chinese patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25752754
These tumors showed a markedly better prognosis, with molecularly PXA-like tumors frequently harboring BRAF V600E mutations and 9p21 (CDKN2A) homozygous deletion.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25752325
Results suggest that the presence of a BRAF mutation does not necessarily 'drive' more rapid tumour growth but is associated with poorer MSS in patients with early-stage disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25749811
BRAF mutation is not associated response to chemotherapy in melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25746038
genetic association studies in populations in Ireland and Belgium: Data suggest that frequency of mutations in BRAF (specifically the V600E mutation) vary by demographic location.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25736029
No BRAF V600E mutations were seen in this cohort of non-infiltrative, non-invasive follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25735579
A pathogenic BRAF(V600E) mutation was identified in a patient with Erdheim-Chester disease.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25729732
Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf V600E mutation analysis is considered to be the most useful diagnostic tool for differentiating hairy cell leukemia from related lymphomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724524
These findings enhance our understanding of factors cooperating with BRAF inhibition that accelerate keratinocyte oncogenesis as well as broaden the knowledge base of multifactorial mediators of cancer in general.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25712893
BRAF is minimally prognostic in papillary thyroid carcinoma. However, prevalence of the BRAF mutation is 70% in the general population, providing the opportunity for targeted therapy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25710724
Data show that licochalcone A (LicoA) suppresses solar UV-induced cyclooxygenase (COX-2) expression by acting as a potent inhibitor of enzymes PI3K, MEK1, and B-Raf.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25710585
mutation is associated with distinct clinical and histopathologic features of colonic carcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25706985
Trametinib alone caused upregulation of p-AKT in BRAF non-V600 mutated cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25704541
Mutated BRAF mutant protein was detected in 53% of the bile duct adenomas and in none of the cases of bile duct hamartomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25702102
All four tumors that recurred were LN+, with infiltrative borders, and lacked the BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25690538
Suggest that continuing vemurafenib treatment beyond progression may be beneficial in BRAF V600 mutated advanced melanoma patients, who prior to progression responded to vemurafenib.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25689095
BRAF mutations in Non-small cell lung cancer are more likely in Adenocarcinoma, and BRAF V600E mutations are more frequent in women and never smokers.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25688918
mutated KRAS and mutated BRAF seem to be prognostic factors in patients with Colorectal cancer who undergo lung metastasectomy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25685929
analysis of BRAF 3'UTR isoforms in melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25674762
Aberrant expression of A-, B-, and C-RAF, and COT is frequent in PTC; increased expression of COT is correlated with recurrence of PTC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25673558
Review/Meta-analysis: findings support BRAF mutation assessment before initiation of treatment with anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25667294
analysis of BRAF mutation and CDKN2A deletions in childhood secondary high-grade glioma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25666295
BRAF mutations are associated with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25663779
Report low rates of BRAF mutations in Chinese colorectal carcinoma patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25647260
HPV presence was not associated with age, stage or grade of tumours, MSI or mutations in KRAS, TP53 or BRAF genes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25646931
These findings suggest that prenylation inhibition may be able to target melanoma cells with mutant NRAS or with mutant BRAF and PTEN.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25643238
Case Report: successful (neo)adjuvant BRAF-targeted therapy in a patient with locally advanced BRAF V600E mutant melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25634750
Report predictive value of immunohistochemistry in detecting BRAF mutations in neoplasms.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25632202
KRAS and BRAF mutations are associated with inferior survival, independent of MSI status, in Japanese patients with curatively resected colorectal carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25628445
BRAF mutations are associated with response to chemotherapy in colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25627962
suggests that PIK3CA mutations account for a small fraction of PI3K pathway activation and have a limited impact in interfering with the BRAF/NRAS-driven growth in melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25618114
BRAF overexpression could be an independent factor causing tumorigenesis in gliomas regardless of phospho-EGFR expression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25616949
In the management of thyroid nodules with benign cytology but positive BRAF(V600E) mutation, thyroidectomy should be considered in nodules which have 2 or more suspicious US features and are considered discordant on image-cytology correlation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25605225
high-resolution melt and allele-specific PCR could detect as low as 1.25% KRAS- or BRAF-mutant alleles.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25602792
Data support a role for BRAF V600E immunohistochemistry in diagnostically challenging cases of metanephric adenoma and expand the spectrum of BRAF exon 15 mutations in this uncommon but unique renal neoplasm.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25600339
melanoma cell lines selected for resistance to BRAFi+MEKi, but not those to BRAFi alone, displayed robust drug addiction, providing a potentially exploitable therapeutic opportunity.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25593071
BRAFV600E-mutation-positive papillary thyroid microcarcinoma are more likely to manifest with aggressive clinicopathological characteristics.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25588542
BRAF V600E mutation is associated with Anaplastic thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25584719
This is the largest study on the aggressive role of TERT promoter mutations in anaplastic thyroid cancer(ATC), demonstrating an association of TERT C228T with BRAF V600E, older patient age, and tumor distant metastasis in ATC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25581727
Report BRAF VE1 immunoreactivity patterns in epithelioid glioblastomas positive for BRAF V600E mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25576923
Data suggest that Sema6A and Mical1 may represent new potential therapeutic targets in BRAFV600E melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25551625
in different macroscopic subtypes of colorectal adenoma, BRAF mutation (V600E) was found in 2 of 36 lateral spreading tumors and 1 of 34 polypoid lesions; mutations in KRAS, BRAF or PIK3CA occurred in a mutually exclusive manner
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25543407
To detect whether the V600E mutation is present or absent in the BRAF gene in melanoma patients is an important component in the evaluation of the biological behavior of tumor cells and their performance of biologically significant functions.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25537974
The association between a host response and lymphovascular invasion and microvessel density in primary cutaneous melanoma with a BRAF mutation suggests that they exhibit potential for strategizing immunotherapies
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25527633
IRS2 copy number gain, IGF-1R, IR-A, and IGFBP6 RNA expression levels, and KRAS and BRAF mutational status were identified as candidate predictive biomarkers for response to BMS-754807.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25526463
BRAFV600E intratumor and intrapatient heterogeneity in melanoma is diminutive, nevertheless, the identified exceptions will have important implications for the clinical management of this disease.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25515853
This is the first observation of a secondary BRAF mutation in a vemurafenib-resistant patient-derived melanoma sample, which confirms the potential importance of the BRAF L505H mutation in the development of therapy resistance.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25515650
Missense mutations were identified in the BRAF and KRAS genes in cutaneous melanoma cell line.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25499274
BRAF V600 mutation is associated with melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25499223
These observations led us to conclude that increased TSH signaling overcomes OIS and is essential for B-RafV600E-induced papillary thyroid carcinogenesis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25491441
The V600E BRAF mutation in a borderline serous tumour of the testis is genotypic evidence of similarity with its phenotypic ovarian counterpart.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25490969
global miRNA expression profiles in fresh-frozen metastatic melanomas in relation to clinical outcome and BRAF mutation, were examined.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25490715
BRAF V600E mutation affects patients with large/giant congenital melanocytic nevi, and with neurocutaneous melanocytosis, a novel finding.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25482468
did not find a negative prognostic impact of a positive BRAF V600E mutation status on survival in papillary thyroid cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25479927
The combined BAP1-BRAFV600E+ immunoprofile appears to be a constant feature of BAP1 tumor syndrome-associated melanocytic lesions
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25473895
truncated RAF1 and BRAF proteins, recently described as products of genomic rearrangements in gastric cancer and other malignancies, have the ability to render neoplastic cells resistant to RTK-targeted therapy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25468810
The BRAF(V600E) mutation was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25463315
We documented three novel mutations in the BRAF gene in cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome patients and correlated clinical findings with causative mutations in the BRAF or MEK1/MEK2 genes
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25456393
Lymph node specimens with low tumor cellularity due to numerous adjacent lymphocytes may pose a challenge to clinical detection of BRAF mutations of melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25450274
The consistency of the BRAF gene mutation in peripheral blood and tissue is high.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25442675
The determination of BRAF mutational status is recommended in any cystic sellar lesion and can in most cases be provided by VE1 immunohistochemistry even in specimens of low cellularity.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25442222
BRAF V600E mutation status did not correlate with any clinicopathological parameters
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25437913
Together, this work provides formal proof of an allosteric link between the RAF dimer interface, the activation segment and the catalytic infrastructure.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25437182
Proteomic profile and in silico analysis in metastatic melanoma with and without BRAF mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25430497
Preanalytical workflow optimisation may reduce errors in down-stream sequencing in BRAF mutation detection.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25429742
BRAF V600E mutation is related to lack of response and worse survival in wild-type KRAS metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with anti-EGFR MoAbs.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25427581
In this retrospective analysis, triplet chemotherapy with OCX was well tolerated and achieved encouraging efficacy in metastatic colorectal cancer irrespective of RAS/RAF mutation status.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25426645
there is a lower incidence of brain metastases in patients with BRAF-mutated tumors who took vemurafenib before the diagnosis of brain metastases
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25404749
The frequency of the BRAF mutation in cPTCs with suspicious US features was higher than that of cPTCs with negative US features regardless of the BSRTC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25400776
Concluded that the presence of BRAF(V600E) mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma could be preoperatively predictive of extrathyroidal invasion in a Chinese population.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25389051
we describe three interesting cases of paediatric glial and glioneuronal tumours harbouring both BRAF V600E and H3F3A K27M mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25385688
Results demonstrate that mutated BRAF is associated with melanomas that are more aggressive.They are also associated with absence of solar elastosis and tumor epitheloid cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25378232
BRAF V600E inhibited NIS expression by the upregulation of its promoter methylation.  Specific regions of CpG islands of NIS promoter in BRAF V600E harboring papillary thyroid carcinoma were highly methylated compared with surrounding normal tissue.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25376477
discordancy of BRAF mutation status is not an infrequent finding between primary and metastatic melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25370533
PD-L1 expression in melanocytic lesions does not correlate with the BRAF V600E mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25370473
our data indicate that preexisting MEK1(P124) mutations are associated with a reduced response to BRAF inhibitor therapy and identify a subset of patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma likely to benefit from combination therapies
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25367198
our study demonstrated the BRAF V600E mutation was an independent prognostic factor for colon cancer patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25363723
BRAF and NRAS alterations are preserved during in vitro culture in melanoma in a series of patients in which the c-KIT mutation was not detected
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25351955
this study supports the idea that additional NK cell-based immunotherapy (by checkpoint blockade or agonists or cytokines) may combine well with BRAF(V600E) inhibitor therapy to promote more durable responses in melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25346165
BRAF V600E mutations are frequent in dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors and subependymal giant cell astrocytomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25337709
The BRAF(V600E)mutation iss significantly associated with several poor clinicopathologic characteristics, but was not associated with sonographic features, regardless of thyroid tumor size.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25337237
Report BRAF mutation status in colorectal neoplasms and neuroendocrine differentiation in primary/metastatic colorectal neoplasms.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25332244
Data indicate an independent prognostic value of BRAF V600E mutation for papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) recurrence in various clinicopathologic categories.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25324352
we identify that analysis of plasma and urinary cfDNA provides a reliable method to detect the BRAF(V600E) mutation and monitor response to therapy in these disorders.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25318602
we detected 15 additional mutated melanoma samples and two additional BRAF V600E mutations in metastatic colorectal cancer samples by the LightMix assay compared to Sanger sequencing.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25314065
B-RAF mutations were frequently detected in aberrant crypt foci.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25306614
710 melanomas included in the study were located in sun non-exposed regions of the skin; this category of tumors was characterized by the highest occurrence of BRAF mutations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25273224
BRAF mutations occurred in 2.2% of advanced-stage lung adenocarcinomas, were most commonly V600E, and were associated with distinct clinicopathologic features in comparison with other genomic subtypes and with a high mutation rate in more than 1 gene.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25267307
KRAS and BRAF mutation analysis could be used in the selection of patients for anti-EGFR therapy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25266729
BRAF V600E allele frequency is associated with papillary thyroid cancer progression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25262966
Overexpression of HO-1 in a subset of thyroid cancers is associated with tumour aggressiveness and BRAF V600E expression
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25262755
BRAF mutation status was obtained for 146/160 cases. Overall mutation rate was 24/88 (27.3%) in primary and 25/58 (43.1%) in metastatic melanoma. V600E was the predominant mutation in 21/24 (87.5%) of primary and 23/25 (92%) of metastatic melanomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25244542
The frequency of KRAS and BRAF mutations was low; KRAS mutations were detected in 1.6% and BRAF mutations in 4.7% of the biopsies for anal carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25242093
Data suggest that proto-oncogene potein B-raf (BRAF) V600E mutations are present in rare cases of dendritic cell and histiocytic disorders, and their identifi cation off ers a potential therapeutic target for these neoplasms.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25239454
dual HSP90/TRAP1 inhibitor HSP990 showed activity against the TRAP1 network and high cytostatic potential in BRAF-mutated colorectal carcinoma cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25236573
A high discordant rate was found in Braf mutation statuses between primary and metastatic cutaneous melanoma lesions.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25219500
Results reveal a BRAF(V600E)-directed pathway that mediates silencing of MLH1 and, more generally, is responsible for CpG Island Methylator phenotype.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25213729
BRAF(V600E) status may help to predict clinical outcome of PTC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25202140
33% of Langerhans cell histiocytosis cases with wild-type BRAF and none with BRAFV600E harbored somatic mutations in MAP2K1 (6 in-frame deletions and 1 missense mutation) that induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in vitro.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25194980
6 different BRAF missense mutations were found in 9 of 11 patients with cadiofaciocutaneous syndrome.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25188864
this study sheds light on the pathogenesis of Serous borderline tumor ovarian tumors by showing that BRAF mutation is associated with cellular senescence
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25180764
Targeted therapy in BRAF mutated melanoma; treatment with BRAF inhibitors and in combination with MEK inhibitors. [Review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25176643
Methylation of MLH1 is strongly associated with BRAF mutations in sporadic colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25174651
This study suggests that BRAF mutation-related specific transcripts associate with a poor phenotype in melanoma and provide a nest for further investigation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25165098
PTEN loss was significantly associated with OS and time to MBM in patients with BRAF(V600) mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25164765
Targeted sequencing on primary, metastatic, and normal tissue from colorectal cancer patients found a high degree of concordance for KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF mutations that were identical in both the primary and metastatic tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25156883
BRAF(V600E) mutation is associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25156525
V600E BRAF mutation is associated with synchronous and metachronous thyroid cancer coexisting with Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25155755
X-ray crystallography reveals a regulatory role for BRAF in the MAPK pathway independent of its kinase activity but dependent on interaction with MEK.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25154726
combination of microsatellite instability and BRAF status serves as both a prognostic and predictive marker and may provide much-needed guidance during the planning of therapeutic strategies
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25153715
The potential role of combined MMR and BRAF IHC as prognostic markers in CRC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25148578
Multiple potential therapeutic targets were identified in metastatic unknown primary and cutaneous melanomas that lacked BRAFV600 and NRAS mutations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25139339
Our data suggest that the poor prognosis of dMMR is driven by the BRAF(MT) status.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25120313
The prevalence of rare BRAF mutations was 0.76% of all BRAF-positive thyroid cancers, and the rare mutations were associated with less aggressive pathologic features.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25118810
activating V600E BRAF mutation can be frequently demonstrated in pediatric Langerhans cell histiocytosis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25116269
Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) assay revealed three genomic alterations: activating BRAF mutation (V600E), loss of CDKN2A/2B, and APC I1307K. After treatment with BRAF inhibitor (dabrafenib), the child's clinical condition improved progressively.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25109331
loss of stem cell identity upon induction of BRAF/MAPK activity may represent a novel fail-safe mechanism protecting intestinal tissue from oncogene activation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104559
It is a major negative mediator of the extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase and a substrate of cdk5 in neurons.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25085839
The up-regulation of uPA mRNAs was correlated with high-risk clinicopathological features, including extrathyroid invasion, loss of cellular polarity/cohesiveness, and the BRAF(V600E) mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25076244
Prevalence of BRAF mutations in CRC patients is not high but extremely correlated with MSI and risk categories as BG, whereas they are absent in LS patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25073704
ETV1 expression is a rare event in human melanoma and seems to be rather based on hyperactivation of MAPK signals, by BRAF (V600E) mutation, than on ETV1 gene amplification.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25073438
KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations were evaluated in 204 colorectal carcinoma samples; the frequency of KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations was 23.5, 9.8, and 5.9 %, respectively.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25070294
Data indicate that BRAF mutant status and number of positive lymph nodes as the only independent prognostic factors for recurrence-free (RFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25066317
BRAF mutation in pilocytic astrocytoma is associated with a more diffuse growth pattern but does not confer a more aggressive clinical behavior
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25063807
NRAS expression and increased MAPK activation drive vemurafenib resistance in V600E BRAF+ve melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25056119
Enforced expression of RAC1 P29S in sensitive BRAF-mutant melanoma cell lines confers resistance manifested by increased viability.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25051202
BRAF V600 mutations are associated with pathological features in Japanese melanoma patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25050586
BRAF mutations were found in 8.7% of colorectal cancer precursor lesions, mainly associated with serrated polyps and absent in adenomas. In CRC cases, 6.5% exhibited BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25048604
BRAF(V600E) mutations in primary cutaneous melanomas were associated with residence in locations with medium and high UV indices in mid-life.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25046227
This study demonstrates that IHC analysis is a very sensitive test for evaluation of BRAF mutations in metastatic malignant melanoma and may be useful as an initial screening test.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25039399
The adenocarcinoma showed expression of CK20 and p53, but CK7 in patches. The molecular profile of the adenocarcinoma showed a mutation in KRAS and wild-type BRAF, which might be associated with malignant transformation of intracranial mature teratomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25034364
Common BRAF mutations are not present in systemic mastocytosis patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25031736
No BRAF mutations were detected in the lesions of 18 cases
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25029639
Data indicate mutation in the proto-oncogene protein B-raf (BRAF) gene at the time of hairy cell leukemia (HCL) diagnosis in two cases.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25024077
Coexisting BRAF V600E and TERT C228T mutations form a novel genetic background that defines PTC with the worst clinicopathologic outcomes, providing unique prognostic and therapeutic implications.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25015869
document two rare cases of massively metastatic spinal cord GGs in adult patients who were negative for BRAF V600E mutations via multiple methods
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25013125
In tDNA, 50 mutations (36 EGFR, 5 ERBB2, 4 KRAS, 3 BRAF, and 2 PIK3CA) were identified, of which 26 were detected in cfDNA. These data demonstrate the feasibility and potential utility of mutation screening in the detection of a range of tumor biomarkers
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25010701
SOX2 expression is partly regulated by BRAF signalling, and an increased SOX2 expression may promote CRC metastasis and mediate a poor patient prognosis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25005754
Our results highlight the low incidence of BRAF mutations and CIMP in CRC from Saudi Arabia.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24993163
Activating FGFR2-RAS-BRAF mutations play a critical role in the pathogenesis of most cases of ameloblastoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24992171
The absence of CXCR4 expression and BRAF mutation in cancers with a minor PD component underlined different pathogenic and metastatic processes in comparison with WDCs.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24989827
BRAF testing is a useful adjunct to improve PPV for patients with "suspicious for PTC" cytology.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24979348
BRAF mutations in NSCLC were significantly associated with adenocarcinomas .
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24978326
BRAFV600E mutation in primary tumor might be a promising molecular marker to predict the status of 131I uptake in distal metastases.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24964857
Results suggest tha tthe pathological progression from Serrated adenoma through colon carcinoma required the successive events: mutations in BRAF protein, hypermethylation of MLH1 then hypermethylation in AXIN2.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24964758
MSI and the BRAF(V600E) mutation have a prognostic impact in colon cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24958825
BRAF(V600) mutation is associated with melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24958809
Although there was large variability between patients, FDG uptake decreased with higher daily doses in patients with BRAFV600 mutation-positive melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24954313
Considering the diagnostic performance and low reproducibility of US, the combination of FNA with BRAFV600E is the most reliable and objective method for diagnosing thyroid malignancy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24950457
amuvatinib has proapoptotic activity against melanoma cell lines, with selectivity observed for those harboring oncogenic NRAS but not BRAF
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24947927
BRAF mutations are associated with response to chemotherapy in cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24942334
The 5-year survival rate of colorectal cancer patients with BRAF mutations was significantly decreased.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24941944
Although both, DTIC and TMZ act as alkylating agents through the same intermediate, NRAS and BRAF mutant cells responded differentially only to DTIC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24936068
a novel role for B-Raf in the selective regulation of alpha4beta1 integrin-mediated adhesion.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24926836
Results show that BRAF-mutated patients were significantly younger at the time of primary melanoma and first diagnosis of metastasis than BRAF wild-type patients but BRAF mutation is not associated with a more aggressive illness.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24922189
Using the PCR test with sense allele-specific primers, mutations in V600 were found in 33 of 51 Russian patients (64.7%) with cutaneous melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24921639
BRAF V600E immunohistochemistry is reliable for the evaluation of mutational status in colorectal carcinoma regardless of site or prior treatment history, and staining shows a high degree of intratumoral homogeneity.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24918823
BRAF and NRAS mutation status does not influence survival in metastatic melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24918610
The results from this prospective cohort study further support an influence of sex and lifestyle factors on different pathways of colorectal carcinogenesis, defined by KRAS and BRAF mutation status of the tumours.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24909403
BRAF was a significant parameter for predicting multifocality in follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24906137
BET inhibition with I-BET151 appears independent of the BRAF and NRAS mutational status of melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24901049
The B-Raf(V600E) inhibitor dabrafenib selectively inhibits RIP3 and alleviates acetaminophen-induced liver injury.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24897065
suboptimal specificity and PPV limits the diagnostic utility of both antibodies to reliably detect BRAF p.V600E mutations in thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24894769
Findings suggest a link between Langerhans cell histiocytosis and Erdheim-Chester disease involving the BRAF(V600E) mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24893747
Our results indicate a cross-talk between Braf and p300 in melanoma and demonstrate the importance Braf and p300 expression in the diagnosis and prognosis of melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24885690
Genetic targeting of BRAF Valine600Aspartate drug resistance mutation identifies dabrafenib as a selective agent against BRAF-resistant colorectal cancer cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24885594
While frequency rates of BRAF mutations were quite identical across the different MPM lesions, a significant increase of cKIT (p<0.001) and CyclinD1 (p=0.002) amplification rates was observed between first and subsequent primary melanomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24871132
Treatment of HCL patients with vemurafenib, an inhibitor of mutated BRAF, resulted in normalization of HSPC frequencies and increased myeloid and erythroid output from HSPCs
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24866436
BRAF mutation is associated with melanoma nodal metastases and an unknown primary site.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24863948
Data indicate that BRAF protein overexpression was significantly associated with thyroid extracapsular extension (ECE) and lymph node metastasis (LNM) positive cases.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24862939
BRAF mutation was not associated with negative prognostic indicators or adverse outcomes in PTC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24861115
12% of KRAS negative colorectal cancer showed BRAF gene mutation. Considering that 42% of samples have a KRAS mutation, 54% of patients should not respond to therapies with monoclonal antibodies directed against epidermic growth factor (EGFR) pathway.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24859998
The high-resolution melting method developed was shown to be a reliable method for BRAF mutation detection
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24859340
BRAF mutation is asociated with ameloblastoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24857351
report of a new IDH1 mutation associated with BRAF mutation in a very unusual glial tumor.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24848709
Overexpression of BRAF(V600E) in normal thyroid epithelial (H tori) cells also reduced the effects of Dkk-1 on cell survival.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24839220
BRAF mutation cannot be regarded as a reliable marker of node metastases in patients with PTC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24838814
The BRAF mutation was significantly associated with persistence/recurrence and a potential predictor in patients with classical PTC >10 mm at a BRAF mutation prevalent area
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24833563
RAC1b overexpression constitutes a marker of poor prognosis in KRAS/BRAF WT mCRC patients treated with first-line FOLFOX/XELOX therapy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24832158
Although VE1 antibody can be useful in the screening of colon carcinomas for BRAF V600E-mutant proteins, molecular genetic confirmation is always necessary for mutation diagnosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24828987
The present work discusses the most recent and controversial evidence on the BRAF V600E relevance in development and progression of thyroid tumors. [Review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24821886
Case Report: KRAS mutated pancreatic adenocarcinoma developing on treatment with combined BRAF and MEK inhibition for metastatic melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24806883
Characteristics and prognosis of colorectal cancer with NRAS mutations are different from those with KRAS or BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24798740
analysis of RAS, RET/PTC, and BRAF mutations in advanced stage of papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24792487
BRAF V600E mutation positive pediatric posterior fossa gangliogliomas exhibit no unique imaging features, are associated with shorter progression-free survival, and carry promising treatment implications by BRAF inhibitors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24789721
BRAF V600E mutation is associated with refractory hairy cell leukemia.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24787545
BRAF(V600E) mutation is not a useful prognostic marker, though it does influence the short- and medium-term outcomes of classic papillary thyroid cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24780046
BRAF V600E is heterogeneously distributed in some papillary thyroid carcinomas(PTCs). The large BRAF V600E neoplastic cell subpopulations found in mutated cases is consistent with the view that the BRAF V600E is acquired early during PTC development.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24774510
This study indicated that mutations of KRAS, PIK3CA and NRAS were rare in advanced gastric cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24770869
Data demonstrate that the BRAF(V600E) cooperates with either PIK3CA(H1074R) or with silencing of the tumor-suppressor PTEN, to promote development of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24767862
We conclude that a V600E BRAF mutation may not be helpful in distinguishing sporadic from MTS-associated sebaceous neoplasms
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24764675
colorectal cancers with a BRAF mutation have distinct molecular features and resulted in a poor prognosis in Korean patients with advanced colorectal cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24749938
The presence of dermoscopic peppering and thicker Breslow index ulceration suggest a morphological consequence of immune behaviour in BRAF-mutated melanomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24748129
The percentage of mutant BRAF alleles in papillary thyroid carcinoma is significantly associated with tumor burden and extrathyroidal invasion.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24746198
discordant BRAF mutation status is rare when samples from individual PTCs are compared or when samples from individual PTCs and lymph node metastasis at thyroidectomy are compared but occurs more when primary and recurrent metastasis are compared
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24742923
From a practical perspective, small biopsies may not adequately represent a tumor's full mutational profile, particularly for later arising but prognostically important mutations such as those in the KRAS and BRAF genes
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24737664
BRAF-mutant mCRC is associated with worse clinical outcome. Patients with BRAF-mutant tumors develop peritoneal metastases, less frequently present with disease limited to the liver, and have shorter survival after metastasectomy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24735930
AKTi combined with BRAFi-based therapy may benefit patients with tumors harboring BRAF mutations and particularly PTEN deletions or AKT mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24733801
Case Report: patient with V600E BRAF-mutant leptomeningeal melanoma who experienced a complete clinical and radiologic response after dabrafenib treatment.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24733413
long-term treatment with BRAF inhibitors can affect the interaction between BRAF/MAPK and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling to affect patient outcomes
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24725538
Response to this therapy suggests that BRAF inhibitors can affect primary CNS lesions when a documented and targetable mutation is present.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24721513
analysis of pro-death autophagic processes responsible for sensitization of BRAF-V600E glioma cells toward UAI-201
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24721322
BRAF(V600E) mutation demonstrated to be an adverse prognostic factor indicating aggressiveness of papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24720374
the BRAF pathway may contribute to the pathogenesis or malignant transformation of histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasms.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24717435
decreasing the levels of CTR1 (Cu transporter 1), or mutations in MEK1 that disrupt Cu binding, decreased BRAF(V600E)-driven signalling and tumorigenesis in mice and human cell settings
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24715106
Study found BRAF V600E mutations in 81 percent of papillary craniopharyngioma sampled
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24714776
BRAF mutation is associated with melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24713734
the homebrew dispensation sequence unambiguously identifies all known BRAF mutations in this region, whereas the kit-based dispensation sequence has one unresolvable degeneracy that could be solved with the addition of two injections
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24710085
mutations in BRAF and NRAS are not mutually exclusive because they were simultaneously present in the same tumor specimens
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24709886
A combined inhibition strategy targeting BRAF together with multiple erbB family kinases is potentially beneficial for treating BRAF V600E mutant melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24703243
Near-genomewide RNAi screening for regulators of BRAF(V600E) -induced senescence identifies RASEF, a gene epigenetically silenced in melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24691006
the outcome of 68 patients with advanced colorectal cancer and RAS, BRAF and PI3KCA status according to ALK gene status, is reported.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24684646
analysis of a possible association between AID expression and BRAF mutation in melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24679337
genetic association studies in a population in Iran: Data suggest that a mutation in BRAF (V600E) is associated with prognosis of paritents with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24677749
This analysis suggests that differences in disease course of PTC in children versus adults are not strongly dependent upon the presence of the BRAF(V600E) mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24673746
Disruption of mutated BRAF signaling modulates thyroid cancer phenotype.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24671772
Data support a central role of BRAF V600E mutation in Erdheim-Chester disease and suggest oncogene-induced senescense as a link to both inflammation and oncogenic mutation in histiocytes playing a role in the disease.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24666267
Mutations in BRAF predict resistance to anti-EGFR therapies.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24664307
Studies indicate that the role of proto-cncogene protein B-raf-MEK-ERK pathway in controlling cell fate as a primary target for deregulated activation in cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24659028
Increased BRAF mutation is associated with colorectal cancer progression and poor response to therapy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24651849
BRAF mutant/microsatellite stable (MSS) (BRAFmut/MSS) cancers (n = 33) and BRAF mutant/microsatellite unstable (MSI) (BRAFmut/MSI) cancers (n = 30) were compared for presence of copy number aberrations (CNAs) indicative of chromosomal insatbility.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24642661
KRAS and BRAF genes were wild-type in all squamous cell anal carcinoma cases.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24639117
Although it has limitations, the VE1 antibody represents a feasible first-line approach for evaluating BRAF mutation status and may be a valid tool in the selection of samples for molecular analysis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24638167
BRAF-V600E expression in tissue dendritic cells did not define specific clinical risk groups but was associated with increased risk of recurrence.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24634053
V600E mutations in 8/15 bile duct adenomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24625419
We evaluated the BRAF V600E expression by immunohistochemistry in pulmonary and extrapulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis cases
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24619974
findings suggest that subcategorization of AUS by cytomorphology and BRAF V600E mutation status is important for predicting the risk of malignancy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24617711
In this large cohort, we found TERT promoter mutations to be common, particularly in Follicular thyroid carcinoma and BRAF mutation-positive papillary thyroid carcinoma, and associated with aggressive clinicopathological characteristics.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24614711
Melanomas with associated naevi have a higher frequency of BRAF(V600E) mutations than melanomas unassociated with naevi.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24612623
Most of the Korean patients with multifocal papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) had the BRAF(V600E) mutation in one or more tumor foci, and all BRAF(V600E)-positive multifocal PTC showed more aggressive features.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24612059
Serrated colorectal carcinoma as proposed to arise from serrated adenoma is characterized by mutation of BRAF.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24608435
Anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins govern cellular outcome following B-RAF(V600E) inhibition and can be targeted to reduce resistance.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24604709
BRAF V600E mutations may be more prevalent than previously thought in pediatric patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma, but do not correlate with aggressive disease characteristics
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24603591
BRAF mutations are virtually absent in melanomas originating from the vulva or vagina
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24594804
Meta-analysis demonstrated that the BRAF V600E mutation was significantly correlated with adverse pathological features of colorectal cancer and distinct clinical characteristics.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24591408
BRAF mutation is associated with atypia of undetermined significance and papillary carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24588959
analysis of BRAF mutation and DNA methylation markers on fine needle aspiration biopsy specimens may be a useful strategy to facilitate the diagnosis of malignant thyroid neoplasm
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24586605
BRAF-V600 mutations are not associated with response to chemotherapy in stage IV melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24582505
Report safety of vemurafenib in diverse population of patients with BRAF(V600) mutated metastatic melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24560515
Although the sensitive pyrosequencing method was used, no EGFR, KRAS or BRAF mutations could be found
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24559116
BRAF mutation was significantly associated with a larger tumor size, extrathyroidal invasion and lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24552757
BRAF-mutation analysis should be part of the subtyping of non-squamous NSCLC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24550319
Nonsmall cell lung cancer cells with BRAF-V600E, but not other BRAF mutations, initially are sensitive to BRAF-inhibitor treatment, but rapidly acquire resistance to BRAF inhibition.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24548081
BRAF mutation in FVPTC is associated with unfavourable clinicopathological characteristics and malignant features on ultrasonography and may be a potential prognostic factor as it is in classical PTC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24535907
Our results demonstrated that the BRAF V600E mutation is a common event in melanomas, representing an important molecular target for novel therapeutic approaches in such tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24532263
we identify KIAA1549-BRAF gene fusions in 45 % of 82 low-grade glioma samples
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24529209
Molecular genetic analysis revealed BRAF duplication and a KIAA1549-BRAF fusion gene in 82% of group II tumors, but in none of the group I tumors, and a BRAF:p.V600E mutation in 43% of group I tumors, but in none of the group II tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24508103
For the 598 (91%) patients with BRAF(V600E) disease, median overall survival in the vemurafenib group was 13.3 months (95% CI 11.9-14.9) compared with 10.0 months (8.0-14.0) in the dacarbazine group (HR 0.75 [95% CI 0.60-0.93]; p=0.0085)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24503706
Two cases of classic HCL, 1 showing CD5 expression, were truly BRAF V600E-negative based on negative results by PCR and sequencing despite high-level leukemic involvement
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24497953
B-cell receptor functions differ in hairy cell leukemia displying BRAF V(600)E and mutated IGHV.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24496868
we sought to analyze the nature of IC and EC response and progression in patients with melanoma brain metastases treated with dabrafenib, and hypothesized that metastases respond and progress similarly to BRAF inhibitors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24493731
The finding of BRAF mutations in meningeal melanocytomas points to a potential initiating role of BRAF in transformation toward malignancy and could have therapeutic implications in these specific melanocytomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24489105
BRAF inhibition causes decreased CXCL8 secretion from melanoma cells and induce an immune response against the tumor associated with increased IFN-gamma, CCL4, and TNF-alpha.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24486585
A novel mechanism for response was discovered whereby high expression level of CAV-1 at the plasma membrane disrupts the BRaf/CRaf heterodimer and thus inhibits the activation of MAPK pathway during dasatinib treatment.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24484235
Suggest that some patients with advanced melanoma who are BRAF-mutation positive may benefit from ipilimumab as the first part of their sequential treatment schedule.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24475291
B-RAF is a powerful regulator of hERG channel activity and cell surface hERG protein abundance.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24475086
no significant survival differences were found according to BRAF-V600 tumor mutations in patients with primary melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24471909
Data show that a high proportion of cases of non-pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) and pulmonary LCH (PLCH) expressed the proto-oncogene protein B-raf (BRAF) V600E mutant protein.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24471189
results probably indicate that BRAF mutation may not be the only key factor in melanoma tumorigenesis, and that there should be multiple alternative genetic pathways related to melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24463458
Resistance mechanisms were identified in 58% progressing tumors and BRAF alterations were common. Gene expression analysis revealed that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity remained inhibited in 21% of resistant tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24446311
A subset of patients with RAS(wt) CMML harbors BRAF kinase domain mutations that are potentially capable of activating the MAPK signaling pathway.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24442520
Mutational events as well as over-expression of BRAF gene are highly implicated, independently, in the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24440976
The presence of BRAF mutations is positively associated with advanced tumor stage in African American colorectal cancer patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24433452
Two V600E-negative hairy-cell leukemias had new pote mutations in exon 11 (F468C and D449E). Another HCL was BRAF wild-type in exons 2-17. All non-HCL lymphomas lacked BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24425783
Data reveal a mechanism by which BRAF(V600E) and PI3K signaling cooperate to regulate melanoma proliferation through AKT-independent effects on protein translation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24424406
The B-RafV600E mutation detected in melanoma is not associated with a chronic exposure to the sun.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24417615
BRAF mutational analysis by melt curve analysis is feasible in routine thyroid cytology, and in our series had a 100% specificity for PTC in subsequent histology. The application of BRAF analysis could be useful for indeterminate cytology
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24413733
Targeted genotyping revealed BRAF p.Val600Glu in 95% of papillary craniopharyngiomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24410877
Report detection of BRAF mutations eligible for therapy with vemurafenib in melanoma patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24402044
Despite being an independent predictor of central node metastasis in small papillary thyroid carcinoma, BRAF did not add substantially to the overall prediction of occult central node metastasis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24398428
Data indicate that dual targeting of heat-shock proteins 90 (Hsp90) and BRAF(V600E) kinase provided combinatorial benefit in vemurafenib-sensitive melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24397598
the first BRAF V600/601 and KRAS G12-K16 screening study in primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma that failed to identify hotspot mutations in this specific subtype
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24390240
BRAF mutation decreases tumor response in first-line treatment whether cetuximab was given or not in patients with KRAS wild-type, and anti-EGFR MoAb produces a clear benefit in response rate in patients with BRAF and KRAS wild-type.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24389984
meta-analysis suggested that extrathyroidal extension, lymph node metastasis, disease recurrence, and advanced TNM stage were associated with BRAF(V600E) mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24382015
study found CYP24A1 expression was increased in papillary thyroid carcinoma compared to benign multinodular goitre; expression was further increased in stage III and IV tumours; a strong correlation found between CYP24A1 overexpression and BRAF(V600E) mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24375920
Response to vemurafenib suggests that BRAFV600 is an oncogenic driver in pediatric gliomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24374844
Report clinical consequences of high frequency of BRAF mutations in ameloblastoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24372748
correlation between KRAS or BRAF mutations and prognosis was not observed
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24367680
BRAF V600E-mutation in metastatic colorectal cancer characterizes a subgroup of patients with distinct biologic, clinical and pathological features and is associated with very poor patients' prognosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24366910
The study identifies the BRAFV600E mutation as a significant molecular alteration in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24362353
Braf(V600E)-driven tumors become addicted to autophagy as a means to preserve mitochondrial function and glutamine metabolism
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24356563
The KRAS mutation is not present in about one-third of CRC patients, and therefore other gene mutations need to be investigated to better understand the molecular mechanisms of CRC and its treatment.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24354346
there was no correlation between BRAF-positive primary focus of papillary microcarcinoma and more aggressive or recurrent disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24353007
Molecular genetic tests revealed BRAF V600E mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24345920
BRAF fusions define a new molecular subset of melanoma, potentially comprising 4% to 8% of "pan-negative" cases.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24345274
This study demonstrated that temporal location, reticulin deposition and CD34 expression are associated with BRAF mutation in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24335665
Provided there is adequate quantity of viable tumor cells, immunohistochemical testing any melanoma sample from a patient with metastatic disease will accurately determine BRAF status.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24321241
These cases further expand the range of glial neoplasia in which epithelioid morphology is encountered, and add to the growing list of biphasic tumors harboring the BRAF V600E mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24311634
BRAF-V600E mutation is associated with younger glioblastoma patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24309328
BRAF V600E mutation is a rare event in biliary tract cancer, accounting for only 1% of all subtypes, and is restricted to intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24301760
We conclude that a high proportion of PTC cases likely harbors the BRAF V600E mutation. This mutation can be used as an independent factor for predicting the recurrence and distal metastasis of PTC tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24297085
The overall survival rate was not significantly different between patients with wild-type BRAF and those with V600E or non-V600E BRAF mutations in an Asian cohort.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24295088
genetic association study in population in Italy: Data suggest rare BRAF variants (found in 1.6% of all thyroid malignancies) cluster around codon V600 in binding pocket named A-loop of kinase domain leading to greater stability of BRAF conformation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24267957
Detection of BRAF(V600E) in cytology specimens by pyrosequencing is a useful diagnostic adjunctive tool in the evaluation of thyroid nodules also in elderly subjects
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24265152
A novel AKT1 mutant amplifies an adaptive melanoma response to BRAF inhibition.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24258620
B-RAF increases the cell surface protein abundance and activity of the type II Na+-coupled phosphate transporters NaPi-IIa and NaPi-IIb.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24256466
Frequency of somatic BRAF mutations in melanocytic lesions from patients in a CDK4 melanoma family.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24247620
BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma determined by IHC is associated with significantly increased risk of lymph node recurrence.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24244575
BRAF p.V600E colon tumors showed significant MEIS1 promoter methylation, which was associated with decreased MEIS1 gene expression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24242331
associations were identified between miR-31, BRAF and prognosis in CRC
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24238398
Rapidly metastasizing malignant melanoma characterized by a rare BRAF mutation not responding to vemurafenib
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24238153
The study found a BRAF(V600E) mutation frequency of 54% (seven of 13) in brainstem gangliogliomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24228637
BRAF(V600E) mutation is not associated with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24196789
As heterogeneity with respect to BRAF mutation status is detected in melanoma patients, subsequent testing of initially wild-type patients can yield different results and thus make BRAF inhibitor therapy accessible.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24183461
Data indicate that the median time to progression (TTP) 8.9 months is close to the promising BRAF- and MEKi combination therapy with median progression-free survival (PFS) 9.4 months.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24178368
study characterized the multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of vemurafenib 240-960 mg twice daily (bid) in BRAF(V600E) mutation-positive metastatic melanoma patients, using the commercial formulation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24167125
When supplemented with other noninvasive test methods, the B-RAF(V600E) test could be a powerful adjunct with extensive clinical applications for diagnosis of thyroid nodules. (review)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24166180
Results sugggest that Cdx2 may play a role in the serrated pathway to colorectal cancer with BRAF(V600E), CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (CIMP)-high and mismatch repair (MMR)-deficiency.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24164374
Based on this methodology and other published results for the BRAF mutation, we believe that it is now feasible and cost effective for the UK NHS to BRAF co-test all Thy4/Bethesda Class V thyroid FNAs.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24161954
B-Raf mutations are associated with cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24152792
results provide evidence that constitutively activated BRAF(V600E) drives aberrant proliferation of monocyte-lineage cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24139521
When genotypes of BRAF/KRAS mutated s-BOTs and corresponding implants were compared, no patient presented with a fully matching mutation profile of s-BOT and all corresponding implants.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24139215
Of 54 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cases, 7.4% were mutant for KRAS, 7.4% were mutant for BRAF, and these were mutually exclusive. These cases were associated with a higher tumor stage and a greater likelihood of lymph node involvement.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24124924
evaluated the potential role of XIAP expression as a novel prognostic marker to predict recurrence, in combination with the BRAF(V600E) mutational status in papillary thyroid cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24123003
HSP60 protein expression may inhibit lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinomas harboring the BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24122611
No mutations were found in the BRAF gene in a cohort of 84 patients affected by squamous cell anal cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24118207
BRAF signalling increases Mcl-1 expression in cutaneous metastatic melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24117833
BRAF mutational analysis was performed on tissue from 104 patients: 90 with sarcoma only and 14 with sarcoma and melanoma. In the sarcoma-melanoma group, three sarcomas showed BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24114843
EGF, which signals through CRAF, and an activated BRAF mutant also activate PKC and stimulate cell migration through up-regulating RFFL expression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24112705
The kinase activity of BRAFV600E/L505H was higher than that of BRAFV600E, resulting in cross-resistance to a MEK inhibitor
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24112392
BRAF mutation appears to be associated with distinct, unfavourable clinicopathological characteristics in colorectal cancer - systematic review and meta-analysis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24104864
The low incidence of BRAF mutation limited assessment of its prognostic impact.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24095280
Data indicate that phosphorylation of BRAF by AMPK disrupts its association with KSR1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24094449
hypothesize that the level of SPRY2 expression contributes to MAPK/ERK pathway output and accounts for BRAF V600E+ and clinical heterogeneity in papillary thyroid cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24073892
The BRAF mutation represents an additional risk factor only in some subpopulations of colorectal cancers, in others having limited prognostic value.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24057326
High rate of BRAF-KIAA1549 fusion is associated with pilocytic astrocytoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24052184
The BRAF mutation was positive in 37 % of papillary thyroid carcinoma patients. It had no prognostic impact. Cause-specific survival of mutation-positive high-risk patients was poorer than CSS of mutation-negative high-risk patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24039206
BRAF protein mutation can be reliably detected in patients diagnosed with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24030686
There was no significant association between BRAF positivity and tumor multicentricity, lymphovascular invasion, extranodal extension, central neck involvement, advanced stage (stage III or IV), and distant metastasis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24026210
We found BRAF mutations in 13/61 of the melanoma lesions and V600K predominated over V600E.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24024839
BRAF mutations were associated with reduced overall survival among patients with cololectal cancer without KRAS mutations in exon 2 and among those with NRAS mutations in exon 3.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24006859
mutations in KRAS codon 61, KRAS codon 146, BRAF, NRAS, or PIK3CA detected in Asian patients were not predictive of clinical benefits from cetuximab treatment.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23996432
Significant difference in Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS)between patients with BRAF mutated and BRAF wild-type tumours was not detected
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23993026
Mutation occurs at similar frequencies as NRAS in acral lentiginous melanoma of Swedish patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23987572
Prevalence and distribution of pathogenetic mutations in BRAF and NRAS genes were evaluated in multiple melanoma lesions from patients with different geographical origin within the same Italian population.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23981603
BRAF(V600E) mutation is predictive for distant metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma but not positively.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23972510
BRAF mutations were detected in 2 amelanotic acral melanoma cases
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23969188
the association between BRAF V600E mutation and aggressive features of papillary thyroid cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23965740
This study demonstrated the absence of consistent recurrent chromosomal alterations in desmoplastic infantile astrocytomas and desmoplastic infantile gangliogliomas and overall rarity of the BRAF mutation in these tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23963522
detection of BRAF V600E in colorectal cancer specimens by immunohistochemistry is sensitive and specific and may help to identify Lynch syndrome patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23960272
BRAF mutation is associated with the serrated morphology of traditional serrated adenoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23959801
Mortalin mediates a switch in tumor-suppressive signaling of Raf/MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23941441
BRAF V600E-mutated protein may be valuable in the diagnostic evaluation of these glioneuronal lesions and the observed association with mTOR activation may aid in the development of targeted treatment involving specific pathogenic pathways
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23938765
Report relatively high frequency of BRAF(V600E) and KIT mutations in amelanotic melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23931769
used a mutation-specific antibody for immunohistochemical detection of the BRAF V600E mutation and correlated expression with clinicopathologic features in papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23930206
The frequencies of EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, and HER-2 mutations in BM-NSCLC were 2.6, 38.5, 0, and 0% respectively.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23922205
These findings demonstrate the presence of mutation-specific clinical differences between different BRAF genotypes in patients with melanoma, and support the incorporation of this information in patient evaluation and clinical trial design.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23908594
Findings support the development of CDK and Raf co-targeting strategies in EGFR/HER-2-overexpressing or RAS/RAF mutant breast cancer (BC).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23907581
Our studies have identified a previously unrecognized regulatory role of Lys63-linked polyubiquitination in BRAF-mediated normal and oncogenic signalings.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23906414
In our Near Eastern cohort, the BRAF mutation rate varied significantly by geographic location. In patients with multiple dysplastic nevi examined, discordant BRAF mutation status potentially negates an underlying constitutional predilection
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23903755
Suppression of TORC1 activity in response to RAF or MEK inhibitors, as measured by decreased phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 (P-S6), effectively predicted induction of cell death by the inhibitor in BRAF-mutant melanoma cell lines.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23893412
Ras-mutant cancer cells display B-Raf binding to Ras that activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase and is inhibited by protein kinase A phosphorylation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23893334
TIMP-1 protein expression is a reliable surrogate marker for BRAF(V600E)-mutated status in papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23887306
Classification of serrated lesions using immunohistochemical evaluation of BRAF V600E mutation may identify lesions with higher potential to progression into sessile serrated adenoma/polyp, and further to BRAF V600E-mutated colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23883275
Shifted termination assay fragment analysis can detect BRAF V600 mutations in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded papillary thyroid carcinoma samples.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23880961
BRAF V600E mutations occurs infrequently in endometrial cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23878352
No evidence existed for a differential prognostic role of BRAF mutation by MSI status (P(interaction) > .50). Combined BRAF/MSI status in colorectal cancer is a tumor molecular biomarker for prognosic risk stratification.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23861977
the presence of a BRAF- or NRAS mutation in a nevus was not associated with the risk of malignant transformation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23860532
Findings show that KIT and BRAF mutations are only rarely present in SNMMs, whereas NRAS mutations seem to be relatively more frequent.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23855428
The study found a high concordance of BRAF mutation status between paired metastases diagnosed at different time points.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23852164
Patient-derived tumor xenografts provides 'real-time' results in an animal that phenocopies the biology and expected vemurafenib responses of the tumor in a patient with BRAF V600E melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23849768
Summing up the results about the KRAS and the BRAF mutation carriers from our study, the portion of potentially non responsive colorectal cancer patients for the anti-EGFR treatment is 28.26%.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23845441
demonstrate dose-dependent effects of oncogenic signaling, with physiologic Braf(V600E) expression being sufficient for hyperplasia induction
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23845288
Although BRAF mutation appears to play a role in local tumour progression, it is not a risk factor for poor prognosis or tumour recurrence in papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23841470
BRAF mutations are found in 2 to 4% of non-small cell lung cancers. The mutations harbor non-V600E mutations in 40 to 50% of cases. A phase 2 trial of dabrafenib described 8 responses of 20 patients with BRAF V600E mutant NSCLC
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23833303
Melanomas arising in SSD skin have higher mutation loads and contain a spectrum of molecular subtypes compared with BRAF- and NRAS-mutant tumors indicating multigene screening approaches
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23833299
Although no melanomas had high-level amplification of BRAF, the two patients with progressive disease as their best response had BRAF copy gain in their tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23822828
BRAF V600E mutated tumour cells was detected in the cortical tumour component, pronounced leptomeningeal tumoural stroma was predominantly negative for VE1 binding. BRAF V600E mutation affects a subset of desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma/ganglioglioma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23821376
This study investigated the impact of KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, PI3KCA and TP53 status on outcome of elderly metastatic colorectal cancer patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23817662
BRAF mutations are associated with lung cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23817129
an unexpectedly higher frequency of BRAF mutations was observed in mucosal melanomas in Southern Italy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23806056
The present study demonstrates that concomitant BRAF mutation and RET/PTC rearrangement is a frequent event in papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23802768
evaluated the survival impact of MET expression in patients with BRAF(V600E/K) advanced melanoma treated with vemurafenib
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23800934
The findings support the hypothesis that BRAF-mutated cells may show resistance to the anticancer effects of aspirin in patients with colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23795354
Co-amplification of these candidate genes or the CCND1 amplification along with either BRAF or NRAS mutations might be more important for prognosis than the presence of these alterations alone.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23791006
Sinonasal intestinal-type adenocarcinomas share common alterations of the EGFR pathway with colorectal adenocarcinomas, except for a lower frequency of KRAS and BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23782679
BRAF mutation rates varied by geographic location but not based on UV radiation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23782496
BRAF, NRAS, and c-Kit molecular analyses among patients affected by nail apparatus melanoma were investigated.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23776587
The results indicate that BRAF mutant is a predictive biomarker for poor prognosis in mCRC patients undergoing anti-EGFR MoAbs therapy, especially in KRAS WT patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23775351
demonstrating that the BRAF(T1799A) mutation is a clonal event in thyroid cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23773459
BRAF mutations are associated with colorectal neoplasms.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23771122
We found that inherited variants of CDKN2A have no effect on the prevalence of BRAF/NRAS mutations in melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23763264
Although moderate or strong cytoplasmic staining is specific for BRAF V600E mutations in colorectal adenocarcinoma, the VE1 monoclonal antibody is insufficiently sensitive to serve as an effective screening tool.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23755178
Both the CRP single nucleotide polymorphism rs7553007 and KRAS/BRAF mutations were independent prognostic factors for colorectal cancer patients with synchronous liver metastasis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23752636
BRAF mutation in the elderly is also exclusive of papillary carcinoma and is often significant. Furthermore, it is related to the classic variant and possibly to thyroid extravasation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23744164
The mutations of EGFR and BRAF genes were not found in HER2-mutated patients with brain metastasis from non-small cell lung cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23735514
Selumetinib plus dacarbazine showed clinical activity in patients with BRAF-mutant cutaneous or unknown primary melanoma, reflected by a significant benefit in progression-free survival.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23726842
report that Mps1/AKT and B-Raf(WT)/ERK signaling form an auto-regulatory negative feedback loop in melanoma cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23725167
BRAF mutations are associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23715079
Case Report: BRAF mutation documented in folliculotropic metastatic melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23690527
We found BRAF(V600E) mutations in the melanocytic nevi to be fully clonal, strongly suggesting that BRAF-activating mutations typically are early initiating events in melanocytic neoplasia.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23687957
BRAFV600E mutation is not associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23673558
low BRAF as well as NRAS expression levels were associated with a longer progression-free survival in the total population
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23660947
Establishment of molecular subgroups based on KRAS and BRAF mutation status is important and should be considered in future prognostic studies in colorectal carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23657789
A BRAF mutation-specific (V600E) antibody detected tumors with BRAFV600E mutations and exhibited complete concordance with a DNA-based method.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23650027
Detection of the BRAF V600E mutation in colorectal cancer by immunohistochemistry is a viable alternative to molecular methods
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23636013
Braf mutations were not associated with the risk of lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23633454
The presence of NRAS or BRAF mutations in a mutually exclusive pattern in roughly half (47%) of conjunctival melanomas and the pattern of CNAs argue for conjunctival melanoma being closely related to cutaneous and mucosal melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23625203
This study demonstrated that either BRAF or RAS mutations were present in two thirds of follicular variants of papillary thyroid carcinomas and these mutations were mutually exclusive.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23615046
BRAF mutation is associated with poor response to anti-EGFR MoAbs and it is an adverse prognostic biomarker of the survival of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23613396
K-RAS and B-RAF mutations do not seem to be predictive of treatment outcome as potential biomarkers for bevacizumab therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23612919
BRAF alterations are associated with pediatric low grade gliomas and mixed neuronal-glial tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23603840
We show that (V600E)BRAF upholds the activity of glycolysis and therefore the addiction to glycolysis de facto becomes an addiction to (V600E)BRAF.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23595630
A combination of solid nodules, nodules with irregular contours, symptomatic nodules, and positive BRAF mutation has high predictive value for malignancy in patients with thyroid follicular lesion of undetermined signifi-cance.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23594689
the clinical pathological relevance of BRAF mutation in cancer (Review)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23588369
Our findings confirm that BRAF mutations originate in the serrated epithelium of colonic perineuriomas with crypt serration
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23584600
and SSCA followed by Sanger sequencing are effective two-step strategies for the detection of BRAF mutations in the clinical setting.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23580256
The overall BRAF V600E mutation rate was 70.4% and 100% in tall cell variant.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23579220
Accurate diagnosis of rare BRAF mutations is crucial. Pyrosequencing is accurate, highly sensitive, reliable, and time saving to detect rare BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23571588
In this retrospective multicenter study, the presence of the BRAF V600E mutation was significantly associated with increased cancer-related mortality among patients with papillary thyroid carcinom
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23569304
Antitumor effects of vemurafenib are mediated by inhibiting oncogenic MAPK signaling in BRAF(V600)-mutant metastatic melanoma. Data suggest that inhibition downstream of BRAF should help to overcome acquired resistance.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23552385
A high percentage of epithelioid giant cell glioblastoma multiformemanifest BRAF V600E mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23549875
Data indicate that concurrent BRAF and PI3K/mTOR blockade results in induction of apoptosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23548132
About one fourth of mCRC cases wild-type for KRAS codons 12 and 13 present other mutations either in KRAS, BRAF, or PIK3CA, many of which may explain the lack of response to anti-EGFR therapy observed in a significant proportion of these patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23547069
BRAF V600E mutation may identify a subset of grade 2 diffuse gliomas that have a distinct phenotype, incl. supratentorial location, chronic seizure disorder, and atypical radiographic and histologic features.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23544999
In human BRAF papillary thyroid carcinomas, ERK kinase phosphorylation is decreased compared to normal thyroid glands.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23534744
Molecular analysis of the BRAF T1799A mutation in fine needle aspiration biopsy specimens has high specificity and positive predictive value for papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23533272
in cells expressing KIAA1549-BRAF, the fusion kinase functions as a homodimer that is resistant to PLX4720 and accordingly is associated with CRAF-independent paradoxical activation of MAPK signaling
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23533235
genetic association studies in population in Italy: Data suggest that V600E mutation in BRAF in subjects with papillary thyroid carcinomas with/without lymph node metastases is not associated with disease progression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23517740
Aberrant BRAF splice variants with deletions in both kinase and RAS-binding domains in rheumatoid arthritis patients demonstrate that these BRAF splice variants constitutively activate MAPK through CRAF
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23511561
A BRAF mutation was only detected in a single Japanese gastric cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23505540
follow-up BRAFV600E mutation analysis may be helpful in the diagnosis of selected thyroid nodules negative for BRAFV600E mutation on initial analysis, which are assessed as suspicious malignant on ultrasonography.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23496275
This study confirms that the BRAF mutation is differentially detected in each variant of papillary thyroid cancer and is strongly correlated with unfavorable clinicopathologic factors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23489693
The novel melanoma cell lines were compared to metastatic cell lines (HBL, LND1), wild type (wt) for MC1R and BRAF genes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23482591
Results document the expression of RAC1b in normal thyroid cells as well as overexpression in a subset of PTCs. They suggest a possible interplay between BRAF V600E and RAC1b contributing to poor clinical outcome.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23482475
BRAF mutation shows clinical significance in the prognosis of thyroid papillary cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23477830
melanomas with activation of the BRAF/MAPK pathway have suppressed levels of MITF and PGC1alpha and decreased oxidative metabolism
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23476074
BRAF V600E mutation testing modifies sensitivity or specificity of the Afirma Gene Expression Classifier in cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23463675
V600R mutation and double (V600E -V600M) mutation were identified in two melanomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23463215
In this manuscript, we provide an overview of the emerging scientific literature on dermatological adverse events arising out of BRAF inhibition.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23455323
The Mcl-1 promoter is dependent on a STAT consensus-site for B-RAF-mediated activation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23448684
An analysis of BRAF mutations in fast-growing melanomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23447565
MITF-BCL2A1 as a lineage-specific oncogenic pathway in melanoma and underscore its role for improved response to BRAF-directed therapy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23444215
Data indicate that tumor regression was seen in three of five patients with BRAF-mutated, low pAKT melanomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23442159
This study demonistrated that Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors share with pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas and gangliogliomas BRAF(V600E) mutation and expression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23435618
BRAF V600E mutation was detected in 41/71 (58 %) gangliogliomas by immunohistochemistry, DNA sequencing was concordant in 60 of 62 analyzed cases, and BRAF V600E-mutated protein was localized predominantly to the neuronal compartment.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23435375
BRAF(V600E) increases migration and invasion of thyroid cancer cells via upregulation of Snail with a concomitant decrease of its target E-cadherin.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23416953
study identified two miRNAs (miR-21* and miR-203 that are differentially expressed in papillary thyroid carcinoma tissues with BRAF(V600E) and revealed their associations with clinicopathological features
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23416158
AURKB and WEE1 are targets and biomarkers of therapeutic efficacy, lying downstream of (V600E)B-RAF in melanomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23412871
The BRAF gene polymorphism (rs10487888) may not be a genetic determinant for increasing the risk of chronic periodontitis among the Iranian population
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23401454
Studies identified 21 deleterious mutations MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and BRAF.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23401445
The role of BRAF V600E as targetable driver mutation in lung adenocarcinoma is strengthened by finding that in vivo expression of V600E in mice leads to development of invasive adenocarcinoma, a phenotype that is reversed when V600E expression is stopped.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23388101
Report BRAF mutations in ovarian serous carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23374602
BRAF and codon 12 KRAS mutations predict for adverse outcome of colorectal cancer patients receiving cetuximab.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23370668
study suggests that highly aggressive papillary thyroid microcarcinoma may arise in a subset of patients with BRAF(V600E) mutation and tumors greater than 5 mm; multivariate analysis showed that tumor recurrence was not associated with BRAF(V600E)mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23370429
This is the first report of BRAF V600E mutation in endometrial cancer, indicating that it may contribute to tumorigenesis of endometrial cancer, although at a low frequency compared with KRAS mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23359496
Kidins220 is a novel T-cell receptor (TCR)-interacting protein that couples B-Raf to the TCR. Kidins220 is mandatory for sustained Erk signaling and is crucial for TCR-mediated T cell activation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23355004
The detected Merkel cell polyomavirus prevalence in non-small cell lung cancer in combination with the deregulated expression of BRAF and Bcl-2 genes suggests that these events are likely to contribute to the pathogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23354951
Alternative splicing of exons 14, 15, 15b, 16b and 16c occurs in a considerable fraction of BRAF mRNA in normal colon and colorectal cancer cells and is independent of the V600E mutational status of the parental allele.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23352452
Ras pathway activation via EGF treatment induced strong binding between B-Raf and C-Raf and a low level of binding between B-Raf and A-Raf.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23349307
Data indicate that besides confirming the constant presence of BRAF-V600E in all patients with hairy cell leukemia, phospho-ERK1/ERK2 expression was observed.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23343956
no association with BRAF-V600E mutation in gastroeosophageal tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23334329
Human neural crest progenitor cells are susceptible to BRAF(V600E)-induced transformation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23324583
BRAF mutations is associated with colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23317446
Results demonstrated the action of Dabrafenib and the inhibition of MAPK pathway in melanoma cell lines carrying BRAFV600D/R mutations; these results could be helpful to enlarge the number of patients who may benefit of a more effective targeted treatment
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23310942
This study shows that BRAF mutation occurs in Nigerian colorectal cancers.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23307859
High BRAF is associated with metastatic melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23297805
No point mutations were identified in BRAF codon Val600Glu in the studied colorectal adenocarcinomas in the Turkish population.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23290787
Studies indicate that BRAF mutations are identified in 40-50% of patients with melanoma, and treatment with either of two BRAF inhibitors (vemurafenib, dabrafenib) or the MEK inhibitor trametinib is associated with improved clinical benefit.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23287985
Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis appears to be a clonal proliferation that may or may not have BRAF V600E mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23280049
Preoperative mutation screening for BRAF(V600E) does not meaningfully improve risk stratification and is unlikely to alter the initial management of patients with indeterminate nodules.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23274581
BRAF mutation is associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23263826
we deduce that in the absence of mutation activation, B-Raf overexpression or downregulation is a protective event, since it delays the development of both malignant and benign thyroid tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23253715
The status of BRAF(V600E) mutation was more frequent in multifocal PTC patients with lymph node metastasis and diagnosis at later age.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23246082
the role of BRAF mutations in melanoma and colorectal cancer, focusing on similarities and differences of BRAF mutations (Review)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23242808
Data indicate that BRAF and EGF receptor or SRC family kinase inhibition blocked proliferation and invasion of the resistant tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23237741
Patients with V600R BRAF mutations can be treated successfully with oral BRAF inhibitors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23235345
the BRAF V600E mutation is not pathobiologically relevant in primary central nervous system lymphoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23224067
Mutations affecting BRAF, EGFR, PIK3CA, and KRAS are not associated with sporadic vestibular schwannomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23208503
results suggest that mutant B-RAF signaling downregulates Tiam1/Rac activity resulting in an increase in N-cadherin levels and a decrease in E-cadherin levels and ultimately enhanced invasion
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23207070
The present study revealed that ESCC of Brazilian patients do not present mutations in hot spots of EGFR, K-RAS and BRAF and only a minor proportion present overexpression of EGFR or HER2.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23203004
BRAF (V600E) is non-associated with Gal-3 expression, whereas it is associated with cytoplasmatic localization of p27kip1 and higher CK19 expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23192956
BRAF (V600E) mutation is associated with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23192464
Aim of this work is to provide a detailed comparison of clinical-pathologic features between well-differentiated and poorly differentiated tumors according to their BRAF and RASSF1A status.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23190890
Oncogenic B-RAF(V600E) signaling induces the T-Box3 transcriptional repressor to repress E-cadherin and enhance melanoma cell invasion.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23190154
Our findings suggest that RAS pathway activation due to BRAF V600E and KRAS mutations is an important event in a subset of peripheral nerve sheath tumours not related to neurofibromatosis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23188063
BRAF mutations were correlated with poor overall survival in the full patient cohort
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23179992
BRAF (V600E) mutation is associated with papillary thyroid carcinomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23163107
The BRAF(V600E) mutation might be associated with a more aggressive phenotype and a poor prognosis in classic variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23161722
data confirm that among lymphoproliferative disorders, BRAF V600E mutation is restricted to hairy cell leukemia (HCL); no mutations were identified in variant HCL, NMZL, ENMZL, PTLD, PTCL, ALCL, or LGL proliferations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23161556
BRAF mutation as a new serum marker for papillary thyroid carcinomas were not detectable in patientts diagnosed with thyroid neoplasms.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23159116
V600E point mutation was identified in the BRAF gene in 3 intramucosal nevi and in 2 melanomas. Only 1 blue nevus harbored the GNAQ209 mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23158172
BRAF mutational status is predictive of papillary thyroid carcinoma recurrence
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23157824
Codon 12, 13 in KRAS gene and codon 600 in BRAF gene are the most common mutation points in Chinese colorectal cancer. KRAS and BRAF mutations are mutually exclusive. KRAS and BRAF gene mutation is higher in females than that in males.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23157823
In Chinese colorectal carcinoma patients, BRAF mutation is associated with tumor differentiation and primary tumor sites.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23157614
Data indicate that the presence of the BRAF V600E mutation was more frequent in women, but this gender difference was not statistically significant.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23153455
These findings indicate that ABCG2 confers resistance to vemurafenib in A375 cells, suggesting involvement of this transporter in acquired resistance to vemurafenib.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23138171
Clinical characteristics of colorectal cancer with the V600E BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23132792
BRAFV600E mutation is associated with cervical lymph node metastasis and recurrence in papillary thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23125007
One hundred and ten patients (51%) were identified who were potentially nonresponders to anti-EGFR therapy:  13/117 (11.1%) had the V600E BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23110075
Study demonstrates that chromosomal instability commonly occurs in advanced BRAF mutant/MSS colorectal cancers where it may contribute to poorer survival, and further highlights molecular similarities occurring between these and BRAF wild type cancers.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23098991
Studied differential miRNA expression in metastatic colorectal cancer by microarrays from primary tumors of 33 patients who had wild-type KRAS/BRAF and third- to sixth-line anti-EGFRmAb treatment, with/without irinotecan.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23096702
We found that NRAS-mutant melanomas were significantly more likely from older patients and BRAF-mutant melanomas were more frequent in melanomas from the trunk.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23096133
BRAF mutation is associated with pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas with anaplastic features.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23095503
Desmoplastic malignant melanoma: a study of ten cases and status of BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23088640
analysis suggests that BRAF mutations occur at a low frequency in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23069257
Histopathologic changes suggesting prolapsed rectal mucosa should take precedence over BRAF results in diagnosing sessile serrated adenomas in the rectum.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23066120
The BRAF(V600E) mutation was demonstrated to be a poor prognostic factor for the persistence of the disease independent from other clinical-pathological features in low-risk intrathyroid papillary thyroid carcinoma patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23062653
BRAF mutation was not found to be significantly associated with lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23056577
A systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that BRAF mutation is an absolute risk factor for patient survival in colorectal cancer and melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23055546
BRAF mutation was associated with lymph node metastases (LNM), advanced stage, extrathyroidal extension, tumor size, male gender, multifocality, absence of capsule, classic PTC, and tall-cell variant papillary thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23055340
KRAS and BRAF mutations are infrequent or absent, respectively in Intestinal-type sinonasal adenocarcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23051629
Increased BRAF mutation with age along with the lack of a UVR magnitude-BRAF mutation association suggests that duration of exposure rather than UVR exposure dose is the more likely link to acquiring mutations in melanocytic nevi.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23041829
Findings support the potential use of immunohistochemistry as an ancillary screening tool to assess the BRAFV600E mutation status in primary cutaneous melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23039341
Studied the cytotoxicity and anti-tumour activity of novel MEK inhibitor, E6201, in a panel of melanoma cell lines. Most melanoma cell lines were sensitive or hypersensitive to E6201; the sensitivity correlated with wildtype PTEN and mutant BRAF status.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23036672
We describe 3 patients with BRAF V600E mutation metastatic melanoma in whom treatment with vemurafenib resulted in prompt extracranial disease response but progression of metastatic disease in the brain.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23033302
the spectrum and frequency distribution of the identified KRAS and BRAF mutations in Serbian patient with colorectal cancer are in good accordance with literature data.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23026937
Immunohistochemistry is highly sensitive and specific for the detection of V600E BRAF mutation in melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23021375
EGFR and downstream genetic alterations in KRAS/BRAF and PI3K/AKT pathways have roles in colorectal cancer and treatment [review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23014346
Braf mutation status is not significantly associated with poor survival for melanoma in Koreans.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23010994
BRAF mutation is suggested to be poor prognostic factors in CRLM.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23010278
B-RAF upregulates SGLT1 activity, an effect requiring vesicle insertion into the cell membrane.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23009221
consistent with previous studies, it was concluded that the incidence of BRAF V600E mutation in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia, if any, is extremely infrequent
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22996177
This report is the first to identify the rare, variant BRAF V600D mutation in LCH, and provides support for constitutively activated BRAF oncogene-induced cell senescence as a mechanism of regression in congenital, benign LCH.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22973979
found a significantly increased risk of papillary thyroid carcinoma attributed to the SNP variants rs17161747, rs1042179, and rs3748093 for those with a family history of cancer, for smokers, and for both those of age <45 years and nondrinkers
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972589
Higher response rates and longer time to progression were observed with selumetinib-containing regimens in patients who had melanoma that harbored a BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22946697
Data indicate that of the 32 cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (CFC) patients, 28 (88%) had a known mutation in a gene that is causative for CFC, including BRAF (n = 21), MEK1 (n = 2), MEK2 (n = 4), and KRAS (n = 1).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22941165
The BRAF V600E mutation is the only independent predictor of compartment lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22938585
Data indicate that KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, and AKT1 mutations can be rapidly and accurately detected for cancer diagnosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22932786
Thus, in this meta-analysis, the BRAF mutation in PTC was significantly associated with PTC recurrence, lymph node metastasis, extrathyroidal extension, and advanced stage AJCC III/IV.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22931913
We conclude that the presence of BRAF mutation, NRAS mutation, and the absence of an immune-related expressed gene profile predict poor outcome in melanoma patients with macroscopic stage III disease.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22930283
BRAF mutation is associated with early stage disease and improved outcome in patients with low-grade serous ovarian cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22926515
ARAF seems to stabilize BRAF:CRAF complexes in cells treated with RAF inhibitors and thereby regulate cell signaling in a subtle manner to ensure signaling efficiency
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22918165
BRAF(V600E) mutation is an early event in thyroid carcinogenesis, and is associated with distinctive morphology and aggressive features even in papillary thyroid microcarcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22912864
Data indicate that mutation frequency in malanoma patients was found witih BRAF(V600) in 51%, NRAS in 19%, PI3K pathway in 41% and PTEN in 22%.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22899730
The presence of a BRAF c.1799T>A (p.V600E) mutation is associated with significantly poorer prognosis after colorectal cancer diagnosis among subgroups of patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22898351
MSI status, KRAS and BRAF mutation rates varied remarkably among the colonic carcinoma subsites irrespective of right- and left-sided origin.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22892521
The results of this study supported an important role for BRAF duplication and MAPK pathway activation in gliomas of the optic nerve proper.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22887810
A K601E BRAF mutation is associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22880048
This study reveals a novel molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of feedback loops between the MAPK and AKT pathways.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22879539
High prevalence of BRAF V600E mutations is associated with Erdheim-Chester disease but not in other non-Langerhans cell histiocytoses.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22876591
Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome is caused by heterogeneous mutations in BRAF gene.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22870241
High-throughput genotyping in metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma identifies phosphoinositide-3-kinase and BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22863493
The BRAFV600E occurs exclusively in papillary thyroid carcinoma and papillary carcinoma-derived anaplastic cancer, rising as a specific diagnostic marker for this tumor when identified in cytological / histological exams
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22859608
BRAFV600E mutation is associated with Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22858857
A review summarizes the role of the BRAF V600E mutation in the development and progression of thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22850568
This study reveals a novel mechanism of immune suppression sensitive to BRAF(V600E) inhibition, and indicates that clinical blockade of IL-1 may benefit patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22833462
Investigated BRAF and RAF1 alterations in Chinese prostate cancer.Found BRAF truncated in five of 200 informative Chinese cases & RAF1 was truncated in three of 204 informative cases and genomic rearrangements were correlated w/high Gleason scores.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22826437
RAF1(D486N), as well as other kinase-impaired RAF1 mutants, showed increased heterodimerization with BRAF, which was necessary and sufficient to promote increased MEK/ERK activation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22826122
It was concluded that extracellular kinase-mediated up-regulation of c-myc by K-Ras or B-Raf oncogenes disrupts the establishment of apical/basolateral polarity in colon epithelial cells independently of its effect on proliferation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22824468
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in BRAF gene is associated with diseases.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22820660
No BRAF V600E mutations were detected in nonserous epithelial ovarian tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22820187
these results link epigenetic genes to methylation and suppression of tumor suppressor genes as a mechanism involved in BRAFV600E-promoted melanoma tumorigenesis and uncover a novel molecular signature that predicts a poor prognosis of melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22814862
we found no cases of Rosette-forming glioneuronal tumors of the fourth ventricle showing KIAA1549-BRAF gene fusion or BRAF (V600E) mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22809251
As has been reported in other common types of melanoma, V600 BRAF mutation is the most common mutation of those tested in spindle cell melanoma. NRAS or KIT mutation appears to be rare, if not completely absent.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22799316
Preoperative BRAF mutation was a predictive factor for occult contralateral papillary thyroid microcarcinoma presence.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22798500
In CRC patients treated with cetuximab, activating mutation signatures for BRAF (58 genes) were developed.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22798288
Data show clinical significance to BRAF(L597) mutations in melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22797077
RSK regulates activated BRAF signalling to mTORC1 and promotes melanoma growth
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22773810
Lung cancers with acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors occasionally harbor BRAF gene mutations but lack mutations in KRAS, NRAS, or MEK1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22772867
BRAF (V600) mutations are are associated with melanomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22770943
BRAF mRNA expression may help to identify PTC among thyroid nodules independently of the presence of BRAFV600E mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22767446
study found a relatively higher B-Raf serine/threonine-protein kinase (BRAF)(V600E) mutation rate in classical type papillary thyroid carcinomas than in other similar studies
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22752848
study reports a novel complex BRAF mutation identified in 4/492 Japanese papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC) cases; findings suggest the BRAF(V600delinsYM)mutation, is a gain-of-function mutation and plays an important role in PTC development
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22751131
B-Raf/MKK/ERK controls key aspects of cancer cell behavior and gene expression by modulating a network of miRNAs with cross-regulatory functions.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22743296
BRAF V600E mutation is associated with response to vemurafenib in lung adenocarcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22742884
Vemurafenib is effective for advanced melanomas expressing the BRAF V600E mutations [review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22740704
These results clearly prove that the BRAFV600E mutation is not associated with the development of distant metastases or fatal outcome in papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22732794
BRAF V600E mutation revealed a strong association with specific histological variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22730329
Reactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway by FGF receptor 3 (FGFR3)/Ras mediates resistance to vemurafenib in human B-RAF V600E mutant melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22727996
BRAF V600E mutations are present in approximately 90% of all kidney metanephric adenoma cases, serving as a potential valuable diagnostic tool in the differential diagnosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22706026
The combined effects of EGFR downregulation, ligand competition, and immune effector function conspire to inhibit tumor growth in xenograft models of cetuximab-resistant BRAF and KRAS mutant cancers.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22705994
Hairy cell leukemia cell lines expressing annexin A1 and displaying B-cell receptor signals characteristic of primary tumor cells lack the signature BRAF mutation to reveal unrepresentative origins.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22702340
In papillary thyroid carcinoma BRAFV600E is associated with increased expression of the urokinase plasminogen activator and its cognate receptor, but not with disease-free interval.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22699145
Data indicate that 14% with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) and 7% ampullary adenocarcinomas (A-ACs) had mutations in both KRAS and BRAF.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22694820
In papillary thyroid cancer, significant correlations between the methylation status of four genes (TIMP3, RASSF1A, RARbeta2 and DCC) and the V600E BRAF mutation were found.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22684223
The presence of BRAF mutations in these adenomatous precursors to colon cancer suggests that they represent sessile serrated adenomas with complete cytologic dysplasia.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22681706
BRAFV600E mutation is associated with lymph node metastasis in multiple papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22649091
Patient's BRAF mutation was likely responsible for his tumor's marked response to dasatinib, suggesting that tumors bearing kinase-impaired BRAF mutations may be exquisitely sensitive to dasatinib.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22639828
Data suggest that BRAF V600E mutation may not be widespread in hematologic malignancies, excluding hairy-cell leukemia (HCL).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22628551
Data show that RNF149 (RING finger protein 149) interacts with wild-type BRAF.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22614978
BRAF/NRAS mutations were identified in 58% of primary melanomas (43% BRAF; 15% NRAS)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22614711
BRAF p.Val600Lys mutations were present at a relatively high frequency in the cohort of metastatic melanoma patients (27/183, 15%)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22592144
Immunohistochemical detection of the mutated V600E BRAF protein in papillary thyroid carcinoma may facilitate mutational analysis in the clinical setting.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22591444
Our results suggest that in a small fraction of diffuse gliomas, KIAA1549-BRAF fusion gene and BRAF(v600E) mutation may be responsible for deregulation of the Ras-RAF-ERK signaling pathway
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22586484
In the present study, we did not find any significant correlations between KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA mutations and the loss of PTEN expression and various clinicopathological features in Chinese patients with colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22581800
BRAF regulates expression of long noncoding RNAs in melanocytes and melanoma cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22579930
KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations in colorectal cancer have sustained prevalence rate in the Taiwanese population.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22568401
These results suggest that low-grade diffuse gliomas with 1p/19q loss have frequent BRAF gains
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22549934
The mTOR pathway could be a good target to enhance therapy effects in certain types of thyroid carcinoma, namely in those harboring the BRAF(V600E) mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22549727
abrogation of BRAFV600E-induced senescence contributes to melanomagenesis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22549559
Recurrent/persistent PTC in the central compartment typically harbors the BRAF mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22535974
The diagnostic sensitivity for thyroid cancer is significantly increased by BRAF V600E mutation analysis, indicating that the screening for BRAF mutation in FNAB samples has a relevant diagnostic potential.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22535154
study shows there are clinically and biologically distinct subtypes of BRAF-mutant metastatic melanoma, defined by genotype, with distinct etiology and behavior; cumulative sun-induced damage in primary cutaneous melanoma and older age are associated with V600K BRAF mutations;it establishes prevalence of the BRAF mutation by age-decade
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22534474
BRAF and KIT mutations have been found in Japanese melanoma patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22531170
Demonstrate that BRAF V600E mutation-specific antibody can be used in immunohistochemical diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22531127
study concludes that generally, overweight increases the risk of colorectal cancer; taller individuals have an increased risk of developing a tumour with a BRAF mutation or microsatellite instability
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22522845
In signet ring cell carcinoma, BRAF V600E mutation adversely affects survival in microsatellite-stable tumors, but not in high-level microsatellite-unstable tumor
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22516966
Report upregulation of Bim and the splicing factor SRp55 in melanoma cells from patients treated with selective BRAF inhibitors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22515520
Mutation BRAF transforms cells through cross talk with developmental pathways Hedgehog and Wnt, as well as by deregulation of colorectal cancer related kinase pathways.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22515292
BRAF V600E is common in patients with low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma but does not predict recurrence.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22514085
The tumor with T1799A BRAF mutation and tumor sizes of 2 cm or more were clinicopathologic parameters associated with lower STAT1 activity.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22510884
It was shown that the dimer interface within the kinase domain plays a pivotal role for the activity of B-Raf and several of its gain-of-function mutants.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22510757
Patients with serrated polyposis syndrome referred to genetics clinics had a pan-colonic disease with a high polyp burden and a high rate of BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22508706
The analysis of BRAF mutations by pyrosequencing is useful to refine the risk stratification of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22506009
The (600DLAT)B-RAF and (V600E)B-RAF mutations were found enriched in DNA and mRNA from the CD1a+ fraction of granuloma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22500044
Highly sensitive and specific molecular assays such as MEMO sequencing are optimal for detecting the BRAF mutations in thyroid FNAC because these techniques can detect PTC that might be missed by cytology or less sensitive molecular assays.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22498935
No BRAF V600E mutations were indentified in this study of patients with endometrial cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22492957
BRAF V600E is associated with gliomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22488961
prevalence of the BRAF(V600E) mutation increased with increased tumor size
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22471666
An update on malignancies displaying high frequencies of BRAF mutations and the mechanisms underlying the side effects and drug resistance phenomena associated with Raf inhibitors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22471241
Out of 1041 Korean patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma, 0.4% had rare types of BRAF mutation and three new somatic mutations were identified
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22459936
BRAF mutations play a limited role in the development of sinonasal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22456166
Report marked differences in the genetic pattern of the BRAF or NRAS mutated and wild-type melanoma subgroups.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22451557
The BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis from FNA specimens for calcified thyroid nodules may be performed for a greater negative predictive value and unveil the malignancy in 25% of indeterminate or nondiagnostic cytology.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22435913
analysis of a patient with pancreatic metastasis arising from a BRAF(V600E)-positive papillary thyroid cancer [case report]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22431868
EFVPTC 1 patient BRAFV600E mutation, NVPTC 2 patients, FVPTC 2 patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22431777
Effective use of PDT in the treatment of BRAF inhibitor-associated KAs and SCCs.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22430215
expression of these oncogenes markedly stimulated ERK1/2 activities and morphologically transformed IECs. Importantly however
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22430208
We propose that , and that persistent phosphorylation of Mps1 through BRAF(V600E) signaling is a key event in disrupting the control of centrosome duplication and chromosome stability that may contribute to tumorigenesis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22430133
The prevalence of EGFR, KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA somatic mutations in 861 randomly selected Chinese patients with non-small cell lung cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22429583
Article reviews the current understanding of BRAF gene, its structure, expression, and signal pathway in non-small cell lung cancer. [Review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22427190
Investigation the prevalence of mutations in the BRAF gene and its correlation with demographic characteristics, tumor location and stage in 100 colorectal carcinoma patients from India.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22426956
genetic association studies in population in Turkey: Data suggest that a mutation in BRAF (V600E; found in 39.45% of patients) is associated with aggressiveness of papillary thyroid neoplasms; lymph node metastasis increases when mutation is present.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22426079
Data indicate that TaqMan(R) Mutation Detection assay is an important technology to consider in the field of mutation detection for KRAS, BRAF and EGFR point mutation screening.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22417847
we have analyzed the prevalence of somatic mutations in the FGFR3, PIK3CA, AKT1, KRAS, HRAS, and BRAF genes in bladder cancers
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22398042
In a cohort of Indian patients with ulcerative colitis, with or without neoplasia, none showed the BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22395615
findings show (V600E)B-RAF copy-number gain as a mechanism of acquired B-RAF inhibitor resistance in 4 out of 20 patients treated with B-RAF inhibitor
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22393095
Patient diagnosed with colon cancer shows poor prognosis with BRAF genetic mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22382362
Eleven patients displayed Durable Disease Control (DDC) of which 55% had BRAF-V600E mutation positive tumors and 45% did not.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22376167
The V600E BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid carcinomas may contribute to the initiation of the glycolytic phenotype and confers growth advantages in cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22376079
evidence presented that ERK activation occurs in a K-ras or B-raf -independent manner in the majority of primary colon cancer cases; B-raf mutations are not associated with mismatch-repair deficiency through loss of hMLH1 or hMSH2 expression
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22374786
The presence of activating GNAS mutations, in association with KRAS or BRAF mutations, is a characteristic genetic feature of colorectal villous adenoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22368298
review demonstrates that tumour BRAF V600E mutation, and MLH1 promoter 'C region' methylation specifically, are strong predictors of negative MMR mutation status[review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22367297
A distinct subset of atypical Spitz tumors is characterized by BRAF mutation and loss of BAP1 expression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22361037
This is the first reported study of the relationship between CK20/CK7 immunophenotype, BRAF mutations and microsatellite status in colorectal carcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22358007
(BRAF(V600E))detected in 141/170 malignant thyroid nodules (82.9%) (140 PTCs and one follicular variant of PTC). BRAF status not associated with US features with the exception of a negative relation between BRAF(V600E) and an irregular shape (p = 0.004).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22339435
Data suggest that the BRAF V600E mutation does not seem to play a role in myeloid malignant transformation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22335197
BRAF V600E mutation-positive papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) displayed infiltrative growth, stromal fibrosis, psammoma bodies, plump eosinophilic tumour cells, and classic fully developed nuclear features of PTC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22331825
BRAF mutation is an independent prognostic biomarker for colorectal liver metastasectomy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22331186
BRAFmut as a useful marker in hairy cell leukemia.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22317887
Report of oncogenic BRAF/KRAS mutations in sporadic glomus tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22317764
Data indicate that 266 (76.2%) tumors harbored EGFR mutations, 16 (4.6%) HER2 mutations, 15 (4.3%) EML4-ALK fusions, 7 (2.0%) KRAS mutations, and 2 (0.6%) BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22314188
Colon adenocarcinomas with BRAF mutations have morphologic characteristics distinct from those with KRAS mutations and BRAF-mutated proximal colonic adenocarcinomas with proficient DNA mismatch repair have an aggressive clinical course.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22294102
No hotspot mutations in Braf were found in oral squamous cell carcinoma in a Greek population.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22287190
BRAF mutation is associated with colorectal serrated adenocarcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22282465
In naive GISTs carrying activating mutations in KIT or PDGFRA a concomitant activating mutation was detected in KRAS (5%) or BRAF (about 2%) genes. I
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22258409
Mutational activation of both BRAF and PIK3CA genes does contribute to hepatocellular tumorigenesis at somatic level in Southern Italian population.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22250191
During therapy with selective BRAF inhibitors, panniculitis with arthralgia represents a new adverse effect that can require dose reduction.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22249628
None of the molecular marker mutations that were analyzed in this study, including the BRAF mutation, predicted lymph node metastasis in classic papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22246856
BRAF V600E mutation in low and intermediate grade lymphomas is associated with frequent occurrence in hairy cell leukaemia.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22245873
No BRAF mutations were found in colon adenocarcinomas from renal transplant recipients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22235286
evidence for heterogeneity of the BRAF(V600E) mutation within individual melanoma tumor specimens
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22233696
Sessile serrated adenomas are precursors of sporadic colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability.Identified a novel surface microstructure, the Type II open-shape pit pattern (Type II-O), which was specific to SSAs with BRAF mutation and CIMP.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22230299
One chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patient and one patient with B-prolymphocytic leukaemia were found to harbour the BRAF V600E mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22228154
In patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma, there were significant differences between BRAF wild-type and mutant tumors in age, female sex, proximal tumor location, frequency of microsatellite instability, and survival.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22227015
The findings show mutant BRAF-induced oncogenic stress manifests itself by DNA damage and growth arrest by activating the pCHK2-p53-p21 pathway.It also confers tumor-promoting phenotypes such as the up-regulation of GLUT1 and enhances glucose metabolism.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22214007
Although it constitutes a poor prognostic factor in colorectal cancer, it is not conclusive if it interferes with a poor therapeutic effect when cetuximab is used.[review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22210875
Our results suggest that HCLv and IGHV4-34(+) HCLs have a different pathogenesis than HCLc and that a significant minority of other HCLc are also wild-type for BRAF V600.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22210186
Patients with microsatellite instability tumor phenotype had favorable prognosis, but in those with the V600E BRAF mutation higher recurrence rate was observed.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22203991
These results provide a functional link between oncogenic BRAF and angiogenesis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22199339
analysis of BRAF gene mutations in non-small cell lung cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22199277
RET mutations may have a role in medullary thyroid carcinoma, while BRAF, AKT1, and CTNNB1 do not; the role of HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS mutations are not determined
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22194995
These data support a model where the continuous regenerative process initiated by oncogenic B-RAF-driven alveolar disruption provides a tumor-promoting environment associated with chronic inflammation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22190283
B-Raf gene mutation primarily occurs at two loci--the exon 11 glycine loop and the activation area of exon 15--in surgically resected specimens of hepatocellular carcinoma patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22190222
The BRAF(V600E) mutation was associated with high-risk clinicopathologic characteristics in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). The BRAF(V600E) mutation may be a potential prognostic factor in PTC patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22189819
Aberrant gene methylation driven by BRAF(V600E) altered expression of the DNA methyltransferase 1 and histone methyltransferase EZH2 profoundly.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22180495
Findings suggest that the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib in combination with standard-of-care or novel targeted therapies may lead to enhanced and sustained clinical antitumor efficacy in CRCs harboring the BRAF(V600E) mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22178589
Report mutations in KRAS, EGFR, and BRAF in cholangiocarcinoma and identify therapeutic targets for tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22174938
The antibody response against the catalytic domain of BRAF is not specific for rheumatoid arthritis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22170714
BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma is a later subclonal event, its intratumoral heterogeneity may hamper the efficacy of targeted pharmacotherapy, and its association with a more aggressive disease should be reevaluated.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22157687
BRAF and KRAS mutations were observed in six (46.2%) and four (30.3%) filiform serrated adenomaS, respectively.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22156468
BRAF mutations enhance the predictability of malignancy in thyroid follicular lesions of undetermined significance.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22156467
The BRAF V600E mutation is associated with a higher pathological stage at surgery and a higher rate of recurrence.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22150560
papillary thyroid cancers in young patients display a low prevalence of the already identified oncogenic alterations; the increasing prevalence with age is mainly due to V600E BRAF mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22147942
BRAF mutation is associated with inferior survival in stage III colon cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22147429
V600E mutation of the BRAF gene reported to be associated with poor prognosis of germ cell tumors in adults prognostic biomarkers cannot necessarily be transferred from one age group to the other.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22145942
Pyrosequencing of BRAF V600E in routine samples of hairy cell leukaemia identifies CD5+ variant hairy cell leukaemia that lacks V600E.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22137342
thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines are B-Raf inhibitors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22136270
Case Report: describe case of follicular thyroid carcinoma with BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22133769
BRAF mutations are associated with hairy cell leukemia and related lymphoproliferative disorders.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22114137
Overall, no difference existed in microsatellite instability or BRAF mutation frequencies between African Americans and Caucasians with colorectal neoplasms.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22105775
BRAF (V600E) is a prevalent genetic alteration in adult sporadic papillary thyroid carcinoma in Indian cohort and it may be responsible for the progression of its classic variant.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22105174
Murine thyroid tumors carrying the human BRAF(V600E) mutations are exquisitely dependent on the oncoprotein for viability.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22072743
BAG3 protein sustains anaplastic thyroid tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. The underlying molecular mechanism appears to rely on BAG3 binding to BRAF, thus protecting it from proteasome-dependent degradation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22072557
BRAF V600E mutation is associated with hairy cell leukemia and other mature B-cell neoplasms
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22065586
Ras induces DR5 expression through co-activation of ERK/RSK and JNK signaling pathways
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22043994
This article reviewes the spectrum of KRAS/BRAF genotype and the impact of KRAS/BRAF mutations on the clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer. [review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22039425
study examined the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with mutant BRAF advanced cancer; conclude that BRAF appears to be a druggable mutation that also defines subgroups of patients with phenotypic overlap, albeit with differences that correlate with histology or site of mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22038996
Results support evaluation of BRAF(V600E)-specific inhibitors for treating BRAF(V600E) malignant astrocytomas (MA) patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22033631
high prevalence of BRAF (V600E) mutation is associated with synchronous bilateral papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22028477
BRAF V600E mutation is associated with hairy cell leukemia and B-cell neoplasms
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22027477
Postmenopausal hormone therapy was associated with borderline statistically significant risk reductions for BRAF-wildtype tumours among women with prolonged exposure to Postmenopausal hormone therapy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22012135
An integrated approach combining both VE1 mutant protein immunohistochemistry and genetic analysis may increase the diagnostic accuracy of BRAF mutation analysis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22006538
DNA methylation of each marker was quantified using combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA) and analyzed along with various genetic factors associated with CRC [the BRAF and KRAS mutations, MLH1 methylation and microsatellite instability
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21948220
In malignant FNABs in papillary thyroid carcinoma, BRAF(V600E) mutation was significantly associated with presence of extra-thyroidal extension and metastases after surgery.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21943101
BRAF mutation V600E significantly induces cell migration and invasion properties in vitro in colon cancer cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21937738
A prominent epigenetic mechanism through which BRAF V600E can promote papillary thyroid cancer tumorigenesis by altering the methylation and hence the expression of numerous important genes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21936566
this novel B-Raf fusion protein (SND-1 was identified as the B-Raf fusion partner) presents a novel target with potential clinical implications in the treatment of patients resistant to c-Met inhibitors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21915661
Aberrant CIMP was detected in 16% of chromosomal instable tumors and in 44% of both microsatellite instable and microsatellite and chromosomally stable carcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21909080
CXCR4 expression and BRAF mutation status could cooperatively induce and promote a more aggressive phenotype in papillary thyroid carcinoma through several pathways and specifically increase the tumors' spread outside of the thyroid gland.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21906875
BRAF mutations are of pathogenetic significance in wild type gastrointestinal stromal tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21903858
BRAF(V600E) causes upregulation of TIMP-1 via NF-kappaB. TIMP-1 binds then its surface receptor CD63, leading eventually to Akt activation, which in turn confers antiapoptotic behavior and promotion of cell invasion.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21901162
In sporadic colorectal tumourspatients, the most frequently mutated gene was APC (68.9% of tumours), followed by KRAS (31.1%), TP53 (27.2%), BRAF (8.7%) and CTNNB1 (1.9%).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21900390
Studies indicate that BRAF V600E mutation initiates follicular cell transformation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21882184
the BRAF(V600E) mutation should be considered as a poor prognostic marker in papillary thyroid cancer (Meta-Analysis)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21875464
BRAF V600E mutation has a significant correlation with papillary thyroid carcinomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21871821
Genetic analysis revealed individual heterozygous mutations in the KRAS (phenotype of CFC/Noonan syndrome) and BRAF genes (phenotype of CFC syndrome)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21863388
Braf mutation in metastatic melanoma treated with BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21835307
The BRAF/MEK/ERK pathway is upregulated in progressive retinal arterial macroaneurysm patients, caused by mutation in IGFBP7.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21826673
BRAF mutations and llelic loss of susceptibility loci are associated with familial non-medullary thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21825258
study reports that V600E and non-V600E BRAF mutations affect different patients with non-small-cell lung cancer; V600E mutations are significantly associated with female sex and represent a negative prognostic factor
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21803329
BRAF mutation is not indicative for predicting papillary thyroid cancer prognosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21796448
Importance of infiltrative growth pattern and invasiveness over presence of BRAF mutation in classic and follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma for development of nodal metastases.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21788131
Patients with mutations in BRAF or NRAS gene are frequently present with ulceration, and mutation in BRAF or NRAS gene is indicator for poor prognosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21774961
BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis using residual liquid-based preparation cytologic samples is, therefore, a powerful additional diagnostic tool for diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21750338
BRAF mutation of papillary thyroid carcinoma may have differential predictive values for LN metastasis, according to tumor size.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21725359
identified concurrent mutational inactivation of the PTEN and RB1 tumor suppressors as a mechanism for loss of BRAF/MEK dependence in melanomas harboring (V600E)BRAF mutations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21716161
We describe a new mutation of BRAF, T599dup, in a case of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma with tall cell papillary thyroid carcinomas component.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21707687
The application of BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis in US-guided FNAB can improve the diagnostic accuracy of thyroid nodules.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21705440
MEK1(F129L) mutation also strengthened binding to c-Raf, suggesting an underlying mechanism of higher intrinsic kinase activity
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21696415
The frequency of BRAF-KIAA1549 fusion transcripts is significantly lower in adult patients with pilocytic astrocytoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21693616
Eight of 16 primary tumor samples and 4 of 6 metastatic samples showed BRAF V600E gene mutations and no copy number changes were associated exclusively with metastatic cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21681432
The BRAF V600E mutation did not show association with clinical or molecular characteristics of colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21663470
The BRAF V600E mutation was present in all patients with hairy-cell leukemia who were evaluated.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21653734
Compared with BRAF-wt papillary thyroid cancer, those harboring BRAF(V600E) exhibit downregulated VEGFA, VEGFR, and PDGFRbeta expression, suggesting presence of BRAF mutation does not imply stronger response to drugs targeting VEGF and PDGFB signal pathways.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21636552
introduction of constitutively active BRAF V600E into human cortical stem and progenitor cells initially promotes clonogenic growth in soft agar but ultimately results in dramatically reduced proliferation and arrested growth of the culture.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21594703
BRAF V600E mutation is associated with recurrent papillary thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21587258
Wnt5a methylation was strongly associated with tumour microsatellite instability tumours after adjustment for age, sex, and tumour location and with BRAF V600E mutation, a marker of CpG island methylator phenotype
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21577205
Studies indicate that Raf kinases are excellent molecular targets for anticancer therapy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21570823
Analysis showed that blood samples with PCR evidence for CMC were heterogeneous for BRAF status under limiting-dilution conditions, suggestive of heterogeneity of CMC
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21557216
MSS/BRAF mutant cancers were more commonly proximal (38/54, 70.3%).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21553007
BRAF mutations, but not KRAS mutations, were associated with a worse outcome in Chinese colorectal cancer patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21514245
Ablation of B-Raf had no significant effect on development of K-Ras oncogene-driven non-small cell lung carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21512141
Mutated BRAF is detected in approximately 45% of papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21498916
findings support the notion that BRAF(V600E), which can be detected preoperatively in papillary thyroid carcinoma fine-needle aspiration biopsy material, has a potential to contribute to patients stratification into high- and low-risk groups.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21483104
Heterogeneity of KRAS and BRAF mutation status intra-tumorally in colorectal cancer was assessed.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21479234
BRAF V600E mutations are common in the majority of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21457162
BRAF mutations are specific for serrated adenocarcinoma and identify a subset of serrated adenocarcinomas with gene methylation and a tendency for MSI-H
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21456008
the impact of BRAF mutation and microsatellite instability on prognosis in metastatic colorectal cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21455633
No V600E mutation was identified in the BRAF gene in any sample.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21451543
Activated BRAF promotes melanoma cell growth by matrix metalloproteinase-1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21447798
Amplification of the driving oncogene, KRAS or BRAF, underpins acquired resistance to MEK1/2 inhibitors in colorectal cancer cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21441910
KSR interacts with a regulatory Raf molecule in cis to induce a conformational switch of MEK, facilitating MEK's phosphorylation by a separate catalytic Raf molecule in trans
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21441079
In papilary thyroid carcinoma, the BRAFT1799A mutation is associated with age over 60 & a tumor size of 1cm or greater, but not with other clinicopathological characteristics, tumor recurrence or persistence.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21431280
BRAF T1799A mutation may be an early and essential carcinogenic event in nearly all Korean papillary thyroid carcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21430505
The presence of the BRAF(V600E) mutation may play different roles between medium and giant CMNs in melanocytic tumorigenesis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21427714
There were no significant differences in the frequency of BRAF mutations among lesions exhibiting the hyperplastic, adenomatous, or mixed patterns.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21426297
Mutations at the position V600 of BRAF were described in approximately 8% of all solid tumors, including 50% of melanomas, 30 to 70% of papillary thyroid carcinomas and 5 to 8% of colorectal adenocarcinomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21424530
This study demonistrated that the role of RAF kinase fusions as a central oncogenic mechanism in the development of pilocytic astrocytoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21424126
study suggested that both KRAS and BRAF mutations are exclusive, but KRAS and PIK3CA mutations are coexistent
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21412762
BRAF mutation is associated with papillary thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21408138
Allele-specific qPCR assays for the most frequent activating mutations in EGFR, KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA in tumor-positive fine needle cytological aspirates were compared against histological material of primary tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21390154
K-ras gene mutation is a common event in Chinese colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, but may not be a prognostic factor in CRC , while BRAF is rarely mutated in Chinese CRC patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21383698
tumor initiation by oncogenic BRAF renders thyroid cells susceptible to TGFbeta-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition, through a MAPK-dependent process
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21383288
Thus, MEK1(C121S) or functionally similar mutations are predicted to confer drug resistance of neoplasms to combined MEK/RAF inhibition.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21383284
BRAF mutational status yielded no useful prognostic information in predicting recurrence and benefits from adjuvant chemotherapy in colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21362156
Regulation of NR4A nuclear receptor expression by oncogenic BRAF in melanoma cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21356389
IDH1 mutation works with other oncogenic mutations and could contribute to the metastasis in melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21351275
BRAF mutation is associated with selective inhibition of thyroid cancer cells by the novel MEK inhibitor RDEA119 and genetic-potentiated synergism with the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21345796
B-Raf associates with and stimulates NHE1 activity and that B-Raf(V600E) also increases NHE1 activity that raises intracellular pH.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21343559
The presence of mutant BRAF had no impact on the disease-free interval from diagnosis of first-ever melanoma to first distant metastasis; however, it may have impacted survival thereafter.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21332555
BRAF mutations were rare in colorectal laterally-spreading tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21326296
BRAF mutations have a smaller role in the carcinogenesis of malignant melanoma in Chinese Han than in Western patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21324100
Data show that BRAF-mutated melanomas occur in a younger age group on skin without marked solar elastosis and less frequently affect the head and neck area, compared to melanomas without BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21321384
identifying downstream events from the BRAFV600E/ERK1/2 pathway will eventually identify novel biomarkers that can be used to correlate with disease outcome and overall survival.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21317286
identified BAD serine 134 to be strongly involved in survival signaling of B-RAF-V600E-containing tumor cells and found that phosphorylation of BAD at this residue is critical for efficient proliferation in these cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21317224
Studies showed that siRNA knockdown of BIM significantly blunted the apoptotic response in PTEN+ melanoma cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21317202
Findings suggest that inhibition of Raf-MEK-Erk pathway might offer a novel therapeutic strategy in neuroendocrine tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21307665
analysis of gallbladder carcinomas, gallbladder adenomas, and high-grade dysplastic lesions for the BRAF and the KRAS mutations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21305640
78 colorectal tumor samples were mutant for BRAF.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21303778
Ras/Raf/MAPK and RhoA/ROCKII signalling pathways are abnormally activated in eutopic endometrial stromal cells of patients with endometriosis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21289333
803 metastatic colorectal cancer samples studied for KRAS exon 2 and BRAF exon 15 mutations; BRAF mutated samples were characterized for mismatch repair function; 344 tumours were mutated -34 involving BRAF mutations (8 of microsatellite instability type)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21285991
Presence of mutated BRAF is one of the most powerful prognostic factors for advanced and recurrent CRC
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21274720
The analysis of BRAF V600E mutation in 1,320 nervous system tumors reveals high mutation frequencies in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, ganglioglioma and extra-cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21274671
B-Raf mutations, microsatellite instability and p53 protein expression is not associated with sporadic basal cell carcinomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21270111
Findings suggest inhibition of autophagy in combination with ER stress-inducing agents may represent a means by which to harness autophagy for the therapeutic benefit of B-RAF wild-type melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21263251
These findings suggest that BRAF mutations may be associated with the pathogenesis of sessile serrated colorectal adenomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21249150
the oncogenic effect of BRAF(V600E) is associated with the inhibition of MST1 tumor suppressor pathways, and the activity of RASSF1A-MST1-FoxO3 pathways determines the phenotypes of BRAF(V600E) tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21239517
We found that performing BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis on the fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens was of great help to make a therapeutic decision for thyroid nodules when the fine-needle aspiration biopsy results were equivocal
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21224857
Acquisition of a BRAF mutation is not a founder event, but may be one of the multiple clonal events in melanoma development, which is selected for during the progression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21223812
The high expression of activated ERK is not caused by BRAF gene mutation in nasal mucosa malignant melanomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21223556
B-Raf signaling has a key function in the altered expression of contractile receptors in the cerebrovasculature.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21215707
In melanoma cells, oncogenic (V600E) BRAF signaling downregulates PDE5A through the transcription factor BRN2, leading to increased cGMP and Ca2+ and the induction of invasion through increased cell contractility.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21203559
BRAF alternative splicing is differentially regulated in human and mouse. BRAF exon 9b is required for learning and memory associated with the hippocampus.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21190184
B-Raf(insT) and B-Raf(V600E) , but not B-Raf(wt) , provoke drastic morphological alterations in human astrocytes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21185263
this study has confirmed that the BRAF(T1799A) mutation confers cancer cells sensitivity to PLX4032 and demonstrated its specific potential as an effective and BRAF(T1799A) mutation-selective therapeutic agent for thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21176117
These results show that melanoma cell phenotype is an important factor in MAPK pathway inhibition response, as invasive phenotype cell response is dependent on BRAF mutation status.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21167555
concluded that follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma differs from conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma in the rate of BRAF mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21166657
The BRAF mutation was frequently detected in patients with superficial spreading melanoma (OR=2.021; P<0.001) and in melanomas arising in nonchronic sun-damaged skin (OR=2.043; P=0.001).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21161938
KRAS mutations arise more frequently than BRAF mutations in Moroccan patients with colorectal carcinomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21134562
BRAF mutations activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and confer an aggressive thyroid cancer phenotype.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21134544
BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma is associated with an increased risk of palpable nodal recurrence and the need for reoperative surgery.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21131919
Primary esophageal melanomas of Caucasian patients harbor mutations of c-Kit, KRAS and BRAF in varied frequencies.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21129611
It therefore appears that BRAF mutations may play a strong negative prognostic role and only a slight role in resistance to anti-EGFR Abs.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21107323
melanomas escape B-RAF(V600E) targeting not through secondary B-RAF(V600E) mutations but via receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-mediated activation of alternative survival pathway(s) or activated RAS-mediated reactivation of the MAPK pathway
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21107320
identification of MAP3K8 (the gene encoding COT/Tpl2) as a MAPK pathway agonist that drives resistance to RAF inhibition in B-RAF(V600E) cell lines
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21103049
Data show that among 181 CRC patients, stratified by microsatellite instability status, DNA sequence changes were identified in KRAS (32%), BRAF (16%), PIK3CA (4%), PTEN (14%) and TP53 (51%).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21102416
We show a strong association between concordant methylation of >/= 3 of five 3p22 genes with the CpG island methylator phenotype and the BRAF V600E mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21102258
Mutations of EGFR, BRAF, and KRAS in adenocarcinoma were mutually exclusive and inversely correlated with RASSF1A methylation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21098728
BRAF gene amplification can promote acquired resistance to MEK inhibitors in cancer cells harboring the BRAF V600E mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21076620
Data show that BRAF knockdown led to suppression of the expression of the GABPbeta, which involved in regulating HPR1 promoter activity.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21068756
The dermoscopical and histopathological patterns of nevi correlate with the frequency of BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21051183
findings indicate that somatic mutations in KRAS and PIK3CA but not BRAF oncogenes are closely associated with the development of cholangiocarcinoma in Chinese population
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21051183
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21049459
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21049459
Although many studies document BRAF mutation as a prognostic factor in PTC our results underline that it is too early to consider it as a routine clinical predictive factor.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21048031
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20979647
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20975100
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20962618
Describe benign serrated colorectal fibroblastic polyps/intramucosal perineuriomas are true mixed epithelial-stromal polyps (hybrid hyperplastic polyp/mucosal perineurioma) with frequent BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20959481
Braf mutation is associated with basal and treatment-induced regulation of the PI3K-AKT pathway as a critical regulator of AZD6244 sensitivity in cutaneous melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20955560
Anti-BRAF autoantibodies from RA patients preferentially recognize one BRAF peptide: P2
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20953721
BRAF mutation is associated with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20950194
BRAF is mutated in a low percentage of follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma, and most of these mutated cases are suspicious or positive on fine-needle aspiration.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20947270
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20947270
In the present series, no BRAF mutation was detected. The presence of KRAS mutations and loss of PTEN expression were not associated with impaired response to cetuximab-based chemoradiotherapy and 3-year disease free survival.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20945104
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20945104
BRAF(V600E) mutation is associated with thyroid nodules.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20944096
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20944096
Determination of the BRAF mutation and the growth fraction of melanomas may add a prognostic value.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20881644
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20860430
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20857202
BRAF V600E mutation is associated with lack of response in wild-type KRAS metastatic colorectal cancer treated with anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20853079
reduced RKIP mRNA levels and the elevated levels of B-RAF in pT1, grade III tumors vs. normal tissue, corroborate that these genes are involved in the pathogenesis of urinary bladder cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20843808
A BRAF aberrant splice variant with an intact kinase domain and partial loss of the N-terminal autoinhibitory domain was identified in fibroblasts from an additional patient, and fibroblast proliferation was inhibited by BRAF-specific siRNA.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20840674
RET rearrangements and BRAF mutation in undifferentiated thyroid carcinomas having papillary carcinoma components
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20840674
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20837233
BRAF mutation detection in fine needle biopsy may be an adjunct tool for preoperative didagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20813562
first report implicating BRAF mutation in OSCC. study supports that mutations in the BRAF gene makes at least a minor contribution to OSCC tumorigenesis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20813562
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20807807
Mutant protein kinase elicits significant therapeutic responses in mutant BRAF-driven human melanoma xenografts.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20802181
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20802181
BRAF mutation is rare in advanced-stage low-grade ovarian serous carcinomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20736745
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20720566
association between MC1 receptor germline variation and BRAF/NRAS mutations in melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20720566
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20703476
Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20702649
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20689758
PLX4032 has robust activity in BRAF mutated melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20679909
Mutant Braf can be detected in RNA from mixed populations with as few as 0.1% Braf(V600E) mutant cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20670148
Traditional DNA sequencing and the somewhat more-sensitive pyrosequencing method can detect multiple alternative BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20652941
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20647317
Findings delineate how mutant B-RAF protects melanoma cells from apoptosis and provide insight into possible resistance mechanisms to B-RAF inhibitors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20647301
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20645028
samples of metastatic colorectal cancer were tested for the presence of the seven most common mutations in the KRAS gene and the V600E mutation in the BRAF gene
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20645028
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20640859
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20635392
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20631031
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20631031
No significant difference in BRAF alterations was found between pT1 tumors and thyroid capsule invasion and pT3 tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20627194
PCR is practically applicable to KRAS/BRAF genotyping using small amounts of biopsied colorectal tumor cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20619739
if KRAS is not mutated, assessing BRAF, NRAS, and PIK3CA exon 20 mutations (in that order) gives additional information about the efficacy of cetuximab plus chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20616366
Using traditional PCR and direct sequencing, we found KRAS mutations in 47 (40%) patients and BRAF(V600E) in 10 (8.5%)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20607849
V600E BRAF mutation is not associated with seminoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20605766
in melanomas activation of the MAPK pathway can occur through signaling pathways operating independently of BRAF T1799A
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20591910
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20576522
allele specific Taqman-based real-time PCR assay allows the sensitive, accurate and reliable measurement of BRAF(V600E) mutated DNA in plasma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20573852
BRAF mutational status of metastases is not required when the primary tumour is BRAF wild type.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20571907
PIK3CA mutations may have a role in KRAS and BRAF wild type colorectal cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20571907
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20570909
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20570909
Incidence of cancer in FDRs of index CRC patients with the p.V600E BRAF mutation may be explained by a genetic predisposition to develop cancer through the serrated pathway of colorectal carcinogenesis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20569675
reports the low frequency of PIK3CA and B-RAF mutations in astrocytomas, despite the presence of activated ERK and AKT proteins
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20569675
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20563851
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20563851
HER2, but not EGFR gene amplification, is frequently observed in KRAS and BRAF wild type colorectal cancer patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20543023
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20526288
The BRAF 1799T>A mutation was found in 5 of 19 (26%) of infiltrative follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas and in none of the encapsulated carcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20526288
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20519626
Studies identified the oncogenic BRAF V600E mutation in 35 of 61 archived specimens (57%).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20514492
Meta-analysis of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20514492
BRAF mutation may be used a biomarker for the selection of patients with colorectal cancer patients who might benefit from anti-egf receptor monoclonal antibodies.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20501689
Observational study of gene-disease association and genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20501503
The V600E BRAF mutation confers a worse prognosis to stage II and stage III colon cancer patients independently of disease stage and therapy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20501503
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20498063
Knockdown of B-Raf(V600E) resulted in thrombospondin-1 down-regulation and a reduction of adhesion and migration/invasion of human thyroid cancer cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20496269
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20495538
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20489114
Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20485284
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20485284
BRAF V600E mutations are associated with MSI-H status and cyclin D1 overexpression and characterize a subgroup of patients with poor prognosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20478260
Study concludes that the secreted protein IGFBP7 is dispensable for B-RAF(V600E)-induced senescence in human melanocytes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20473281
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20473281
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha is expressed in papillary thyroid carcinomas and is regulated not only by hypoxia but also by BRAF(V600E)-mediated signaling pathway.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20460314
These data demonstrate a high prevalence of B-RAF mutations in the present study population, underscoring the possibility of strong regional differences.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20460314
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20454969
This study identified an exceptionally high frequency of KIAA1549-BRAF fusions in pilocytic astrocytoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20453000
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20445557
B-RAF(V600E) can protect melanocytes from anoikis independently of cell cycle inhibition
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20444249
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20413299
Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20410389
thyroid carcinoma with the BRAF(V600E) mutation tends to be taller than wide and is not associated with the presence of calcifications on ultrasound.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20407018
Activated Raf-1 induces focal adhesion kinase expression and regulates neuroendocrine and metastatic phenotypes in gastrointestinal carcinoid cell line BON.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20406109
The miR-146b expression levels in papillary thyroid carcinoma with BRAF mutation were significantly higher than those without this mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20381121
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20379614
Clinical trial of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20351680
Mutated in melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20332228
Studies show FOXD3 is suppressed by B-RAF, uncover a novel role and mechanism for FOXD3 as a negative cell cycle regulator, and have implications for the repression of melanocytic lineage cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20305537
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20303012
Our study suggests that mutations of KRAS, not BRAF, may play a role in the pathogenesis of prostate carcinoma in Chinese patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20303012
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20302979
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20300843
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20300843
BRAF mutation is not associated with interval cancers but is a marker of poor prognosis, particularly in microsatellite stable cancers.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20234366
Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20233436
data support the model of BRAF and K-ras mutations arising in distinct colorectal cancer subsets associated with different clinicopathological and dietary factors, acting as mutually exclusive mechanisms of activation of the same signalling pathway
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20230995
pathogenesis of papillary thyroid cancer , and the clinical implications of BRAF(V600E) mutation in the diagnosis, prognosis and potential targeted therapeutic strategies for thyroid cancer [review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20200438
we measured the prevalence and epidemiologic correlates of the BRAF V600E somatic mutation in cases collected as a part of a population-based case-control study of colorectal cancer in northern Israel.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20200438
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20187782
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20186801
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20182446
High oncogenic BRAF levels trigger autophagy, which may have a role in melanoma tumor progression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20177422
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20162668
With MSI, specific KRAS and BRAF mutations, 3 distinct prognostic subgroups were observed: patients with (i) KRAS mutation G12D, G12V or BRAFmutation, (ii) KRAS/BRAFwild-type or KRAS G13D mutations in MSS/MSI-L and (iii) MSI-H and KRAS G13D mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20162668
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20156809
BRAF activating mutations are a major genetic alteration in this histologic group of pediatric low-grade brain tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20146801
Data demonstrate a signaling loop between B-Raf activation and p73 function, and suggest that low expression of TAp73 in colorectal cancer cell lines with mutated B-Raf may lead to lack of response to oxaliplatin/cetuximab.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20140953
Formalin-fixed primary melanomas from relapsed and nonrelapsed patients were sequenced for common BRAF and NRAS mutations. BRAF/NRAS mutations were detected in 77% of relapsers and 58% of nonrelapsers and did not predict ulceration or mitotic rate.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20118768
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20098682
Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20068183
BRAF(V600E) mutation seems to define a subset of malignant astrocytomas in children, in which there is frequent concomitant homozygous deletion of CDKN2A (five of seven cases).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20051945
Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20049644
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20049644
BRAF mutations only in metastases is not associated with resistance to anti-EGFR treatment in primary colorectal tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20044755
BRAF gene rearrangements were more common in cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma than non-cerebellar tumors; clinical outcome was independent of BRAF status
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20043015
no support for MC1R variants with BRAF mutation for melanoma risk
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20043015
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20027224
CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)-specific inactivation of BRAF(V600E)-induced senescence and apoptosis pathways by IGFBP7 DNA hypermethylation might create a favorable context for the acquisition of BRAF(V600E) in CIMP+ colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20023270
BRAF V600E detection in the tumor does not induce a higher expression of the B-raf protein or the preferential activation of the p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway compared with GISTs without the BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20012784
Screening for BRAF, RET, KRAS, NRAS, and HRAS mutations, as well as RET-PTC1 and RET-PTC3 rearrangements, was performed on cases of Hashimoto thyroiditis with a dominant nodule
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20009493
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20009493
BRAFV600E mutation is associated with high-risk clinicopathological characteristics of papillary thyroid carcinoma and worse prognosis of patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20008640
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19960590
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19960590
BRAF T1796A mutation was identified in 27% of papillary thyroid cancer samples and its identification may be used to determine this risk factor of the development of papillary thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19959686
2-fold increased risk of BRAF V600E colonic tumor mutation was observed in current and former cigarette smokers homozygous for the OGG1 polymorphism
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19958951
clinical, cytologic, and pathologic parameters of 106 consecutive surgically treated patients with BRAF-positive PTC were compared with a concurrent cohort of 100 patients with BRAF-negative PTC (papillary thyroid carcinoma)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19956635
Uncategorized study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19955937
v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene mutations are common in ovarian serous bordeline tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19955937
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19935791
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19919912
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19919630
The BRAF V600E mutational status appears to be of limited diagnostic utility in distinguishing genital naevi that exhibit atypia from those that do not.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19917255
Data show that melanoma cells expressing B-Raf(V600E) display a reduced C-Raf:B-Raf ratio, and further suppression of C-Raf increases MAPK activation and proliferation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19913317
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19913317
BRAF mutations are not relevant for rectal carcinogenesis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19908233
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19908233
BRAF gene mutation is associated with colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19903786
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19893451
Study identified the previously reported pathogenic mutation of NTRK3 in a KRAS/BRAF wild-type tumor and 2 somatic mutations in the Src family of kinases (YES1 and LYN) that would be expected to cause structural changes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19884556
Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19884556
BRAF status, EGFR amplification, and cytoplasmic expression of PTEN were associated with outcome measures in KRAS wild-type patients treated with a cetuximab-based regimen.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19884549
KRAS and BRAF mutations in advanced colorectal cancer are associated with poor prognosis but do not preclude benefit from oxaliplatin or irinotecan.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19884549
Clinical trial of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19883729
The knowledge of BRAF mutation status can facilitate more accurate risk stratification and better decision making at various steps in the management of papillary thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19881948
BRAF and KRAS oncogenes have different transforming capability in colon cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19880519
Hyperactivation of BRAF-MEK signaling activates MAP2 expression in melanoma cells by two independent mechanisms, promoter demethylation or down-regulation of neuronal transcription repressor HES1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19878585
Suppression of BRAF gene expression inhibited cell proliferation in cells with BRAF(V600E) mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19861964
These data demonstrate the feasibility of BRAF mutation detection in cfDNA of patients with advanced melanoma. Future studies should aim to incorporate BRAF mutation testing in cfDNA to further validate this biomarker for patient selection.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19861964
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19861538
BRAFV600E oncogene induces transforming growth factor beta secretion leading to sodium iodide symporter repression and increased malignancy in thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19855373
BRAF V600E mutations were seen in 83% of proximal and 74% of distal hyperplastic colonic polyps
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19850689
Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19850689
BRAF(T1799A) can be detected in the blood of papillary thyroid carcinoma patients with residual or metastatic disease and may provide diagnostic information
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19829302
data argues against obligatory downregulation in IGFBP7 expression in BRAF mutated melanoma cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19826477
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19794125
As predicted from the genomic organization at this locus, 22 of 36 patients with sporadic pilocytic astrocytomas and B-Raf gene rearrangement also exhibit corresponding homeodomain interacting protein kinase-2 (HIPK2) gene amplification.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19765726
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19759551
analysis of coexisting NRAS and BRAF mutations in primary familial melanomas with specific CDKN2A germline alterations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19752400
The polyclonality of BRAF mutations in acquired melanocytic nevi suggests that mutation of BRAF may not be an initial event in melanocyte transformation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19745699
Beta-catenin nuclear labeling is a common feature of sessile serrated adenomas and correlates with early neoplastic progression after BRAF activation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19738460
Papillary carcinomas of the thyroid with papillary growth and areas of follicular growth have a high frequency of BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19738388
Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19735675
Insights into the molecular function of the inactivating mutations of B-Raf involving the DFG motif.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19725049
EPAC-mediated cellular effects require activation of the B-Raf/ERK and mTOR signaling cascades
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19724843
This article focuses on reviewing the impact of the BRAFV600E mutation in the tumorigenesis of Papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19718661
analysis of the effect on the Ras/Raf signaling pathway of post-translational modifications of neurofibromin
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19710016
DGKeta acts as a novel critical regulatory component of the Ras/B-Raf/C-Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade via a previously unidentified mechanism.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19710001
The BRAF(V600E) mutation can be used as a potential prognostic factor in PTMC patients in a BRAF(V600E)-prevalent area.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19704056
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19693938
Whenever necessary BRAF testing may be performed on the residual samples of thyroid nodules, without interfering with routine cytology.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19690147
a dual mechanism that affects the Sprouty2/B-Raf interaction: Sprouty phosphorylation and B-Raf conformation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19686742
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19682280
This study provides a basis for understanding the molecular processes that are regulated by (V600E)BRAF/MEK signalling in melanoma cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19681119
Investigated the prevalence of PTPN11, HRAS, KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, MEK1, and MEK2 mutations in a relatively large cohort of primary embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) tumors. No mutation was observed in BRAF and MEK genes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19679059
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19679059
Mutations in BRAF protein is associated with Colorectal Carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19679016
Studies indicate that drugs are effective in targeting essential molecular pathways of BRAF, PTEN, Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19669908
Observational study of gene-disease association and DATA ERROR. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19667985
Studies indicate that in pilocytic astrocytomas, the BRAF fusion gene has been identified as a specific and frequent event leading to potentially targetable mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19659611
simultaneous depletion of both MITF and BRAF(V600E) significantly inhibited melanoma growth even for the melanoma cell lines resistant to MITF depletion
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19652585
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19644722
BRAFV600E mutation is associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19638574
Sorafenib inhibits NSCLC cell growth by targeting B-RAF in cells with wild-type KRAS and C-RAF in those with mutant KRAS.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19637313
strong inter-relation between DR4 AND DR5 overexpression and presence of oncogenic KRAS/ BRAF mutations in colon cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19633643
Characterization of candidate gene copy number alterations in the 11q13 region along with BRAF and NRAS mutations in human melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19628078
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19626635
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19626635
In this study, 28 matched tumor and serum samples obtained from patients with both benign and malignant thyroid disorders were analyzed for BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19624312
Mutated BRAF is a target in metastatic melanomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19603024
Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19603024
BRAF (P=0.01) mutations predicted reduced progress free survival in response to cetuximab salvage therapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer .
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19603018
Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19603018
Assessing KRAS and BRAF mutations might help optimising the selection of the candidate metastatic colorectal cancer patients to receive anti-EGFR moAbs.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19584155
Results suggest that the mutations of EGFR, KRAS, BRAF between primary tumors and corresponding lymph node metastases should be considered whenever mutations are used for the selection of patients for EGFR-directed tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19584155
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19574281
BRAF V600E mutation analysis can significantly improve FNAB diagnostic accuracy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19571821
We observed no association between germline MC1R status and somatic BRAF mutations in melanomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19571709
BRAF mutated tumors occurred with a much greater frequency in proximal colon tumors than in either distal colon or rectal tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19571295
study concludes that a BRAF mutation is a negative prognostic marker in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19571295
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19561230
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19561230
BRAF mutations represent an alternative molecular pathway in the early tumorigenesis of a subset of KIT/PDGFRA wild-type GISTs and are per se not associated with a high risk of malignancy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19551857
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19547661
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19543740
Pilocytic astrocytomas had BRAF fusions in 70% of cases but not IDH1 or IDH2 mutations. Diffuse astrocytomas had IDH1 mutations in 76% of cases but not IDH2 mutations or BRAF fusions. Analysis of BRAF and IDH1 separates pilocytic from diffuse astrocytoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19534623
BRAF V600E may have a role in development of papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19534622
CTNNB1 and BRAF mutations may have roles in the cribriform-morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19504446
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19498322
Results show that activating BRAF somatic mutations may be occasionally found in advanced adrenocortical carcinomas, while CTNNB1 activating mutations are early and common events in adrenal tumorigenesis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19498322
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19492075
Targeting NRAS alone or both BRAF and CRAF in combination or both BRAF and PIK3CA together showed delay in tumor growth.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19487299
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19487299
If BRAF is mutated in the primary thyroid neoplasm, it is likely that the metastases will harbor the defect.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19483722
B-Raf/MKK/ERK provides a permissive environment for melanoma genesis by modulating plexin B1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19474002
data confirm that KRAS and BRAF mutations do occur in the same cell and that BRAF V600E mutation is associated with CIMP+ status.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19464601
The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway has emerged as a major player in the induction and maintenance of melanoma, particularly the protein kinase BRAF, mutated in approximately 44% of melanoma cases. Review.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19461239
mismatch repair deficiency is not a crucial event for BRAF mutation in melanocytic tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19440799
oncogenic properties of KRAS and BRAF but not NRAS, HRAS, and PIK3CA contribute to the tumorigenesis of periampullary and ampullary tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19430562
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19430562
Mutations in BRAF were found 10% patients in the low-grade carcinoma group, however, they were not found in the high-grade carcinoma group. KRAS and BRAF mutations were mutually exclusive, and both mutations were observed in 40%.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19424639
Report efficient molecular screening of Lynch syndrome by specific 3' promoter methylation of the MLH1 or BRAF mutation in colorectal cancer with high-frequency microsatellite instability.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19424571
BRAF V600E mutation is not the target gene for abnormal DNA mismatch repair in patients with sporadic endometrial cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19416762
Novel BRAF mutation in a patient with LEOPARD syndrome and normal intelligence is reported.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19415957
The T1799A BRAF mutation does not appear to play a role in the tumorigenesis of the cribriform-morular variant of papillary carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19414674
Observational study of gene-disease association and genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19404918
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19404918
Investigated BRAF mutations in 30 bladder tumors. Detected two tumor specimens bearing two different mutations, both of which were found in exon 15. One sample showed the T1799A (V600E) and the other the G1798T (V600L) mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19404844
elevated pERK expression occurs in urothelial carcinoma in the absence of B-Raf mutations and is not correlated with FGFR3 over-expression
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19404844
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19398955
The murine model of mutant BRAF-induced melanoma formation provides an important tool for identifying further genetic alterations that cooperates with BRAF and that may be useful in enhancing susceptibility to BRAF-targeted therapeutics in melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19393416
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19393416
B-RAF mutation was found to be significantly higher in papillary carcinomas when compared to follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas (55.6% vs 14.3%, P = 0.05).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19389934
a subpopulation of melanocytes possesses the ability to survive BRAF(V600E)-induced senescence
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19383316
The genes whose expression is associated with BRAF mutations are not simply restricted to the MAPK/ERK signaling but also converge to enhanced immune responsiveness, cell motility and melanosomes processing involved in the adaptative UV response
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19383313
REVIEW summarizes the literature on NRAS and BRAF activating mutations in melanoma tumors with respect to available data on histogenetic classification as well as body site and presumed UV-exposure.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19378335
proliferation of cells harboring mutations in B-Raf, but not K-Ras, is exquisitely sensitive inhibition of the MAPK pathway
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19372556
Mutation in BRAF is associated with ERK1/2 activation and MEK1/2 inhibitor therapy in colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370505
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370505
BRAF V600E mutation was significantly found in papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19369630
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19369630
K-ras, EGFR, and BRAF mutations are disproportionately seen in adenocarcinomas of lung with a dominant micropapillary growth pattern compared with conventional adenocarcinoma in our institutional experience.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19362540
Targets of phosphorylation by B-Raf signaling are investigated in melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19358278
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19355825
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19355825
BRAF(V600E) is associated some of the aggressive clinicopathological features of papillary thyroid carcinoma including younger age at diagnosis, larger tumor size, and classic histological type, as well as also extrathyroidal invasion.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19351817
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19344998
In BRAF mutated colorectal carcinoma cells quercetin, luteolin and ursolic acid decreased Akt phosphorylation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19342899
Both BRAF and RKIP expression levels exhibit a decrease from normal skin tissue and actinic keratosis, going to squamous cell carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19289622
a correlation between a gene mutation--BRAF V600E--and cisplatin resistance in nonseminomatous germ cell tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19289622
Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19282104
study of KRAS/BRAF mutation status in a large and well-documented cohort of primary and metastatic renal cell carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19276360
GDC-0879-mediated efficacy was associated strictly with BRAF(V600E) status, MEK inhibition also attenuated proliferation and tumor growth of cell lines expressing wild-type BRAF.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19274086
oncogenic BRAF(V600E) induces the uncoupling of LKB1-AMPKalpha complexes providing at the same time a possible mechanism in cell proliferation that engages cell growth and cell division in response to mitogenic stimuli
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19255327
Clinical trial of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19240718
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19237633
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19226609
BRAF* melanomas appear to be associated with a specific profile of DNA copy number aberrations that is distinct from those found in NRAS* and BRAF/NRAS(wt/wt) tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19208736
BRAFT1799A mutation or RET/PTC rearrangement, mainly corresponding to follicular variants, maintain a thyroid differentiation expression level close to that of normal tissue.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19207009
the presence of the braf protein mutation increases prohibitin promoter activity and therefore potentially mediates effects of this mutation on the behavior of BRAF protein
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19206169
Findings provide evidence for a wide phenotypic diversity associated with mutations affecting BRAF, and occurrence of a clinical continuum associated with these molecular lesions.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19200582
(novel) mutation in the activation kinase domain of the BRAF (A598V), this mutation led to the up-regulation of the BRAF kinase activity and its downstream signaling factors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19194051
Expression levels of fibronectin, vimentin and CITED1 were positively correlated with those of BRAFV600E, suggesting pathophysiological links between activated BRAF and overexpression of these genes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19190129
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19190129
Distinct BRAF (V600E) and KRAS mutations in high microsatellite instability sporadic colorectal cancer in African Americans.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19190105
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19190079
Mutation in BRAF is associated with adrenocortical carcinomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19178815
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19178815
Mutations are absent or rare in the kinase domain of B-RAF in Japanese head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19164452
MLH1-hypermethylated tumors harbor fewer APC and KRAS mutations and more BRAF mutations, suggesting that they develop distinctly from an MGMT methylator pathway.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19159571
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19152441
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19147753
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19147753
BRAF and RET/PTC dual mutations are associated with recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19142971
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19133693
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19127559
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19126563
Sessile serrated adenomas are encountered commonly in routine endoscopy practice and the histological diagnosis correlates strongly with the presence of BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19107232
BRAF pseudogene activation may play a role in thyroid tumor development.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19098310
ERK activation was induced by PKD2 overexpression via B-Raf signaling, providing a possible molecular mechanism of cystogenesis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19087308
G12D mutation may be more likely selected in a BRAF mutated context
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19079609
Genetic extinction of BRAF(V600E) in established prostate tumors did not lead to tumor regression, indicating that while sufficient to initiate development of invasive prostate adenocarcinoma, BRAF(V600E) is not required for its maintenance.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19064572
Observational study and meta-analysis of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19037234
NRAS and BRAF mutations increase from the radial to the vertical growth phase in cutaneous melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19034577
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19034577
BRAF(V600E) mutation is assocciated with aggressive papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19033861
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19026650
Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19018267
ovarian cancer patients with KRAS or BRAF mutations may benefit from CI-1040 treatment
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19018267
Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19016743
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction-based sequencing revealed a fusion product between KIAA1549 and BRAF in pediatric low-grade astrocytomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19014278
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19014278
In Korean patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma, the BRAFV600E mutation is associated with a lower frequency of background Hashimoto thyroiditis and a high frequency of lymph node metastasis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19012001
The result showed that the mutation rate of PIK3CA in nasopharyngeal carcinomas (n = 73) was 9.6%, whereas both BRAF (n = 65) and RAS (n = 45) were wild type in every specimen with adequate DNA for analysis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19012001
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003996
BRAF-V600E mutation is uncommon in endocrine tumors other than thyroid papillary carcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19001320
Wild-type BRAF is required for response to panitumumab or cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19001320
Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18992635
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18992635
8% of sporadic colorectal tumors in this study harbor mutation in the BRAF gene.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987552
BRAF mutations may not play an important role in the oncogenesis or therapy of prostate adenocarcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18985043
the T1799A BRAF mutation is present in a proportion of posterior uveal melanomas but within these tumours the distribution of the mutation is heterogeneous.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18980976
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18974108
rearrangement, which was not observed in a series of 244 higher-grade astrocytomas, results in an in-frame fusion gene incorporating the kinase domain of the BRAF oncogene
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18953432
study shows high expression of p16(INK4a) or the absence of activated B-RAF correlates with in vivo response of melanoma to cytotoxic drugs
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18946221
Hereditary pancreatitis patients with PRSS1 mutations also had mutations in BRAF and KRAS2.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18945298
BRAF V600E appeared to be the most commonly mutated gene in both the melanocytic aggregate (seven of 18, 39%) and the melanoma (four of 18, 22%)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18840924
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18840924
BRAF(V600E) mutation may play some roles in local carcinoma development, there is no evidence that BRAF(V600E) mutation significantly reflects the aggressive characteristics and poor prognosis of patients with papillary carcinoma in Japan.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18834226
With at least 3 markers methylated, new CIMP-positive colorectal cancers were closely associated with proximal tumor location, low frequency of KRAS mutation, and high frequency of BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18832519
CIMP-high appears to be an independent predictor of a low colon cancer-specific mortality, while BRAF mutation is associated with a high colon cancer-specific mortality.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18806830
study concludes a single endogenous BRAF(V600E) allele is sufficient to repress BIM & prevent death from growth factor withdrawal; colorectal cancer cells with V600E mutations are addicted to the ERK1/2 pathway for repression of BIM
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18798261
BRAF mutation occurs independently of CpG island methylator phenotype and MSI in all types of serrated polyps and may serve as a marker of serrated pathway of colorectal carcinogenesis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18794803
study identified a group of melanomas with low-activity BRAF mutations (G469E- and D594G) that are reliant upon CRAF-mediated survival activity
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18794094
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18787396
These data implicates a mitotic role for B-Raf in regulating spindle formation and the spindle checkpoint in human somatic cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18782444
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18782444
BRAF, KRAS and PIK3CA mutations occur prior to malignant transformation demonstrating that these oncogenic alterations are primary genetic events in colorectal carcinogenesis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18778891
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18778891
BRAF mutation is associated with the CpG island methylator phenotype in colorectal cancer from young patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18759827
Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18757433
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18757341
KRAS and BRAF mutations can impair response to anti-EGFR therapy for colorectal neoplasms
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18718023
presence of the BRAF (V600E) mutation,the incidence of microsatellite instability high colorectal cancer in populations based study.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18716556
focal gains at chromosome 7q34 and increased BRAF-MEK-ERK signaling are common findings in sporadic pilocytic astrocytomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18715233
These data suggest that regulation of BIM expression by BRAF-->MEK-->ERK signaling is one mechanism by which oncogenic BRAF(V600E) can influence the aberrant physiology of melanoma cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18710471
There is a higher frequency of the BRAF(V600E) mutation in papillary thyroid carcinomas than in normal thyroid tissue.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18697864
Identification and functional characterization of a novel T599I-VKSR(600-603)del BRAF mutation in a patient with follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18682506
The BRAF(V600E) mutation was demonstrated to be a poor prognostic factor independent from other clinicopathological features.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18682506
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18676756
Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18676742
CST6, CXCL14, DHRS3, and SPP1 are regulated by BRAF signaling and may play a role in papillary thyroid carcinoma pathogenesis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18669866
Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18668139
N-RAS(Q61K) and B-RAF(V600E) contribute to melanoma's resistance to apoptosis in part by downregulating Bim expression
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18650848
hyperactivation of the MAPK pathway following activation of an inducible form of oncogenic C-Raf induces a senescence-like proliferation arrest in B-Raf mutant melanoma cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18636014
lung adenocarcinoma of mixed type with a high incidence of papillary and lepidic growth may be worthwhile investigating for BRAF-V600E mutation as more genetically oriented drug therapies emerge.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18632627
co-overexpression of KIT/CDK4 is a potential mechanism of oncogenic transformation in some BRAF/NRAS wild-type melanomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18628967
BRAF regulates melanoma proliferation through the lineage specific factor MITF
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18628431
People of southern European origin had lower risk of colorectal cancers with CIMP and BRAF mutation than people of Anglo-Celtic origin, which may in part be due to genetic factors that are less common in people of southern European origin.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18628356
The frequencies of LOHs of 17q21, 17p13, 10q23, and 22q13 were higher in tumors with lymph node metastasis, suggesting that these LOHs may be important in increased lymph node metastasis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18621636
Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18615680
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18615680
MLH1 methylation and BRAF mutations are associated with microsatellite unstable colon tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18615679
V600E BRAF mutation is associated with imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18615679
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18602919
Rac1b and B-Raf(V600E) functionally cooperate to sustain colorectal cell viability and suggest they constitute an alternative survival pathway to oncogenic K-Ras
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18594528
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18592405
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18567582
the scaffold protein IQGAP1 couples Ca(2+) and calmodulin signaling to B-Raf function
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18532874
Compared to melanomas without BRAF mutations, melanomas with BRAF mutations showed statistically significantly higher degrees of intraepidermal scatter of melanocytes, and a higher proportion of melanocytes arranged in nests.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18519771
a significant relationship in overall survival in colon cancer patients with defective DNA mismatch repair and the presence of a specific mutation in BRAF (V600E)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18517279
BRAF mutations in colorectal cancer microsatellite-stable cases are associated with high levels of chromosomal instability that are likely responsible for the adverse outcomes in these cases
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509361
Shorter overall survival in primary melanoma was associated with the presence of ulceration and BRAF exon 15 mutations, as well as the absence of nuclear activation of Akt and of cytoplasmic activation of ERK.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509003
study revealed a significant correlation of BRAFV600E mutation with a lower expression of both sodium iodide symporter and thyroperoxidase in papillary thyroid cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18470905
aberrant methylation of the hMLH1 gene may play a role in BRAF mutation-promoted thyroid tumorigenesis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18458053
oncogenic BRAF inhibition can have a different effect on cell fate depending on the cellular type
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18451171
Akt3 and mutant V600E B-Raf cooperate to promote early melanoma development.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18435933
CpG island methylator phenotype in colorectal neoplasms may result from activating mutations in either BRAF or KRAS.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18434602
Cdk1/cyclin B has a role in regulating B-raf activation at mitosis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18413255
study describes the biochemical characterization of novel BRAF and MEK germline mutations in cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18408659
in melanocytic lesions, BRAF(V600E) mutation can affect a subset of the cells and is associated with the type and quantity of sun exposure
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18402768
Aberrant BRAF and INK4A functionally interact to promote growth and survival of melanoma cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18398503
Results implicate aberrant activation of the MAPK pathway due to gene duplication or mutation of BRAF as a molecular mechanism of pathogenesis in low-grade astrocytomas and suggest inhibition of the MAPK pathway as a potential treatment.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18397470
is commonly activated by somatic point mutation, it may provide possible diagnostic and therapeutic targets in human malignant tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18383861
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18383861
K-RAS and BRAF mutations are a frequent genetic event in our samples of sporadic papillary and medullary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18382358
Detecting BRAF mutation by pyrosequencing is more sensitive, faster, and less expensive than direct DNA sequencing.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18381570
Thyroid cancers with BRAF mutation are preferentially sensitive to MEK inhibitors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18375819
BRAF mutation is associated with disease stabilization in melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368129
This study confirms that the known MC1R-melanoma risk association is confined to subjects whose melanomas harbor BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368129
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18343945
Our data provide evidence that PIK3CA and BRAF contribute to the tumorigenesis of IPMN/IPMC, but at a lower frequency than KRAS.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18337114
BRAF mutation testing of papillary thyroid carcinoma might improve the diagnosis, prognostic stratification and treatment of these tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18329792
RKIP could play an important role in the down-regulation of wild-type BRAF, serving thus as an endogenous inhibitor of the MAPK pathway in nasal polyps and their adjacent turbinate mucosa.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18323787
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity is subject to regulation even in BRAF/NRAS mutant melanoma cells and that high MAPK pathway signaling may be important only in distinct subsets of tumor cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18310288
BRAF-V600E mutation is associated with familial non-medullary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18310287
BRAF(V600E) mutation is asscoiated with papillary thyroid cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18310286
BRAF T1799A mutation is associated with aggressive pathological outcomes of papillary thyroid cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18267069
A genome-wide RNA-interference screening to identify genes required for an activated BRAF oncogene to block proliferation of fibroblasts and melanocytes revealed that a IGFBP7, has a central role in BRAF-mediated senescence and apoptosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18246127
Mutant B-RAF mediates resistance to anoikis via Bad and Bim.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18235983
Follicular histotypes of oncocytic thyroid carcinomas do not carry BRAF mutations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18228248
Important signalling role in T cell development.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18227705
BRAF mutation is not associated with cutaneous melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18226854
frequency of the occurrence of BRAF mutation and/or RET/PTC in H4-PTEN positive tumors was extremely high (75%) in papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18224685
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18199160
A worse clinical outcome was found for CIMP-high, microsatellite stable colorectal cancer with KRAS/BRAF mutation but not for those lacking KRAS/BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18172070
Because of the very sensitive pyrophosphorolysis-activated polymerization (PAP)technology, B-RAF mutations were found in cell lines and primary uveal melanomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18098337
BRAF provides proliferation and survival signals in MSI colorectal carcinoma cells displaying BRAF(V600E) but not KRAS mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18071315
B-Raf(V600E) signaling deregulates the mitotic spindle checkpoint through stabilizing Mps1 levels in melanoma cells.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18070147
BRAF(V600E)'alone' does not represent a marker for poor outcome
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18061181
Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18060073
BRAF and MEK1/2 mutations may be more common than anticipated in ovarian cancer which could have important implications for treatment of patients with this disease and suggests potential new therapeutic avenues
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18045987
These results identify Rnd3 as a regulator of cross talk between the RAF/MEK/ERK and Rho/ROCK signaling pathways, and a key contributor to oncogene-mediated reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesions.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18045960
Detection of BRAF improves the diagnosis in fine-needle biopsy with cytological findings suspicious for papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18042262
the results of HRAS, BRAF and MAP2K1/2 mutation screening in a large cohort of patients with CS and CFC
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18032947
The BRAF mutation is common in melanomas, but variation in rates across melanoma subtypes points to a complex interplay between BRAF activation and other factors (eg, sun exposure).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18024410
no BRAF mutations identified in 65 screened JMML patients; this gene is unlikely to play a role in the pathogenesis of JMML.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18008004
mutation of N-RAS or B-RAF, signature genetic lesions present in most MMs, potently induced the expression of cell-surface CD200, a repressor of DC function.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18000091
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17972530
These results suggest that papillary thyroid carcinomas with BRAF (V600E) mutation are more aggressive than those with wildtype BRAF.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17962436
In this small study, the T1799A BRAF mutation was identified in almost half of the iris melanoma tissues samples examined. This finding suggests that there may be genetic as well as clinical differences between iris and posterior uveal melanomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17942568
BRAF interacts with PLCepsilon1 in nephrotic syndrome type 3. Both proteins are coexpressed and colocalize in developing and mature glomerular podocytes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17940185
BRAF mutation represents a novel indicator of the progression and aggressiveness of papillary thyroid cancer (Review)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17924122
Examined associations between BRAF mutations, morphology, and apoptosis in early colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17914558
BRAF mutation is associated as early as the hyperplastic polyp stage followed by microsatellite instability at the carcinoma stage
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17911174
effects of a MEK inhibitor, CI-1040, on thyroid cancer cells, some of which, particularly cell proliferation and tumor growth, seemed to be BRAF mutation or RAS mutation selective
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17878251
MEK inhibition is cytostatic in papillary thyroid cancer and anaplastic thyroid cancer cells bearing a BRAF mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17854396
Papillary thyroid cancers with no 131I uptake had a high frequency of BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17786355
BRAFV600E mutations were found in 41.2% of the papillary thyroid carcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17785355
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17785355
BRAF V600E mutation is associated with high-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17727338
BRAF(V600E) mutation detected on fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens, more than RET/PTC rearrangements, is highly specific for papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17721188
Develompment of malignant strumo ovarii with papillary thyroid carcinoma features is associated with BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17717450
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17717450
BRAF V600E mutation is primarily present in conventional papillary thyroid cancer; it is associated with an aggressive tumor phenotype and higher risk of recurrent and persistent disease in patients with conventional papillary thyroid cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17714762
diffuse expression of wild-type and/or mutant B-Raf may be involved in the tumorigenic process
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17704260
5 unreported mutations (T241P, Q262R, G464R, E501V, N581K) were found in cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome. A hotspot in exon 6 at Q257 was found.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17699719
RNA interference and pharmacologic approaches were used to assess the role of B-Raf activation in the growth of human melanomas and additionally determined if a similar role for mutant B-Raf is seen for colorectal carcinoma cell lines.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17696195
data showed differences in gene expression between nevi with and without the V600E BRAF mutation. Moreover, nevi with mutations showed over-expression of genes involved in melanocytic senescence and cell cycle inhibition
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17693984
There was no coexistence of BRAF (V600E) mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17693984
Observational study of genotype prevalence, gene-disease association, and genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17685465
BRAF V600E mutation in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid may facilitate tumor cell growth and progression once seeded in the lymph nodes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17671688
PPARbeta/delta has a role in growth of RAF-induced lung adenomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17663506
KLF6 and p53 mutations are involved in the development of nonpolypoid colorectal carcinoma, whereas K-ras and B-raf mutations are not
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17635919
In contrast to C-RAF that requires farnesylated H-Ras, cytosolic B-RAF associates effectively and with significantly higher affinity with both farnesylated and nonfarnesylated H-Ras.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17566669
We conclude that screening for BRAF 15 exon mutation is an efficient tool in the diagnostic strategy for HNPCC
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17566669
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17548320
influence of B-RAF-specific RNA interference on the proliferation and apoptosis of gastric cancer BGC823 cell line
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17542667
Presence of BRAF V600E in very early stages of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17535994
The heterogeneous distribution of BRAF mutations suggests that discrete tumor foci in multifocal PTC may occur as independent tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17525723
T1790A BRAF mutation (L597Q) in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a functional oncogene
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17520704
frequency of the BRAF mutation and the associations between BRAF mutation and clinicopathologic parameters in papillary thyroid carcinoma were evaluated by meta-analysis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17520704
Meta-analysis of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17518771
low rate of RAS-RAF mutations (2/22, 9.1%) observed in Spitz melanocytic nevi suggests that these lesions harbor as yet undetected activating mutations in other components of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK-MAPK pathway
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17516929
analysis of a BRAF mutation-associated gene expression signature in melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17507627
data indicate that both early-life UV exposure and nevus propensity contribute to occurrence of BRAF+ melanoma, whereas nevus propensity and later-life sun exposure influence the occurrence of NRAS+ melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17507627
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17488796
BRAF V600E mutation in PTCs is associated with reduced expression of key genes involved in iodine metabolism
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17487504
c-kit expression is not alternative to BRAF and/or KRAS activation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17487277
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17483702
Molecular diagnosis and careful observations should be considered in children with Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome because they have germline mutations in BRAF and might develop malignancy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17464312
prevalence of BRAF mutation and RET/PTC were determined in diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma; none of the cases showed a BRAF mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17454879
MSI is rare in UC-related neoplasia as well as non-neoplastic lesions, and does not contribute to the development of dysplasia.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17453358
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17453004
BRAF V600E mutation was occasionally observed in anaplastic carcinomas with papillary carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17440063
finding of a strong association between BRAF mutations and serrated histology in hyperplastic aberrant crypt foci supports the idea that these lesions are an early, sentinel, or a potentially initiating step on the serrated pathway to colorectal carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17393356
data suggest that BRAF mutations might be present less frequently than KRAS mutations in Greek patients with colorectal carcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17393356
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17387744
BRAF(V600E) mutation is identified in a subset of cutaneous metastases from papillary thyroid carcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17366577
mutational analysis of KRAS, BRAF, and MAP2K1/2 in 56 patients with CFC syndrome; comparison of the genotype-phenotype correlation of CFC with that of Costello syndrome suggest a significant clinical overlap but not genotype overlap.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17360030
findings show that RASSF1A hypermethylation and KRAS mutations and BRAF mutations are inversely correlated and play an important role in the development of cervical adenocarcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17355635
The aim of this study was to identify the effect that BRAF oncogene has on post-transcriptional regulation in papillary thyroid carcinoma by using microRNA analysis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17318013
B-RAF mutations are a rare event in pituitary tumorigenesis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17315191
BRAFV600E represents a detectable marker in the plasma/serum from melanoma patients for monitoring but not diagnostic purposes
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17312306
Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17309670
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17309670
BRAF gene plays a "gatekeeper" role but does not act as a predisposition gene in the development of low-grade ovarian serous carcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17302867
Overexpression of B-Raf mRNA and protein may be a feature of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas, highlighting overactivity of the Ras-B-Raf-MAP kinase pathway in these tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17297294
characterization of the T1799-1801del and A1799-1816ins BRAF mutations in papillary thyroid cancer; the two new mutations resulted in constitutive activation of the BRAF kinase and caused NIH3T3 cell transformation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17270239
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17227125
Copy gain of PDGFB occurs in a subset of tumors showing no evidence of mutated BRAF or rearranged ret, suggesting that copy gain of PDGFB may underlie the increased expression of platelet-derived growth factor described recently in the literature.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17199737
Absence of association between BRAF mutation and activation of MAPK pathway in papillary thyroid carcinoma suggests the presence of mechanisms that downregulate MAPK activation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17195912
there is a subgroup of colorectal carcinomas which develop via the microsatellite instability pathway that carry an alteration of the BRAF gene
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17195912
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17186541
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17186541
BRAF mutation is associated with thyroid carcinogenesis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17179987
The role for BRAF activation in thyroid cancer development and establishing the potential therapeutic efficacy of BRAF-targeted agents in patients with thyroid cancerwill be reviewed.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170014
RASSF1A methylation was observed in a high frequency in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma whereas K-ras and B-raf mutations were observed in a low frequency
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17159915
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17159915
BRAF(T1799A) mutation is associated with a lower rate of tumor proliferation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17148775
Previously identified associations between smoking and colon cancer, whether microsatellite unstable or stable, appear to be explained by the association of smoking with BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17148775
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17119447
Association with preexisting nevi and pronounced infiltration of lymphocytes was significantly higher in BRAF mutated melanoma tumours
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17119056
BRAF-V600E mutations are mainly involved in colorectal cancer families characterized by an increased risk of other common malignancies
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17097223
data provide evidence that oncogenic properties of BRAF contribute to the tumorigenesis of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm/carcinoma (IPMN/IPMC), but at a lower frequency than KRAS
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17074813
phosphorylation on both S365 and S429 participate in the differential regulation of B-Raf isoforms through distinct mechanisms
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17060774
BRAF mutation remained a significant prognostic factor for lymph node metastasis (odds ratio = 10.8, 95% confidence interval, 3.5-34.0, P < 0.0001).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17044028
Activating BRAF mutation is associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17018604
Normally, BRAF alone is responsible for signaling to MEK. However, when RAS is mutated in melanoma, melanocytes switch their signaling from BRAF to CRAF.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17001349
data support a model in which mutational activation of BRAF in human melanomas contributes to constitutive induction of NF-kappaB activity and to increased survival of melanoma cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16987295
BRAF T1976A mutation is present at high frequency in benign naevi such as Spitz and Reed.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16973828
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16964379
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase-3 (ERK3/MAPK6) is highly expressed in response to BRAF signaling.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16960555
Expression of active mutants of B-Raf induces fibronectin.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16959844
BRAFV600E activates not only MAPK but also NF-kappaB signaling pathway in human thyroid cancer cells, leading to an acquisition of apoptotic resistance and promotion of invasion.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16953233
Concomitant KRAS and BRAF mutations increased along progression of MSS colorectal cancer, suggesting that activation of both genes is likely to harbour a synergistic effect
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16946010
Braf mutations in thyroid tumorigenesis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16937524
BRAF, K-ras and BAT26 are expressed in colorectal polyps and stool [BAT26]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16937524
BRAF, K-ras and BAT26 are expressed in colorectal polyps and stool
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16932278
Single nucleotide polymorphism found exclusively in papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16924241
Expression of p27Kip1 in melanoma is regulated by B-RAF at the mRNA level and via B-RAF control of Cks1/Skp2-mediated proteolysis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16918957
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16918136
BRAF mutations are associated with colorectal cancers
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16912199
B-RAF has been identified as the most mutated gene in invasive cells and therefore an attractive therapeutic target in melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16879389
BRAF mutation was frequent in hyperplastic polyps (67%) and sessile serrated adenomas (81%).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16858683
Aberrant methylation and hence silencing of TIMP3, SLC5A8, DAPK and RARbeta2, in association with BRAF mutation, may be an important step in PTC tumorigenesis and progression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16858395
Thus, we propose that the hitherto unidentified function of the B-Raf amino-terminal region is to mediate calcium-dependent activation of B-Raf and the following MEK activation, which may occur in the absence of Ras activation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16845322
BRAF mutation is associated with melanoma and melanocytic nevi.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809487
findings show that MC1R variants are strongly associated with BRAF mutations in non-chronic sun-induced damage melanomas; in this subtype, risk for melanoma associated with MC1R is due to increase in risk of developing melanomas with BRAF mutations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16804544
CpG island methylator phenotype-positive colorectal tumors represent a distinct subset, encompassing almost all cases of tumors with BRAF mutation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16803888
Rheb has a central role in the regulation of the Ras/B-Raf/C-Raf/MEK signaling network
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16799476
A subset of Spitz nevi, some with atypical histologic features, possess BRAF mutations. The BRAF mutational status does not separate all Spitz nevi from spitzoid melanomas and non-Spitz types of melanocytic proliferations, contrary to previous reports.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16786134
a BRAFT1799A mutation may have a role in poor differentiation of thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16773193
among 23 melanomas located at body sites with chronic UV exposure, only a single tumour harboured the B-raf V599E mutation which was a significantly lower frequency in comparison to melanomas from sun-protected body sites
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16728573
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16728573
B-RAF (V600E) was confirmed to be associated with the papillary growth pattern, but not with poorer differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma variants.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16721785
BRAF mutations are as uncommon as KRAS mutations in prostate adenocarcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16691193
UV light is not necessarily required for the acquisition of the BRAF(V600E) mutation, and non-mutagenic effects of UV light to melanocytes may be more important in the nevogenesis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16691193
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16687919
Observational study of genotype prevalence. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16618717
Observational study of gene-environment interaction and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601293
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601293
BRAF V600E is associated with a high risk of recurrence and less differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma due to the impairment of Na+/I- targeting to the membrane
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16547495
Melanoma cells require either B-RAF or phosphoinositide-3 kinase activation for protection from anoikis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16537381
Merlin and MLK3 can interact in situ and merlin can disrupt the interactions between B-Raf and Raf-1 or those between MLK3 and either B-Raf or Raf-1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16487015
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16474404
Cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome involves dysregulation of the RAS-RAF-ERK pathway.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16462768
NRAS and BRAF activating mutations can coexist in the same melanoma, but are mutually exclusive at the single-cell level
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16452550
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16452469
wild-type B-Raf-mediated ERK1/2 activation plays a major role in proliferation and transformation of uveal melanocytes; Raf-1 is not involved in this activation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16439621
findings demonstrate that heterogeneous de novo missense mutations in three genes within the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, BRAF, MEK1 and MEK2 cause cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16424035
gain-of-function BRAF signaling is strongly associated with in vivo tumorigenicity
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16417232
BRAF mutation does not seem to be sufficient to produce MAPK activation in melanocytic nevi.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16413100
The most frequent B-RAF gene alterations are not involved in prostate carcinogenesis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16397024
Observational study of genotype prevalence. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16382052
aberrant B-Raf activity in angiomyolipomas leads to abnormal cellular differentiation and migration [review]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16376942
V599E BRAF mutation was uncommon in Japanese lung cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16376942
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16373964
activating mutations of PDGFR-alpha, c-kit and B-RAF are absent in gliosarcomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16371460
V600E B-Raf requires the Hsp90 chaperone for stability and is degraded in response to Hsp90 inhibitors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16364920
Data suggest that B-RAF activates C-RAF through a mechanism involving 14-3-3 mediated heterooligomerization and C-RAF transphosphorylation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16361694
The authors have developed and run a high-throughput screen to find inhibitors of V600E BRAF using an enzyme cascade assay in which oncogenic BRAF activates MEK1, which in turn activates ERK2, which then phosphorylates the transcription factor ELK1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16354586
Mutation and elevated expression of BRAF is associated with the development of testicular germ cell tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16354196
The estimated proportion of attributable risk of melanoma due to variants in BRAF is 1.6%, but the burden of disease associated with this variant is greater than that associated with the major melanoma locus (CDKN2A) which has a risk of 0.2%.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16354196
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16268813
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16199894
copy number gain may represent another mechanism of BRAF activation in thyroid tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16181547
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16181240
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16179870
The oncogenic B-raf mutations V599E and V599K, as early events in melanocyte transformation, persist throughout metastasis with important prognostic implications.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16179867
As the BRAF oncogene is frequently found to be mutated in human cutaneous melanomas, it may constitute a risk factor for melanoma formation within CMN and DMN.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16174717
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16174717
In patients with papillary thyroid cancer, BRAF mutation is associated with poorer clinicopathological outcomes and independently predicts recurrence.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16172610
selective reduction in catalytic activity and expression of B-Raf but not Raf-1 suggest that B-Raf may be playing an important role in altered ERK signaling in brain of suicide subjects, and thus in the pathophysiology of suicide
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16144912
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16144912
Mutations of the BRAF gene are partly involved in the malignant transformation of the endometrium.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16143028
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16129781
These data suggest that MITF is an anti-proliferation factor that is down-regulated by B-RAF signaling and that this is a crucial event for the progression of melanomas that harbor oncogenic B-RAF.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16123397
The results showed that conjunctival nevi, similar to skin nevi, have a high frequency of oncogenic BRAF mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16098042
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16098042
Although BRAF and NRAS mutations are likely to be important for the initiation and maintenance of some melanomas, other factors might be more significant for proliferation and prognosis in subgroups of aggressive melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16096377
BRAF mutation in melanoma is most likely to occur prior to the development of metastatic disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16079850
sustained BRAF(V600E) expression in human melanocytes induces cell cycle arrest, which is accompanied by the induction of both p16(INK4a) and senescence-associated acidic beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-Gal) activity, a commonly used senescence marker
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16024606
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16015629
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16007203
Single-cell clones with efficient knockdown of (V 600 E)B-RAF could be propagated in the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor but underwent apoptosis or senescence-like growth arrest upon withdrawal of this growth factor
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16007166
determination of mutation specific gene expression profiles in papillary thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15998781
Role of BRAF mutation in facilitating metastasis and progression of papillary thyroid cancer in lymph nodes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15994075
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15980887
BRAF mutation occurs later in thyroid tumor progression and is restricted mainly to papillary thyroid carcinoma and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15968271
The increasing frequency of BRAF mutations as a function of age could help account for the well documented but poorly understood observation that age is a relevant prognostic indicator for patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15968271
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15935100
B-raf V599E and V599K oncogenic mutations are likely to affect melanocyte-specific pathways controlling proliferation and differentiation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15904951
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15880523
Anaplastic thyroid carcinomas which are derived from papillary carcinomas are due to BRAF and p53 mutations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15842051
These results suggest that BRAF mutations do not have a role in tumorigenesis of neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15824163
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15791648
B-raf mutations surrounding Thr439 found in human cancers are unlikely to contribute to increased oncogenic properties of B-raf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15791479
The data of this study suggest that activating mutations of B-RAF are not a frequent event in gliomas; nevertheless, when present they are associated with high-grade malignant lesions.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15782118
BRAF mutations proved to be absent in tumors from hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome (HNPCC) families with germline mutations in the MMR genes MLH1 and MSH2.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15765445
Mutations in the BRAF protooncogene (V599E)may be an alternative pathway of tumorigenesis of familial colorectal cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15710605
autoinhibition was negatively regulated by acidic substitutions at phosphorylation sites within the activation loop
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15705790
KSHV-infected cell lines expressed higher levels of B-Raf and VEGF-A; B-Raf-induced VEGF-A expression was demonstrated to be sufficient to enhance tubule formation in endothelial cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15702478
We found mutations in p53, K-ras, and BRAF genes in 35%, 30%, and 4% of tumors, respectively, and observed a minimal or no co-presence of these gene alterations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15653554
a novel Ras-independent ERK1/2 activation system in which p110gamma/Raf-1/MEK1/2 and PKA/B-Raf/MEK1/2 cooperate to activate ERK1/2.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15632082
Data suggest that Rit is involved in a novel pathway of neuronal development and regeneration by coupling specific trophic factor signals to sustained activation of the B-Raf/ERK and p38 MAP kinase cascades.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15630448
AKAP9-BRAF fusion was preferentially found in radiation-induced papillary carcinomas developing after a short latency, whereas BRAF point mutations were absent in this group
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15577314
BRAF mutations are associated with conjunctival neoplasms
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15538400
mutated in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15489648
Mutations of BRAF or KRAS oncogenes are early events in the serrated polyp neoplasia pathway. CpG island methylation plays a role in serrated polyp progression to colorectal carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15488754
REVIEW: our understanding of B-RAF as an oncogene and of its role in cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15373778
BRAF(V599E) mutation is seven times higher in lesions with structural changes and 13 times higher in growing lesions as compared with lesions without changes
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15339934
Data provide evidence that B-Raf is a positive regulator of T cell receptor-mediated sustained ERK activation, which is required for NFAT activation and the full production of IL-2.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15331929
we found 19 cases (38%) to harbor somatic B-raf exon 15 mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15330192
Mutations within the BRAF gene are useful markers for the differential diagnosis between Spitz nevus and malignant melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15313890
Data suggest that SPRY2, an inhibitor of ERK signaling, may be bypassed in melanoma cells either by down-regulation of its expression in WT BRAF cells, or by the presence of the BRAF mutation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15277467
In this study, this BRAF mutation was demonstrated in some conjunctival melanoma tissue samples, suggesting that some conjunctival melanomas may share biological features in common with cutaneous melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15273715
mutated in papillary thyroid cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15263001
B-Raf and ERK are activated by cyclic AMP after calcium restriction
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15191558
activation of this gene may be one of the early events in the pathogenesis of some melanomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15186612
BRAF mutations are rather rare in solitary cold adenomas and adenomatous nodules and do not explain the molecular etiology of ras mutation-negative cold thyroid nodules.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15179189
in contrast to cutaneous melanoma, BRAF does not appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of uveal melanoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15161700
mucosal melanomas of the head and neck do not frequently harbor an activating mutation of BRAF
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15150271
B-Raf kinase activity regulation by tuberin and Rheb is mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-independent
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15145515
Radiation-induced tumors have a low prevalence of BRAF point mutations and high prevalence of RET/PTC rearrangements
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15140228
The finding of tandem mutations in thin melanomas makes it more likely that they arise as a simultaneous rather than sequential event.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15126572
BRAF(V599E) is more common genetic alteration found to date in adult sporadic papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs). It is unique for this thyroid cancer histotype, and it might drive the development of PTCs of classic papillary subtype.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15104286
These results suggest that the BRAF mutation is unlikely to be involved in gastric carcinogenesis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15077125
ovarian serous cystadenomas do not contain mutations in either BRAF or KRAS genes
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15014028
BRAF mutation may be acquired during development of metastasis but is not a significant factor for primary melanoma development and disease outcome.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15009715
mutations in the BRAF gene and to some extent in the N-ras gene represent early somatic events that occur in melanocytic nevi
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15009714
possible cooperation between BRAF activation and PTEN loss in melanoma development.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15001635
The lack or low prevalence of BRAF mutation in other thyroid neoplasms is consistent with the notion that other previously defined genetic alterations on the same signaling pathway are sufficient to cause tumorigenesis in most thyroid neoplasms.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14966563
These studies identify isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase as a potential target for reducing the growth of K-Ras- and B-Raf-induced malignancies.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14961576
Mutations in BRAF gene is associated with malignant melanomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14734469
BRAF mutations are frequently present in sporadic colorectal cancer with methylated hMLH1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14724583
RAS or BRAF mutations are detected in about 32% of all Barrett's adenocarcinomas; the disruption of the Raf/MEK/ERK (MAPK) kinase pathway is a frequent but also early event in the development of Barrett's adenocarcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14722037
Observational study of genotype prevalence and gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14719068
New enriched PCR-RFLP assay for detecting mutations of BRAF codon 599 mutation in pleural mesotheliomas.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14695993
BRAF mutations are associated with proximal colon tumors with mismatch repair deficiency and MLH1 hypermethylation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14695152
NRAS and BRAF mutations arise early during melanoma pathogenesis and are preserved throughout tumor progression
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14691295
Our data indicate that BRAF gene mutations are rare to absent events in uveal melanoma of humans.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14688025
Mutations were found in exon 15 in colorectal adenocarcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14668801
Missense mutation is marker of colonic but not gastric cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14639609
Mutations of BRAF are associated with extensive hMLH1 promoter methylation in sporadic colorectal carcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14618633
None of the cases of gastric cancer showed braf mutations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14612909
BRAF is occasionally mutated in NHL, and BRAF mutation may contribute to tumor development in some NHLs
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14602780
BRAF mutations are restricted to papillary carcinomas and poorly differentiated and anaplastic carcinomas arising from papillary carcinomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14534542
BRAF mutations were seen in stomach neoplasms.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14522897
Uceal melanomas arise independent of oncogenic BRAF and NRAS mutations.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14513361
BRAF mutations, which are present in a variety of other human cancers, do not seem to be involved in gastric cancer development
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14507635
Both BRAF and FBXW7 mutations functionally activate kinase effectors important in pancreatic cancer and extend potential options for therapeutic targeting of kinases in treatment of phenotypically distinct pancreatic adenocarcinoma subsets.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501284
Our findings of a high frequency of BRAF mutations at codon 599 in benign melanocytic lesions of the skin indicate that this mutation is not sufficient by itself for malignant transformation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12970315
mutation of BRAF gene could be a potentially useful marker of prognosis of patients with advanced thyroid cancers
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12931219
Mutations are not detectable in plasma cell leukemia and multiple myeloma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12917419
3 cell lines derived from human choroidal melanoma express B-Raf containing the V599E mutation and showed a 10-fold increase in endogenous B-RafV599E kinase activity and a constitutive activation of the MEK/ERK pathway that is independent of Ras
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12893203
Mucinous ovarian cancers without a KRAS mutation have not sustained alternative activation of this signaling pathway through mutation of the BRAF oncogene.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12881714
The BRAF(V599E) mutation appears to be an alternative event to RET/PTC rearrangement rather than to RAS mutations, which are rare in PTC. BRAF(V599E) may represent an alternative pathway to oncogenic MAPK activation in PTCs without RET/PTC activation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12879021
BRAF has a role in in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck through uncommon mutations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12855697
B-Raf has a role in extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling in T cells and prevents antigen-presenting cell-induced anergy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12824225
Data suggest that BRAF T1796A activating mutation is not common in primary uveal melanoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12821662
B-raf is involved in adhesion-independent ERK1/2 signaling in melanocytes
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12810628
13 germline BRAF variants, 4 of which were silent mutations in coding regions & 9 nucleotide substitutions in introns, were found in melanoma patients and melanoma family, but none appeared statistically likely to be a melanoma susceptibility gene.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12778069
gene is mutated in skin melanoma, but not in uveal melanomas
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12753285
cAMP activates ERK and increases proliferation of autosomal dominant polycystic kindey epithelial cells through the sequential phosphorylation of PKA, B-Raf and MAPK in a pathway separate from the classical receptor tyrosine kinase cascade
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12697856
activating BRAF mutations may be an important event in the development of papillary thyroid cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12670889
High prevalence of BRAF mutations in thyroid cancer is genetic evidence for constitutive activation of the RET/PTC-RAS-BRAF signaling pathway in papillary thyroid carcinoma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12644542
results demonstrate that the mutational status of BRAF and KRAS is distinctly different among histologic types of ovarian serous carcinoma, occurring most frequently in invasive micropapillary serous carcinomas and its precursors, serous borderline tumors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12619120
The V599E BRAF mutation appears to be a somatic mutation associated with melanoma development and/or progression in a proportion of affected individuals.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12447372
High frequency of BRAF mutations in nevi
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12198537
BRAF mutations in colorectal cancers occur only in tumours that do not carry mutations in a RAS gene known as KRAS, and BRAF mutation is linked to the proficiency of these tumours in repairing mismatched bases in DNA
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12068308
somatic missense mutations in 66% of malignant melanomas and at lower frequency in a wide range of human cancers
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8621729
MEK1 interacts with B-Raf.

















In [44]:



    


def print_pubmeds_most_recent(gene_name):
    gene_info = gene_search(gene_name)
    for reference in gene_info['generif'][:-10:-1]:
        print('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/' + str(reference['pubmed']))
        print(reference['text'])



    











In [45]:



    


print_pubmeds_most_recent('BRAF')



    


















    






https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30224486
MET inactivation in the context of the BRAF-activating mutation is driven through a negative feedback loop involving inactivation of PP2A phosphatase, which in turn leads to phosphorylation on MET inhibitory Ser985.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30220118
The occurrence of BRAF V600E mutations in ganglioglioma is common, and their detection may be valuable for the diagnosis and treatment in ganglioglioma.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30150413
Data show that glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and proto-oncogene proteins B-raf (BRAF)/MAPK signaling converges to control microphthalmia-associated transcription factor MITF (MITF) nuclear export.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30010109
these results indicated that STAT3-mediated downexpression of miR-579-3p caused resistance to vemurafenib. Our findings suggest novel approaches to overcome resistance to vemurafenib by combining vemurafenib with STAT3 sliencing or miR-579-3p overexpression.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29974407
The frequency of BRAF mutations was significantly higher in Serrated Lesions subgroups with highly methylated epigenotype tumors and microsatellite instability.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29808165
Studied frequency of BRAF 1799T>A mutation in Mexican Papillary Thyroid Cancer patients.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29767243
The present findings suggested that miR9 may suppress the viability ofpapillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cells and inhibit tumor growth through directly targeting the expression of BRAF in PTC.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29762246
The BRAFV600E mutation status may not impact the clinical response to radioiodine therapy for papillary thyroid carcinoma patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29715113
The present case series suggests that the incidence of concomitant KRAS/BRAF mutations in patients with surgically treated colorectal liver metastasis may be higher than previously hypothesized, and associated with more variable survival outcomes than expected.

















In [46]:



    


print_pubmeds_most_recent('THP2')



    


















    






https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24084588
The THO complex component Thp2 counteracts telomeric R-loops and telomere shortening.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17960421
Recombination and transcription analyses indicate that THO/TREX mutants share a moderate but significant effect on gene conversion and ectopic recombination, as well as transcription impairment of even short and low GC-content genes.

















In [ ]:

Content source: bcantarel/bcantarel.github.io

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