We conduct the replication to Document Embedding with Paragraph Vectors (http://arxiv.org/abs/1507.07998). In this paper, they showed only DBOW results to Wikipedia data. So we replicate this experiments using not only DBOW but also DM.
In [1]:
! pip3 install gensim
Collecting gensim
Collecting numpy>=1.3 (from gensim)
Using cached numpy-1.12.1-cp35-cp35m-manylinux1_x86_64.whl
Collecting smart-open>=1.2.1 (from gensim)
Collecting six>=1.5.0 (from gensim)
Using cached six-1.10.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting scipy>=0.7.0 (from gensim)
Using cached scipy-0.19.0-cp35-cp35m-manylinux1_x86_64.whl
Collecting bz2file (from smart-open>=1.2.1->gensim)
Collecting boto>=2.32 (from smart-open>=1.2.1->gensim)
Using cached boto-2.47.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting requests (from smart-open>=1.2.1->gensim)
Using cached requests-2.17.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting chardet<3.1.0,>=3.0.2 (from requests->smart-open>=1.2.1->gensim)
Using cached chardet-3.0.3-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting certifi>=2017.4.17 (from requests->smart-open>=1.2.1->gensim)
Using cached certifi-2017.4.17-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting idna<2.6,>=2.5 (from requests->smart-open>=1.2.1->gensim)
Using cached idna-2.5-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting urllib3<1.22,>=1.21.1 (from requests->smart-open>=1.2.1->gensim)
Using cached urllib3-1.21.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Installing collected packages: numpy, bz2file, boto, chardet, certifi, idna, urllib3, requests, smart-open, six, scipy, gensim
Successfully installed boto-2.47.0 bz2file-0.98 certifi-2017.4.17 chardet-3.0.3 gensim-2.1.0 idna-2.5 numpy-1.12.1 requests-2.17.0 scipy-0.19.0 six-1.10.0 smart-open-1.5.3 urllib3-1.21.1
You are using pip version 8.1.1, however version 9.0.1 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'pip install --upgrade pip' command.
In [2]:
# First Always set logging
import logging
logging.basicConfig(format='%(asctime)s : %(levelname)s : %(message)s', level=logging.INFO)
Let's import Doc2Vec module.
In [3]:
from gensim.corpora.wikicorpus import WikiCorpus
from gensim.models.doc2vec import Doc2Vec, TaggedDocument
from pprint import pprint
import multiprocessing
2017-05-29 19:39:04,614 : INFO : 'pattern' package not found; tag filters are not available for English
First, download the dump of all Wikipedia articles from here (you want the file enwiki-latest-pages-articles.xml.bz2, or enwiki-YYYYMMDD-pages-articles.xml.bz2 for date-specific dumps).
Second, convert the articles to WikiCorpus. WikiCorpus construct a corpus from a Wikipedia (or other MediaWiki-based) database dump.
For more details on WikiCorpus, you should access Corpus from a Wikipedia dump.
In [1]:
print('Start creating wiki corpus:')
wiki = WikiCorpus("data/enwiki-20170520-pages-articles.xml.bz2")
print('Finished')
#wiki = WikiCorpus("enwiki-YYYYMMDD-pages-articles.xml.bz2")
File "<ipython-input-1-f331338be95a>", line 2
%%time wiki = WikiCorpus("data/enwiki-20170520-pages-articles.xml.bz2")
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
Define TaggedWikiDocument class to convert WikiCorpus into suitable form for Doc2Vec.
In [5]:
class TaggedWikiDocument(object):
def __init__(self, wiki):
self.wiki = wiki
self.wiki.metadata = True
self.count = 0
def __iter__(self):
for content, (page_id, title) in self.wiki.get_texts():
if self.count < 10:
print(page_id)
print(title)
print(content)
self.count+=1
yield TaggedDocument([c.decode("utf-8") for c in content], [title])
In [6]:
documents = TaggedWikiDocument(wiki)
In [7]:
count_doc = 0
for doc in documents:
if count_doc < 10:
print(doc)
count_doc += 1
else:
break
12
Anarchism
[b'anarchism', b'is', b'political', b'philosophy', b'that', b'advocates', b'self', b'governed', b'societies', b'based', b'on', b'voluntary', b'institutions', b'these', b'are', b'often', b'described', b'as', b'stateless', b'societies', b'although', b'several', b'authors', b'have', b'defined', b'them', b'more', b'specifically', b'as', b'institutions', b'based', b'on', b'non', b'hierarchical', b'free', b'associations', b'anarchism', b'holds', b'the', b'state', b'to', b'be', b'undesirable', b'unnecessary', b'and', b'harmful', b'while', b'anti', b'statism', b'is', b'central', b'anarchism', b'generally', b'entails', b'opposing', b'authority', b'or', b'hierarchical', b'organisation', b'in', b'the', b'conduct', b'of', b'all', b'human', b'relations', b'including', b'but', b'not', b'limited', b'to', b'the', b'state', b'system', b'anarchism', b'is', b'usually', b'considered', b'radical', b'left', b'wing', b'ideology', b'and', b'much', b'of', b'anarchist', b'economics', b'and', b'anarchist', b'legal', b'philosophy', b'reflects', b'anti', b'authoritarian', b'interpretations', b'of', b'communism', b'collectivism', b'syndicalism', b'mutualism', b'or', b'participatory', b'economics', b'anarchism', b'does', b'not', b'offer', b'fixed', b'body', b'of', b'doctrine', b'from', b'single', b'particular', b'world', b'view', b'instead', b'fluxing', b'and', b'flowing', b'as', b'philosophy', b'many', b'types', b'and', b'traditions', b'of', b'anarchism', b'exist', b'not', b'all', b'of', b'which', b'are', b'mutually', b'exclusive', b'anarchist', b'schools', b'of', b'thought', b'can', b'differ', b'fundamentally', b'supporting', b'anything', b'from', b'extreme', b'individualism', b'to', b'complete', b'collectivism', b'strains', b'of', b'anarchism', b'have', b'often', b'been', b'divided', b'into', b'the', b'categories', b'of', b'social', b'and', b'individualist', b'anarchism', b'or', b'similar', b'dual', b'classifications', b'etymology', b'and', b'terminology', b'the', b'term', b'anarchism', b'is', b'compound', b'word', b'composed', b'from', b'the', b'word', b'anarchy', b'and', b'the', b'suffix', b'ism', b'themselves', b'derived', b'respectively', b'from', b'the', b'greek', b'anarchy', b'from', b'anarchos', b'meaning', b'one', b'without', b'rulers', b'from', b'the', b'privative', b'prefix', b'\xe1\xbc\x80\xce\xbd', b'an', b'without', b'and', b'archos', b'leader', b'ruler', b'cf', b'archon', b'or', b'arkh\xc4\x93', b'authority', b'sovereignty', b'realm', b'magistracy', b'and', b'the', b'suffix', b'or', b'ismos', b'isma', b'from', b'the', b'verbal', b'infinitive', b'suffix', b'\xce\xaf\xce\xb6\xce\xb5\xce\xb9\xce\xbd', b'izein', b'the', b'first', b'known', b'use', b'of', b'this', b'word', b'was', b'in', b'various', b'factions', b'within', b'the', b'french', b'revolution', b'labelled', b'opponents', b'as', b'anarchists', b'as', b'robespierre', b'did', b'the', b'h\xc3\xa9bertists', b'although', b'few', b'shared', b'many', b'views', b'of', b'later', b'anarchists', b'there', b'would', b'be', b'many', b'revolutionaries', b'of', b'the', b'early', b'nineteenth', b'century', b'who', b'contributed', b'to', b'the', b'anarchist', b'doctrines', b'of', b'the', b'next', b'generation', b'such', b'as', b'william', b'godwin', b'and', b'wilhelm', b'weitling', b'but', b'they', b'did', b'not', b'use', b'the', b'word', b'anarchist', b'or', b'anarchism', b'in', b'describing', b'themselves', b'or', b'their', b'beliefs', b'the', b'first', b'political', b'philosopher', b'to', b'call', b'himself', b'an', b'anarchist', b'was', b'pierre', b'joseph', b'proudhon', b'marking', b'the', b'formal', b'birth', b'of', b'anarchism', b'in', b'the', b'mid', b'nineteenth', b'century', b'since', b'the', b'and', b'beginning', b'in', b'france', b'the', b'term', b'libertarianism', b'has', b'often', b'been', b'used', b'as', b'synonym', b'for', b'anarchism', b'and', b'was', b'used', b'almost', b'exclusively', b'in', b'this', b'sense', b'until', b'the', b'in', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'its', b'use', b'as', b'synonym', b'is', b'still', b'common', b'outside', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'on', b'the', b'other', b'hand', b'some', b'use', b'libertarianism', b'to', b'refer', b'to', b'individualistic', b'free', b'market', b'philosophy', b'only', b'referring', b'to', b'free', b'market', b'anarchism', b'as', b'libertarian', b'anarchism', b'history', b'origins', b'woodcut', b'from', b'diggers', b'document', b'by', b'william', b'everard', b'the', b'earliest', b'anarchist', b'themes', b'can', b'be', b'found', b'in', b'the', b'th', b'century', b'bc', b'among', b'the', b'works', b'of', b'taoist', b'philosopher', b'laozi', b'and', b'in', b'later', b'centuries', b'by', b'zhuangzi', b'and', b'bao', b'jingyan', b'zhuangzi', b'philosophy', b'has', b'been', b'described', b'by', b'various', b'sources', b'as', b'anarchist', b'zhuangzi', b'wrote', b'petty', b'thief', b'is', b'put', b'in', b'jail', b'great', b'brigand', b'becomes', b'ruler', b'of', b'nation', b'diogenes', b'of', b'sinope', b'and', b'the', b'cynics', b'and', b'their', b'contemporary', b'zeno', b'of', b'citium', b'the', b'founder', b'of', b'stoicism', b'also', b'introduced', b'similar', b'topics', b'jesus', b'is', b'sometimes', b'considered', b'the', b'first', b'anarchist', b'in', b'the', b'christian', b'anarchist', b'tradition', b'georges', b'lechartier', b'wrote', b'that', b'the', b'true', b'founder', b'of', b'anarchy', b'was', b'jesus', b'christ', b'and', b'the', b'first', b'anarchist', b'society', b'was', b'that', b'of', b'the', b'apostles', b'in', b'early', b'islamic', b'history', b'some', b'manifestations', b'of', b'anarchic', b'thought', b'are', b'found', b'during', b'the', b'islamic', b'civil', b'war', b'over', b'the', b'caliphate', b'where', b'the', b'kharijites', b'insisted', b'that', b'the', b'imamate', b'is', b'right', b'for', b'each', b'individual', b'within', b'the', b'islamic', b'society', b'later', b'some', b'muslim', b'scholars', b'such', b'as', b'amer', b'al', b'basri', b'and', b'abu', b'hanifa', b'led', b'movements', b'of', b'boycotting', b'the', b'rulers', b'paving', b'the', b'way', b'to', b'the', b'waqf', b'endowments', b'tradition', b'which', b'served', b'as', b'an', b'alternative', b'to', b'and', b'asylum', b'from', b'the', b'centralised', b'authorities', b'of', b'the', b'emirs', b'but', b'such', b'interpretations', b'reverberate', b'subversive', b'religious', b'conceptions', b'like', b'the', b'aforementioned', b'seemingly', b'anarchistic', b'taoist', b'teachings', b'and', b'that', b'of', b'other', b'anti', b'authoritarian', b'religious', b'traditions', b'creating', b'complex', b'relationship', b'regarding', b'the', b'question', b'as', b'to', b'whether', b'or', b'not', b'anarchism', b'and', b'religion', b'are', b'compatible', b'this', b'is', b'exemplified', b'when', b'the', b'glorification', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'is', b'viewed', b'as', b'form', b'of', b'sinful', b'idolatry', b'the', b'french', b'renaissance', b'political', b'philosopher', b'\xc3\xa9tienne', b'de', b'la', b'bo\xc3\xa9tie', b'wrote', b'in', b'his', b'most', b'famous', b'work', b'the', b'discourse', b'on', b'voluntary', b'servitude', b'what', b'some', b'historians', b'consider', b'an', b'important', b'anarchist', b'precedent', b'the', b'radical', b'protestant', b'christian', b'gerrard', b'winstanley', b'and', b'his', b'group', b'the', b'diggers', b'are', b'cited', b'by', b'various', b'authors', b'as', b'proposing', b'anarchist', b'social', b'measures', b'in', b'the', b'th', b'century', b'in', b'england', b'the', b'term', b'anarchist', b'first', b'entered', b'the', b'english', b'language', b'in', b'during', b'the', b'english', b'civil', b'war', b'as', b'term', b'of', b'abuse', b'used', b'by', b'royalists', b'against', b'their', b'roundhead', b'opponents', b'by', b'the', b'time', b'of', b'the', b'french', b'revolution', b'some', b'such', b'as', b'the', b'enrag\xc3\xa9s', b'began', b'to', b'use', b'the', b'term', b'positively', b'in', b'opposition', b'to', b'jacobin', b'centralisation', b'of', b'power', b'seeing', b'revolutionary', b'government', b'as', b'oxymoronic', b'by', b'the', b'turn', b'of', b'the', b'th', b'century', b'the', b'english', b'word', b'anarchism', b'had', b'lost', b'its', b'initial', b'negative', b'connotation', b'modern', b'anarchism', b'emerged', b'from', b'the', b'secular', b'or', b'religious', b'thought', b'of', b'the', b'enlightenment', b'particularly', b'jean', b'jacques', b'rousseau', b'arguments', b'for', b'the', b'moral', b'centrality', b'of', b'freedom', b'as', b'part', b'of', b'the', b'political', b'turmoil', b'of', b'the', b'in', b'the', b'wake', b'of', b'the', b'french', b'revolution', b'william', b'godwin', b'developed', b'the', b'first', b'expression', b'of', b'modern', b'anarchist', b'thought', b'godwin', b'was', b'according', b'to', b'peter', b'kropotkin', b'the', b'first', b'to', b'formulate', b'the', b'political', b'and', b'economical', b'conceptions', b'of', b'anarchism', b'even', b'though', b'he', b'did', b'not', b'give', b'that', b'name', b'to', b'the', b'ideas', b'developed', b'in', b'his', b'work', b'while', b'godwin', b'attached', b'his', b'anarchist', b'ideas', b'to', b'an', b'early', b'edmund', b'burke', b'william', b'godwin', b'the', b'first', b'to', b'formulate', b'the', b'political', b'and', b'economical', b'conceptions', b'of', b'anarchism', b'even', b'though', b'he', b'did', b'not', b'give', b'that', b'name', b'to', b'the', b'ideas', b'developed', b'in', b'his', b'work', b'godwin', b'is', b'generally', b'regarded', b'as', b'the', b'founder', b'of', b'the', b'school', b'of', b'thought', b'known', b'as', b'philosophical', b'anarchism', b'he', b'argued', b'in', b'political', b'justice', b'that', b'government', b'has', b'an', b'inherently', b'malevolent', b'influence', b'on', b'society', b'and', b'that', b'it', b'perpetuates', b'dependency', b'and', b'ignorance', b'he', b'thought', b'that', b'the', b'spread', b'of', b'the', b'use', b'of', b'reason', b'to', b'the', b'masses', b'would', b'eventually', b'cause', b'government', b'to', b'wither', b'away', b'as', b'an', b'unnecessary', b'force', b'although', b'he', b'did', b'not', b'accord', b'the', b'state', b'with', b'moral', b'legitimacy', b'he', b'was', b'against', b'the', b'use', b'of', b'revolutionary', b'tactics', b'for', b'removing', b'the', b'government', b'from', b'power', b'rather', b'he', b'advocated', b'for', b'its', b'replacement', b'through', b'process', b'of', b'peaceful', b'evolution', b'his', b'aversion', b'to', b'the', b'imposition', b'of', b'rules', b'based', b'society', b'led', b'him', b'to', b'denounce', b'as', b'manifestation', b'of', b'the', b'people', b'mental', b'enslavement', b'the', b'foundations', b'of', b'law', b'property', b'rights', b'and', b'even', b'the', b'institution', b'of', b'marriage', b'he', b'considered', b'the', b'basic', b'foundations', b'of', b'society', b'as', b'constraining', b'the', b'natural', b'development', b'of', b'individuals', b'to', b'use', b'their', b'powers', b'of', b'reasoning', b'to', b'arrive', b'at', b'mutually', b'beneficial', b'method', b'of', b'social', b'organisation', b'in', b'each', b'case', b'government', b'and', b'its', b'institutions', b'are', b'shown', b'to', b'constrain', b'the', b'development', b'of', b'our', b'capacity', b'to', b'live', b'wholly', b'in', b'accordance', b'with', b'the', b'full', b'and', b'free', b'exercise', b'of', b'private', b'judgement', b'the', b'french', b'pierre', b'joseph', b'proudhon', b'is', b'regarded', b'as', b'the', b'first', b'self', b'proclaimed', b'anarchist', b'label', b'he', b'adopted', b'in', b'his', b'groundbreaking', b'work', b'what', b'is', b'property', b'published', b'in', b'it', b'is', b'for', b'this', b'reason', b'that', b'some', b'claim', b'proudhon', b'as', b'the', b'founder', b'of', b'modern', b'anarchist', b'theory', b'he', b'developed', b'the', b'theory', b'of', b'spontaneous', b'order', b'in', b'society', b'where', b'organisation', b'emerges', b'without', b'central', b'coordinator', b'imposing', b'its', b'own', b'idea', b'of', b'order', b'against', b'the', b'wills', b'of', b'individuals', b'acting', b'in', b'their', b'own', b'interests', b'his', b'famous', b'quote', b'on', b'the', b'matter', b'is', b'liberty', b'is', b'the', b'mother', b'not', b'the', b'daughter', b'of', b'order', b'in', b'what', b'is', b'property', b'proudhon', b'answers', b'with', b'the', b'famous', b'accusation', b'property', b'is', b'theft', b'in', b'this', b'work', b'he', b'opposed', b'the', b'institution', b'of', b'decreed', b'property', b'propri\xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9', b'where', b'owners', b'have', b'complete', b'rights', b'to', b'use', b'and', b'abuse', b'their', b'property', b'as', b'they', b'wish', b'he', b'contrasted', b'this', b'with', b'what', b'he', b'called', b'possession', b'or', b'limited', b'ownership', b'of', b'resources', b'and', b'goods', b'only', b'while', b'in', b'more', b'or', b'less', b'continuous', b'use', b'later', b'however', b'proudhon', b'added', b'that', b'property', b'is', b'liberty', b'and', b'argued', b'that', b'it', b'was', b'bulwark', b'against', b'state', b'power', b'his', b'opposition', b'to', b'the', b'state', b'organised', b'religion', b'and', b'certain', b'capitalist', b'practices', b'inspired', b'subsequent', b'anarchists', b'and', b'made', b'him', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'leading', b'social', b'thinkers', b'of', b'his', b'time', b'the', b'anarcho', b'communist', b'joseph', b'd\xc3\xa9jacque', b'was', b'the', b'first', b'person', b'to', b'describe', b'himself', b'as', b'libertarian', b'unlike', b'pierre', b'joseph', b'proudhon', b'he', b'argued', b'that', b'it', b'is', b'not', b'the', b'product', b'of', b'his', b'or', b'her', b'labour', b'that', b'the', b'worker', b'has', b'right', b'to', b'but', b'to', b'the', b'satisfaction', b'of', b'his', b'or', b'her', b'needs', b'whatever', b'may', b'be', b'their', b'nature', b'in', b'in', b'germany', b'the', b'post', b'hegelian', b'philosopher', b'max', b'stirner', b'published', b'the', b'book', b'the', b'ego', b'and', b'its', b'own', b'which', b'would', b'later', b'be', b'considered', b'an', b'influential', b'early', b'text', b'of', b'individualist', b'anarchism', b'french', b'anarchists', b'active', b'in', b'the', b'revolution', b'included', b'anselme', b'bellegarrigue', b'ernest', b'coeurderoy', b'joseph', b'd\xc3\xa9jacque', b'and', b'pierre', b'joseph', b'proudhon', b'first', b'international', b'and', b'the', b'paris', b'commune', b'collectivist', b'anarchist', b'mikhail', b'bakunin', b'opposed', b'the', b'marxist', b'aim', b'of', b'dictatorship', b'of', b'the', b'proletariat', b'in', b'favour', b'of', b'universal', b'rebellion', b'and', b'allied', b'himself', b'with', b'the', b'federalists', b'in', b'the', b'first', b'international', b'before', b'his', b'expulsion', b'by', b'the', b'marxists', b'in', b'europe', b'harsh', b'reaction', b'followed', b'the', b'revolutions', b'of', b'during', b'which', b'ten', b'countries', b'had', b'experienced', b'brief', b'or', b'long', b'term', b'social', b'upheaval', b'as', b'groups', b'carried', b'out', b'nationalist', b'uprisings', b'after', b'most', b'of', b'these', b'attempts', b'at', b'systematic', b'change', b'ended', b'in', b'failure', b'conservative', b'elements', b'took', b'advantage', b'of', b'the', b'divided', b'groups', b'of', b'socialists', b'anarchists', b'liberals', b'and', b'nationalists', b'to', b'prevent', b'further', b'revolt', b'in', b'spain', b'ram\xc3\xb3n', b'de', b'la', b'sagra', b'established', b'the', b'anarchist', b'journal', b'el', b'porvenir', b'in', b'la', b'coru\xc3\xb1a', b'in', b'which', b'was', b'inspired', b'by', b'proudhon', b'ideas', b'the', b'catalan', b'politician', b'francesc', b'pi', b'margall', b'became', b'the', b'principal', b'translator', b'of', b'proudhon', b'works', b'into', b'spanish', b'and', b'later', b'briefly', b'became', b'president', b'of', b'spain', b'in', b'while', b'being', b'the', b'leader', b'of', b'the', b'democratic', b'republican', b'federal', b'party', b'according', b'to', b'george', b'woodcock', b'these', b'translations', b'were', b'to', b'have', b'profound', b'and', b'lasting', b'effect', b'on', b'the', b'development', b'of', b'spanish', b'anarchism', b'after', b'but', b'before', b'that', b'time', b'proudhonian', b'ideas', b'as', b'interpreted', b'by', b'pi', b'already', b'provided', b'much', b'of', b'the', b'inspiration', b'for', b'the', b'federalist', b'movement', b'which', b'sprang', b'up', b'in', b'the', b'early', b'according', b'to', b'the', b'encyclop\xc3\xa6dia', b'britannica', b'during', b'the', b'spanish', b'revolution', b'of', b'pi', b'margall', b'attempted', b'to', b'establish', b'decentralised', b'or', b'cantonalist', b'political', b'system', b'on', b'proudhonian', b'lines', b'in', b'the', b'international', b'workingmen', b'association', b'sometimes', b'called', b'the', b'first', b'international', b'united', b'diverse', b'revolutionary', b'currents', b'including', b'french', b'followers', b'of', b'proudhon', b'blanquists', b'philadelphes', b'english', b'trade', b'unionists', b'socialists', b'and', b'social', b'democrats', b'due', b'to', b'its', b'links', b'to', b'active', b'workers', b'movements', b'the', b'international', b'became', b'significant', b'organisation', b'karl', b'marx', b'became', b'leading', b'figure', b'in', b'the', b'international', b'and', b'member', b'of', b'its', b'general', b'council', b'proudhon', b'followers', b'the', b'mutualists', b'opposed', b'marx', b'state', b'socialism', b'advocating', b'political', b'abstentionism', b'and', b'small', b'property', b'holdings', b'woodcock', b'also', b'reports', b'that', b'the', b'american', b'individualist', b'anarchists', b'lysander', b'spooner', b'and', b'william', b'greene', b'had', b'been', b'members', b'of', b'the', b'first', b'international', b'in', b'following', b'their', b'unsuccessful', b'participation', b'in', b'the', b'league', b'of', b'peace', b'and', b'freedom', b'lpf', b'russian', b'revolutionary', b'mikhail', b'bakunin', b'and', b'his', b'collectivist', b'anarchist', b'associates', b'joined', b'the', b'first', b'international', b'which', b'had', b'decided', b'not', b'to', b'get', b'involved', b'with', b'the', b'lpf', b'they', b'allied', b'themselves', b'with', b'the', b'federalist', b'socialist', b'sections', b'of', b'the', b'international', b'who', b'advocated', b'the', b'revolutionary', b'overthrow', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'and', b'the', b'of', b'property', b'at', b'first', b'the', b'collectivists', b'worked', b'with', b'the', b'marxists', b'to', b'push', b'the', b'first', b'international', b'in', b'more', b'revolutionary', b'socialist', b'direction', b'subsequently', b'the', b'international', b'became', b'polarised', b'into', b'two', b'camps', b'with', b'marx', b'and', b'bakunin', b'as', b'their', b'respective', b'figureheads', b'mikhail', b'bakunin', b'characterised', b'marx', b'ideas', b'as', b'centralist', b'and', b'predicted', b'that', b'if', b'marxist', b'party', b'came', b'to', b'power', b'its', b'leaders', b'would', b'simply', b'take', b'the', b'place', b'of', b'the', b'ruling', b'class', b'they', b'had', b'fought', b'against', b'anarchist', b'historian', b'george', b'woodcock', b'reports', b'that', b'the', b'annual', b'congress', b'of', b'the', b'international', b'had', b'not', b'taken', b'place', b'in', b'owing', b'to', b'the', b'outbreak', b'of', b'the', b'paris', b'commune', b'and', b'in', b'the', b'general', b'council', b'called', b'only', b'special', b'conference', b'in', b'london', b'one', b'delegate', b'was', b'able', b'to', b'attend', b'from', b'spain', b'and', b'none', b'from', b'italy', b'while', b'technical', b'excuse', b'that', b'they', b'had', b'split', b'away', b'from', b'the', b'f\xc3\xa9d\xc3\xa9ration', b'romande', b'was', b'used', b'to', b'avoid', b'inviting', b'bakunin', b'swiss', b'supporters', b'thus', b'only', b'tiny', b'minority', b'of', b'anarchists', b'was', b'present', b'and', b'the', b'general', b'council', b'resolutions', b'passed', b'almost', b'unanimously', b'most', b'of', b'them', b'were', b'clearly', b'directed', b'against', b'bakunin', b'and', b'his', b'followers', b'in', b'the', b'conflict', b'climaxed', b'with', b'final', b'split', b'between', b'the', b'two', b'groups', b'at', b'the', b'hague', b'congress', b'where', b'bakunin', b'and', b'james', b'guillaume', b'were', b'expelled', b'from', b'the', b'international', b'and', b'its', b'headquarters', b'were', b'transferred', b'to', b'new', b'york', b'in', b'response', b'the', b'federalist', b'sections', b'formed', b'their', b'own', b'international', b'at', b'the', b'st', b'imier', b'congress', b'adopting', b'revolutionary', b'anarchist', b'programme', b'the', b'paris', b'commune', b'was', b'government', b'that', b'briefly', b'ruled', b'paris', b'from', b'march', b'more', b'formally', b'from', b'march', b'to', b'may', b'the', b'commune', b'was', b'the', b'result', b'of', b'an', b'uprising', b'in', b'paris', b'after', b'france', b'was', b'defeated', b'in', b'the', b'franco', b'prussian', b'war', b'anarchists', b'participated', b'actively', b'in', b'the', b'establishment', b'of', b'the', b'paris', b'commune', b'they', b'included', b'louise', b'michel', b'the', b'reclus', b'brothers', b'and', b'eugene', b'varlin', b'the', b'latter', b'murdered', b'in', b'the', b'repression', b'afterwards', b'as', b'for', b'the', b'reforms', b'initiated', b'by', b'the', b'commune', b'such', b'as', b'the', b're', b'opening', b'of', b'workplaces', b'as', b'co', b'operatives', b'anarchists', b'can', b'see', b'their', b'ideas', b'of', b'associated', b'labour', b'beginning', b'to', b'be', b'realised', b'moreover', b'the', b'commune', b'ideas', b'on', b'federation', b'obviously', b'reflected', b'the', b'influence', b'of', b'proudhon', b'on', b'french', b'radical', b'ideas', b'indeed', b'the', b'commune', b'vision', b'of', b'communal', b'france', b'based', b'on', b'federation', b'of', b'delegates', b'bound', b'by', b'imperative', b'mandates', b'issued', b'by', b'their', b'electors', b'and', b'subject', b'to', b'recall', b'at', b'any', b'moment', b'echoes', b'bakunin', b'and', b'proudhon', b'ideas', b'proudhon', b'like', b'bakunin', b'had', b'argued', b'in', b'favour', b'of', b'the', b'implementation', b'of', b'the', b'binding', b'mandate', b'in', b'and', b'for', b'federation', b'of', b'communes', b'thus', b'both', b'economically', b'and', b'politically', b'the', b'paris', b'commune', b'was', b'heavily', b'influenced', b'by', b'anarchist', b'ideas', b'george', b'woodcock', b'states', b'organised', b'labour', b'the', b'anti', b'authoritarian', b'sections', b'of', b'the', b'first', b'international', b'were', b'the', b'precursors', b'of', b'the', b'anarcho', b'syndicalists', b'seeking', b'to', b'replace', b'the', b'privilege', b'and', b'authority', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'with', b'the', b'free', b'and', b'spontaneous', b'organization', b'of', b'labour', b'in', b'the', b'federation', b'of', b'organized', b'trades', b'and', b'labor', b'unions', b'fotlu', b'of', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'and', b'canada', b'unanimously', b'set', b'may', b'as', b'the', b'date', b'by', b'which', b'the', b'eight', b'hour', b'work', b'day', b'would', b'become', b'standard', b'sympathetic', b'engraving', b'by', b'walter', b'crane', b'of', b'the', b'executed', b'anarchists', b'of', b'chicago', b'after', b'the', b'haymarket', b'affair', b'the', b'haymarket', b'affair', b'is', b'generally', b'considered', b'the', b'most', b'significant', b'event', b'for', b'the', b'origin', b'of', b'international', b'may', b'day', b'observances', b'in', b'response', b'unions', b'across', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'prepared', b'general', b'strike', b'in', b'support', b'of', b'the', b'event', b'on', b'may', b'in', b'chicago', b'fight', b'broke', b'out', b'when', b'strikebreakers', b'attempted', b'to', b'cross', b'the', b'picket', b'line', b'and', b'two', b'workers', b'died', b'when', b'police', b'opened', b'fire', b'upon', b'the', b'crowd', b'the', b'next', b'day', b'may', b'anarchists', b'staged', b'rally', b'at', b'chicago', b'haymarket', b'square', b'bomb', b'was', b'thrown', b'by', b'an', b'unknown', b'party', b'near', b'the', b'conclusion', b'of', b'the', b'rally', b'killing', b'an', b'officer', b'in', b'the', b'ensuing', b'panic', b'police', b'opened', b'fire', b'on', b'the', b'crowd', b'and', b'each', b'other', b'seven', b'police', b'officers', b'and', b'at', b'least', b'four', b'workers', b'were', b'killed', b'eight', b'anarchists', b'directly', b'and', b'indirectly', b'related', b'to', b'the', b'organisers', b'of', b'the', b'rally', b'were', b'arrested', b'and', b'charged', b'with', b'the', b'murder', b'of', b'the', b'deceased', b'officer', b'the', b'men', b'became', b'international', b'political', b'celebrities', b'among', b'the', b'labour', b'movement', b'four', b'of', b'the', b'men', b'were', b'executed', b'and', b'fifth', b'committed', b'suicide', b'prior', b'to', b'his', b'own', b'execution', b'the', b'incident', b'became', b'known', b'as', b'the', b'haymarket', b'affair', b'and', b'was', b'setback', b'for', b'the', b'labour', b'movement', b'and', b'the', b'struggle', b'for', b'the', b'eight', b'hour', b'day', b'in', b'second', b'attempt', b'this', b'time', b'international', b'in', b'scope', b'to', b'organise', b'for', b'the', b'eight', b'hour', b'day', b'was', b'made', b'the', b'event', b'also', b'had', b'the', b'secondary', b'purpose', b'of', b'memorialising', b'workers', b'killed', b'as', b'result', b'of', b'the', b'haymarket', b'affair', b'although', b'it', b'had', b'initially', b'been', b'conceived', b'as', b'once', b'off', b'event', b'by', b'the', b'following', b'year', b'the', b'celebration', b'of', b'international', b'workers', b'day', b'on', b'may', b'day', b'had', b'become', b'firmly', b'established', b'as', b'an', b'international', b'worker', b'holiday', b'in', b'the', b'international', b'anarchist', b'congress', b'of', b'amsterdam', b'gathered', b'delegates', b'from', b'different', b'countries', b'among', b'which', b'important', b'figures', b'of', b'the', b'anarchist', b'movement', b'including', b'errico', b'malatesta', b'pierre', b'monatte', b'luigi', b'fabbri', b'beno\xc3\xaet', b'broutchoux', b'emma', b'goldman', b'rudolf', b'rocker', b'and', b'christiaan', b'cornelissen', b'various', b'themes', b'were', b'treated', b'during', b'the', b'congress', b'in', b'particular', b'concerning', b'the', b'organisation', b'of', b'the', b'anarchist', b'movement', b'popular', b'education', b'issues', b'the', b'general', b'strike', b'or', b'antimilitarism', b'central', b'debate', b'concerned', b'the', b'relation', b'between', b'anarchism', b'and', b'syndicalism', b'or', b'trade', b'unionism', b'malatesta', b'and', b'monatte', b'were', b'in', b'particular', b'disagreement', b'themselves', b'on', b'this', b'issue', b'as', b'the', b'latter', b'thought', b'that', b'syndicalism', b'was', b'revolutionary', b'and', b'would', b'create', b'the', b'conditions', b'of', b'social', b'revolution', b'while', b'malatesta', b'did', b'not', b'consider', b'syndicalism', b'by', b'itself', b'sufficient', b'he', b'thought', b'that', b'the', b'trade', b'union', b'movement', b'was', b'reformist', b'and', b'even', b'conservative', b'citing', b'as', b'essentially', b'bourgeois', b'and', b'anti', b'worker', b'the', b'phenomenon', b'of', b'professional', b'union', b'officials', b'malatesta', b'warned', b'that', b'the', b'syndicalists', b'aims', b'were', b'in', b'perpetuating', b'syndicalism', b'itself', b'whereas', b'anarchists', b'must', b'always', b'have', b'anarchy', b'as', b'their', b'end', b'and', b'consequently', b'refrain', b'from', b'committing', b'to', b'any', b'particular', b'method', b'of', b'achieving', b'it', b'the', b'spanish', b'workers', b'federation', b'in', b'was', b'the', b'first', b'major', b'anarcho', b'syndicalist', b'movement', b'anarchist', b'trade', b'union', b'federations', b'were', b'of', b'special', b'importance', b'in', b'spain', b'the', b'most', b'successful', b'was', b'the', b'confederaci\xc3\xb3n', b'nacional', b'del', b'trabajo', b'national', b'confederation', b'of', b'labour', b'cnt', b'founded', b'in', b'before', b'the', b'the', b'cnt', b'was', b'the', b'major', b'force', b'in', b'spanish', b'working', b'class', b'politics', b'attracting', b'million', b'members', b'at', b'one', b'point', b'and', b'playing', b'major', b'role', b'in', b'the', b'spanish', b'civil', b'war', b'the', b'cnt', b'was', b'affiliated', b'with', b'the', b'international', b'workers', b'association', b'federation', b'of', b'anarcho', b'syndicalist', b'trade', b'unions', b'founded', b'in', b'with', b'delegates', b'representing', b'two', b'million', b'workers', b'from', b'countries', b'in', b'europe', b'and', b'latin', b'america', b'in', b'latin', b'america', b'in', b'particular', b'the', b'anarchists', b'quickly', b'became', b'active', b'in', b'organising', b'craft', b'and', b'industrial', b'workers', b'throughout', b'south', b'and', b'central', b'america', b'and', b'until', b'the', b'early', b'most', b'of', b'the', b'trade', b'unions', b'in', b'mexico', b'brazil', b'peru', b'chile', b'and', b'argentina', b'were', b'anarcho', b'syndicalist', b'in', b'general', b'outlook', b'the', b'prestige', b'of', b'the', b'spanish', b'as', b'revolutionary', b'organisation', b'was', b'undoubtedly', b'to', b'great', b'extent', b'responsible', b'for', b'this', b'situation', b'the', b'largest', b'and', b'most', b'militant', b'of', b'these', b'organisations', b'was', b'the', b'federaci\xc3\xb3n', b'obrera', b'regional', b'argentina', b'it', b'grew', b'quickly', b'to', b'membership', b'of', b'nearly', b'quarter', b'of', b'million', b'which', b'dwarfed', b'the', b'rival', b'unions', b'propaganda', b'of', b'the', b'deed', b'and', b'illegalism', b'italian', b'american', b'anarchist', b'luigi', b'galleani', b'his', b'followers', b'known', b'as', b'galleanists', b'carried', b'out', b'series', b'of', b'bombings', b'and', b'assassination', b'attempts', b'from', b'to', b'in', b'what', b'they', b'saw', b'as', b'attacks', b'on', b'tyrants', b'and', b'enemies', b'of', b'the', b'people', b'some', b'anarchists', b'such', b'as', b'johann', b'most', b'advocated', b'publicising', b'violent', b'acts', b'of', b'retaliation', b'against', b'counter', b'revolutionaries', b'because', b'we', b'preach', b'not', b'only', b'action', b'in', b'and', b'for', b'itself', b'but', b'also', b'action', b'as', b'propaganda', b'scholars', b'such', b'as', b'beverly', b'gage', b'contend', b'that', b'this', b'was', b'not', b'advocacy', b'of', b'mass', b'murder', b'but', b'targeted', b'killings', b'of', b'members', b'of', b'the', b'ruling', b'class', b'at', b'times', b'when', b'such', b'actions', b'might', b'garner', b'sympathy', b'from', b'the', b'population', b'such', b'as', b'during', b'periods', b'of', b'heightened', b'government', b'repression', b'or', b'labor', b'conflicts', b'where', b'workers', b'were', b'killed', b'however', b'most', b'himself', b'once', b'boasted', b'that', b'the', b'existing', b'system', b'will', b'be', b'quickest', b'and', b'most', b'radically', b'overthrown', b'by', b'the', b'annihilation', b'of', b'its', b'exponents', b'therefore', b'massacres', b'of', b'the', b'enemies', b'of', b'the', b'people', b'must', b'be', b'set', b'in', b'motion', b'most', b'is', b'best', b'known', b'for', b'pamphlet', b'published', b'in', b'the', b'science', b'of', b'revolutionary', b'warfare', b'how', b'to', b'manual', b'on', b'the', b'subject', b'of', b'making', b'explosives', b'based', b'on', b'knowledge', b'he', b'acquired', b'while', b'working', b'at', b'an', b'explosives', b'plant', b'in', b'new', b'jersey', b'by', b'the', b'people', b'inside', b'and', b'outside', b'the', b'anarchist', b'movement', b'began', b'to', b'use', b'the', b'slogan', b'propaganda', b'of', b'the', b'deed', b'to', b'refer', b'to', b'individual', b'bombings', b'regicides', b'and', b'tyrannicides', b'from', b'onwards', b'the', b'russian', b'counterparts', b'of', b'these', b'anti', b'syndicalist', b'anarchist', b'communists', b'become', b'partisans', b'of', b'economic', b'terrorism', b'and', b'illegal', b'expropriations', b'illegalism', b'as', b'practice', b'emerged', b'and', b'within', b'it', b'the', b'acts', b'of', b'the', b'anarchist', b'bombers', b'and', b'assassins', b'propaganda', b'by', b'the', b'deed', b'and', b'the', b'anarchist', b'burglars', b'individual', b'reappropriation', b'expressed', b'their', b'desperation', b'and', b'their', b'personal', b'violent', b'rejection', b'of', b'an', b'intolerable', b'society', b'moreover', b'they', b'were', b'clearly', b'meant', b'to', b'be', b'exemplary', b'invitations', b'to', b'revolt', b'france', b'bonnot', b'gang', b'was', b'the', b'most', b'famous', b'group', b'to', b'embrace', b'illegalism', b'however', b'as', b'soon', b'as', b'important', b'figures', b'in', b'the', b'anarchist', b'movement', b'distanced', b'themselves', b'from', b'such', b'individual', b'acts', b'peter', b'kropotkin', b'thus', b'wrote', b'that', b'year', b'in', b'le', b'r\xc3\xa9volt\xc3\xa9', b'that', b'structure', b'based', b'on', b'centuries', b'of', b'history', b'cannot', b'be', b'destroyed', b'with', b'few', b'kilos', b'of', b'dynamite', b'variety', b'of', b'anarchists', b'advocated', b'the', b'abandonment', b'of', b'these', b'sorts', b'of', b'tactics', b'in', b'favour', b'of', b'collective', b'revolutionary', b'action', b'for', b'example', b'through', b'the', b'trade', b'union', b'movement', b'the', b'anarcho', b'syndicalist', b'fernand', b'pelloutier', b'argued', b'in', b'for', b'renewed', b'anarchist', b'involvement', b'in', b'the', b'labour', b'movement', b'on', b'the', b'basis', b'that', b'anarchism', b'could', b'do', b'very', b'well', b'without', b'the', b'individual', b'dynamiter', b'state', b'repression', b'including', b'the', b'infamous', b'french', b'lois', b'sc\xc3\xa9l\xc3\xa9rates', b'of', b'the', b'anarchist', b'and', b'labour', b'movements', b'following', b'the', b'few', b'successful', b'bombings', b'and', b'assassinations', b'may', b'have', b'contributed', b'to', b'the', b'abandonment', b'of', b'these', b'kinds', b'of', b'tactics', b'although', b'reciprocally', b'state', b'repression', b'in', b'the', b'first', b'place', b'may', b'have', b'played', b'role', b'in', b'these', b'isolated', b'acts', b'the', b'dismemberment', b'of', b'the', b'french', b'socialist', b'movement', b'into', b'many', b'groups', b'and', b'following', b'the', b'suppression', b'of', b'the', b'paris', b'commune', b'the', b'execution', b'and', b'exile', b'of', b'many', b'communards', b'to', b'penal', b'colonies', b'favoured', b'individualist', b'political', b'expression', b'and', b'acts', b'numerous', b'heads', b'of', b'state', b'were', b'assassinated', b'between', b'and', b'by', b'members', b'of', b'the', b'anarchist', b'movement', b'including', b'tsar', b'alexander', b'ii', b'of', b'russia', b'president', b'sadi', b'carnot', b'of', b'france', b'empress', b'elisabeth', b'of', b'austria', b'king', b'umberto', b'of', b'italy', b'president', b'william', b'mckinley', b'of', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'king', b'carlos', b'of', b'portugal', b'and', b'king', b'george', b'of', b'greece', b'mckinley', b'assassin', b'leon', b'czolgosz', b'claimed', b'to', b'have', b'been', b'influenced', b'by', b'anarchist', b'and', b'feminist', b'emma', b'goldman', b'propaganda', b'of', b'the', b'deed', b'was', b'abandoned', b'by', b'the', b'vast', b'majority', b'of', b'the', b'anarchist', b'movement', b'after', b'world', b'war', b'and', b'the', b'october', b'revolution', b'russian', b'revolution', b'and', b'other', b'uprisings', b'of', b'the', b'nestor', b'makhno', b'with', b'members', b'of', b'the', b'anarchist', b'revolutionary', b'insurrectionary', b'army', b'of', b'ukraine', b'anarchists', b'participated', b'alongside', b'the', b'bolsheviks', b'in', b'both', b'february', b'and', b'october', b'revolutions', b'and', b'were', b'initially', b'enthusiastic', b'about', b'the', b'bolshevik', b'revolution', b'however', b'following', b'political', b'falling', b'out', b'with', b'the', b'bolsheviks', b'by', b'the', b'anarchists', b'and', b'other', b'left', b'wing', b'opposition', b'the', b'conflict', b'culminated', b'in', b'the', b'kronstadt', b'rebellion', b'which', b'the', b'new', b'government', b'repressed', b'anarchists', b'in', b'central', b'russia', b'were', b'either', b'imprisoned', b'driven', b'underground', b'or', b'joined', b'the', b'victorious', b'bolsheviks', b'the', b'anarchists', b'from', b'petrograd', b'and', b'moscow', b'fled', b'to', b'ukraine', b'there', b'in', b'the', b'free', b'territory', b'they', b'fought', b'in', b'the', b'civil', b'war', b'against', b'the', b'whites', b'grouping', b'of', b'monarchists', b'and', b'other', b'opponents', b'of', b'the', b'october', b'revolution', b'and', b'then', b'the', b'bolsheviks', b'as', b'part', b'of', b'the', b'revolutionary', b'insurrectionary', b'army', b'of', b'ukraine', b'led', b'by', b'nestor', b'makhno', b'who', b'established', b'an', b'anarchist', b'society', b'in', b'the', b'region', b'for', b'number', b'of', b'months', b'expelled', b'american', b'anarchists', b'emma', b'goldman', b'and', b'alexander', b'berkman', b'were', b'among', b'those', b'agitating', b'in', b'response', b'to', b'bolshevik', b'policy', b'and', b'the', b'suppression', b'of', b'the', b'kronstadt', b'uprising', b'before', b'they', b'left', b'russia', b'both', b'wrote', b'accounts', b'of', b'their', b'experiences', b'in', b'russia', b'criticising', b'the', b'amount', b'of', b'control', b'the', b'bolsheviks', b'exercised', b'for', b'them', b'bakunin', b'predictions', b'about', b'the', b'consequences', b'of', b'marxist', b'rule', b'that', b'the', b'rulers', b'of', b'the', b'new', b'socialist', b'marxist', b'state', b'would', b'become', b'new', b'elite', b'had', b'proved', b'all', b'too', b'true', b'the', b'victory', b'of', b'the', b'bolsheviks', b'in', b'the', b'october', b'revolution', b'and', b'the', b'resulting', b'russian', b'civil', b'war', b'did', b'serious', b'damage', b'to', b'anarchist', b'movements', b'internationally', b'many', b'workers', b'and', b'activists', b'saw', b'bolshevik', b'success', b'as', b'setting', b'an', b'example', b'communist', b'parties', b'grew', b'at', b'the', b'expense', b'of', b'anarchism', b'and', b'other', b'socialist', b'movements', b'in', b'france', b'and', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'for', b'example', b'members', b'of', b'the', b'major', b'syndicalist', b'movements', b'of', b'the', b'cgt', b'and', b'iww', b'left', b'the', b'organisations', b'and', b'joined', b'the', b'communist', b'international', b'the', b'revolutionary', b'wave', b'of', b'saw', b'the', b'active', b'participation', b'of', b'anarchists', b'in', b'varying', b'degrees', b'of', b'protagonism', b'in', b'the', b'german', b'uprising', b'known', b'as', b'the', b'german', b'revolution', b'of', b'which', b'established', b'the', b'bavarian', b'soviet', b'republic', b'the', b'anarchists', b'gustav', b'landauer', b'silvio', b'gesell', b'and', b'erich', b'm\xc3\xbchsam', b'had', b'important', b'leadership', b'positions', b'within', b'the', b'revolutionary', b'councilist', b'structures', b'in', b'the', b'italian', b'events', b'known', b'as', b'the', b'biennio', b'rosso', b'the', b'anarcho', b'syndicalist', b'trade', b'union', b'unione', b'sindacale', b'italiana', b'grew', b'to', b'members', b'and', b'the', b'influence', b'of', b'the', b'italian', b'anarchist', b'union', b'members', b'plus', b'umanita', b'nova', b'its', b'daily', b'paper', b'grew', b'accordingly', b'anarchists', b'were', b'the', b'first', b'to', b'suggest', b'occupying', b'workplaces', b'in', b'the', b'mexican', b'revolution', b'the', b'mexican', b'liberal', b'party', b'was', b'established', b'and', b'during', b'the', b'early', b'it', b'led', b'series', b'of', b'military', b'offensives', b'leading', b'to', b'the', b'conquest', b'and', b'occupation', b'of', b'certain', b'towns', b'and', b'districts', b'in', b'baja', b'california', b'with', b'the', b'leadership', b'of', b'anarcho', b'communist', b'ricardo', b'flores', b'mag\xc3\xb3n', b'in', b'paris', b'the', b'dielo', b'truda', b'group', b'of', b'russian', b'anarchist', b'exiles', b'which', b'included', b'nestor', b'makhno', b'concluded', b'that', b'anarchists', b'needed', b'to', b'develop', b'new', b'forms', b'of', b'organisation', b'in', b'response', b'to', b'the', b'structures', b'of', b'bolshevism', b'their', b'manifesto', b'called', b'the', b'organisational', b'platform', b'of', b'the', b'general', b'union', b'of', b'anarchists', b'draft', b'was', b'supported', b'platformist', b'groups', b'active', b'today', b'include', b'the', b'workers', b'solidarity', b'movement', b'in', b'ireland', b'and', b'the', b'north', b'eastern', b'federation', b'of', b'anarchist', b'communists', b'of', b'north', b'america', b'synthesis', b'anarchism', b'emerged', b'as', b'an', b'organisational', b'alternative', b'to', b'platformism', b'that', b'tries', b'to', b'join', b'anarchists', b'of', b'different', b'tendencies', b'under', b'the', b'principles', b'of', b'anarchism', b'without', b'adjectives', b'in', b'the', b'this', b'form', b'found', b'as', b'its', b'main', b'proponents', b'volin', b'and', b'sebastien', b'faure', b'it', b'is', b'the', b'main', b'principle', b'behind', b'the', b'anarchist', b'federations', b'grouped', b'around', b'the', b'contemporary', b'global', b'international', b'of', b'anarchist', b'federations', b'conflicts', b'with', b'european', b'fascist', b'regimes', b'in', b'the', b'and', b'the', b'rise', b'of', b'fascism', b'in', b'europe', b'transformed', b'anarchism', b'conflict', b'with', b'the', b'state', b'italy', b'saw', b'the', b'first', b'struggles', b'between', b'anarchists', b'and', b'fascists', b'italian', b'anarchists', b'played', b'key', b'role', b'in', b'the', b'anti', b'fascist', b'organisation', b'arditi', b'del', b'popolo', b'which', b'was', b'strongest', b'in', b'areas', b'with', b'anarchist', b'traditions', b'and', b'achieved', b'some', b'success', b'in', b'their', b'activism', b'such', b'as', b'repelling', b'blackshirts', b'in', b'the', b'anarchist', b'stronghold', b'of', b'parma', b'in', b'august', b'the', b'veteran', b'italian', b'anarchist', b'luigi', b'fabbri', b'was', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'first', b'critical', b'theorists', b'of', b'fascism', b'describing', b'it', b'as', b'the', b'preventive', b'counter', b'revolution', b'in', b'france', b'where', b'the', b'far', b'right', b'leagues', b'came', b'close', b'to', b'insurrection', b'in', b'the', b'february', b'riots', b'anarchists', b'divided', b'over', b'united', b'front', b'policy', b'anarchists', b'in', b'france', b'and', b'italy', b'were', b'active', b'in', b'the', b'resistance', b'during', b'world', b'war', b'ii', b'in', b'germany', b'the', b'anarchist', b'erich', b'm\xc3\xbchsam', b'was', b'arrested', b'on', b'charges', b'unknown', b'in', b'the', b'early', b'morning', b'hours', b'of', b'february', b'within', b'few', b'hours', b'after', b'the', b'reichstag', b'fire', b'in', b'berlin', b'joseph', b'goebbels', b'the', b'nazi', b'propaganda', b'minister', b'labelled', b'him', b'as', b'one', b'of', b'those', b'jewish', b'subversives', b'over', b'the', b'next', b'seventeen', b'months', b'he', b'would', b'be', b'imprisoned', b'in', b'the', b'concentration', b'camps', b'at', b'sonnenburg', b'brandenburg', b'and', b'finally', b'oranienburg', b'on', b'february', b'm\xc3\xbchsam', b'was', b'transferred', b'to', b'the', b'concentration', b'camp', b'at', b'oranienburg', b'when', b'finally', b'on', b'the', b'night', b'of', b'july', b'm\xc3\xbchsam', b'was', b'tortured', b'and', b'murdered', b'by', b'the', b'guards', b'his', b'battered', b'corpse', b'found', b'hanging', b'in', b'latrine', b'the', b'next', b'morning', b'spanish', b'revolution', b'in', b'spain', b'the', b'national', b'anarcho', b'syndicalist', b'trade', b'union', b'confederaci\xc3\xb3n', b'nacional', b'del', b'trabajo', b'initially', b'refused', b'to', b'join', b'popular', b'front', b'electoral', b'alliance', b'and', b'abstention', b'by', b'cnt', b'supporters', b'led', b'to', b'right', b'wing', b'election', b'victory', b'but', b'in', b'the', b'cnt', b'changed', b'its', b'policy', b'and', b'anarchist', b'votes', b'helped', b'bring', b'the', b'popular', b'front', b'back', b'to', b'power', b'months', b'later', b'conservative', b'members', b'of', b'the', b'military', b'with', b'the', b'support', b'of', b'minority', b'extreme', b'right', b'parties', b'responded', b'with', b'an', b'attempted', b'coup', b'causing', b'the', b'spanish', b'civil', b'war', b'in', b'response', b'to', b'the', b'army', b'rebellion', b'an', b'anarchist', b'inspired', b'movement', b'of', b'peasants', b'and', b'workers', b'supported', b'by', b'armed', b'militias', b'took', b'control', b'of', b'barcelona', b'and', b'of', b'large', b'areas', b'of', b'rural', b'spain', b'where', b'they', b'collectivised', b'the', b'land', b'but', b'even', b'before', b'the', b'fascist', b'victory', b'in', b'the', b'anarchists', b'were', b'losing', b'ground', b'in', b'bitter', b'struggle', b'with', b'the', b'stalinists', b'who', b'controlled', b'much', b'of', b'the', b'distribution', b'of', b'military', b'aid', b'to', b'the', b'republican', b'cause', b'from', b'the', b'soviet', b'union', b'according', b'to', b'noam', b'chomsky', b'the', b'communists', b'were', b'mainly', b'responsible', b'for', b'the', b'destruction', b'of', b'the', b'spanish', b'anarchists', b'not', b'just', b'in', b'catalonia', b'the', b'communist', b'armies', b'mainly', b'destroyed', b'the', b'collectives', b'elsewhere', b'the', b'communists', b'basically', b'acted', b'as', b'the', b'police', b'force', b'of', b'the', b'security', b'system', b'of', b'the', b'republic', b'and', b'were', b'very', b'much', b'opposed', b'to', b'the', b'anarchists', b'partially', b'because', b'stalin', b'still', b'hoped', b'at', b'that', b'time', b'to', b'have', b'some', b'kind', b'of', b'pact', b'with', b'western', b'countries', b'against', b'hitler', b'that', b'of', b'course', b'failed', b'and', b'stalin', b'withdrew', b'the', b'support', b'to', b'the', b'republic', b'they', b'even', b'withdrew', b'the', b'spanish', b'gold', b'reserves', b'the', b'events', b'known', b'as', b'the', b'spanish', b'revolution', b'was', b'workers', b'social', b'revolution', b'that', b'began', b'during', b'the', b'outbreak', b'of', b'the', b'spanish', b'civil', b'war', b'in', b'and', b'resulted', b'in', b'the', b'widespread', b'implementation', b'of', b'anarchist', b'and', b'more', b'broadly', b'libertarian', b'socialist', b'organisational', b'principles', b'throughout', b'various', b'portions', b'of', b'the', b'country', b'for', b'two', b'to', b'three', b'years', b'primarily', b'catalonia', b'aragon', b'andalusia', b'and', b'parts', b'of', b'the', b'levante', b'much', b'of', b'spain', b'economy', b'was', b'put', b'under', b'worker', b'control', b'in', b'anarchist', b'strongholds', b'like', b'catalonia', b'the', b'figure', b'was', b'as', b'high', b'as', b'but', b'lower', b'in', b'areas', b'with', b'heavy', b'communist', b'party', b'of', b'spain', b'influence', b'as', b'the', b'soviet', b'allied', b'party', b'actively', b'resisted', b'attempts', b'at', b'enactment', b'factories', b'were', b'run', b'through', b'worker', b'committees', b'agrarian', b'areas', b'became', b'collectivised', b'and', b'run', b'as', b'libertarian', b'communes', b'anarchist', b'historian', b'sam', b'dolgoff', b'estimated', b'that', b'about', b'eight', b'million', b'people', b'participated', b'directly', b'or', b'at', b'least', b'indirectly', b'in', b'the', b'spanish', b'revolution', b'which', b'he', b'claimed', b'came', b'closer', b'to', b'realising', b'the', b'ideal', b'of', b'the', b'free', b'stateless', b'society', b'on', b'vast', b'scale', b'than', b'any', b'other', b'revolution', b'in', b'history', b'spanish', b'communist', b'party', b'led', b'troops', b'suppressed', b'the', b'collectives', b'and', b'persecuted', b'both', b'dissident', b'marxists', b'and', b'anarchists', b'the', b'prominent', b'italian', b'anarchist', b'camillo', b'berneri', b'who', b'volunteered', b'to', b'fight', b'against', b'franco', b'was', b'killed', b'instead', b'in', b'spain', b'by', b'gunmen', b'associated', b'with', b'the', b'spanish', b'communist', b'party', b'the', b'city', b'of', b'madrid', b'was', b'turned', b'over', b'to', b'the', b'francoist', b'forces', b'by', b'the', b'last', b'non', b'francoist', b'mayor', b'of', b'the', b'city', b'the', b'anarchist', b'melchor', b'rodr\xc3\xadguez', b'garc\xc3\xada', b'post', b'war', b'years', b'anarchism', b'sought', b'to', b'reorganise', b'itself', b'after', b'the', b'war', b'and', b'in', b'this', b'context', b'the', b'organisational', b'debate', b'between', b'synthesis', b'anarchism', b'and', b'platformism', b'took', b'importance', b'once', b'again', b'especially', b'in', b'the', b'anarchist', b'movements', b'of', b'italy', b'and', b'france', b'the', b'mexican', b'anarchist', b'federation', b'was', b'established', b'in', b'after', b'the', b'anarchist', b'federation', b'of', b'the', b'centre', b'united', b'with', b'the', b'anarchist', b'federation', b'of', b'the', b'federal', b'district', b'in', b'the', b'early', b'the', b'antifascist', b'international', b'solidarity', b'and', b'the', b'federation', b'of', b'anarchist', b'groups', b'of', b'cuba', b'merged', b'into', b'the', b'large', b'national', b'organisation', b'asociaci\xc3\xb3n', b'libertaria', b'de', b'cuba', b'cuban', b'libertarian', b'association', b'from', b'to', b'the', b'bulgarian', b'anarchist', b'communist', b'federation', b'reemerged', b'as', b'part', b'of', b'factory', b'and', b'workplace', b'committee', b'movement', b'but', b'was', b'repressed', b'by', b'the', b'new', b'communist', b'regime', b'in', b'in', b'france', b'the', b'f\xc3\xa9d\xc3\xa9ration', b'anarchiste', b'and', b'the', b'trade', b'union', b'conf\xc3\xa9d\xc3\xa9ration', b'nationale', b'du', b'travail', b'was', b'established', b'in', b'the', b'next', b'year', b'while', b'the', b'also', b'synthesist', b'federazione', b'anarchica', b'italiana', b'was', b'founded', b'in', b'italy', b'korean', b'anarchists', b'formed', b'the', b'league', b'of', b'free', b'social', b'constructors', b'in', b'september', b'and', b'in', b'the', b'japanese', b'anarchist', b'federation', b'was', b'founded', b'an', b'international', b'anarchist', b'congress', b'with', b'delegates', b'from', b'across', b'europe', b'was', b'held', b'in', b'paris', b'in', b'may', b'after', b'world', b'war', b'ii', b'an', b'appeal', b'in', b'the', b'fraye', b'arbeter', b'shtime', b'detailing', b'the', b'plight', b'of', b'german', b'anarchists', b'and', b'called', b'for', b'americans', b'to', b'support', b'them', b'by', b'february', b'the', b'sending', b'of', b'aid', b'parcels', b'to', b'anarchists', b'in', b'germany', b'was', b'large', b'scale', b'operation', b'the', b'federation', b'of', b'libertarian', b'socialists', b'was', b'founded', b'in', b'germany', b'in', b'and', b'rudolf', b'rocker', b'wrote', b'for', b'its', b'organ', b'die', b'freie', b'gesellschaft', b'which', b'survived', b'until', b'in', b'the', b'uruguayan', b'anarchist', b'federation', b'was', b'founded', b'in', b'the', b'anarcho', b'communist', b'federation', b'of', b'argentina', b'renamed', b'itself', b'as', b'the', b'argentine', b'libertarian', b'federation', b'the', b'syndicalist', b'workers', b'federation', b'was', b'syndicalist', b'group', b'in', b'active', b'in', b'post', b'war', b'britain', b'and', b'one', b'of', b'solidarity', b'federation', b'earliest', b'predecessors', b'it', b'was', b'formed', b'in', b'by', b'members', b'of', b'the', b'dissolved', b'anarchist', b'federation', b'of', b'britain', b'unlike', b'the', b'afb', b'which', b'was', b'influenced', b'by', b'anarcho', b'syndicalist', b'ideas', b'but', b'ultimately', b'not', b'syndicalist', b'itself', b'the', b'swf', b'decided', b'to', b'pursue', b'more', b'definitely', b'syndicalist', b'worker', b'centred', b'strategy', b'from', b'the', b'outset', b'anarchism', b'continued', b'to', b'influence', b'important', b'literary', b'and', b'intellectual', b'personalities', b'of', b'the', b'time', b'such', b'as', b'albert', b'camus', b'herbert', b'read', b'paul', b'goodman', b'dwight', b'macdonald', b'allen', b'ginsberg', b'george', b'woodcock', b'leopold', b'kohr', b'julian', b'beck', b'john', b'cage', b'and', b'the', b'french', b'surrealist', b'group', b'led', b'by', b'andr\xc3\xa9', b'breton', b'which', b'now', b'openly', b'embraced', b'anarchism', b'and', b'collaborated', b'in', b'the', b'f\xc3\xa9d\xc3\xa9ration', b'anarchiste', b'anarcho', b'pacifism', b'became', b'influential', b'in', b'the', b'anti', b'nuclear', b'movement', b'and', b'anti', b'war', b'movements', b'of', b'the', b'time', b'as', b'can', b'be', b'seen', b'in', b'the', b'activism', b'and', b'writings', b'of', b'the', b'english', b'anarchist', b'member', b'of', b'campaign', b'for', b'nuclear', b'disarmament', b'alex', b'comfort', b'or', b'the', b'similar', b'activism', b'of', b'the', b'american', b'catholic', b'anarcho', b'pacifists', b'ammon', b'hennacy', b'and', b'dorothy', b'day', b'anarcho', b'pacifism', b'became', b'basis', b'for', b'critique', b'of', b'militarism', b'on', b'both', b'sides', b'of', b'the', b'cold', b'war', b'the', b'resurgence', b'of', b'anarchist', b'ideas', b'during', b'this', b'period', b'is', b'well', b'documented', b'in', b'robert', b'graham', b'anarchism', b'documentary', b'history', b'of', b'libertarian', b'ideas', b'volume', b'two', b'the', b'emergence', b'of', b'the', b'new', b'anarchism', b'contemporary', b'anarchism', b'squat', b'near', b'parc', b'g\xc3\xbcell', b'overlooking', b'barcelona', b'squatting', b'was', b'prominent', b'part', b'of', b'the', b'emergence', b'of', b'renewed', b'anarchist', b'movement', b'from', b'the', b'counterculture', b'of', b'the', b'and', b'on', b'the', b'roof', b'occupy', b'and', b'resist', b'surge', b'of', b'popular', b'interest', b'in', b'anarchism', b'occurred', b'in', b'western', b'nations', b'during', b'the', b'and', b'anarchism', b'was', b'influential', b'in', b'the', b'counterculture', b'of', b'the', b'and', b'anarchists', b'actively', b'participated', b'in', b'the', b'late', b'sixties', b'students', b'and', b'workers', b'revolts', b'in', b'in', b'carrara', b'italy', b'the', b'international', b'of', b'anarchist', b'federations', b'was', b'founded', b'during', b'an', b'international', b'anarchist', b'conference', b'held', b'there', b'in', b'by', b'the', b'three', b'existing', b'european', b'federations', b'of', b'france', b'the', b'f\xc3\xa9d\xc3\xa9ration', b'anarchiste', b'the', b'federazione', b'anarchica', b'italiana', b'of', b'italy', b'and', b'the', b'iberian', b'anarchist', b'federation', b'as', b'well', b'as', b'the', b'bulgarian', b'federation', b'in', b'french', b'exile', b'in', b'the', b'united', b'kingdom', b'in', b'the', b'this', b'was', b'associated', b'with', b'the', b'punk', b'rock', b'movement', b'as', b'exemplified', b'by', b'bands', b'such', b'as', b'crass', b'and', b'the', b'sex', b'pistols', b'the', b'housing', b'and', b'employment', b'crisis', b'in', b'most', b'of', b'western', b'europe', b'led', b'to', b'the', b'formation', b'of', b'communes', b'and', b'squatter', b'movements', b'like', b'that', b'of', b'barcelona', b'spain', b'in', b'denmark', b'squatters', b'occupied', b'disused', b'military', b'base', b'and', b'declared', b'the', b'freetown', b'christiania', b'an', b'autonomous', b'haven', b'in', b'central', b'copenhagen', b'since', b'the', b'revival', b'of', b'anarchism', b'in', b'the', b'mid', b'th', b'century', b'number', b'of', b'new', b'movements', b'and', b'schools', b'of', b'thought', b'emerged', b'although', b'feminist', b'tendencies', b'have', b'always', b'been', b'part', b'of', b'the', b'anarchist', b'movement', b'in', b'the', b'form', b'of', b'anarcha', b'feminism', b'they', b'returned', b'with', b'vigour', b'during', b'the', b'second', b'wave', b'of', b'feminism', b'in', b'the', b'anarchist', b'anthropologist', b'david', b'graeber', b'and', b'anarchist', b'historian', b'andrej', b'grubacic', b'have', b'posited', b'rupture', b'between', b'generations', b'of', b'anarchism', b'with', b'those', b'who', b'often', b'still', b'have', b'not', b'shaken', b'the', b'sectarian', b'habits', b'of', b'the', b'th', b'century', b'contrasted', b'with', b'the', b'younger', b'activists', b'who', b'are', b'much', b'more', b'informed', b'among', b'other', b'elements', b'by', b'indigenous', b'feminist', b'ecological', b'and', b'cultural', b'critical', b'ideas', b'and', b'who', b'by', b'the', b'turn', b'of', b'the', b'st', b'century', b'formed', b'by', b'far', b'the', b'majority', b'of', b'anarchists', b'around', b'the', b'turn', b'of', b'the', b'st', b'century', b'anarchism', b'grew', b'in', b'popularity', b'and', b'influence', b'as', b'part', b'of', b'the', b'anti', b'war', b'anti', b'capitalist', b'and', b'anti', b'globalisation', b'movements', b'anarchists', b'became', b'known', b'for', b'their', b'involvement', b'in', b'protests', b'against', b'the', b'meetings', b'of', b'the', b'world', b'trade', b'organization', b'wto', b'group', b'of', b'eight', b'and', b'the', b'world', b'economic', b'forum', b'some', b'anarchist', b'factions', b'at', b'these', b'protests', b'engaged', b'in', b'rioting', b'property', b'destruction', b'and', b'violent', b'confrontations', b'with', b'police', b'these', b'actions', b'were', b'precipitated', b'by', b'ad', b'hoc', b'leaderless', b'anonymous', b'cadres', b'known', b'as', b'black', b'blocs', b'other', b'organisational', b'tactics', b'pioneered', b'in', b'this', b'time', b'include', b'security', b'culture', b'affinity', b'groups', b'and', b'the', b'use', b'of', b'decentralised', b'technologies', b'such', b'as', b'the', b'internet', b'significant', b'event', b'of', b'this', b'period', b'was', b'the', b'confrontations', b'at', b'wto', b'conference', b'in', b'seattle', b'in', b'according', b'to', b'anarchist', b'scholar', b'simon', b'critchley', b'contemporary', b'anarchism', b'can', b'be', b'seen', b'as', b'powerful', b'critique', b'of', b'the', b'pseudo', b'libertarianism', b'of', b'contemporary', b'neo', b'liberalism', b'one', b'might', b'say', b'that', b'contemporary', b'anarchism', b'is', b'about', b'responsibility', b'whether', b'sexual', b'ecological', b'or', b'socio', b'economic', b'it', b'flows', b'from', b'an', b'experience', b'of', b'conscience', b'about', b'the', b'manifold', b'ways', b'in', b'which', b'the', b'west', b'ravages', b'the', b'rest', b'it', b'is', b'an', b'ethical', b'outrage', b'at', b'the', b'yawning', b'inequality', b'impoverishment', b'and', b'that', b'is', b'so', b'palpable', b'locally', b'and', b'globally', b'international', b'anarchist', b'federations', b'in', b'existence', b'include', b'the', b'international', b'of', b'anarchist', b'federations', b'the', b'international', b'workers', b'association', b'and', b'international', b'libertarian', b'solidarity', b'the', b'largest', b'organised', b'anarchist', b'movement', b'today', b'is', b'in', b'spain', b'in', b'the', b'form', b'of', b'the', b'confederaci\xc3\xb3n', b'general', b'del', b'trabajo', b'cgt', b'and', b'the', b'cnt', b'cgt', b'membership', b'was', b'estimated', b'at', b'around', b'for', b'other', b'active', b'syndicalist', b'movements', b'include', b'in', b'sweden', b'the', b'central', b'organisation', b'of', b'the', b'workers', b'of', b'sweden', b'and', b'the', b'swedish', b'anarcho', b'syndicalist', b'youth', b'federation', b'the', b'cnt', b'ait', b'in', b'france', b'the', b'unione', b'sindicale', b'italiana', b'in', b'italy', b'in', b'the', b'us', b'workers', b'solidarity', b'alliance', b'and', b'the', b'uk', b'solidarity', b'federation', b'and', b'anarchist', b'federation', b'the', b'revolutionary', b'industrial', b'unionist', b'industrial', b'workers', b'of', b'the', b'world', b'claiming', b'paying', b'members', b'and', b'the', b'international', b'workers', b'association', b'an', b'anarcho', b'syndicalist', b'successor', b'to', b'the', b'first', b'international', b'also', b'remain', b'active', b'anarchist', b'schools', b'of', b'thought', b'portrait', b'of', b'philosopher', b'pierre', b'joseph', b'proudhon', b'by', b'gustave', b'courbet', b'proudhon', b'was', b'the', b'primary', b'proponent', b'of', b'anarchist', b'mutualism', b'and', b'influenced', b'many', b'later', b'individualist', b'anarchist', b'and', b'social', b'anarchist', b'thinkers', b'anarchist', b'schools', b'of', b'thought', b'had', b'been', b'generally', b'grouped', b'in', b'two', b'main', b'historical', b'traditions', b'individualist', b'anarchism', b'and', b'social', b'anarchism', b'which', b'have', b'some', b'different', b'origins', b'values', b'and', b'evolution', b'the', b'individualist', b'wing', b'of', b'anarchism', b'emphasises', b'negative', b'liberty', b'opposition', b'to', b'state', b'or', b'social', b'control', b'over', b'the', b'individual', b'while', b'those', b'in', b'the', b'social', b'wing', b'emphasise', b'positive', b'liberty', b'to', b'achieve', b'one', b'potential', b'and', b'argue', b'that', b'humans', b'have', b'needs', b'that', b'society', b'ought', b'to', b'fulfil', b'recognising', b'equality', b'of', b'entitlement', b'in', b'chronological', b'and', b'theoretical', b'sense', b'there', b'are', b'classical', b'those', b'created', b'throughout', b'the', b'th', b'century', b'and', b'post', b'classical', b'anarchist', b'schools', b'those', b'created', b'since', b'the', b'mid', b'th', b'century', b'and', b'after', b'beyond', b'the', b'specific', b'factions', b'of', b'anarchist', b'thought', b'is', b'philosophical', b'anarchism', b'which', b'embodies', b'the', b'theoretical', b'stance', b'that', b'the', b'state', b'lacks', b'moral', b'legitimacy', b'without', b'accepting', b'the', b'imperative', b'of', b'revolution', b'to', b'eliminate', b'it', b'component', b'especially', b'of', b'individualist', b'anarchism', b'philosophical', b'anarchism', b'may', b'accept', b'the', b'existence', b'of', b'minimal', b'state', b'as', b'unfortunate', b'and', b'usually', b'temporary', b'necessary', b'evil', b'but', b'argue', b'that', b'citizens', b'do', b'not', b'have', b'moral', b'obligation', b'to', b'obey', b'the', b'state', b'when', b'its', b'laws', b'conflict', b'with', b'individual', b'autonomy', b'one', b'reaction', b'against', b'sectarianism', b'within', b'the', b'anarchist', b'milieu', b'was', b'anarchism', b'without', b'adjectives', b'call', b'for', b'toleration', b'first', b'adopted', b'by', b'fernando', b'tarrida', b'del', b'm\xc3\xa1rmol', b'in', b'in', b'response', b'to', b'the', b'bitter', b'debates', b'of', b'anarchist', b'theory', b'at', b'the', b'time', b'in', b'abandoning', b'the', b'hyphenated', b'anarchisms', b'collectivist', b'communist', b'mutualist', b'and', b'individualist', b'anarchism', b'it', b'sought', b'to', b'emphasise', b'the', b'anti', b'authoritarian', b'beliefs', b'common', b'to', b'all', b'anarchist', b'schools', b'of', b'thought', b'classical', b'anarchist', b'schools', b'of', b'thought', b'mutualism', b'mutualism', b'began', b'in', b'th', b'century', b'english', b'and', b'french', b'labour', b'movements', b'before', b'taking', b'an', b'anarchist', b'form', b'associated', b'with', b'pierre', b'joseph', b'proudhon', b'in', b'france', b'and', b'others', b'in', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'proudhon', b'proposed', b'spontaneous', b'order', b'whereby', b'organisation', b'emerges', b'without', b'central', b'authority', b'positive', b'anarchy', b'where', b'order', b'arises', b'when', b'everybody', b'does', b'what', b'he', b'wishes', b'and', b'only', b'what', b'he', b'wishes', b'and', b'where', b'business', b'transactions', b'alone', b'produce', b'the', b'social', b'order', b'proudhon', b'distinguished', b'between', b'ideal', b'political', b'possibilities', b'and', b'practical', b'governance', b'for', b'this', b'reason', b'much', b'in', b'contrast', b'to', b'some', b'of', b'his', b'theoretical', b'statements', b'concerning', b'ultimate', b'spontaneous', b'self', b'governance', b'proudhon', b'was', b'heavily', b'involved', b'in', b'french', b'parliamentary', b'politics', b'and', b'allied', b'himself', b'not', b'with', b'anarchist', b'but', b'socialist', b'factions', b'of', b'workers', b'movements', b'and', b'in', b'addition', b'to', b'advocating', b'state', b'protected', b'charters', b'for', b'worker', b'owned', b'cooperatives', b'promoted', b'certain', b'nationalisation', b'schemes', b'during', b'his', b'life', b'of', b'public', b'service', b'mutualist', b'anarchism', b'is', b'concerned', b'with', b'reciprocity', b'free', b'association', b'voluntary', b'contract', b'federation', b'and', b'credit', b'and', b'currency', b'reform', b'according', b'to', b'the', b'american', b'mutualist', b'william', b'batchelder', b'greene', b'each', b'worker', b'in', b'the', b'mutualist', b'system', b'would', b'receive', b'just', b'and', b'exact', b'pay', b'for', b'his', b'work', b'services', b'equivalent', b'in', b'cost', b'being', b'exchangeable', b'for', b'services', b'equivalent', b'in', b'cost', b'without', b'profit', b'or', b'discount', b'mutualism', b'has', b'been', b'retrospectively', b'characterised', b'as', b'ideologically', b'situated', b'between', b'individualist', b'and', b'collectivist', b'forms', b'of', b'anarchism', b'blackwell', b'encyclopaedia', b'of', b'political', b'thought', b'blackwell', b'publishing', b'isbn', b'proudhon', b'first', b'characterised', b'his', b'goal', b'as', b'third', b'form', b'of', b'society', b'the', b'synthesis', b'of', b'communism', b'and', b'property', b'individualist', b'anarchism', b'individualist', b'anarchism', b'refers', b'to', b'several', b'traditions', b'of', b'thought', b'within', b'the', b'anarchist', b'movement', b'that', b'emphasise', b'the', b'individual', b'and', b'their', b'will', b'over', b'any', b'kinds', b'of', b'external', b'determinants', b'such', b'as', b'groups', b'society', b'traditions', b'and', b'ideological', b'systems', b'individualist', b'anarchism', b'is', b'not', b'single', b'philosophy', b'but', b'refers', b'to', b'group', b'of', b'individualistic', b'philosophies', b'that', b'sometimes', b'are', b'in', b'conflict', b'in', b'william', b'godwin', b'who', b'has', b'often', b'been', b'cited', b'as', b'the', b'first', b'anarchist', b'wrote', b'political', b'justice', b'which', b'some', b'consider', b'the', b'first', b'expression', b'of', b'anarchism', b'godwin', b'philosophical', b'anarchist', b'from', b'rationalist', b'and', b'utilitarian', b'basis', b'opposed', b'revolutionary', b'action', b'and', b'saw', b'minimal', b'state', b'as', b'present', b'necessary', b'evil', b'that', b'would', b'become', b'increasingly', b'irrelevant', b'and', b'powerless', b'by', b'the', b'gradual', b'spread', b'of', b'knowledge', b'godwin', b'advocated', b'individualism', b'proposing', b'that', b'all', b'cooperation', b'in', b'labour', b'be', b'eliminated', b'on', b'the', b'premise', b'that', b'this', b'would', b'be', b'most', b'conducive', b'with', b'the', b'general', b'good', b'th', b'century', b'philosopher', b'max', b'stirner', b'usually', b'considered', b'prominent', b'early', b'individualist', b'anarchist', b'sketch', b'by', b'friedrich', b'engels', b'an', b'influential', b'form', b'of', b'individualist', b'anarchism', b'called', b'egoism', b'or', b'egoist', b'anarchism', b'was', b'expounded', b'by', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'earliest', b'and', b'best', b'known', b'proponents', b'of', b'individualist', b'anarchism', b'the', b'german', b'max', b'stirner', b'stirner', b'the', b'ego', b'and', b'its', b'own', b'published', b'in', b'is', b'founding', b'text', b'of', b'the', b'philosophy', b'according', b'to', b'stirner', b'the', b'only', b'limitation', b'on', b'the', b'rights', b'of', b'individuals', b'is', b'their', b'power', b'to', b'obtain', b'what', b'they', b'desire', b'without', b'regard', b'for', b'god', b'state', b'or', b'morality', b'to', b'stirner', b'rights', b'were', b'spooks', b'in', b'the', b'mind', b'and', b'he', b'held', b'that', b'society', b'does', b'not', b'exist', b'but', b'the', b'individuals', b'are', b'its', b'reality', b'stirner', b'advocated', b'self', b'assertion', b'and', b'foresaw', b'unions', b'of', b'egoists', b'non', b'systematic', b'associations', b'continually', b'renewed', b'by', b'all', b'parties', b'support', b'through', b'an', b'act', b'of', b'will', b'which', b'stirner', b'proposed', b'as', b'form', b'of', b'organisation', b'in', b'place', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'egoist', b'anarchists', b'argue', b'that', b'egoism', b'will', b'foster', b'genuine', b'and', b'spontaneous', b'union', b'between', b'individuals', b'egoism', b'has', b'inspired', b'many', b'interpretations', b'of', b'stirner', b'philosophy', b'it', b'was', b're', b'discovered', b'and', b'promoted', b'by', b'german', b'philosophical', b'anarchist', b'and', b'homosexual', b'activist', b'john', b'henry', b'mackay', b'josiah', b'warren', b'is', b'widely', b'regarded', b'as', b'the', b'first', b'american', b'anarchist', b'and', b'the', b'four', b'page', b'weekly', b'paper', b'he', b'edited', b'during', b'the', b'peaceful', b'revolutionist', b'was', b'the', b'first', b'anarchist', b'periodical', b'published', b'for', b'american', b'anarchist', b'historian', b'eunice', b'minette', b'schuster', b'it', b'is', b'apparent', b'that', b'proudhonian', b'anarchism', b'was', b'to', b'be', b'found', b'in', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'at', b'least', b'as', b'early', b'as', b'and', b'that', b'it', b'was', b'not', b'conscious', b'of', b'its', b'affinity', b'to', b'the', b'individualist', b'anarchism', b'of', b'josiah', b'warren', b'and', b'stephen', b'pearl', b'andrews', b'william', b'greene', b'presented', b'this', b'proudhonian', b'mutualism', b'in', b'its', b'purest', b'and', b'most', b'systematic', b'form', b'henry', b'david', b'thoreau', b'was', b'an', b'important', b'early', b'influence', b'in', b'individualist', b'anarchist', b'thought', b'in', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'and', b'europe', b'thoreau', b'was', b'an', b'american', b'author', b'poet', b'naturalist', b'tax', b'resister', b'development', b'critic', b'surveyor', b'historian', b'philosopher', b'and', b'leading', b'he', b'is', b'best', b'known', b'for', b'his', b'books', b'walden', b'reflection', b'upon', b'simple', b'living', b'in', b'natural', b'surroundings', b'and', b'his', b'essay', b'civil', b'disobedience', b'an', b'argument', b'for', b'individual', b'resistance', b'to', b'civil', b'government', b'in', b'moral', b'opposition', b'to', b'an', b'unjust', b'state', b'later', b'benjamin', b'tucker', b'fused', b'stirner', b'egoism', b'with', b'the', b'economics', b'of', b'warren', b'and', b'proudhon', b'in', b'his', b'eclectic', b'influential', b'publication', b'liberty', b'from', b'these', b'early', b'influences', b'individualist', b'anarchism', b'in', b'different', b'countries', b'attracted', b'small', b'but', b'diverse', b'following', b'of', b'bohemian', b'artists', b'and', b'intellectuals', b'free', b'love', b'and', b'birth', b'control', b'advocates', b'see', b'anarchism', b'and', b'issues', b'related', b'to', b'love', b'and', b'sex', b'individualist', b'naturists', b'nudists', b'see', b'anarcho', b'naturism', b'freethought', b'and', b'anti', b'clerical', b'activists', b'as', b'well', b'as', b'young', b'anarchist', b'outlaws', b'in', b'what', b'became', b'known', b'as', b'illegalism', b'and', b'individual', b'reclamation', b'see', b'european', b'individualist', b'anarchism', b'and', b'individualist', b'anarchism', b'in', b'france', b'these', b'authors', b'and', b'activists', b'included', b'oscar', b'wilde', b'emile', b'armand', b'han', b'ryner', b'henri', b'zisly', b'renzo', b'novatore', b'miguel', b'gimenez', b'igualada', b'adolf', b'brand', b'and', b'lev', b'chernyi', b'among', b'others', b'social', b'anarchism', b'social', b'anarchism', b'calls', b'for', b'system', b'with', b'common', b'ownership', b'of', b'means', b'of', b'production', b'and', b'democratic', b'control', b'of', b'all', b'organisations', b'without', b'any', b'government', b'authority', b'or', b'coercion', b'it', b'is', b'the', b'largest', b'school', b'of', b'thought', b'in', b'anarchism', b'social', b'anarchism', b'rejects', b'private', b'property', b'seeing', b'it', b'as', b'source', b'of', b'social', b'inequality', b'while', b'retaining', b'respect', b'for', b'personal', b'property', b'and', b'emphasises', b'cooperation', b'and', b'mutual', b'aid', b'collectivist', b'anarchism', b'collectivist', b'anarchism', b'also', b'referred', b'to', b'as', b'revolutionary', b'socialism', b'or', b'form', b'of', b'such', b'is', b'revolutionary', b'form', b'of', b'anarchism', b'commonly', b'associated', b'with', b'mikhail', b'bakunin', b'and', b'johann', b'most', b'collectivist', b'anarchists', b'oppose', b'all', b'private', b'ownership', b'of', b'the', b'means', b'of', b'production', b'instead', b'advocating', b'that', b'ownership', b'be', b'collectivised', b'this', b'was', b'to', b'be', b'achieved', b'through', b'violent', b'revolution', b'first', b'starting', b'with', b'small', b'cohesive', b'group', b'through', b'acts', b'of', b'violence', b'or', b'propaganda', b'by', b'the', b'deed', b'which', b'would', b'inspire', b'the', b'workers', b'as', b'whole', b'to', b'revolt', b'and', b'forcibly', b'collectivise', b'the', b'means', b'of', b'production', b'however', b'was', b'not', b'to', b'be', b'extended', b'to', b'the', b'distribution', b'of', b'income', b'as', b'workers', b'would', b'be', b'paid', b'according', b'to', b'time', b'worked', b'rather', b'than', b'receiving', b'goods', b'being', b'distributed', b'according', b'to', b'need', b'as', b'in', b'anarcho', b'communism', b'this', b'position', b'was', b'criticised', b'by', b'anarchist', b'communists', b'as', b'effectively', b'upholding', b'the', b'wages', b'system', b'collectivist', b'anarchism', b'arose', b'with', b'marxism', b'but', b'opposed', b'the', b'marxist', b'dictatorship', b'of', b'the', b'proletariat', b'despite', b'the', b'stated', b'marxist', b'goal', b'of', b'collectivist', b'stateless', b'society', b'anarchist', b'communist', b'and', b'collectivist', b'ideas', b'are', b'not', b'mutually', b'exclusive', b'although', b'the', b'collectivist', b'anarchists', b'advocated', b'compensation', b'for', b'labour', b'some', b'held', b'out', b'the', b'possibility', b'of', b'post', b'revolutionary', b'transition', b'to', b'communist', b'system', b'of', b'distribution', b'according', b'to', b'need', b'anarcho', b'communism', b'anarchist', b'communism', b'also', b'known', b'as', b'anarcho', b'communism', b'libertarian', b'communism', b'and', b'occasionally', b'as', b'free', b'communism', b'is', b'theory', b'of', b'anarchism', b'that', b'advocates', b'abolition', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'markets', b'money', b'private', b'property', b'while', b'retaining', b'respect', b'for', b'personal', b'property', b'and', b'capitalism', b'in', b'favour', b'of', b'common', b'ownership', b'of', b'the', b'means', b'of', b'production', b'direct', b'democracy', b'and', b'horizontal', b'network', b'of', b'voluntary', b'associations', b'and', b'workers', b'councils', b'with', b'production', b'and', b'consumption', b'based', b'on', b'the', b'guiding', b'principle', b'from', b'each', b'according', b'to', b'his', b'ability', b'to', b'each', b'according', b'to', b'his', b'need', b'russian', b'theorist', b'peter', b'kropotkin', b'who', b'was', b'influential', b'in', b'the', b'development', b'of', b'anarchist', b'communism', b'some', b'forms', b'of', b'anarchist', b'communism', b'such', b'as', b'insurrectionary', b'anarchism', b'are', b'strongly', b'influenced', b'by', b'egoism', b'and', b'radical', b'individualism', b'believing', b'anarcho', b'communism', b'is', b'the', b'best', b'social', b'system', b'for', b'the', b'realisation', b'of', b'individual', b'freedom', b'most', b'anarcho', b'communists', b'view', b'anarcho', b'communism', b'as', b'way', b'of', b'reconciling', b'the', b'opposition', b'between', b'the', b'individual', b'and', b'society', b'anarcho', b'communism', b'developed', b'out', b'of', b'radical', b'socialist', b'currents', b'after', b'the', b'french', b'revolution', b'but', b'was', b'first', b'formulated', b'as', b'such', b'in', b'the', b'italian', b'section', b'of', b'the', b'first', b'international', b'the', b'theoretical', b'work', b'of', b'peter', b'kropotkin', b'took', b'importance', b'later', b'as', b'it', b'expanded', b'and', b'developed', b'pro', b'and', b'insurrectionary', b'anti', b'sections', b'to', b'date', b'the', b'best', b'known', b'examples', b'of', b'an', b'anarchist', b'communist', b'society', b'established', b'around', b'the', b'ideas', b'as', b'they', b'exist', b'today', b'and', b'achieving', b'worldwide', b'attention', b'and', b'knowledge', b'in', b'the', b'historical', b'canon', b'are', b'the', b'anarchist', b'territories', b'during', b'the', b'spanish', b'revolution', b'and', b'the', b'free', b'territory', b'during', b'the', b'russian', b'revolution', b'through', b'the', b'efforts', b'and', b'influence', b'of', b'the', b'spanish', b'anarchists', b'during', b'the', b'spanish', b'revolution', b'within', b'the', b'spanish', b'civil', b'war', b'starting', b'in', b'anarchist', b'communism', b'existed', b'in', b'most', b'of', b'aragon', b'parts', b'of', b'the', b'levante', b'and', b'andalusia', b'as', b'well', b'as', b'in', b'the', b'stronghold', b'of', b'anarchist', b'catalonia', b'before', b'being', b'crushed', b'by', b'the', b'combined', b'forces', b'of', b'the', b'regime', b'that', b'won', b'the', b'war', b'hitler', b'mussolini', b'spanish', b'communist', b'party', b'repression', b'backed', b'by', b'the', b'ussr', b'as', b'well', b'as', b'economic', b'and', b'armaments', b'blockades', b'from', b'the', b'capitalist', b'countries', b'and', b'the', b'spanish', b'republic', b'itself', b'during', b'the', b'russian', b'revolution', b'anarchists', b'such', b'as', b'nestor', b'makhno', b'worked', b'to', b'create', b'and', b'defend', b'through', b'the', b'revolutionary', b'insurrectionary', b'army', b'of', b'ukraine', b'anarchist', b'communism', b'in', b'the', b'free', b'territory', b'of', b'the', b'ukraine', b'from', b'before', b'being', b'conquered', b'by', b'the', b'bolsheviks', b'in', b'anarcho', b'syndicalism', b'may', b'day', b'demonstration', b'of', b'spanish', b'anarcho', b'syndicalist', b'trade', b'union', b'cnt', b'in', b'bilbao', b'basque', b'country', b'in', b'anarcho', b'syndicalism', b'is', b'branch', b'of', b'anarchism', b'that', b'focuses', b'on', b'the', b'labour', b'movement', b'anarcho', b'syndicalists', b'view', b'labour', b'unions', b'as', b'potential', b'force', b'for', b'revolutionary', b'social', b'change', b'replacing', b'capitalism', b'and', b'the', b'state', b'with', b'new', b'society', b'democratically', b'self', b'managed', b'by', b'workers', b'the', b'basic', b'principles', b'of', b'anarcho', b'syndicalism', b'are', b'workers', b'solidarity', b'direct', b'action', b'and', b'workers', b'self', b'management', b'anarcho', b'syndicalists', b'believe', b'that', b'only', b'direct', b'action', b'that', b'is', b'action', b'concentrated', b'on', b'directly', b'attaining', b'goal', b'as', b'opposed', b'to', b'indirect', b'action', b'such', b'as', b'electing', b'representative', b'to', b'government', b'position', b'will', b'allow', b'workers', b'to', b'liberate', b'themselves', b'moreover', b'anarcho', b'syndicalists', b'believe', b'that', b'workers', b'organisations', b'the', b'organisations', b'that', b'struggle', b'against', b'the', b'wage', b'system', b'which', b'in', b'anarcho', b'syndicalist', b'theory', b'will', b'eventually', b'form', b'the', b'basis', b'of', b'new', b'society', b'should', b'be', b'self', b'managing', b'they', b'should', b'not', b'have', b'bosses', b'or', b'business', b'agents', b'rather', b'the', b'workers', b'should', b'be', b'able', b'to', b'make', b'all', b'the', b'decisions', b'that', b'affect', b'them', b'themselves', b'rudolf', b'rocker', b'was', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'most', b'popular', b'voices', b'in', b'the', b'anarcho', b'syndicalist', b'movement', b'he', b'outlined', b'view', b'of', b'the', b'origins', b'of', b'the', b'movement', b'what', b'it', b'sought', b'and', b'why', b'it', b'was', b'important', b'to', b'the', b'future', b'of', b'labour', b'in', b'his', b'pamphlet', b'anarcho', b'syndicalism', b'the', b'international', b'workers', b'association', b'is', b'an', b'international', b'anarcho', b'syndicalist', b'federation', b'of', b'various', b'labour', b'unions', b'from', b'different', b'countries', b'the', b'spanish', b'confederaci\xc3\xb3n', b'nacional', b'del', b'trabajo', b'played', b'and', b'still', b'plays', b'major', b'role', b'in', b'the', b'spanish', b'labour', b'movement', b'it', b'was', b'also', b'an', b'important', b'force', b'in', b'the', b'spanish', b'civil', b'war', b'syncretic', b'anarchism', b'the', b'term', b'syncretic', b'anarchism', b'was', b'first', b'coined', b'by', b'alberto', b'frigo', b'in', b'relation', b'to', b'his', b'reading', b'of', b'jacques', b'ellul', b'rephrasing', b'the', b'latter', b'frigo', b'observed', b'that', b'if', b'on', b'one', b'hand', b'new', b'technologies', b'creates', b'new', b'form', b'of', b'power', b'on', b'the', b'other', b'new', b'technologies', b'are', b'accompanied', b'by', b'the', b'rise', b'of', b'what', b'marcel', b'mauss', b'defines', b'as', b'magic', b'by', b'developing', b'the', b'techniques', b'to', b'perform', b'new', b'magic', b'and', b'by', b'adhering', b'to', b'it', b'marginal', b'individuals', b'come', b'to', b'create', b'forms', b'of', b'syncretism', b'which', b'brings', b'together', b'the', b'different', b'dogmas', b'and', b'cultures', b'power', b'structures', b'uses', b'to', b'put', b'humans', b'against', b'one', b'another', b'the', b'th', b'century', b'french', b'postman', b'ferdinand', b'cheval', b'for', b'example', b'has', b'intuitively', b'experimented', b'with', b'the', b'at', b'that', b'time', b'new', b'medium', b'of', b'cement', b'and', b'created', b'after', b'years', b'of', b'adherence', b'to', b'certain', b'rituals', b'monument', b'blending', b'religions', b'from', b'around', b'the', b'world', b'post', b'classical', b'schools', b'of', b'thought', b'lawrence', b'jarach', b'left', b'and', b'john', b'zerzan', b'right', b'two', b'prominent', b'contemporary', b'anarchist', b'authors', b'zerzan', b'is', b'known', b'as', b'prominent', b'voice', b'within', b'anarcho', b'primitivism', b'while', b'jarach', b'is', b'noted', b'advocate', b'of', b'post', b'left', b'anarchy', b'anarchism', b'continues', b'to', b'generate', b'many', b'philosophies', b'and', b'movements', b'at', b'times', b'eclectic', b'drawing', b'upon', b'various', b'sources', b'and', b'syncretic', b'combining', b'disparate', b'concepts', b'to', b'create', b'new', b'philosophical', b'approaches', b'green', b'anarchism', b'or', b'eco', b'anarchism', b'is', b'school', b'of', b'thought', b'within', b'anarchism', b'that', b'emphasises', b'environmental', b'issues', b'with', b'an', b'important', b'precedent', b'in', b'anarcho', b'naturism', b'and', b'whose', b'main', b'contemporary', b'currents', b'are', b'anarcho', b'primitivism', b'and', b'social', b'ecology', b'anarcha', b'feminism', b'also', b'called', b'anarchist', b'feminism', b'and', b'anarcho', b'feminism', b'combines', b'anarchism', b'with', b'feminism', b'it', b'generally', b'views', b'patriarchy', b'as', b'manifestation', b'of', b'involuntary', b'coercive', b'hierarchy', b'that', b'should', b'be', b'replaced', b'by', b'decentralised', b'free', b'association', b'anarcha', b'feminists', b'believe', b'that', b'the', b'struggle', b'against', b'patriarchy', b'is', b'an', b'essential', b'part', b'of', b'class', b'struggle', b'and', b'the', b'anarchist', b'struggle', b'against', b'the', b'state', b'in', b'essence', b'the', b'philosophy', b'sees', b'anarchist', b'struggle', b'as', b'necessary', b'component', b'of', b'feminist', b'struggle', b'and', b'vice', b'versa', b'susan', b'brown', b'claims', b'that', b'as', b'anarchism', b'is', b'political', b'philosophy', b'that', b'opposes', b'all', b'relationships', b'of', b'power', b'it', b'is', b'inherently', b'feminist', b'anarcha', b'feminism', b'began', b'with', b'the', b'late', b'th', b'century', b'writings', b'of', b'early', b'feminist', b'anarchists', b'such', b'as', b'emma', b'goldman', b'and', b'voltairine', b'de', b'cleyre', b'anarcho', b'pacifism', b'is', b'tendency', b'that', b'rejects', b'violence', b'in', b'the', b'struggle', b'for', b'social', b'change', b'see', b'non', b'violence', b'it', b'developed', b'mostly', b'in', b'the', b'netherlands', b'britain', b'and', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'before', b'and', b'during', b'the', b'second', b'world', b'war', b'christian', b'anarchism', b'is', b'movement', b'in', b'political', b'theology', b'that', b'combines', b'anarchism', b'and', b'christianity', b'its', b'main', b'proponents', b'included', b'leo', b'tolstoy', b'dorothy', b'day', b'ammon', b'hennacy', b'and', b'jacques', b'ellul', b'platformism', b'is', b'tendency', b'within', b'the', b'wider', b'anarchist', b'movement', b'based', b'on', b'the', b'organisational', b'theories', b'in', b'the', b'tradition', b'of', b'dielo', b'truda', b'organisational', b'platform', b'of', b'the', b'general', b'union', b'of', b'anarchists', b'draft', b'the', b'document', b'was', b'based', b'on', b'the', b'experiences', b'of', b'russian', b'anarchists', b'in', b'the', b'october', b'revolution', b'which', b'led', b'eventually', b'to', b'the', b'victory', b'of', b'the', b'bolsheviks', b'over', b'the', b'anarchists', b'and', b'other', b'groups', b'the', b'platform', b'attempted', b'to', b'address', b'and', b'explain', b'the', b'anarchist', b'movement', b'failures', b'during', b'the', b'russian', b'revolution', b'synthesis', b'anarchism', b'is', b'form', b'of', b'anarchism', b'that', b'tries', b'to', b'join', b'anarchists', b'of', b'different', b'tendencies', b'under', b'the', b'principles', b'of', b'anarchism', b'without', b'adjectives', b'in', b'the', b'this', b'form', b'found', b'as', b'its', b'main', b'proponents', b'the', b'anarcho', b'communists', b'voline', b'and', b's\xc3\xa9bastien', b'faure', b'it', b'is', b'the', b'main', b'principle', b'behind', b'the', b'anarchist', b'federations', b'grouped', b'around', b'the', b'contemporary', b'global', b'international', b'of', b'anarchist', b'federations', b'post', b'left', b'anarchy', b'is', b'recent', b'current', b'in', b'anarchist', b'thought', b'that', b'promotes', b'critique', b'of', b'anarchism', b'relationship', b'to', b'traditional', b'left', b'wing', b'politics', b'some', b'post', b'leftists', b'seek', b'to', b'escape', b'the', b'confines', b'of', b'ideology', b'in', b'general', b'also', b'presenting', b'critique', b'of', b'organisations', b'and', b'morality', b'influenced', b'by', b'the', b'work', b'of', b'max', b'stirner', b'and', b'by', b'the', b'marxist', b'situationist', b'international', b'post', b'left', b'anarchy', b'is', b'marked', b'by', b'focus', b'on', b'social', b'insurrection', b'and', b'rejection', b'of', b'leftist', b'social', b'organisation', b'insurrectionary', b'anarchism', b'is', b'revolutionary', b'theory', b'practice', b'and', b'tendency', b'within', b'the', b'anarchist', b'movement', b'which', b'emphasises', b'insurrection', b'within', b'anarchist', b'practice', b'it', b'is', b'critical', b'of', b'formal', b'organisations', b'such', b'as', b'labour', b'unions', b'and', b'federations', b'that', b'are', b'based', b'on', b'political', b'programme', b'and', b'periodic', b'congresses', b'instead', b'insurrectionary', b'anarchists', b'advocate', b'informal', b'organisation', b'and', b'small', b'affinity', b'group', b'based', b'organisation', b'insurrectionary', b'anarchists', b'put', b'value', b'in', b'attack', b'permanent', b'class', b'conflict', b'and', b'refusal', b'to', b'negotiate', b'or', b'compromise', b'with', b'class', b'enemies', b'post', b'anarchism', b'is', b'theoretical', b'move', b'towards', b'synthesis', b'of', b'classical', b'anarchist', b'theory', b'and', b'thought', b'drawing', b'from', b'diverse', b'ideas', b'including', b'post', b'modernism', b'autonomist', b'marxism', b'post', b'left', b'anarchy', b'situationist', b'international', b'and', b'postcolonialism', b'left', b'wing', b'market', b'anarchism', b'strongly', b'affirm', b'the', b'classical', b'liberal', b'ideas', b'of', b'self', b'ownership', b'and', b'free', b'markets', b'while', b'maintaining', b'that', b'taken', b'to', b'their', b'logical', b'conclusions', b'these', b'ideas', b'support', b'strongly', b'anti', b'corporatist', b'anti', b'hierarchical', b'pro', b'labour', b'positions', b'and', b'anti', b'capitalism', b'in', b'economics', b'and', b'anti', b'imperialism', b'in', b'foreign', b'policy', b'anarcho', b'capitalism', b'advocates', b'the', b'elimination', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'in', b'favour', b'of', b'individual', b'sovereignty', b'in', b'free', b'market', b'anarcho', b'capitalism', b'developed', b'from', b'radical', b'anti', b'state', b'libertarianism', b'and', b'individualist', b'anarchism', b'drawing', b'from', b'austrian', b'school', b'economics', b'study', b'of', b'law', b'and', b'economics', b'and', b'public', b'choice', b'theory', b'there', b'is', b'strong', b'current', b'within', b'anarchism', b'which', b'believes', b'that', b'anarcho', b'capitalism', b'cannot', b'be', b'considered', b'part', b'of', b'the', b'anarchist', b'movement', b'due', b'to', b'the', b'fact', b'that', b'anarchism', b'has', b'historically', b'been', b'an', b'anti', b'capitalist', b'movement', b'and', b'for', b'definitional', b'reasons', b'which', b'see', b'anarchism', b'as', b'incompatible', b'with', b'capitalist', b'forms', b'internal', b'issues', b'and', b'debates', b'consistent', b'with', b'anarchist', b'values', b'is', b'controversial', b'subject', b'among', b'anarchists', b'anarchism', b'is', b'philosophy', b'that', b'embodies', b'many', b'diverse', b'attitudes', b'tendencies', b'and', b'schools', b'of', b'thought', b'as', b'such', b'disagreement', b'over', b'questions', b'of', b'values', b'ideology', b'and', b'tactics', b'is', b'common', b'the', b'compatibility', b'of', b'capitalism', b'nationalism', b'and', b'religion', b'with', b'anarchism', b'is', b'widely', b'disputed', b'similarly', b'anarchism', b'enjoys', b'complex', b'relationships', b'with', b'ideologies', b'such', b'as', b'marxism', b'communism', b'collectivism', b'syndicalism', b'trade', b'unionism', b'and', b'capitalism', b'anarchists', b'may', b'be', b'motivated', b'by', b'humanism', b'divine', b'authority', b'enlightened', b'self', b'interest', b'veganism', b'or', b'any', b'number', b'of', b'alternative', b'ethical', b'doctrines', b'phenomena', b'such', b'as', b'civilisation', b'technology', b'within', b'anarcho', b'primitivism', b'and', b'the', b'democratic', b'process', b'may', b'be', b'sharply', b'criticised', b'within', b'some', b'anarchist', b'tendencies', b'and', b'simultaneously', b'lauded', b'in', b'others', b'on', b'tactical', b'level', b'while', b'propaganda', b'of', b'the', b'deed', b'was', b'tactic', b'used', b'by', b'anarchists', b'in', b'the', b'th', b'century', b'the', b'nihilist', b'movement', b'some', b'contemporary', b'anarchists', b'espouse', b'alternative', b'direct', b'action', b'methods', b'such', b'as', b'nonviolence', b'counter', b'economics', b'and', b'anti', b'state', b'cryptography', b'to', b'bring', b'about', b'an', b'anarchist', b'society', b'about', b'the', b'scope', b'of', b'an', b'anarchist', b'society', b'some', b'anarchists', b'advocate', b'global', b'one', b'while', b'others', b'do', b'so', b'by', b'local', b'ones', b'the', b'diversity', b'in', b'anarchism', b'has', b'led', b'to', b'widely', b'different', b'use', b'of', b'identical', b'terms', b'among', b'different', b'anarchist', b'traditions', b'which', b'has', b'led', b'to', b'many', b'definitional', b'concerns', b'in', b'anarchist', b'theory', b'topics', b'of', b'interest', b'intersecting', b'and', b'overlapping', b'between', b'various', b'schools', b'of', b'thought', b'certain', b'topics', b'of', b'interest', b'and', b'internal', b'disputes', b'have', b'proven', b'perennial', b'within', b'anarchist', b'theory', b'free', b'love', b'french', b'individualist', b'anarchist', b'emile', b'armand', b'who', b'propounded', b'the', b'virtues', b'of', b'free', b'love', b'in', b'the', b'parisian', b'anarchist', b'milieu', b'of', b'the', b'early', b'th', b'century', b'an', b'important', b'current', b'within', b'anarchism', b'is', b'free', b'love', b'free', b'love', b'advocates', b'sometimes', b'traced', b'their', b'roots', b'back', b'to', b'josiah', b'warren', b'and', b'to', b'experimental', b'communities', b'viewed', b'sexual', b'freedom', b'as', b'clear', b'direct', b'expression', b'of', b'an', b'individual', b'sovereignty', b'free', b'love', b'particularly', b'stressed', b'women', b'rights', b'since', b'most', b'sexual', b'laws', b'discriminated', b'against', b'women', b'for', b'example', b'marriage', b'laws', b'and', b'anti', b'birth', b'control', b'measures', b'the', b'most', b'important', b'american', b'free', b'love', b'journal', b'was', b'lucifer', b'the', b'lightbearer', b'edited', b'by', b'moses', b'harman', b'and', b'lois', b'waisbrooker', b'but', b'also', b'there', b'existed', b'ezra', b'heywood', b'and', b'angela', b'heywood', b'the', b'word', b'free', b'society', b'as', b'the', b'firebrand', b'as', b'free', b'society', b'was', b'major', b'anarchist', b'newspaper', b'in', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'at', b'the', b'end', b'of', b'the', b'th', b'and', b'beginning', b'of', b'the', b'th', b'centuries', b'the', b'publication', b'advocated', b'free', b'love', b'and', b'women', b'rights', b'and', b'critiqued', b'comstockery', b'censorship', b'of', b'sexual', b'information', b'also', b'lazarus', b'was', b'an', b'important', b'american', b'individualist', b'anarchist', b'who', b'promoted', b'free', b'love', b'in', b'new', b'york', b'city', b'greenwich', b'village', b'bohemian', b'feminists', b'and', b'socialists', b'advocated', b'self', b'realisation', b'and', b'pleasure', b'for', b'women', b'and', b'also', b'men', b'in', b'the', b'here', b'and', b'now', b'they', b'encouraged', b'playing', b'with', b'sexual', b'roles', b'and', b'sexuality', b'and', b'the', b'openly', b'bisexual', b'radical', b'edna', b'st', b'vincent', b'millay', b'and', b'the', b'lesbian', b'anarchist', b'margaret', b'anderson', b'were', b'prominent', b'among', b'them', b'discussion', b'groups', b'organised', b'by', b'the', b'villagers', b'were', b'frequented', b'by', b'emma', b'goldman', b'among', b'others', b'magnus', b'hirschfeld', b'noted', b'in', b'that', b'goldman', b'has', b'campaigned', b'boldly', b'and', b'steadfastly', b'for', b'individual', b'rights', b'and', b'especially', b'for', b'those', b'deprived', b'of', b'their', b'rights', b'thus', b'it', b'came', b'about', b'that', b'she', b'was', b'the', b'first', b'and', b'only', b'woman', b'indeed', b'the', b'first', b'and', b'only', b'american', b'to', b'take', b'up', b'the', b'defence', b'of', b'homosexual', b'love', b'before', b'the', b'general', b'public', b'in', b'fact', b'before', b'goldman', b'heterosexual', b'anarchist', b'robert', b'reitzel', b'spoke', b'positively', b'of', b'homosexuality', b'from', b'the', b'beginning', b'of', b'the', b'in', b'his', b'detroit', b'based', b'german', b'language', b'journal', b'der', b'arme', b'teufel', b'english', b'the', b'poor', b'devil', b'in', b'argentina', b'anarcha', b'feminist', b'virginia', b'bolten', b'published', b'the', b'newspaper', b'called', b'english', b'the', b'woman', b'voice', b'which', b'was', b'published', b'nine', b'times', b'in', b'rosario', b'between', b'january', b'and', b'january', b'and', b'was', b'revived', b'briefly', b'in', b'in', b'europe', b'the', b'main', b'propagandist', b'of', b'free', b'love', b'within', b'individualist', b'anarchism', b'was', b'emile', b'armand', b'he', b'proposed', b'the', b'concept', b'of', b'la', b'camaraderie', b'amoureuse', b'to', b'speak', b'of', b'free', b'love', b'as', b'the', b'possibility', b'of', b'voluntary', b'sexual', b'encounter', b'between', b'consenting', b'adults', b'he', b'was', b'also', b'consistent', b'proponent', b'of', b'polyamory', b'in', b'germany', b'the', b'stirnerists', b'adolf', b'brand', b'and', b'john', b'henry', b'mackay', b'were', b'pioneering', b'campaigners', b'for', b'the', b'acceptance', b'of', b'male', b'bisexuality', b'and', b'homosexuality', b'mujeres', b'libres', b'was', b'an', b'anarchist', b'women', b'organisation', b'in', b'spain', b'that', b'aimed', b'to', b'empower', b'working', b'class', b'women', b'it', b'was', b'founded', b'in', b'by', b'luc\xc3\xada', b's\xc3\xa1nchez', b'saornil', b'mercedes', b'comaposada', b'and', b'amparo', b'poch', b'gasc\xc3\xb3n', b'and', b'had', b'approximately', b'members', b'the', b'organisation', b'was', b'based', b'on', b'the', b'idea', b'of', b'double', b'struggle', b'for', b'women', b'liberation', b'and', b'social', b'revolution', b'and', b'argued', b'that', b'the', b'two', b'objectives', b'were', b'equally', b'important', b'and', b'should', b'be', b'pursued', b'in', b'parallel', b'in', b'order', b'to', b'gain', b'mutual', b'support', b'they', b'created', b'networks', b'of', b'women', b'anarchists', b'luc\xc3\xada', b's\xc3\xa1nchez', b'saornil', b'was', b'main', b'founder', b'of', b'the', b'spanish', b'anarcha', b'feminist', b'federation', b'mujeres', b'libres', b'who', b'was', b'open', b'about', b'her', b'lesbianism', b'she', b'was', b'published', b'in', b'variety', b'of', b'literary', b'journals', b'where', b'working', b'under', b'male', b'pen', b'name', b'she', b'was', b'able', b'to', b'explore', b'lesbian', b'themes', b'at', b'time', b'when', b'homosexuality', b'was', b'criminalised', b'and', b'subject', b'to', b'censorship', b'and', b'punishment', b'more', b'recently', b'the', b'british', b'anarcho', b'pacifist', b'alex', b'comfort', b'gained', b'notoriety', b'during', b'the', b'sexual', b'revolution', b'for', b'writing', b'the', b'bestseller', b'sex', b'manual', b'the', b'joy', b'of', b'sex', b'the', b'issue', b'of', b'free', b'love', b'has', b'dedicated', b'treatment', b'in', b'the', b'work', b'of', b'french', b'anarcho', b'hedonist', b'philosopher', b'michel', b'onfray', b'in', b'such', b'works', b'as', b'th\xc3\xa9orie', b'du', b'corps', b'amoureux', b'pour', b'une', b'\xc3\xa9rotique', b'solaire', b'and', b'invention', b'du', b'plaisir', b'fragments', b'cyr\xc3\xa9aniques', b'libertarian', b'education', b'and', b'freethought', b'francesc', b'ferrer', b'gu\xc3\xa0rdia', b'catalan', b'anarchist', b'pedagogue', b'and', b'free', b'thinker', b'for', b'english', b'anarchist', b'william', b'godwin', b'education', b'was', b'the', b'main', b'means', b'by', b'which', b'change', b'would', b'be', b'achieved', b'godwin', b'saw', b'that', b'the', b'main', b'goal', b'of', b'education', b'should', b'be', b'the', b'promotion', b'of', b'happiness', b'for', b'godwin', b'education', b'had', b'to', b'have', b'respect', b'for', b'the', b'child', b'autonomy', b'which', b'precluded', b'any', b'form', b'of', b'coercion', b'pedagogy', b'that', b'respected', b'this', b'and', b'sought', b'to', b'build', b'on', b'the', b'child', b'own', b'motivation', b'and', b'initiatives', b'and', b'concern', b'about', b'the', b'child', b'capacity', b'to', b'resist', b'an', b'ideology', b'transmitted', b'through', b'the', b'school', b'in', b'his', b'political', b'justice', b'he', b'criticises', b'state', b'sponsored', b'schooling', b'on', b'account', b'of', b'its', b'obvious', b'alliance', b'with', b'national', b'government', b'early', b'american', b'anarchist', b'josiah', b'warren', b'advanced', b'alternative', b'education', b'experiences', b'in', b'the', b'libertarian', b'communities', b'he', b'established', b'max', b'stirner', b'wrote', b'in', b'long', b'essay', b'on', b'education', b'called', b'the', b'false', b'principle', b'of', b'our', b'education', b'in', b'it', b'stirner', b'names', b'his', b'educational', b'principle', b'personalist', b'explaining', b'that', b'self', b'understanding', b'consists', b'in', b'hourly', b'self', b'creation', b'education', b'for', b'him', b'is', b'to', b'create', b'free', b'men', b'sovereign', b'characters', b'by', b'which', b'he', b'means', b'eternal', b'characters', b'who', b'are', b'therefore', b'eternal', b'because', b'they', b'form', b'themselves', b'each', b'moment', b'in', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'freethought', b'was', b'basically', b'anti', b'christian', b'anti', b'clerical', b'movement', b'whose', b'purpose', b'was', b'to', b'make', b'the', b'individual', b'politically', b'and', b'spiritually', b'free', b'to', b'decide', b'for', b'himself', b'on', b'religious', b'matters', b'number', b'of', b'contributors', b'to', b'liberty', b'anarchist', b'publication', b'were', b'prominent', b'figures', b'in', b'both', b'freethought', b'and', b'anarchism', b'the', b'individualist', b'anarchist', b'george', b'macdonald', b'was', b'co', b'editor', b'of', b'freethought', b'and', b'for', b'time', b'the', b'truth', b'seeker', b'walker', b'was', b'co', b'editor', b'of', b'the', b'excellent', b'free', b'thought', b'free', b'love', b'journal', b'lucifer', b'the', b'light', b'bearer', b'many', b'of', b'the', b'anarchists', b'were', b'ardent', b'freethinkers', b'reprints', b'from', b'freethought', b'papers', b'such', b'as', b'lucifer', b'the', b'light', b'bearer', b'freethought', b'and', b'the', b'truth', b'seeker', b'appeared', b'in', b'liberty', b'the', b'church', b'was', b'viewed', b'as', b'common', b'ally', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'and', b'as', b'repressive', b'force', b'in', b'and', b'of', b'itself', b'in', b'catalan', b'anarchist', b'and', b'free', b'thinker', b'francesc', b'ferrer', b'gu\xc3\xa0rdia', b'established', b'modern', b'or', b'progressive', b'schools', b'in', b'barcelona', b'in', b'defiance', b'of', b'an', b'educational', b'system', b'controlled', b'by', b'the', b'catholic', b'church', b'the', b'schools', b'stated', b'goal', b'was', b'to', b'educate', b'the', b'working', b'class', b'in', b'rational', b'secular', b'and', b'non', b'coercive', b'setting', b'fiercely', b'anti', b'clerical', b'ferrer', b'believed', b'in', b'freedom', b'in', b'education', b'education', b'free', b'from', b'the', b'authority', b'of', b'church', b'and', b'state', b'murray', b'bookchin', b'wrote', b'this', b'period', b'was', b'the', b'heyday', b'of', b'libertarian', b'schools', b'and', b'pedagogical', b'projects', b'in', b'all', b'areas', b'of', b'the', b'country', b'where', b'anarchists', b'exercised', b'some', b'degree', b'of', b'influence', b'perhaps', b'the', b'best', b'known', b'effort', b'in', b'this', b'field', b'was', b'francisco', b'ferrer', b'modern', b'school', b'escuela', b'moderna', b'project', b'which', b'exercised', b'considerable', b'influence', b'on', b'catalan', b'education', b'and', b'on', b'experimental', b'techniques', b'of', b'teaching', b'generally', b'la', b'escuela', b'moderna', b'and', b'ferrer', b'ideas', b'generally', b'formed', b'the', b'inspiration', b'for', b'series', b'of', b'modern', b'schools', b'in', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'cuba', b'south', b'america', b'and', b'london', b'the', b'first', b'of', b'these', b'was', b'started', b'in', b'new', b'york', b'city', b'in', b'it', b'also', b'inspired', b'the', b'italian', b'newspaper', b'universit\xc3\xa0', b'popolare', b'founded', b'in', b'russian', b'christian', b'anarchist', b'leo', b'tolstoy', b'established', b'school', b'for', b'peasant', b'children', b'on', b'his', b'estate', b'tolstoy', b'educational', b'experiments', b'were', b'short', b'lived', b'due', b'to', b'harassment', b'by', b'the', b'tsarist', b'secret', b'police', b'tolstoy', b'established', b'conceptual', b'difference', b'between', b'education', b'and', b'culture', b'he', b'thought', b'that', b'education', b'is', b'the', b'tendency', b'of', b'one', b'man', b'to', b'make', b'another', b'just', b'like', b'himself', b'education', b'is', b'culture', b'under', b'restraint', b'culture', b'is', b'free', b'education', b'is', b'when', b'the', b'teaching', b'is', b'forced', b'upon', b'the', b'pupil', b'and', b'when', b'then', b'instruction', b'is', b'exclusive', b'that', b'is', b'when', b'only', b'those', b'subjects', b'are', b'taught', b'which', b'the', b'educator', b'regards', b'as', b'necessary', b'for', b'him', b'without', b'compulsion', b'education', b'was', b'transformed', b'into', b'culture', b'more', b'recent', b'libertarian', b'tradition', b'on', b'education', b'is', b'that', b'of', b'unschooling', b'and', b'the', b'free', b'school', b'in', b'which', b'child', b'led', b'activity', b'replaces', b'pedagogic', b'approaches', b'experiments', b'in', b'germany', b'led', b'to', b'neill', b'founding', b'what', b'became', b'summerhill', b'school', b'in', b'summerhill', b'is', b'often', b'cited', b'as', b'an', b'example', b'of', b'anarchism', b'in', b'practice', b'however', b'although', b'summerhill', b'and', b'other', b'free', b'schools', b'are', b'radically', b'libertarian', b'they', b'differ', b'in', b'principle', b'from', b'those', b'of', b'ferrer', b'by', b'not', b'advocating', b'an', b'overtly', b'political', b'class', b'struggle', b'approach', b'in', b'addition', b'to', b'organising', b'schools', b'according', b'to', b'libertarian', b'principles', b'anarchists', b'have', b'also', b'questioned', b'the', b'concept', b'of', b'schooling', b'per', b'se', b'the', b'term', b'deschooling', b'was', b'popularised', b'by', b'ivan', b'illich', b'who', b'argued', b'that', b'the', b'school', b'as', b'an', b'institution', b'is', b'dysfunctional', b'for', b'self', b'determined', b'learning', b'and', b'serves', b'the', b'creation', b'of', b'consumer', b'society', b'instead', b'criticisms', b'criticisms', b'of', b'anarchism', b'include', b'moral', b'criticisms', b'and', b'pragmatic', b'criticisms', b'anarchism', b'is', b'often', b'evaluated', b'as', b'unfeasible', b'or', b'utopian', b'by', b'its', b'critics', b'see', b'also', b'anarchism', b'by', b'country', b'references', b'further', b'reading', b'barclay', b'harold', b'people', b'without', b'government', b'an', b'anthropology', b'of', b'anarchy', b'nd', b'ed', b'left', b'bank', b'books', b'isbn', b'blumenfeld', b'jacob', b'bottici', b'chiara', b'critchley', b'simon', b'eds', b'the', b'anarchist', b'turn', b'pluto', b'press', b'march', b'isbn', b'carter', b'april', b'the', b'political', b'theory', b'of', b'anarchism', b'harper', b'row', b'isbn', b'federici', b'silvia', b'caliban', b'and', b'the', b'witch', b'women', b'the', b'body', b'and', b'primitive', b'accumulation', b'autonomedia', b'isbn', b'gordon', b'uri', b'anarchy', b'alive', b'london', b'pluto', b'press', b'graeber', b'david', b'fragments', b'of', b'an', b'anarchist', b'anthropology', b'chicago', b'prickly', b'paradigm', b'press', b'graham', b'robert', b'ed', b'anarchism', b'documentary', b'history', b'of', b'libertarian', b'ideas', b'volume', b'one', b'from', b'anarchy', b'to', b'anarchism', b'ce', b'to', b'black', b'rose', b'books', b'montr\xc3\xa9al', b'and', b'london', b'isbn', b'volume', b'two', b'the', b'anarchist', b'current', b'black', b'rose', b'books', b'montr\xc3\xa9al', b'isbn', b'gu\xc3\xa9rin', b'daniel', b'anarchism', b'from', b'theory', b'to', b'practice', b'monthly', b'review', b'press', b'isbn', b'harper', b'clifford', b'anarchy', b'graphic', b'guide', b'camden', b'press', b'an', b'overview', b'updating', b'woodcock', b'classic', b'and', b'illustrated', b'throughout', b'by', b'harper', b'woodcut', b'style', b'artwork', b'le', b'guin', b'ursula', b'the', b'dispossessed', b'new', b'york', b'harper', b'row', b'isbn', b'first', b'edition', b'hardcover', b'mckay', b'iain', b'ed', b'an', b'anarchist', b'faq', b'volume', b'ak', b'press', b'oakland', b'edinburgh', b'pages', b'isbn', b'volume', b'ii', b'ak', b'press', b'oakland', b'edinburgh', b'pages', b'isbn', b'mclaughlin', b'paul', b'anarchism', b'and', b'authority', b'philosophical', b'introduction', b'to', b'classical', b'anarchism', b'ashgate', b'isbn', b'marshall', b'peter', b'demanding', b'the', b'impossible', b'history', b'of', b'anarchism', b'pm', b'press', b'isbn', b'nettlau', b'max', b'anarchy', b'through', b'the', b'times', b'gordon', b'press', b'isbn', b'scott', b'james', b'two', b'cheers', b'for', b'anarchism', b'six', b'easy', b'pieces', b'on', b'autonomy', b'dignity', b'and', b'meaningful', b'work', b'and', b'play', b'princeton', b'nj', b'princeton', b'university', b'press', b'isbn', b'woodcock', b'george', b'anarchism', b'history', b'of', b'libertarian', b'ideas', b'and', b'movements', b'penguin', b'books', b'isbn', b'woodcock', b'george', b'ed', b'the', b'anarchist', b'reader', b'fontana', b'collins', b'isbn', b'an', b'anthology', b'of', b'writings', b'from', b'anarchist', b'thinkers', b'and', b'activists', b'including', b'proudhon', b'kropotkin', b'bakunin', b'malatesta', b'bookchin', b'goldman', b'and', b'many', b'others', b'external', b'links']
TaggedDocument(['anarchism', 'is', 'political', 'philosophy', 'that', 'advocates', 'self', 'governed', 'societies', 'based', 'on', 'voluntary', 'institutions', 'these', 'are', 'often', 'described', 'as', 'stateless', 'societies', 'although', 'several', 'authors', 'have', 'defined', 'them', 'more', 'specifically', 'as', 'institutions', 'based', 'on', 'non', 'hierarchical', 'free', 'associations', 'anarchism', 'holds', 'the', 'state', 'to', 'be', 'undesirable', 'unnecessary', 'and', 'harmful', 'while', 'anti', 'statism', 'is', 'central', 'anarchism', 'generally', 'entails', 'opposing', 'authority', 'or', 'hierarchical', 'organisation', 'in', 'the', 'conduct', 'of', 'all', 'human', 'relations', 'including', 'but', 'not', 'limited', 'to', 'the', 'state', 'system', 'anarchism', 'is', 'usually', 'considered', 'radical', 'left', 'wing', 'ideology', 'and', 'much', 'of', 'anarchist', 'economics', 'and', 'anarchist', 'legal', 'philosophy', 'reflects', 'anti', 'authoritarian', 'interpretations', 'of', 'communism', 'collectivism', 'syndicalism', 'mutualism', 'or', 'participatory', 'economics', 'anarchism', 'does', 'not', 'offer', 'fixed', 'body', 'of', 'doctrine', 'from', 'single', 'particular', 'world', 'view', 'instead', 'fluxing', 'and', 'flowing', 'as', 'philosophy', 'many', 'types', 'and', 'traditions', 'of', 'anarchism', 'exist', 'not', 'all', 'of', 'which', 'are', 'mutually', 'exclusive', 'anarchist', 'schools', 'of', 'thought', 'can', 'differ', 'fundamentally', 'supporting', 'anything', 'from', 'extreme', 'individualism', 'to', 'complete', 'collectivism', 'strains', 'of', 'anarchism', 'have', 'often', 'been', 'divided', 'into', 'the', 'categories', 'of', 'social', 'and', 'individualist', 'anarchism', 'or', 'similar', 'dual', 'classifications', 'etymology', 'and', 'terminology', 'the', 'term', 'anarchism', 'is', 'compound', 'word', 'composed', 'from', 'the', 'word', 'anarchy', 'and', 'the', 'suffix', 'ism', 'themselves', 'derived', 'respectively', 'from', 'the', 'greek', 'anarchy', 'from', 'anarchos', 'meaning', 'one', 'without', 'rulers', 'from', 'the', 'privative', 'prefix', 'ἀν', 'an', 'without', 'and', 'archos', 'leader', 'ruler', 'cf', 'archon', 'or', 'arkhē', 'authority', 'sovereignty', 'realm', 'magistracy', 'and', 'the', 'suffix', 'or', 'ismos', 'isma', 'from', 'the', 'verbal', 'infinitive', 'suffix', 'ίζειν', 'izein', 'the', 'first', 'known', 'use', 'of', 'this', 'word', 'was', 'in', 'various', 'factions', 'within', 'the', 'french', 'revolution', 'labelled', 'opponents', 'as', 'anarchists', 'as', 'robespierre', 'did', 'the', 'hébertists', 'although', 'few', 'shared', 'many', 'views', 'of', 'later', 'anarchists', 'there', 'would', 'be', 'many', 'revolutionaries', 'of', 'the', 'early', 'nineteenth', 'century', 'who', 'contributed', 'to', 'the', 'anarchist', 'doctrines', 'of', 'the', 'next', 'generation', 'such', 'as', 'william', 'godwin', 'and', 'wilhelm', 'weitling', 'but', 'they', 'did', 'not', 'use', 'the', 'word', 'anarchist', 'or', 'anarchism', 'in', 'describing', 'themselves', 'or', 'their', 'beliefs', 'the', 'first', 'political', 'philosopher', 'to', 'call', 'himself', 'an', 'anarchist', 'was', 'pierre', 'joseph', 'proudhon', 'marking', 'the', 'formal', 'birth', 'of', 'anarchism', 'in', 'the', 'mid', 'nineteenth', 'century', 'since', 'the', 'and', 'beginning', 'in', 'france', 'the', 'term', 'libertarianism', 'has', 'often', 'been', 'used', 'as', 'synonym', 'for', 'anarchism', 'and', 'was', 'used', 'almost', 'exclusively', 'in', 'this', 'sense', 'until', 'the', 'in', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'its', 'use', 'as', 'synonym', 'is', 'still', 'common', 'outside', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'on', 'the', 'other', 'hand', 'some', 'use', 'libertarianism', 'to', 'refer', 'to', 'individualistic', 'free', 'market', 'philosophy', 'only', 'referring', 'to', 'free', 'market', 'anarchism', 'as', 'libertarian', 'anarchism', 'history', 'origins', 'woodcut', 'from', 'diggers', 'document', 'by', 'william', 'everard', 'the', 'earliest', 'anarchist', 'themes', 'can', 'be', 'found', 'in', 'the', 'th', 'century', 'bc', 'among', 'the', 'works', 'of', 'taoist', 'philosopher', 'laozi', 'and', 'in', 'later', 'centuries', 'by', 'zhuangzi', 'and', 'bao', 'jingyan', 'zhuangzi', 'philosophy', 'has', 'been', 'described', 'by', 'various', 'sources', 'as', 'anarchist', 'zhuangzi', 'wrote', 'petty', 'thief', 'is', 'put', 'in', 'jail', 'great', 'brigand', 'becomes', 'ruler', 'of', 'nation', 'diogenes', 'of', 'sinope', 'and', 'the', 'cynics', 'and', 'their', 'contemporary', 'zeno', 'of', 'citium', 'the', 'founder', 'of', 'stoicism', 'also', 'introduced', 'similar', 'topics', 'jesus', 'is', 'sometimes', 'considered', 'the', 'first', 'anarchist', 'in', 'the', 'christian', 'anarchist', 'tradition', 'georges', 'lechartier', 'wrote', 'that', 'the', 'true', 'founder', 'of', 'anarchy', 'was', 'jesus', 'christ', 'and', 'the', 'first', 'anarchist', 'society', 'was', 'that', 'of', 'the', 'apostles', 'in', 'early', 'islamic', 'history', 'some', 'manifestations', 'of', 'anarchic', 'thought', 'are', 'found', 'during', 'the', 'islamic', 'civil', 'war', 'over', 'the', 'caliphate', 'where', 'the', 'kharijites', 'insisted', 'that', 'the', 'imamate', 'is', 'right', 'for', 'each', 'individual', 'within', 'the', 'islamic', 'society', 'later', 'some', 'muslim', 'scholars', 'such', 'as', 'amer', 'al', 'basri', 'and', 'abu', 'hanifa', 'led', 'movements', 'of', 'boycotting', 'the', 'rulers', 'paving', 'the', 'way', 'to', 'the', 'waqf', 'endowments', 'tradition', 'which', 'served', 'as', 'an', 'alternative', 'to', 'and', 'asylum', 'from', 'the', 'centralised', 'authorities', 'of', 'the', 'emirs', 'but', 'such', 'interpretations', 'reverberate', 'subversive', 'religious', 'conceptions', 'like', 'the', 'aforementioned', 'seemingly', 'anarchistic', 'taoist', 'teachings', 'and', 'that', 'of', 'other', 'anti', 'authoritarian', 'religious', 'traditions', 'creating', 'complex', 'relationship', 'regarding', 'the', 'question', 'as', 'to', 'whether', 'or', 'not', 'anarchism', 'and', 'religion', 'are', 'compatible', 'this', 'is', 'exemplified', 'when', 'the', 'glorification', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'is', 'viewed', 'as', 'form', 'of', 'sinful', 'idolatry', 'the', 'french', 'renaissance', 'political', 'philosopher', 'étienne', 'de', 'la', 'boétie', 'wrote', 'in', 'his', 'most', 'famous', 'work', 'the', 'discourse', 'on', 'voluntary', 'servitude', 'what', 'some', 'historians', 'consider', 'an', 'important', 'anarchist', 'precedent', 'the', 'radical', 'protestant', 'christian', 'gerrard', 'winstanley', 'and', 'his', 'group', 'the', 'diggers', 'are', 'cited', 'by', 'various', 'authors', 'as', 'proposing', 'anarchist', 'social', 'measures', 'in', 'the', 'th', 'century', 'in', 'england', 'the', 'term', 'anarchist', 'first', 'entered', 'the', 'english', 'language', 'in', 'during', 'the', 'english', 'civil', 'war', 'as', 'term', 'of', 'abuse', 'used', 'by', 'royalists', 'against', 'their', 'roundhead', 'opponents', 'by', 'the', 'time', 'of', 'the', 'french', 'revolution', 'some', 'such', 'as', 'the', 'enragés', 'began', 'to', 'use', 'the', 'term', 'positively', 'in', 'opposition', 'to', 'jacobin', 'centralisation', 'of', 'power', 'seeing', 'revolutionary', 'government', 'as', 'oxymoronic', 'by', 'the', 'turn', 'of', 'the', 'th', 'century', 'the', 'english', 'word', 'anarchism', 'had', 'lost', 'its', 'initial', 'negative', 'connotation', 'modern', 'anarchism', 'emerged', 'from', 'the', 'secular', 'or', 'religious', 'thought', 'of', 'the', 'enlightenment', 'particularly', 'jean', 'jacques', 'rousseau', 'arguments', 'for', 'the', 'moral', 'centrality', 'of', 'freedom', 'as', 'part', 'of', 'the', 'political', 'turmoil', 'of', 'the', 'in', 'the', 'wake', 'of', 'the', 'french', 'revolution', 'william', 'godwin', 'developed', 'the', 'first', 'expression', 'of', 'modern', 'anarchist', 'thought', 'godwin', 'was', 'according', 'to', 'peter', 'kropotkin', 'the', 'first', 'to', 'formulate', 'the', 'political', 'and', 'economical', 'conceptions', 'of', 'anarchism', 'even', 'though', 'he', 'did', 'not', 'give', 'that', 'name', 'to', 'the', 'ideas', 'developed', 'in', 'his', 'work', 'while', 'godwin', 'attached', 'his', 'anarchist', 'ideas', 'to', 'an', 'early', 'edmund', 'burke', 'william', 'godwin', 'the', 'first', 'to', 'formulate', 'the', 'political', 'and', 'economical', 'conceptions', 'of', 'anarchism', 'even', 'though', 'he', 'did', 'not', 'give', 'that', 'name', 'to', 'the', 'ideas', 'developed', 'in', 'his', 'work', 'godwin', 'is', 'generally', 'regarded', 'as', 'the', 'founder', 'of', 'the', 'school', 'of', 'thought', 'known', 'as', 'philosophical', 'anarchism', 'he', 'argued', 'in', 'political', 'justice', 'that', 'government', 'has', 'an', 'inherently', 'malevolent', 'influence', 'on', 'society', 'and', 'that', 'it', 'perpetuates', 'dependency', 'and', 'ignorance', 'he', 'thought', 'that', 'the', 'spread', 'of', 'the', 'use', 'of', 'reason', 'to', 'the', 'masses', 'would', 'eventually', 'cause', 'government', 'to', 'wither', 'away', 'as', 'an', 'unnecessary', 'force', 'although', 'he', 'did', 'not', 'accord', 'the', 'state', 'with', 'moral', 'legitimacy', 'he', 'was', 'against', 'the', 'use', 'of', 'revolutionary', 'tactics', 'for', 'removing', 'the', 'government', 'from', 'power', 'rather', 'he', 'advocated', 'for', 'its', 'replacement', 'through', 'process', 'of', 'peaceful', 'evolution', 'his', 'aversion', 'to', 'the', 'imposition', 'of', 'rules', 'based', 'society', 'led', 'him', 'to', 'denounce', 'as', 'manifestation', 'of', 'the', 'people', 'mental', 'enslavement', 'the', 'foundations', 'of', 'law', 'property', 'rights', 'and', 'even', 'the', 'institution', 'of', 'marriage', 'he', 'considered', 'the', 'basic', 'foundations', 'of', 'society', 'as', 'constraining', 'the', 'natural', 'development', 'of', 'individuals', 'to', 'use', 'their', 'powers', 'of', 'reasoning', 'to', 'arrive', 'at', 'mutually', 'beneficial', 'method', 'of', 'social', 'organisation', 'in', 'each', 'case', 'government', 'and', 'its', 'institutions', 'are', 'shown', 'to', 'constrain', 'the', 'development', 'of', 'our', 'capacity', 'to', 'live', 'wholly', 'in', 'accordance', 'with', 'the', 'full', 'and', 'free', 'exercise', 'of', 'private', 'judgement', 'the', 'french', 'pierre', 'joseph', 'proudhon', 'is', 'regarded', 'as', 'the', 'first', 'self', 'proclaimed', 'anarchist', 'label', 'he', 'adopted', 'in', 'his', 'groundbreaking', 'work', 'what', 'is', 'property', 'published', 'in', 'it', 'is', 'for', 'this', 'reason', 'that', 'some', 'claim', 'proudhon', 'as', 'the', 'founder', 'of', 'modern', 'anarchist', 'theory', 'he', 'developed', 'the', 'theory', 'of', 'spontaneous', 'order', 'in', 'society', 'where', 'organisation', 'emerges', 'without', 'central', 'coordinator', 'imposing', 'its', 'own', 'idea', 'of', 'order', 'against', 'the', 'wills', 'of', 'individuals', 'acting', 'in', 'their', 'own', 'interests', 'his', 'famous', 'quote', 'on', 'the', 'matter', 'is', 'liberty', 'is', 'the', 'mother', 'not', 'the', 'daughter', 'of', 'order', 'in', 'what', 'is', 'property', 'proudhon', 'answers', 'with', 'the', 'famous', 'accusation', 'property', 'is', 'theft', 'in', 'this', 'work', 'he', 'opposed', 'the', 'institution', 'of', 'decreed', 'property', 'propriété', 'where', 'owners', 'have', 'complete', 'rights', 'to', 'use', 'and', 'abuse', 'their', 'property', 'as', 'they', 'wish', 'he', 'contrasted', 'this', 'with', 'what', 'he', 'called', 'possession', 'or', 'limited', 'ownership', 'of', 'resources', 'and', 'goods', 'only', 'while', 'in', 'more', 'or', 'less', 'continuous', 'use', 'later', 'however', 'proudhon', 'added', 'that', 'property', 'is', 'liberty', 'and', 'argued', 'that', 'it', 'was', 'bulwark', 'against', 'state', 'power', 'his', 'opposition', 'to', 'the', 'state', 'organised', 'religion', 'and', 'certain', 'capitalist', 'practices', 'inspired', 'subsequent', 'anarchists', 'and', 'made', 'him', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'leading', 'social', 'thinkers', 'of', 'his', 'time', 'the', 'anarcho', 'communist', 'joseph', 'déjacque', 'was', 'the', 'first', 'person', 'to', 'describe', 'himself', 'as', 'libertarian', 'unlike', 'pierre', 'joseph', 'proudhon', 'he', 'argued', 'that', 'it', 'is', 'not', 'the', 'product', 'of', 'his', 'or', 'her', 'labour', 'that', 'the', 'worker', 'has', 'right', 'to', 'but', 'to', 'the', 'satisfaction', 'of', 'his', 'or', 'her', 'needs', 'whatever', 'may', 'be', 'their', 'nature', 'in', 'in', 'germany', 'the', 'post', 'hegelian', 'philosopher', 'max', 'stirner', 'published', 'the', 'book', 'the', 'ego', 'and', 'its', 'own', 'which', 'would', 'later', 'be', 'considered', 'an', 'influential', 'early', 'text', 'of', 'individualist', 'anarchism', 'french', 'anarchists', 'active', 'in', 'the', 'revolution', 'included', 'anselme', 'bellegarrigue', 'ernest', 'coeurderoy', 'joseph', 'déjacque', 'and', 'pierre', 'joseph', 'proudhon', 'first', 'international', 'and', 'the', 'paris', 'commune', 'collectivist', 'anarchist', 'mikhail', 'bakunin', 'opposed', 'the', 'marxist', 'aim', 'of', 'dictatorship', 'of', 'the', 'proletariat', 'in', 'favour', 'of', 'universal', 'rebellion', 'and', 'allied', 'himself', 'with', 'the', 'federalists', 'in', 'the', 'first', 'international', 'before', 'his', 'expulsion', 'by', 'the', 'marxists', 'in', 'europe', 'harsh', 'reaction', 'followed', 'the', 'revolutions', 'of', 'during', 'which', 'ten', 'countries', 'had', 'experienced', 'brief', 'or', 'long', 'term', 'social', 'upheaval', 'as', 'groups', 'carried', 'out', 'nationalist', 'uprisings', 'after', 'most', 'of', 'these', 'attempts', 'at', 'systematic', 'change', 'ended', 'in', 'failure', 'conservative', 'elements', 'took', 'advantage', 'of', 'the', 'divided', 'groups', 'of', 'socialists', 'anarchists', 'liberals', 'and', 'nationalists', 'to', 'prevent', 'further', 'revolt', 'in', 'spain', 'ramón', 'de', 'la', 'sagra', 'established', 'the', 'anarchist', 'journal', 'el', 'porvenir', 'in', 'la', 'coruña', 'in', 'which', 'was', 'inspired', 'by', 'proudhon', 'ideas', 'the', 'catalan', 'politician', 'francesc', 'pi', 'margall', 'became', 'the', 'principal', 'translator', 'of', 'proudhon', 'works', 'into', 'spanish', 'and', 'later', 'briefly', 'became', 'president', 'of', 'spain', 'in', 'while', 'being', 'the', 'leader', 'of', 'the', 'democratic', 'republican', 'federal', 'party', 'according', 'to', 'george', 'woodcock', 'these', 'translations', 'were', 'to', 'have', 'profound', 'and', 'lasting', 'effect', 'on', 'the', 'development', 'of', 'spanish', 'anarchism', 'after', 'but', 'before', 'that', 'time', 'proudhonian', 'ideas', 'as', 'interpreted', 'by', 'pi', 'already', 'provided', 'much', 'of', 'the', 'inspiration', 'for', 'the', 'federalist', 'movement', 'which', 'sprang', 'up', 'in', 'the', 'early', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'encyclopædia', 'britannica', 'during', 'the', 'spanish', 'revolution', 'of', 'pi', 'margall', 'attempted', 'to', 'establish', 'decentralised', 'or', 'cantonalist', 'political', 'system', 'on', 'proudhonian', 'lines', 'in', 'the', 'international', 'workingmen', 'association', 'sometimes', 'called', 'the', 'first', 'international', 'united', 'diverse', 'revolutionary', 'currents', 'including', 'french', 'followers', 'of', 'proudhon', 'blanquists', 'philadelphes', 'english', 'trade', 'unionists', 'socialists', 'and', 'social', 'democrats', 'due', 'to', 'its', 'links', 'to', 'active', 'workers', 'movements', 'the', 'international', 'became', 'significant', 'organisation', 'karl', 'marx', 'became', 'leading', 'figure', 'in', 'the', 'international', 'and', 'member', 'of', 'its', 'general', 'council', 'proudhon', 'followers', 'the', 'mutualists', 'opposed', 'marx', 'state', 'socialism', 'advocating', 'political', 'abstentionism', 'and', 'small', 'property', 'holdings', 'woodcock', 'also', 'reports', 'that', 'the', 'american', 'individualist', 'anarchists', 'lysander', 'spooner', 'and', 'william', 'greene', 'had', 'been', 'members', 'of', 'the', 'first', 'international', 'in', 'following', 'their', 'unsuccessful', 'participation', 'in', 'the', 'league', 'of', 'peace', 'and', 'freedom', 'lpf', 'russian', 'revolutionary', 'mikhail', 'bakunin', 'and', 'his', 'collectivist', 'anarchist', 'associates', 'joined', 'the', 'first', 'international', 'which', 'had', 'decided', 'not', 'to', 'get', 'involved', 'with', 'the', 'lpf', 'they', 'allied', 'themselves', 'with', 'the', 'federalist', 'socialist', 'sections', 'of', 'the', 'international', 'who', 'advocated', 'the', 'revolutionary', 'overthrow', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'and', 'the', 'of', 'property', 'at', 'first', 'the', 'collectivists', 'worked', 'with', 'the', 'marxists', 'to', 'push', 'the', 'first', 'international', 'in', 'more', 'revolutionary', 'socialist', 'direction', 'subsequently', 'the', 'international', 'became', 'polarised', 'into', 'two', 'camps', 'with', 'marx', 'and', 'bakunin', 'as', 'their', 'respective', 'figureheads', 'mikhail', 'bakunin', 'characterised', 'marx', 'ideas', 'as', 'centralist', 'and', 'predicted', 'that', 'if', 'marxist', 'party', 'came', 'to', 'power', 'its', 'leaders', 'would', 'simply', 'take', 'the', 'place', 'of', 'the', 'ruling', 'class', 'they', 'had', 'fought', 'against', 'anarchist', 'historian', 'george', 'woodcock', 'reports', 'that', 'the', 'annual', 'congress', 'of', 'the', 'international', 'had', 'not', 'taken', 'place', 'in', 'owing', 'to', 'the', 'outbreak', 'of', 'the', 'paris', 'commune', 'and', 'in', 'the', 'general', 'council', 'called', 'only', 'special', 'conference', 'in', 'london', 'one', 'delegate', 'was', 'able', 'to', 'attend', 'from', 'spain', 'and', 'none', 'from', 'italy', 'while', 'technical', 'excuse', 'that', 'they', 'had', 'split', 'away', 'from', 'the', 'fédération', 'romande', 'was', 'used', 'to', 'avoid', 'inviting', 'bakunin', 'swiss', 'supporters', 'thus', 'only', 'tiny', 'minority', 'of', 'anarchists', 'was', 'present', 'and', 'the', 'general', 'council', 'resolutions', 'passed', 'almost', 'unanimously', 'most', 'of', 'them', 'were', 'clearly', 'directed', 'against', 'bakunin', 'and', 'his', 'followers', 'in', 'the', 'conflict', 'climaxed', 'with', 'final', 'split', 'between', 'the', 'two', 'groups', 'at', 'the', 'hague', 'congress', 'where', 'bakunin', 'and', 'james', 'guillaume', 'were', 'expelled', 'from', 'the', 'international', 'and', 'its', 'headquarters', 'were', 'transferred', 'to', 'new', 'york', 'in', 'response', 'the', 'federalist', 'sections', 'formed', 'their', 'own', 'international', 'at', 'the', 'st', 'imier', 'congress', 'adopting', 'revolutionary', 'anarchist', 'programme', 'the', 'paris', 'commune', 'was', 'government', 'that', 'briefly', 'ruled', 'paris', 'from', 'march', 'more', 'formally', 'from', 'march', 'to', 'may', 'the', 'commune', 'was', 'the', 'result', 'of', 'an', 'uprising', 'in', 'paris', 'after', 'france', 'was', 'defeated', 'in', 'the', 'franco', 'prussian', 'war', 'anarchists', 'participated', 'actively', 'in', 'the', 'establishment', 'of', 'the', 'paris', 'commune', 'they', 'included', 'louise', 'michel', 'the', 'reclus', 'brothers', 'and', 'eugene', 'varlin', 'the', 'latter', 'murdered', 'in', 'the', 'repression', 'afterwards', 'as', 'for', 'the', 'reforms', 'initiated', 'by', 'the', 'commune', 'such', 'as', 'the', 're', 'opening', 'of', 'workplaces', 'as', 'co', 'operatives', 'anarchists', 'can', 'see', 'their', 'ideas', 'of', 'associated', 'labour', 'beginning', 'to', 'be', 'realised', 'moreover', 'the', 'commune', 'ideas', 'on', 'federation', 'obviously', 'reflected', 'the', 'influence', 'of', 'proudhon', 'on', 'french', 'radical', 'ideas', 'indeed', 'the', 'commune', 'vision', 'of', 'communal', 'france', 'based', 'on', 'federation', 'of', 'delegates', 'bound', 'by', 'imperative', 'mandates', 'issued', 'by', 'their', 'electors', 'and', 'subject', 'to', 'recall', 'at', 'any', 'moment', 'echoes', 'bakunin', 'and', 'proudhon', 'ideas', 'proudhon', 'like', 'bakunin', 'had', 'argued', 'in', 'favour', 'of', 'the', 'implementation', 'of', 'the', 'binding', 'mandate', 'in', 'and', 'for', 'federation', 'of', 'communes', 'thus', 'both', 'economically', 'and', 'politically', 'the', 'paris', 'commune', 'was', 'heavily', 'influenced', 'by', 'anarchist', 'ideas', 'george', 'woodcock', 'states', 'organised', 'labour', 'the', 'anti', 'authoritarian', 'sections', 'of', 'the', 'first', 'international', 'were', 'the', 'precursors', 'of', 'the', 'anarcho', 'syndicalists', 'seeking', 'to', 'replace', 'the', 'privilege', 'and', 'authority', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'with', 'the', 'free', 'and', 'spontaneous', 'organization', 'of', 'labour', 'in', 'the', 'federation', 'of', 'organized', 'trades', 'and', 'labor', 'unions', 'fotlu', 'of', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'and', 'canada', 'unanimously', 'set', 'may', 'as', 'the', 'date', 'by', 'which', 'the', 'eight', 'hour', 'work', 'day', 'would', 'become', 'standard', 'sympathetic', 'engraving', 'by', 'walter', 'crane', 'of', 'the', 'executed', 'anarchists', 'of', 'chicago', 'after', 'the', 'haymarket', 'affair', 'the', 'haymarket', 'affair', 'is', 'generally', 'considered', 'the', 'most', 'significant', 'event', 'for', 'the', 'origin', 'of', 'international', 'may', 'day', 'observances', 'in', 'response', 'unions', 'across', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'prepared', 'general', 'strike', 'in', 'support', 'of', 'the', 'event', 'on', 'may', 'in', 'chicago', 'fight', 'broke', 'out', 'when', 'strikebreakers', 'attempted', 'to', 'cross', 'the', 'picket', 'line', 'and', 'two', 'workers', 'died', 'when', 'police', 'opened', 'fire', 'upon', 'the', 'crowd', 'the', 'next', 'day', 'may', 'anarchists', 'staged', 'rally', 'at', 'chicago', 'haymarket', 'square', 'bomb', 'was', 'thrown', 'by', 'an', 'unknown', 'party', 'near', 'the', 'conclusion', 'of', 'the', 'rally', 'killing', 'an', 'officer', 'in', 'the', 'ensuing', 'panic', 'police', 'opened', 'fire', 'on', 'the', 'crowd', 'and', 'each', 'other', 'seven', 'police', 'officers', 'and', 'at', 'least', 'four', 'workers', 'were', 'killed', 'eight', 'anarchists', 'directly', 'and', 'indirectly', 'related', 'to', 'the', 'organisers', 'of', 'the', 'rally', 'were', 'arrested', 'and', 'charged', 'with', 'the', 'murder', 'of', 'the', 'deceased', 'officer', 'the', 'men', 'became', 'international', 'political', 'celebrities', 'among', 'the', 'labour', 'movement', 'four', 'of', 'the', 'men', 'were', 'executed', 'and', 'fifth', 'committed', 'suicide', 'prior', 'to', 'his', 'own', 'execution', 'the', 'incident', 'became', 'known', 'as', 'the', 'haymarket', 'affair', 'and', 'was', 'setback', 'for', 'the', 'labour', 'movement', 'and', 'the', 'struggle', 'for', 'the', 'eight', 'hour', 'day', 'in', 'second', 'attempt', 'this', 'time', 'international', 'in', 'scope', 'to', 'organise', 'for', 'the', 'eight', 'hour', 'day', 'was', 'made', 'the', 'event', 'also', 'had', 'the', 'secondary', 'purpose', 'of', 'memorialising', 'workers', 'killed', 'as', 'result', 'of', 'the', 'haymarket', 'affair', 'although', 'it', 'had', 'initially', 'been', 'conceived', 'as', 'once', 'off', 'event', 'by', 'the', 'following', 'year', 'the', 'celebration', 'of', 'international', 'workers', 'day', 'on', 'may', 'day', 'had', 'become', 'firmly', 'established', 'as', 'an', 'international', 'worker', 'holiday', 'in', 'the', 'international', 'anarchist', 'congress', 'of', 'amsterdam', 'gathered', 'delegates', 'from', 'different', 'countries', 'among', 'which', 'important', 'figures', 'of', 'the', 'anarchist', 'movement', 'including', 'errico', 'malatesta', 'pierre', 'monatte', 'luigi', 'fabbri', 'benoît', 'broutchoux', 'emma', 'goldman', 'rudolf', 'rocker', 'and', 'christiaan', 'cornelissen', 'various', 'themes', 'were', 'treated', 'during', 'the', 'congress', 'in', 'particular', 'concerning', 'the', 'organisation', 'of', 'the', 'anarchist', 'movement', 'popular', 'education', 'issues', 'the', 'general', 'strike', 'or', 'antimilitarism', 'central', 'debate', 'concerned', 'the', 'relation', 'between', 'anarchism', 'and', 'syndicalism', 'or', 'trade', 'unionism', 'malatesta', 'and', 'monatte', 'were', 'in', 'particular', 'disagreement', 'themselves', 'on', 'this', 'issue', 'as', 'the', 'latter', 'thought', 'that', 'syndicalism', 'was', 'revolutionary', 'and', 'would', 'create', 'the', 'conditions', 'of', 'social', 'revolution', 'while', 'malatesta', 'did', 'not', 'consider', 'syndicalism', 'by', 'itself', 'sufficient', 'he', 'thought', 'that', 'the', 'trade', 'union', 'movement', 'was', 'reformist', 'and', 'even', 'conservative', 'citing', 'as', 'essentially', 'bourgeois', 'and', 'anti', 'worker', 'the', 'phenomenon', 'of', 'professional', 'union', 'officials', 'malatesta', 'warned', 'that', 'the', 'syndicalists', 'aims', 'were', 'in', 'perpetuating', 'syndicalism', 'itself', 'whereas', 'anarchists', 'must', 'always', 'have', 'anarchy', 'as', 'their', 'end', 'and', 'consequently', 'refrain', 'from', 'committing', 'to', 'any', 'particular', 'method', 'of', 'achieving', 'it', 'the', 'spanish', 'workers', 'federation', 'in', 'was', 'the', 'first', 'major', 'anarcho', 'syndicalist', 'movement', 'anarchist', 'trade', 'union', 'federations', 'were', 'of', 'special', 'importance', 'in', 'spain', 'the', 'most', 'successful', 'was', 'the', 'confederación', 'nacional', 'del', 'trabajo', 'national', 'confederation', 'of', 'labour', 'cnt', 'founded', 'in', 'before', 'the', 'the', 'cnt', 'was', 'the', 'major', 'force', 'in', 'spanish', 'working', 'class', 'politics', 'attracting', 'million', 'members', 'at', 'one', 'point', 'and', 'playing', 'major', 'role', 'in', 'the', 'spanish', 'civil', 'war', 'the', 'cnt', 'was', 'affiliated', 'with', 'the', 'international', 'workers', 'association', 'federation', 'of', 'anarcho', 'syndicalist', 'trade', 'unions', 'founded', 'in', 'with', 'delegates', 'representing', 'two', 'million', 'workers', 'from', 'countries', 'in', 'europe', 'and', 'latin', 'america', 'in', 'latin', 'america', 'in', 'particular', 'the', 'anarchists', 'quickly', 'became', 'active', 'in', 'organising', 'craft', 'and', 'industrial', 'workers', 'throughout', 'south', 'and', 'central', 'america', 'and', 'until', 'the', 'early', 'most', 'of', 'the', 'trade', 'unions', 'in', 'mexico', 'brazil', 'peru', 'chile', 'and', 'argentina', 'were', 'anarcho', 'syndicalist', 'in', 'general', 'outlook', 'the', 'prestige', 'of', 'the', 'spanish', 'as', 'revolutionary', 'organisation', 'was', 'undoubtedly', 'to', 'great', 'extent', 'responsible', 'for', 'this', 'situation', 'the', 'largest', 'and', 'most', 'militant', 'of', 'these', 'organisations', 'was', 'the', 'federación', 'obrera', 'regional', 'argentina', 'it', 'grew', 'quickly', 'to', 'membership', 'of', 'nearly', 'quarter', 'of', 'million', 'which', 'dwarfed', 'the', 'rival', 'unions', 'propaganda', 'of', 'the', 'deed', 'and', 'illegalism', 'italian', 'american', 'anarchist', 'luigi', 'galleani', 'his', 'followers', 'known', 'as', 'galleanists', 'carried', 'out', 'series', 'of', 'bombings', 'and', 'assassination', 'attempts', 'from', 'to', 'in', 'what', 'they', 'saw', 'as', 'attacks', 'on', 'tyrants', 'and', 'enemies', 'of', 'the', 'people', 'some', 'anarchists', 'such', 'as', 'johann', 'most', 'advocated', 'publicising', 'violent', 'acts', 'of', 'retaliation', 'against', 'counter', 'revolutionaries', 'because', 'we', 'preach', 'not', 'only', 'action', 'in', 'and', 'for', 'itself', 'but', 'also', 'action', 'as', 'propaganda', 'scholars', 'such', 'as', 'beverly', 'gage', 'contend', 'that', 'this', 'was', 'not', 'advocacy', 'of', 'mass', 'murder', 'but', 'targeted', 'killings', 'of', 'members', 'of', 'the', 'ruling', 'class', 'at', 'times', 'when', 'such', 'actions', 'might', 'garner', 'sympathy', 'from', 'the', 'population', 'such', 'as', 'during', 'periods', 'of', 'heightened', 'government', 'repression', 'or', 'labor', 'conflicts', 'where', 'workers', 'were', 'killed', 'however', 'most', 'himself', 'once', 'boasted', 'that', 'the', 'existing', 'system', 'will', 'be', 'quickest', 'and', 'most', 'radically', 'overthrown', 'by', 'the', 'annihilation', 'of', 'its', 'exponents', 'therefore', 'massacres', 'of', 'the', 'enemies', 'of', 'the', 'people', 'must', 'be', 'set', 'in', 'motion', 'most', 'is', 'best', 'known', 'for', 'pamphlet', 'published', 'in', 'the', 'science', 'of', 'revolutionary', 'warfare', 'how', 'to', 'manual', 'on', 'the', 'subject', 'of', 'making', 'explosives', 'based', 'on', 'knowledge', 'he', 'acquired', 'while', 'working', 'at', 'an', 'explosives', 'plant', 'in', 'new', 'jersey', 'by', 'the', 'people', 'inside', 'and', 'outside', 'the', 'anarchist', 'movement', 'began', 'to', 'use', 'the', 'slogan', 'propaganda', 'of', 'the', 'deed', 'to', 'refer', 'to', 'individual', 'bombings', 'regicides', 'and', 'tyrannicides', 'from', 'onwards', 'the', 'russian', 'counterparts', 'of', 'these', 'anti', 'syndicalist', 'anarchist', 'communists', 'become', 'partisans', 'of', 'economic', 'terrorism', 'and', 'illegal', 'expropriations', 'illegalism', 'as', 'practice', 'emerged', 'and', 'within', 'it', 'the', 'acts', 'of', 'the', 'anarchist', 'bombers', 'and', 'assassins', 'propaganda', 'by', 'the', 'deed', 'and', 'the', 'anarchist', 'burglars', 'individual', 'reappropriation', 'expressed', 'their', 'desperation', 'and', 'their', 'personal', 'violent', 'rejection', 'of', 'an', 'intolerable', 'society', 'moreover', 'they', 'were', 'clearly', 'meant', 'to', 'be', 'exemplary', 'invitations', 'to', 'revolt', 'france', 'bonnot', 'gang', 'was', 'the', 'most', 'famous', 'group', 'to', 'embrace', 'illegalism', 'however', 'as', 'soon', 'as', 'important', 'figures', 'in', 'the', 'anarchist', 'movement', 'distanced', 'themselves', 'from', 'such', 'individual', 'acts', 'peter', 'kropotkin', 'thus', 'wrote', 'that', 'year', 'in', 'le', 'révolté', 'that', 'structure', 'based', 'on', 'centuries', 'of', 'history', 'cannot', 'be', 'destroyed', 'with', 'few', 'kilos', 'of', 'dynamite', 'variety', 'of', 'anarchists', 'advocated', 'the', 'abandonment', 'of', 'these', 'sorts', 'of', 'tactics', 'in', 'favour', 'of', 'collective', 'revolutionary', 'action', 'for', 'example', 'through', 'the', 'trade', 'union', 'movement', 'the', 'anarcho', 'syndicalist', 'fernand', 'pelloutier', 'argued', 'in', 'for', 'renewed', 'anarchist', 'involvement', 'in', 'the', 'labour', 'movement', 'on', 'the', 'basis', 'that', 'anarchism', 'could', 'do', 'very', 'well', 'without', 'the', 'individual', 'dynamiter', 'state', 'repression', 'including', 'the', 'infamous', 'french', 'lois', 'scélérates', 'of', 'the', 'anarchist', 'and', 'labour', 'movements', 'following', 'the', 'few', 'successful', 'bombings', 'and', 'assassinations', 'may', 'have', 'contributed', 'to', 'the', 'abandonment', 'of', 'these', 'kinds', 'of', 'tactics', 'although', 'reciprocally', 'state', 'repression', 'in', 'the', 'first', 'place', 'may', 'have', 'played', 'role', 'in', 'these', 'isolated', 'acts', 'the', 'dismemberment', 'of', 'the', 'french', 'socialist', 'movement', 'into', 'many', 'groups', 'and', 'following', 'the', 'suppression', 'of', 'the', 'paris', 'commune', 'the', 'execution', 'and', 'exile', 'of', 'many', 'communards', 'to', 'penal', 'colonies', 'favoured', 'individualist', 'political', 'expression', 'and', 'acts', 'numerous', 'heads', 'of', 'state', 'were', 'assassinated', 'between', 'and', 'by', 'members', 'of', 'the', 'anarchist', 'movement', 'including', 'tsar', 'alexander', 'ii', 'of', 'russia', 'president', 'sadi', 'carnot', 'of', 'france', 'empress', 'elisabeth', 'of', 'austria', 'king', 'umberto', 'of', 'italy', 'president', 'william', 'mckinley', 'of', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'king', 'carlos', 'of', 'portugal', 'and', 'king', 'george', 'of', 'greece', 'mckinley', 'assassin', 'leon', 'czolgosz', 'claimed', 'to', 'have', 'been', 'influenced', 'by', 'anarchist', 'and', 'feminist', 'emma', 'goldman', 'propaganda', 'of', 'the', 'deed', 'was', 'abandoned', 'by', 'the', 'vast', 'majority', 'of', 'the', 'anarchist', 'movement', 'after', 'world', 'war', 'and', 'the', 'october', 'revolution', 'russian', 'revolution', 'and', 'other', 'uprisings', 'of', 'the', 'nestor', 'makhno', 'with', 'members', 'of', 'the', 'anarchist', 'revolutionary', 'insurrectionary', 'army', 'of', 'ukraine', 'anarchists', 'participated', 'alongside', 'the', 'bolsheviks', 'in', 'both', 'february', 'and', 'october', 'revolutions', 'and', 'were', 'initially', 'enthusiastic', 'about', 'the', 'bolshevik', 'revolution', 'however', 'following', 'political', 'falling', 'out', 'with', 'the', 'bolsheviks', 'by', 'the', 'anarchists', 'and', 'other', 'left', 'wing', 'opposition', 'the', 'conflict', 'culminated', 'in', 'the', 'kronstadt', 'rebellion', 'which', 'the', 'new', 'government', 'repressed', 'anarchists', 'in', 'central', 'russia', 'were', 'either', 'imprisoned', 'driven', 'underground', 'or', 'joined', 'the', 'victorious', 'bolsheviks', 'the', 'anarchists', 'from', 'petrograd', 'and', 'moscow', 'fled', 'to', 'ukraine', 'there', 'in', 'the', 'free', 'territory', 'they', 'fought', 'in', 'the', 'civil', 'war', 'against', 'the', 'whites', 'grouping', 'of', 'monarchists', 'and', 'other', 'opponents', 'of', 'the', 'october', 'revolution', 'and', 'then', 'the', 'bolsheviks', 'as', 'part', 'of', 'the', 'revolutionary', 'insurrectionary', 'army', 'of', 'ukraine', 'led', 'by', 'nestor', 'makhno', 'who', 'established', 'an', 'anarchist', 'society', 'in', 'the', 'region', 'for', 'number', 'of', 'months', 'expelled', 'american', 'anarchists', 'emma', 'goldman', 'and', 'alexander', 'berkman', 'were', 'among', 'those', 'agitating', 'in', 'response', 'to', 'bolshevik', 'policy', 'and', 'the', 'suppression', 'of', 'the', 'kronstadt', 'uprising', 'before', 'they', 'left', 'russia', 'both', 'wrote', 'accounts', 'of', 'their', 'experiences', 'in', 'russia', 'criticising', 'the', 'amount', 'of', 'control', 'the', 'bolsheviks', 'exercised', 'for', 'them', 'bakunin', 'predictions', 'about', 'the', 'consequences', 'of', 'marxist', 'rule', 'that', 'the', 'rulers', 'of', 'the', 'new', 'socialist', 'marxist', 'state', 'would', 'become', 'new', 'elite', 'had', 'proved', 'all', 'too', 'true', 'the', 'victory', 'of', 'the', 'bolsheviks', 'in', 'the', 'october', 'revolution', 'and', 'the', 'resulting', 'russian', 'civil', 'war', 'did', 'serious', 'damage', 'to', 'anarchist', 'movements', 'internationally', 'many', 'workers', 'and', 'activists', 'saw', 'bolshevik', 'success', 'as', 'setting', 'an', 'example', 'communist', 'parties', 'grew', 'at', 'the', 'expense', 'of', 'anarchism', 'and', 'other', 'socialist', 'movements', 'in', 'france', 'and', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'for', 'example', 'members', 'of', 'the', 'major', 'syndicalist', 'movements', 'of', 'the', 'cgt', 'and', 'iww', 'left', 'the', 'organisations', 'and', 'joined', 'the', 'communist', 'international', 'the', 'revolutionary', 'wave', 'of', 'saw', 'the', 'active', 'participation', 'of', 'anarchists', 'in', 'varying', 'degrees', 'of', 'protagonism', 'in', 'the', 'german', 'uprising', 'known', 'as', 'the', 'german', 'revolution', 'of', 'which', 'established', 'the', 'bavarian', 'soviet', 'republic', 'the', 'anarchists', 'gustav', 'landauer', 'silvio', 'gesell', 'and', 'erich', 'mühsam', 'had', 'important', 'leadership', 'positions', 'within', 'the', 'revolutionary', 'councilist', 'structures', 'in', 'the', 'italian', 'events', 'known', 'as', 'the', 'biennio', 'rosso', 'the', 'anarcho', 'syndicalist', 'trade', 'union', 'unione', 'sindacale', 'italiana', 'grew', 'to', 'members', 'and', 'the', 'influence', 'of', 'the', 'italian', 'anarchist', 'union', 'members', 'plus', 'umanita', 'nova', 'its', 'daily', 'paper', 'grew', 'accordingly', 'anarchists', 'were', 'the', 'first', 'to', 'suggest', 'occupying', 'workplaces', 'in', 'the', 'mexican', 'revolution', 'the', 'mexican', 'liberal', 'party', 'was', 'established', 'and', 'during', 'the', 'early', 'it', 'led', 'series', 'of', 'military', 'offensives', 'leading', 'to', 'the', 'conquest', 'and', 'occupation', 'of', 'certain', 'towns', 'and', 'districts', 'in', 'baja', 'california', 'with', 'the', 'leadership', 'of', 'anarcho', 'communist', 'ricardo', 'flores', 'magón', 'in', 'paris', 'the', 'dielo', 'truda', 'group', 'of', 'russian', 'anarchist', 'exiles', 'which', 'included', 'nestor', 'makhno', 'concluded', 'that', 'anarchists', 'needed', 'to', 'develop', 'new', 'forms', 'of', 'organisation', 'in', 'response', 'to', 'the', 'structures', 'of', 'bolshevism', 'their', 'manifesto', 'called', 'the', 'organisational', 'platform', 'of', 'the', 'general', 'union', 'of', 'anarchists', 'draft', 'was', 'supported', 'platformist', 'groups', 'active', 'today', 'include', 'the', 'workers', 'solidarity', 'movement', 'in', 'ireland', 'and', 'the', 'north', 'eastern', 'federation', 'of', 'anarchist', 'communists', 'of', 'north', 'america', 'synthesis', 'anarchism', 'emerged', 'as', 'an', 'organisational', 'alternative', 'to', 'platformism', 'that', 'tries', 'to', 'join', 'anarchists', 'of', 'different', 'tendencies', 'under', 'the', 'principles', 'of', 'anarchism', 'without', 'adjectives', 'in', 'the', 'this', 'form', 'found', 'as', 'its', 'main', 'proponents', 'volin', 'and', 'sebastien', 'faure', 'it', 'is', 'the', 'main', 'principle', 'behind', 'the', 'anarchist', 'federations', 'grouped', 'around', 'the', 'contemporary', 'global', 'international', 'of', 'anarchist', 'federations', 'conflicts', 'with', 'european', 'fascist', 'regimes', 'in', 'the', 'and', 'the', 'rise', 'of', 'fascism', 'in', 'europe', 'transformed', 'anarchism', 'conflict', 'with', 'the', 'state', 'italy', 'saw', 'the', 'first', 'struggles', 'between', 'anarchists', 'and', 'fascists', 'italian', 'anarchists', 'played', 'key', 'role', 'in', 'the', 'anti', 'fascist', 'organisation', 'arditi', 'del', 'popolo', 'which', 'was', 'strongest', 'in', 'areas', 'with', 'anarchist', 'traditions', 'and', 'achieved', 'some', 'success', 'in', 'their', 'activism', 'such', 'as', 'repelling', 'blackshirts', 'in', 'the', 'anarchist', 'stronghold', 'of', 'parma', 'in', 'august', 'the', 'veteran', 'italian', 'anarchist', 'luigi', 'fabbri', 'was', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'first', 'critical', 'theorists', 'of', 'fascism', 'describing', 'it', 'as', 'the', 'preventive', 'counter', 'revolution', 'in', 'france', 'where', 'the', 'far', 'right', 'leagues', 'came', 'close', 'to', 'insurrection', 'in', 'the', 'february', 'riots', 'anarchists', 'divided', 'over', 'united', 'front', 'policy', 'anarchists', 'in', 'france', 'and', 'italy', 'were', 'active', 'in', 'the', 'resistance', 'during', 'world', 'war', 'ii', 'in', 'germany', 'the', 'anarchist', 'erich', 'mühsam', 'was', 'arrested', 'on', 'charges', 'unknown', 'in', 'the', 'early', 'morning', 'hours', 'of', 'february', 'within', 'few', 'hours', 'after', 'the', 'reichstag', 'fire', 'in', 'berlin', 'joseph', 'goebbels', 'the', 'nazi', 'propaganda', 'minister', 'labelled', 'him', 'as', 'one', 'of', 'those', 'jewish', 'subversives', 'over', 'the', 'next', 'seventeen', 'months', 'he', 'would', 'be', 'imprisoned', 'in', 'the', 'concentration', 'camps', 'at', 'sonnenburg', 'brandenburg', 'and', 'finally', 'oranienburg', 'on', 'february', 'mühsam', 'was', 'transferred', 'to', 'the', 'concentration', 'camp', 'at', 'oranienburg', 'when', 'finally', 'on', 'the', 'night', 'of', 'july', 'mühsam', 'was', 'tortured', 'and', 'murdered', 'by', 'the', 'guards', 'his', 'battered', 'corpse', 'found', 'hanging', 'in', 'latrine', 'the', 'next', 'morning', 'spanish', 'revolution', 'in', 'spain', 'the', 'national', 'anarcho', 'syndicalist', 'trade', 'union', 'confederación', 'nacional', 'del', 'trabajo', 'initially', 'refused', 'to', 'join', 'popular', 'front', 'electoral', 'alliance', 'and', 'abstention', 'by', 'cnt', 'supporters', 'led', 'to', 'right', 'wing', 'election', 'victory', 'but', 'in', 'the', 'cnt', 'changed', 'its', 'policy', 'and', 'anarchist', 'votes', 'helped', 'bring', 'the', 'popular', 'front', 'back', 'to', 'power', 'months', 'later', 'conservative', 'members', 'of', 'the', 'military', 'with', 'the', 'support', 'of', 'minority', 'extreme', 'right', 'parties', 'responded', 'with', 'an', 'attempted', 'coup', 'causing', 'the', 'spanish', 'civil', 'war', 'in', 'response', 'to', 'the', 'army', 'rebellion', 'an', 'anarchist', 'inspired', 'movement', 'of', 'peasants', 'and', 'workers', 'supported', 'by', 'armed', 'militias', 'took', 'control', 'of', 'barcelona', 'and', 'of', 'large', 'areas', 'of', 'rural', 'spain', 'where', 'they', 'collectivised', 'the', 'land', 'but', 'even', 'before', 'the', 'fascist', 'victory', 'in', 'the', 'anarchists', 'were', 'losing', 'ground', 'in', 'bitter', 'struggle', 'with', 'the', 'stalinists', 'who', 'controlled', 'much', 'of', 'the', 'distribution', 'of', 'military', 'aid', 'to', 'the', 'republican', 'cause', 'from', 'the', 'soviet', 'union', 'according', 'to', 'noam', 'chomsky', 'the', 'communists', 'were', 'mainly', 'responsible', 'for', 'the', 'destruction', 'of', 'the', 'spanish', 'anarchists', 'not', 'just', 'in', 'catalonia', 'the', 'communist', 'armies', 'mainly', 'destroyed', 'the', 'collectives', 'elsewhere', 'the', 'communists', 'basically', 'acted', 'as', 'the', 'police', 'force', 'of', 'the', 'security', 'system', 'of', 'the', 'republic', 'and', 'were', 'very', 'much', 'opposed', 'to', 'the', 'anarchists', 'partially', 'because', 'stalin', 'still', 'hoped', 'at', 'that', 'time', 'to', 'have', 'some', 'kind', 'of', 'pact', 'with', 'western', 'countries', 'against', 'hitler', 'that', 'of', 'course', 'failed', 'and', 'stalin', 'withdrew', 'the', 'support', 'to', 'the', 'republic', 'they', 'even', 'withdrew', 'the', 'spanish', 'gold', 'reserves', 'the', 'events', 'known', 'as', 'the', 'spanish', 'revolution', 'was', 'workers', 'social', 'revolution', 'that', 'began', 'during', 'the', 'outbreak', 'of', 'the', 'spanish', 'civil', 'war', 'in', 'and', 'resulted', 'in', 'the', 'widespread', 'implementation', 'of', 'anarchist', 'and', 'more', 'broadly', 'libertarian', 'socialist', 'organisational', 'principles', 'throughout', 'various', 'portions', 'of', 'the', 'country', 'for', 'two', 'to', 'three', 'years', 'primarily', 'catalonia', 'aragon', 'andalusia', 'and', 'parts', 'of', 'the', 'levante', 'much', 'of', 'spain', 'economy', 'was', 'put', 'under', 'worker', 'control', 'in', 'anarchist', 'strongholds', 'like', 'catalonia', 'the', 'figure', 'was', 'as', 'high', 'as', 'but', 'lower', 'in', 'areas', 'with', 'heavy', 'communist', 'party', 'of', 'spain', 'influence', 'as', 'the', 'soviet', 'allied', 'party', 'actively', 'resisted', 'attempts', 'at', 'enactment', 'factories', 'were', 'run', 'through', 'worker', 'committees', 'agrarian', 'areas', 'became', 'collectivised', 'and', 'run', 'as', 'libertarian', 'communes', 'anarchist', 'historian', 'sam', 'dolgoff', 'estimated', 'that', 'about', 'eight', 'million', 'people', 'participated', 'directly', 'or', 'at', 'least', 'indirectly', 'in', 'the', 'spanish', 'revolution', 'which', 'he', 'claimed', 'came', 'closer', 'to', 'realising', 'the', 'ideal', 'of', 'the', 'free', 'stateless', 'society', 'on', 'vast', 'scale', 'than', 'any', 'other', 'revolution', 'in', 'history', 'spanish', 'communist', 'party', 'led', 'troops', 'suppressed', 'the', 'collectives', 'and', 'persecuted', 'both', 'dissident', 'marxists', 'and', 'anarchists', 'the', 'prominent', 'italian', 'anarchist', 'camillo', 'berneri', 'who', 'volunteered', 'to', 'fight', 'against', 'franco', 'was', 'killed', 'instead', 'in', 'spain', 'by', 'gunmen', 'associated', 'with', 'the', 'spanish', 'communist', 'party', 'the', 'city', 'of', 'madrid', 'was', 'turned', 'over', 'to', 'the', 'francoist', 'forces', 'by', 'the', 'last', 'non', 'francoist', 'mayor', 'of', 'the', 'city', 'the', 'anarchist', 'melchor', 'rodríguez', 'garcía', 'post', 'war', 'years', 'anarchism', 'sought', 'to', 'reorganise', 'itself', 'after', 'the', 'war', 'and', 'in', 'this', 'context', 'the', 'organisational', 'debate', 'between', 'synthesis', 'anarchism', 'and', 'platformism', 'took', 'importance', 'once', 'again', 'especially', 'in', 'the', 'anarchist', 'movements', 'of', 'italy', 'and', 'france', 'the', 'mexican', 'anarchist', 'federation', 'was', 'established', 'in', 'after', 'the', 'anarchist', 'federation', 'of', 'the', 'centre', 'united', 'with', 'the', 'anarchist', 'federation', 'of', 'the', 'federal', 'district', 'in', 'the', 'early', 'the', 'antifascist', 'international', 'solidarity', 'and', 'the', 'federation', 'of', 'anarchist', 'groups', 'of', 'cuba', 'merged', 'into', 'the', 'large', 'national', 'organisation', 'asociación', 'libertaria', 'de', 'cuba', 'cuban', 'libertarian', 'association', 'from', 'to', 'the', 'bulgarian', 'anarchist', 'communist', 'federation', 'reemerged', 'as', 'part', 'of', 'factory', 'and', 'workplace', 'committee', 'movement', 'but', 'was', 'repressed', 'by', 'the', 'new', 'communist', 'regime', 'in', 'in', 'france', 'the', 'fédération', 'anarchiste', 'and', 'the', 'trade', 'union', 'confédération', 'nationale', 'du', 'travail', 'was', 'established', 'in', 'the', 'next', 'year', 'while', 'the', 'also', 'synthesist', 'federazione', 'anarchica', 'italiana', 'was', 'founded', 'in', 'italy', 'korean', 'anarchists', 'formed', 'the', 'league', 'of', 'free', 'social', 'constructors', 'in', 'september', 'and', 'in', 'the', 'japanese', 'anarchist', 'federation', 'was', 'founded', 'an', 'international', 'anarchist', 'congress', 'with', 'delegates', 'from', 'across', 'europe', 'was', 'held', 'in', 'paris', 'in', 'may', 'after', 'world', 'war', 'ii', 'an', 'appeal', 'in', 'the', 'fraye', 'arbeter', 'shtime', 'detailing', 'the', 'plight', 'of', 'german', 'anarchists', 'and', 'called', 'for', 'americans', 'to', 'support', 'them', 'by', 'february', 'the', 'sending', 'of', 'aid', 'parcels', 'to', 'anarchists', 'in', 'germany', 'was', 'large', 'scale', 'operation', 'the', 'federation', 'of', 'libertarian', 'socialists', 'was', 'founded', 'in', 'germany', 'in', 'and', 'rudolf', 'rocker', 'wrote', 'for', 'its', 'organ', 'die', 'freie', 'gesellschaft', 'which', 'survived', 'until', 'in', 'the', 'uruguayan', 'anarchist', 'federation', 'was', 'founded', 'in', 'the', 'anarcho', 'communist', 'federation', 'of', 'argentina', 'renamed', 'itself', 'as', 'the', 'argentine', 'libertarian', 'federation', 'the', 'syndicalist', 'workers', 'federation', 'was', 'syndicalist', 'group', 'in', 'active', 'in', 'post', 'war', 'britain', 'and', 'one', 'of', 'solidarity', 'federation', 'earliest', 'predecessors', 'it', 'was', 'formed', 'in', 'by', 'members', 'of', 'the', 'dissolved', 'anarchist', 'federation', 'of', 'britain', 'unlike', 'the', 'afb', 'which', 'was', 'influenced', 'by', 'anarcho', 'syndicalist', 'ideas', 'but', 'ultimately', 'not', 'syndicalist', 'itself', 'the', 'swf', 'decided', 'to', 'pursue', 'more', 'definitely', 'syndicalist', 'worker', 'centred', 'strategy', 'from', 'the', 'outset', 'anarchism', 'continued', 'to', 'influence', 'important', 'literary', 'and', 'intellectual', 'personalities', 'of', 'the', 'time', 'such', 'as', 'albert', 'camus', 'herbert', 'read', 'paul', 'goodman', 'dwight', 'macdonald', 'allen', 'ginsberg', 'george', 'woodcock', 'leopold', 'kohr', 'julian', 'beck', 'john', 'cage', 'and', 'the', 'french', 'surrealist', 'group', 'led', 'by', 'andré', 'breton', 'which', 'now', 'openly', 'embraced', 'anarchism', 'and', 'collaborated', 'in', 'the', 'fédération', 'anarchiste', 'anarcho', 'pacifism', 'became', 'influential', 'in', 'the', 'anti', 'nuclear', 'movement', 'and', 'anti', 'war', 'movements', 'of', 'the', 'time', 'as', 'can', 'be', 'seen', 'in', 'the', 'activism', 'and', 'writings', 'of', 'the', 'english', 'anarchist', 'member', 'of', 'campaign', 'for', 'nuclear', 'disarmament', 'alex', 'comfort', 'or', 'the', 'similar', 'activism', 'of', 'the', 'american', 'catholic', 'anarcho', 'pacifists', 'ammon', 'hennacy', 'and', 'dorothy', 'day', 'anarcho', 'pacifism', 'became', 'basis', 'for', 'critique', 'of', 'militarism', 'on', 'both', 'sides', 'of', 'the', 'cold', 'war', 'the', 'resurgence', 'of', 'anarchist', 'ideas', 'during', 'this', 'period', 'is', 'well', 'documented', 'in', 'robert', 'graham', 'anarchism', 'documentary', 'history', 'of', 'libertarian', 'ideas', 'volume', 'two', 'the', 'emergence', 'of', 'the', 'new', 'anarchism', 'contemporary', 'anarchism', 'squat', 'near', 'parc', 'güell', 'overlooking', 'barcelona', 'squatting', 'was', 'prominent', 'part', 'of', 'the', 'emergence', 'of', 'renewed', 'anarchist', 'movement', 'from', 'the', 'counterculture', 'of', 'the', 'and', 'on', 'the', 'roof', 'occupy', 'and', 'resist', 'surge', 'of', 'popular', 'interest', 'in', 'anarchism', 'occurred', 'in', 'western', 'nations', 'during', 'the', 'and', 'anarchism', 'was', 'influential', 'in', 'the', 'counterculture', 'of', 'the', 'and', 'anarchists', 'actively', 'participated', 'in', 'the', 'late', 'sixties', 'students', 'and', 'workers', 'revolts', 'in', 'in', 'carrara', 'italy', 'the', 'international', 'of', 'anarchist', 'federations', 'was', 'founded', 'during', 'an', 'international', 'anarchist', 'conference', 'held', 'there', 'in', 'by', 'the', 'three', 'existing', 'european', 'federations', 'of', 'france', 'the', 'fédération', 'anarchiste', 'the', 'federazione', 'anarchica', 'italiana', 'of', 'italy', 'and', 'the', 'iberian', 'anarchist', 'federation', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'the', 'bulgarian', 'federation', 'in', 'french', 'exile', 'in', 'the', 'united', 'kingdom', 'in', 'the', 'this', 'was', 'associated', 'with', 'the', 'punk', 'rock', 'movement', 'as', 'exemplified', 'by', 'bands', 'such', 'as', 'crass', 'and', 'the', 'sex', 'pistols', 'the', 'housing', 'and', 'employment', 'crisis', 'in', 'most', 'of', 'western', 'europe', 'led', 'to', 'the', 'formation', 'of', 'communes', 'and', 'squatter', 'movements', 'like', 'that', 'of', 'barcelona', 'spain', 'in', 'denmark', 'squatters', 'occupied', 'disused', 'military', 'base', 'and', 'declared', 'the', 'freetown', 'christiania', 'an', 'autonomous', 'haven', 'in', 'central', 'copenhagen', 'since', 'the', 'revival', 'of', 'anarchism', 'in', 'the', 'mid', 'th', 'century', 'number', 'of', 'new', 'movements', 'and', 'schools', 'of', 'thought', 'emerged', 'although', 'feminist', 'tendencies', 'have', 'always', 'been', 'part', 'of', 'the', 'anarchist', 'movement', 'in', 'the', 'form', 'of', 'anarcha', 'feminism', 'they', 'returned', 'with', 'vigour', 'during', 'the', 'second', 'wave', 'of', 'feminism', 'in', 'the', 'anarchist', 'anthropologist', 'david', 'graeber', 'and', 'anarchist', 'historian', 'andrej', 'grubacic', 'have', 'posited', 'rupture', 'between', 'generations', 'of', 'anarchism', 'with', 'those', 'who', 'often', 'still', 'have', 'not', 'shaken', 'the', 'sectarian', 'habits', 'of', 'the', 'th', 'century', 'contrasted', 'with', 'the', 'younger', 'activists', 'who', 'are', 'much', 'more', 'informed', 'among', 'other', 'elements', 'by', 'indigenous', 'feminist', 'ecological', 'and', 'cultural', 'critical', 'ideas', 'and', 'who', 'by', 'the', 'turn', 'of', 'the', 'st', 'century', 'formed', 'by', 'far', 'the', 'majority', 'of', 'anarchists', 'around', 'the', 'turn', 'of', 'the', 'st', 'century', 'anarchism', 'grew', 'in', 'popularity', 'and', 'influence', 'as', 'part', 'of', 'the', 'anti', 'war', 'anti', 'capitalist', 'and', 'anti', 'globalisation', 'movements', 'anarchists', 'became', 'known', 'for', 'their', 'involvement', 'in', 'protests', 'against', 'the', 'meetings', 'of', 'the', 'world', 'trade', 'organization', 'wto', 'group', 'of', 'eight', 'and', 'the', 'world', 'economic', 'forum', 'some', 'anarchist', 'factions', 'at', 'these', 'protests', 'engaged', 'in', 'rioting', 'property', 'destruction', 'and', 'violent', 'confrontations', 'with', 'police', 'these', 'actions', 'were', 'precipitated', 'by', 'ad', 'hoc', 'leaderless', 'anonymous', 'cadres', 'known', 'as', 'black', 'blocs', 'other', 'organisational', 'tactics', 'pioneered', 'in', 'this', 'time', 'include', 'security', 'culture', 'affinity', 'groups', 'and', 'the', 'use', 'of', 'decentralised', 'technologies', 'such', 'as', 'the', 'internet', 'significant', 'event', 'of', 'this', 'period', 'was', 'the', 'confrontations', 'at', 'wto', 'conference', 'in', 'seattle', 'in', 'according', 'to', 'anarchist', 'scholar', 'simon', 'critchley', 'contemporary', 'anarchism', 'can', 'be', 'seen', 'as', 'powerful', 'critique', 'of', 'the', 'pseudo', 'libertarianism', 'of', 'contemporary', 'neo', 'liberalism', 'one', 'might', 'say', 'that', 'contemporary', 'anarchism', 'is', 'about', 'responsibility', 'whether', 'sexual', 'ecological', 'or', 'socio', 'economic', 'it', 'flows', 'from', 'an', 'experience', 'of', 'conscience', 'about', 'the', 'manifold', 'ways', 'in', 'which', 'the', 'west', 'ravages', 'the', 'rest', 'it', 'is', 'an', 'ethical', 'outrage', 'at', 'the', 'yawning', 'inequality', 'impoverishment', 'and', 'that', 'is', 'so', 'palpable', 'locally', 'and', 'globally', 'international', 'anarchist', 'federations', 'in', 'existence', 'include', 'the', 'international', 'of', 'anarchist', 'federations', 'the', 'international', 'workers', 'association', 'and', 'international', 'libertarian', 'solidarity', 'the', 'largest', 'organised', 'anarchist', 'movement', 'today', 'is', 'in', 'spain', 'in', 'the', 'form', 'of', 'the', 'confederación', 'general', 'del', 'trabajo', 'cgt', 'and', 'the', 'cnt', 'cgt', 'membership', 'was', 'estimated', 'at', 'around', 'for', 'other', 'active', 'syndicalist', 'movements', 'include', 'in', 'sweden', 'the', 'central', 'organisation', 'of', 'the', 'workers', 'of', 'sweden', 'and', 'the', 'swedish', 'anarcho', 'syndicalist', 'youth', 'federation', 'the', 'cnt', 'ait', 'in', 'france', 'the', 'unione', 'sindicale', 'italiana', 'in', 'italy', 'in', 'the', 'us', 'workers', 'solidarity', 'alliance', 'and', 'the', 'uk', 'solidarity', 'federation', 'and', 'anarchist', 'federation', 'the', 'revolutionary', 'industrial', 'unionist', 'industrial', 'workers', 'of', 'the', 'world', 'claiming', 'paying', 'members', 'and', 'the', 'international', 'workers', 'association', 'an', 'anarcho', 'syndicalist', 'successor', 'to', 'the', 'first', 'international', 'also', 'remain', 'active', 'anarchist', 'schools', 'of', 'thought', 'portrait', 'of', 'philosopher', 'pierre', 'joseph', 'proudhon', 'by', 'gustave', 'courbet', 'proudhon', 'was', 'the', 'primary', 'proponent', 'of', 'anarchist', 'mutualism', 'and', 'influenced', 'many', 'later', 'individualist', 'anarchist', 'and', 'social', 'anarchist', 'thinkers', 'anarchist', 'schools', 'of', 'thought', 'had', 'been', 'generally', 'grouped', 'in', 'two', 'main', 'historical', 'traditions', 'individualist', 'anarchism', 'and', 'social', 'anarchism', 'which', 'have', 'some', 'different', 'origins', 'values', 'and', 'evolution', 'the', 'individualist', 'wing', 'of', 'anarchism', 'emphasises', 'negative', 'liberty', 'opposition', 'to', 'state', 'or', 'social', 'control', 'over', 'the', 'individual', 'while', 'those', 'in', 'the', 'social', 'wing', 'emphasise', 'positive', 'liberty', 'to', 'achieve', 'one', 'potential', 'and', 'argue', 'that', 'humans', 'have', 'needs', 'that', 'society', 'ought', 'to', 'fulfil', 'recognising', 'equality', 'of', 'entitlement', 'in', 'chronological', 'and', 'theoretical', 'sense', 'there', 'are', 'classical', 'those', 'created', 'throughout', 'the', 'th', 'century', 'and', 'post', 'classical', 'anarchist', 'schools', 'those', 'created', 'since', 'the', 'mid', 'th', 'century', 'and', 'after', 'beyond', 'the', 'specific', 'factions', 'of', 'anarchist', 'thought', 'is', 'philosophical', 'anarchism', 'which', 'embodies', 'the', 'theoretical', 'stance', 'that', 'the', 'state', 'lacks', 'moral', 'legitimacy', 'without', 'accepting', 'the', 'imperative', 'of', 'revolution', 'to', 'eliminate', 'it', 'component', 'especially', 'of', 'individualist', 'anarchism', 'philosophical', 'anarchism', 'may', 'accept', 'the', 'existence', 'of', 'minimal', 'state', 'as', 'unfortunate', 'and', 'usually', 'temporary', 'necessary', 'evil', 'but', 'argue', 'that', 'citizens', 'do', 'not', 'have', 'moral', 'obligation', 'to', 'obey', 'the', 'state', 'when', 'its', 'laws', 'conflict', 'with', 'individual', 'autonomy', 'one', 'reaction', 'against', 'sectarianism', 'within', 'the', 'anarchist', 'milieu', 'was', 'anarchism', 'without', 'adjectives', 'call', 'for', 'toleration', 'first', 'adopted', 'by', 'fernando', 'tarrida', 'del', 'mármol', 'in', 'in', 'response', 'to', 'the', 'bitter', 'debates', 'of', 'anarchist', 'theory', 'at', 'the', 'time', 'in', 'abandoning', 'the', 'hyphenated', 'anarchisms', 'collectivist', 'communist', 'mutualist', 'and', 'individualist', 'anarchism', 'it', 'sought', 'to', 'emphasise', 'the', 'anti', 'authoritarian', 'beliefs', 'common', 'to', 'all', 'anarchist', 'schools', 'of', 'thought', 'classical', 'anarchist', 'schools', 'of', 'thought', 'mutualism', 'mutualism', 'began', 'in', 'th', 'century', 'english', 'and', 'french', 'labour', 'movements', 'before', 'taking', 'an', 'anarchist', 'form', 'associated', 'with', 'pierre', 'joseph', 'proudhon', 'in', 'france', 'and', 'others', 'in', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'proudhon', 'proposed', 'spontaneous', 'order', 'whereby', 'organisation', 'emerges', 'without', 'central', 'authority', 'positive', 'anarchy', 'where', 'order', 'arises', 'when', 'everybody', 'does', 'what', 'he', 'wishes', 'and', 'only', 'what', 'he', 'wishes', 'and', 'where', 'business', 'transactions', 'alone', 'produce', 'the', 'social', 'order', 'proudhon', 'distinguished', 'between', 'ideal', 'political', 'possibilities', 'and', 'practical', 'governance', 'for', 'this', 'reason', 'much', 'in', 'contrast', 'to', 'some', 'of', 'his', 'theoretical', 'statements', 'concerning', 'ultimate', 'spontaneous', 'self', 'governance', 'proudhon', 'was', 'heavily', 'involved', 'in', 'french', 'parliamentary', 'politics', 'and', 'allied', 'himself', 'not', 'with', 'anarchist', 'but', 'socialist', 'factions', 'of', 'workers', 'movements', 'and', 'in', 'addition', 'to', 'advocating', 'state', 'protected', 'charters', 'for', 'worker', 'owned', 'cooperatives', 'promoted', 'certain', 'nationalisation', 'schemes', 'during', 'his', 'life', 'of', 'public', 'service', 'mutualist', 'anarchism', 'is', 'concerned', 'with', 'reciprocity', 'free', 'association', 'voluntary', 'contract', 'federation', 'and', 'credit', 'and', 'currency', 'reform', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'american', 'mutualist', 'william', 'batchelder', 'greene', 'each', 'worker', 'in', 'the', 'mutualist', 'system', 'would', 'receive', 'just', 'and', 'exact', 'pay', 'for', 'his', 'work', 'services', 'equivalent', 'in', 'cost', 'being', 'exchangeable', 'for', 'services', 'equivalent', 'in', 'cost', 'without', 'profit', 'or', 'discount', 'mutualism', 'has', 'been', 'retrospectively', 'characterised', 'as', 'ideologically', 'situated', 'between', 'individualist', 'and', 'collectivist', 'forms', 'of', 'anarchism', 'blackwell', 'encyclopaedia', 'of', 'political', 'thought', 'blackwell', 'publishing', 'isbn', 'proudhon', 'first', 'characterised', 'his', 'goal', 'as', 'third', 'form', 'of', 'society', 'the', 'synthesis', 'of', 'communism', 'and', 'property', 'individualist', 'anarchism', 'individualist', 'anarchism', 'refers', 'to', 'several', 'traditions', 'of', 'thought', 'within', 'the', 'anarchist', 'movement', 'that', 'emphasise', 'the', 'individual', 'and', 'their', 'will', 'over', 'any', 'kinds', 'of', 'external', 'determinants', 'such', 'as', 'groups', 'society', 'traditions', 'and', 'ideological', 'systems', 'individualist', 'anarchism', 'is', 'not', 'single', 'philosophy', 'but', 'refers', 'to', 'group', 'of', 'individualistic', 'philosophies', 'that', 'sometimes', 'are', 'in', 'conflict', 'in', 'william', 'godwin', 'who', 'has', 'often', 'been', 'cited', 'as', 'the', 'first', 'anarchist', 'wrote', 'political', 'justice', 'which', 'some', 'consider', 'the', 'first', 'expression', 'of', 'anarchism', 'godwin', 'philosophical', 'anarchist', 'from', 'rationalist', 'and', 'utilitarian', 'basis', 'opposed', 'revolutionary', 'action', 'and', 'saw', 'minimal', 'state', 'as', 'present', 'necessary', 'evil', 'that', 'would', 'become', 'increasingly', 'irrelevant', 'and', 'powerless', 'by', 'the', 'gradual', 'spread', 'of', 'knowledge', 'godwin', 'advocated', 'individualism', 'proposing', 'that', 'all', 'cooperation', 'in', 'labour', 'be', 'eliminated', 'on', 'the', 'premise', 'that', 'this', 'would', 'be', 'most', 'conducive', 'with', 'the', 'general', 'good', 'th', 'century', 'philosopher', 'max', 'stirner', 'usually', 'considered', 'prominent', 'early', 'individualist', 'anarchist', 'sketch', 'by', 'friedrich', 'engels', 'an', 'influential', 'form', 'of', 'individualist', 'anarchism', 'called', 'egoism', 'or', 'egoist', 'anarchism', 'was', 'expounded', 'by', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'earliest', 'and', 'best', 'known', 'proponents', 'of', 'individualist', 'anarchism', 'the', 'german', 'max', 'stirner', 'stirner', 'the', 'ego', 'and', 'its', 'own', 'published', 'in', 'is', 'founding', 'text', 'of', 'the', 'philosophy', 'according', 'to', 'stirner', 'the', 'only', 'limitation', 'on', 'the', 'rights', 'of', 'individuals', 'is', 'their', 'power', 'to', 'obtain', 'what', 'they', 'desire', 'without', 'regard', 'for', 'god', 'state', 'or', 'morality', 'to', 'stirner', 'rights', 'were', 'spooks', 'in', 'the', 'mind', 'and', 'he', 'held', 'that', 'society', 'does', 'not', 'exist', 'but', 'the', 'individuals', 'are', 'its', 'reality', 'stirner', 'advocated', 'self', 'assertion', 'and', 'foresaw', 'unions', 'of', 'egoists', 'non', 'systematic', 'associations', 'continually', 'renewed', 'by', 'all', 'parties', 'support', 'through', 'an', 'act', 'of', 'will', 'which', 'stirner', 'proposed', 'as', 'form', 'of', 'organisation', 'in', 'place', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'egoist', 'anarchists', 'argue', 'that', 'egoism', 'will', 'foster', 'genuine', 'and', 'spontaneous', 'union', 'between', 'individuals', 'egoism', 'has', 'inspired', 'many', 'interpretations', 'of', 'stirner', 'philosophy', 'it', 'was', 're', 'discovered', 'and', 'promoted', 'by', 'german', 'philosophical', 'anarchist', 'and', 'homosexual', 'activist', 'john', 'henry', 'mackay', 'josiah', 'warren', 'is', 'widely', 'regarded', 'as', 'the', 'first', 'american', 'anarchist', 'and', 'the', 'four', 'page', 'weekly', 'paper', 'he', 'edited', 'during', 'the', 'peaceful', 'revolutionist', 'was', 'the', 'first', 'anarchist', 'periodical', 'published', 'for', 'american', 'anarchist', 'historian', 'eunice', 'minette', 'schuster', 'it', 'is', 'apparent', 'that', 'proudhonian', 'anarchism', 'was', 'to', 'be', 'found', 'in', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'at', 'least', 'as', 'early', 'as', 'and', 'that', 'it', 'was', 'not', 'conscious', 'of', 'its', 'affinity', 'to', 'the', 'individualist', 'anarchism', 'of', 'josiah', 'warren', 'and', 'stephen', 'pearl', 'andrews', 'william', 'greene', 'presented', 'this', 'proudhonian', 'mutualism', 'in', 'its', 'purest', 'and', 'most', 'systematic', 'form', 'henry', 'david', 'thoreau', 'was', 'an', 'important', 'early', 'influence', 'in', 'individualist', 'anarchist', 'thought', 'in', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'and', 'europe', 'thoreau', 'was', 'an', 'american', 'author', 'poet', 'naturalist', 'tax', 'resister', 'development', 'critic', 'surveyor', 'historian', 'philosopher', 'and', 'leading', 'he', 'is', 'best', 'known', 'for', 'his', 'books', 'walden', 'reflection', 'upon', 'simple', 'living', 'in', 'natural', 'surroundings', 'and', 'his', 'essay', 'civil', 'disobedience', 'an', 'argument', 'for', 'individual', 'resistance', 'to', 'civil', 'government', 'in', 'moral', 'opposition', 'to', 'an', 'unjust', 'state', 'later', 'benjamin', 'tucker', 'fused', 'stirner', 'egoism', 'with', 'the', 'economics', 'of', 'warren', 'and', 'proudhon', 'in', 'his', 'eclectic', 'influential', 'publication', 'liberty', 'from', 'these', 'early', 'influences', 'individualist', 'anarchism', 'in', 'different', 'countries', 'attracted', 'small', 'but', 'diverse', 'following', 'of', 'bohemian', 'artists', 'and', 'intellectuals', 'free', 'love', 'and', 'birth', 'control', 'advocates', 'see', 'anarchism', 'and', 'issues', 'related', 'to', 'love', 'and', 'sex', 'individualist', 'naturists', 'nudists', 'see', 'anarcho', 'naturism', 'freethought', 'and', 'anti', 'clerical', 'activists', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'young', 'anarchist', 'outlaws', 'in', 'what', 'became', 'known', 'as', 'illegalism', 'and', 'individual', 'reclamation', 'see', 'european', 'individualist', 'anarchism', 'and', 'individualist', 'anarchism', 'in', 'france', 'these', 'authors', 'and', 'activists', 'included', 'oscar', 'wilde', 'emile', 'armand', 'han', 'ryner', 'henri', 'zisly', 'renzo', 'novatore', 'miguel', 'gimenez', 'igualada', 'adolf', 'brand', 'and', 'lev', 'chernyi', 'among', 'others', 'social', 'anarchism', 'social', 'anarchism', 'calls', 'for', 'system', 'with', 'common', 'ownership', 'of', 'means', 'of', 'production', 'and', 'democratic', 'control', 'of', 'all', 'organisations', 'without', 'any', 'government', 'authority', 'or', 'coercion', 'it', 'is', 'the', 'largest', 'school', 'of', 'thought', 'in', 'anarchism', 'social', 'anarchism', 'rejects', 'private', 'property', 'seeing', 'it', 'as', 'source', 'of', 'social', 'inequality', 'while', 'retaining', 'respect', 'for', 'personal', 'property', 'and', 'emphasises', 'cooperation', 'and', 'mutual', 'aid', 'collectivist', 'anarchism', 'collectivist', 'anarchism', 'also', 'referred', 'to', 'as', 'revolutionary', 'socialism', 'or', 'form', 'of', 'such', 'is', 'revolutionary', 'form', 'of', 'anarchism', 'commonly', 'associated', 'with', 'mikhail', 'bakunin', 'and', 'johann', 'most', 'collectivist', 'anarchists', 'oppose', 'all', 'private', 'ownership', 'of', 'the', 'means', 'of', 'production', 'instead', 'advocating', 'that', 'ownership', 'be', 'collectivised', 'this', 'was', 'to', 'be', 'achieved', 'through', 'violent', 'revolution', 'first', 'starting', 'with', 'small', 'cohesive', 'group', 'through', 'acts', 'of', 'violence', 'or', 'propaganda', 'by', 'the', 'deed', 'which', 'would', 'inspire', 'the', 'workers', 'as', 'whole', 'to', 'revolt', 'and', 'forcibly', 'collectivise', 'the', 'means', 'of', 'production', 'however', 'was', 'not', 'to', 'be', 'extended', 'to', 'the', 'distribution', 'of', 'income', 'as', 'workers', 'would', 'be', 'paid', 'according', 'to', 'time', 'worked', 'rather', 'than', 'receiving', 'goods', 'being', 'distributed', 'according', 'to', 'need', 'as', 'in', 'anarcho', 'communism', 'this', 'position', 'was', 'criticised', 'by', 'anarchist', 'communists', 'as', 'effectively', 'upholding', 'the', 'wages', 'system', 'collectivist', 'anarchism', 'arose', 'with', 'marxism', 'but', 'opposed', 'the', 'marxist', 'dictatorship', 'of', 'the', 'proletariat', 'despite', 'the', 'stated', 'marxist', 'goal', 'of', 'collectivist', 'stateless', 'society', 'anarchist', 'communist', 'and', 'collectivist', 'ideas', 'are', 'not', 'mutually', 'exclusive', 'although', 'the', 'collectivist', 'anarchists', 'advocated', 'compensation', 'for', 'labour', 'some', 'held', 'out', 'the', 'possibility', 'of', 'post', 'revolutionary', 'transition', 'to', 'communist', 'system', 'of', 'distribution', 'according', 'to', 'need', 'anarcho', 'communism', 'anarchist', 'communism', 'also', 'known', 'as', 'anarcho', 'communism', 'libertarian', 'communism', 'and', 'occasionally', 'as', 'free', 'communism', 'is', 'theory', 'of', 'anarchism', 'that', 'advocates', 'abolition', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'markets', 'money', 'private', 'property', 'while', 'retaining', 'respect', 'for', 'personal', 'property', 'and', 'capitalism', 'in', 'favour', 'of', 'common', 'ownership', 'of', 'the', 'means', 'of', 'production', 'direct', 'democracy', 'and', 'horizontal', 'network', 'of', 'voluntary', 'associations', 'and', 'workers', 'councils', 'with', 'production', 'and', 'consumption', 'based', 'on', 'the', 'guiding', 'principle', 'from', 'each', 'according', 'to', 'his', 'ability', 'to', 'each', 'according', 'to', 'his', 'need', 'russian', 'theorist', 'peter', 'kropotkin', 'who', 'was', 'influential', 'in', 'the', 'development', 'of', 'anarchist', 'communism', 'some', 'forms', 'of', 'anarchist', 'communism', 'such', 'as', 'insurrectionary', 'anarchism', 'are', 'strongly', 'influenced', 'by', 'egoism', 'and', 'radical', 'individualism', 'believing', 'anarcho', 'communism', 'is', 'the', 'best', 'social', 'system', 'for', 'the', 'realisation', 'of', 'individual', 'freedom', 'most', 'anarcho', 'communists', 'view', 'anarcho', 'communism', 'as', 'way', 'of', 'reconciling', 'the', 'opposition', 'between', 'the', 'individual', 'and', 'society', 'anarcho', 'communism', 'developed', 'out', 'of', 'radical', 'socialist', 'currents', 'after', 'the', 'french', 'revolution', 'but', 'was', 'first', 'formulated', 'as', 'such', 'in', 'the', 'italian', 'section', 'of', 'the', 'first', 'international', 'the', 'theoretical', 'work', 'of', 'peter', 'kropotkin', 'took', 'importance', 'later', 'as', 'it', 'expanded', 'and', 'developed', 'pro', 'and', 'insurrectionary', 'anti', 'sections', 'to', 'date', 'the', 'best', 'known', 'examples', 'of', 'an', 'anarchist', 'communist', 'society', 'established', 'around', 'the', 'ideas', 'as', 'they', 'exist', 'today', 'and', 'achieving', 'worldwide', 'attention', 'and', 'knowledge', 'in', 'the', 'historical', 'canon', 'are', 'the', 'anarchist', 'territories', 'during', 'the', 'spanish', 'revolution', 'and', 'the', 'free', 'territory', 'during', 'the', 'russian', 'revolution', 'through', 'the', 'efforts', 'and', 'influence', 'of', 'the', 'spanish', 'anarchists', 'during', 'the', 'spanish', 'revolution', 'within', 'the', 'spanish', 'civil', 'war', 'starting', 'in', 'anarchist', 'communism', 'existed', 'in', 'most', 'of', 'aragon', 'parts', 'of', 'the', 'levante', 'and', 'andalusia', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'in', 'the', 'stronghold', 'of', 'anarchist', 'catalonia', 'before', 'being', 'crushed', 'by', 'the', 'combined', 'forces', 'of', 'the', 'regime', 'that', 'won', 'the', 'war', 'hitler', 'mussolini', 'spanish', 'communist', 'party', 'repression', 'backed', 'by', 'the', 'ussr', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'economic', 'and', 'armaments', 'blockades', 'from', 'the', 'capitalist', 'countries', 'and', 'the', 'spanish', 'republic', 'itself', 'during', 'the', 'russian', 'revolution', 'anarchists', 'such', 'as', 'nestor', 'makhno', 'worked', 'to', 'create', 'and', 'defend', 'through', 'the', 'revolutionary', 'insurrectionary', 'army', 'of', 'ukraine', 'anarchist', 'communism', 'in', 'the', 'free', 'territory', 'of', 'the', 'ukraine', 'from', 'before', 'being', 'conquered', 'by', 'the', 'bolsheviks', 'in', 'anarcho', 'syndicalism', 'may', 'day', 'demonstration', 'of', 'spanish', 'anarcho', 'syndicalist', 'trade', 'union', 'cnt', 'in', 'bilbao', 'basque', 'country', 'in', 'anarcho', 'syndicalism', 'is', 'branch', 'of', 'anarchism', 'that', 'focuses', 'on', 'the', 'labour', 'movement', 'anarcho', 'syndicalists', 'view', 'labour', 'unions', 'as', 'potential', 'force', 'for', 'revolutionary', 'social', 'change', 'replacing', 'capitalism', 'and', 'the', 'state', 'with', 'new', 'society', 'democratically', 'self', 'managed', 'by', 'workers', 'the', 'basic', 'principles', 'of', 'anarcho', 'syndicalism', 'are', 'workers', 'solidarity', 'direct', 'action', 'and', 'workers', 'self', 'management', 'anarcho', 'syndicalists', 'believe', 'that', 'only', 'direct', 'action', 'that', 'is', 'action', 'concentrated', 'on', 'directly', 'attaining', 'goal', 'as', 'opposed', 'to', 'indirect', 'action', 'such', 'as', 'electing', 'representative', 'to', 'government', 'position', 'will', 'allow', 'workers', 'to', 'liberate', 'themselves', 'moreover', 'anarcho', 'syndicalists', 'believe', 'that', 'workers', 'organisations', 'the', 'organisations', 'that', 'struggle', 'against', 'the', 'wage', 'system', 'which', 'in', 'anarcho', 'syndicalist', 'theory', 'will', 'eventually', 'form', 'the', 'basis', 'of', 'new', 'society', 'should', 'be', 'self', 'managing', 'they', 'should', 'not', 'have', 'bosses', 'or', 'business', 'agents', 'rather', 'the', 'workers', 'should', 'be', 'able', 'to', 'make', 'all', 'the', 'decisions', 'that', 'affect', 'them', 'themselves', 'rudolf', 'rocker', 'was', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'most', 'popular', 'voices', 'in', 'the', 'anarcho', 'syndicalist', 'movement', 'he', 'outlined', 'view', 'of', 'the', 'origins', 'of', 'the', 'movement', 'what', 'it', 'sought', 'and', 'why', 'it', 'was', 'important', 'to', 'the', 'future', 'of', 'labour', 'in', 'his', 'pamphlet', 'anarcho', 'syndicalism', 'the', 'international', 'workers', 'association', 'is', 'an', 'international', 'anarcho', 'syndicalist', 'federation', 'of', 'various', 'labour', 'unions', 'from', 'different', 'countries', 'the', 'spanish', 'confederación', 'nacional', 'del', 'trabajo', 'played', 'and', 'still', 'plays', 'major', 'role', 'in', 'the', 'spanish', 'labour', 'movement', 'it', 'was', 'also', 'an', 'important', 'force', 'in', 'the', 'spanish', 'civil', 'war', 'syncretic', 'anarchism', 'the', 'term', 'syncretic', 'anarchism', 'was', 'first', 'coined', 'by', 'alberto', 'frigo', 'in', 'relation', 'to', 'his', 'reading', 'of', 'jacques', 'ellul', 'rephrasing', 'the', 'latter', 'frigo', 'observed', 'that', 'if', 'on', 'one', 'hand', 'new', 'technologies', 'creates', 'new', 'form', 'of', 'power', 'on', 'the', 'other', 'new', 'technologies', 'are', 'accompanied', 'by', 'the', 'rise', 'of', 'what', 'marcel', 'mauss', 'defines', 'as', 'magic', 'by', 'developing', 'the', 'techniques', 'to', 'perform', 'new', 'magic', 'and', 'by', 'adhering', 'to', 'it', 'marginal', 'individuals', 'come', 'to', 'create', 'forms', 'of', 'syncretism', 'which', 'brings', 'together', 'the', 'different', 'dogmas', 'and', 'cultures', 'power', 'structures', 'uses', 'to', 'put', 'humans', 'against', 'one', 'another', 'the', 'th', 'century', 'french', 'postman', 'ferdinand', 'cheval', 'for', 'example', 'has', 'intuitively', 'experimented', 'with', 'the', 'at', 'that', 'time', 'new', 'medium', 'of', 'cement', 'and', 'created', 'after', 'years', 'of', 'adherence', 'to', 'certain', 'rituals', 'monument', 'blending', 'religions', 'from', 'around', 'the', 'world', 'post', 'classical', 'schools', 'of', 'thought', 'lawrence', 'jarach', 'left', 'and', 'john', 'zerzan', 'right', 'two', 'prominent', 'contemporary', 'anarchist', 'authors', 'zerzan', 'is', 'known', 'as', 'prominent', 'voice', 'within', 'anarcho', 'primitivism', 'while', 'jarach', 'is', 'noted', 'advocate', 'of', 'post', 'left', 'anarchy', 'anarchism', 'continues', 'to', 'generate', 'many', 'philosophies', 'and', 'movements', 'at', 'times', 'eclectic', 'drawing', 'upon', 'various', 'sources', 'and', 'syncretic', 'combining', 'disparate', 'concepts', 'to', 'create', 'new', 'philosophical', 'approaches', 'green', 'anarchism', 'or', 'eco', 'anarchism', 'is', 'school', 'of', 'thought', 'within', 'anarchism', 'that', 'emphasises', 'environmental', 'issues', 'with', 'an', 'important', 'precedent', 'in', 'anarcho', 'naturism', 'and', 'whose', 'main', 'contemporary', 'currents', 'are', 'anarcho', 'primitivism', 'and', 'social', 'ecology', 'anarcha', 'feminism', 'also', 'called', 'anarchist', 'feminism', 'and', 'anarcho', 'feminism', 'combines', 'anarchism', 'with', 'feminism', 'it', 'generally', 'views', 'patriarchy', 'as', 'manifestation', 'of', 'involuntary', 'coercive', 'hierarchy', 'that', 'should', 'be', 'replaced', 'by', 'decentralised', 'free', 'association', 'anarcha', 'feminists', 'believe', 'that', 'the', 'struggle', 'against', 'patriarchy', 'is', 'an', 'essential', 'part', 'of', 'class', 'struggle', 'and', 'the', 'anarchist', 'struggle', 'against', 'the', 'state', 'in', 'essence', 'the', 'philosophy', 'sees', 'anarchist', 'struggle', 'as', 'necessary', 'component', 'of', 'feminist', 'struggle', 'and', 'vice', 'versa', 'susan', 'brown', 'claims', 'that', 'as', 'anarchism', 'is', 'political', 'philosophy', 'that', 'opposes', 'all', 'relationships', 'of', 'power', 'it', 'is', 'inherently', 'feminist', 'anarcha', 'feminism', 'began', 'with', 'the', 'late', 'th', 'century', 'writings', 'of', 'early', 'feminist', 'anarchists', 'such', 'as', 'emma', 'goldman', 'and', 'voltairine', 'de', 'cleyre', 'anarcho', 'pacifism', 'is', 'tendency', 'that', 'rejects', 'violence', 'in', 'the', 'struggle', 'for', 'social', 'change', 'see', 'non', 'violence', 'it', 'developed', 'mostly', 'in', 'the', 'netherlands', 'britain', 'and', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'before', 'and', 'during', 'the', 'second', 'world', 'war', 'christian', 'anarchism', 'is', 'movement', 'in', 'political', 'theology', 'that', 'combines', 'anarchism', 'and', 'christianity', 'its', 'main', 'proponents', 'included', 'leo', 'tolstoy', 'dorothy', 'day', 'ammon', 'hennacy', 'and', 'jacques', 'ellul', 'platformism', 'is', 'tendency', 'within', 'the', 'wider', 'anarchist', 'movement', 'based', 'on', 'the', 'organisational', 'theories', 'in', 'the', 'tradition', 'of', 'dielo', 'truda', 'organisational', 'platform', 'of', 'the', 'general', 'union', 'of', 'anarchists', 'draft', 'the', 'document', 'was', 'based', 'on', 'the', 'experiences', 'of', 'russian', 'anarchists', 'in', 'the', 'october', 'revolution', 'which', 'led', 'eventually', 'to', 'the', 'victory', 'of', 'the', 'bolsheviks', 'over', 'the', 'anarchists', 'and', 'other', 'groups', 'the', 'platform', 'attempted', 'to', 'address', 'and', 'explain', 'the', 'anarchist', 'movement', 'failures', 'during', 'the', 'russian', 'revolution', 'synthesis', 'anarchism', 'is', 'form', 'of', 'anarchism', 'that', 'tries', 'to', 'join', 'anarchists', 'of', 'different', 'tendencies', 'under', 'the', 'principles', 'of', 'anarchism', 'without', 'adjectives', 'in', 'the', 'this', 'form', 'found', 'as', 'its', 'main', 'proponents', 'the', 'anarcho', 'communists', 'voline', 'and', 'sébastien', 'faure', 'it', 'is', 'the', 'main', 'principle', 'behind', 'the', 'anarchist', 'federations', 'grouped', 'around', 'the', 'contemporary', 'global', 'international', 'of', 'anarchist', 'federations', 'post', 'left', 'anarchy', 'is', 'recent', 'current', 'in', 'anarchist', 'thought', 'that', 'promotes', 'critique', 'of', 'anarchism', 'relationship', 'to', 'traditional', 'left', 'wing', 'politics', 'some', 'post', 'leftists', 'seek', 'to', 'escape', 'the', 'confines', 'of', 'ideology', 'in', 'general', 'also', 'presenting', 'critique', 'of', 'organisations', 'and', 'morality', 'influenced', 'by', 'the', 'work', 'of', 'max', 'stirner', 'and', 'by', 'the', 'marxist', 'situationist', 'international', 'post', 'left', 'anarchy', 'is', 'marked', 'by', 'focus', 'on', 'social', 'insurrection', 'and', 'rejection', 'of', 'leftist', 'social', 'organisation', 'insurrectionary', 'anarchism', 'is', 'revolutionary', 'theory', 'practice', 'and', 'tendency', 'within', 'the', 'anarchist', 'movement', 'which', 'emphasises', 'insurrection', 'within', 'anarchist', 'practice', 'it', 'is', 'critical', 'of', 'formal', 'organisations', 'such', 'as', 'labour', 'unions', 'and', 'federations', 'that', 'are', 'based', 'on', 'political', 'programme', 'and', 'periodic', 'congresses', 'instead', 'insurrectionary', 'anarchists', 'advocate', 'informal', 'organisation', 'and', 'small', 'affinity', 'group', 'based', 'organisation', 'insurrectionary', 'anarchists', 'put', 'value', 'in', 'attack', 'permanent', 'class', 'conflict', 'and', 'refusal', 'to', 'negotiate', 'or', 'compromise', 'with', 'class', 'enemies', 'post', 'anarchism', 'is', 'theoretical', 'move', 'towards', 'synthesis', 'of', 'classical', 'anarchist', 'theory', 'and', 'thought', 'drawing', 'from', 'diverse', 'ideas', 'including', 'post', 'modernism', 'autonomist', 'marxism', 'post', 'left', 'anarchy', 'situationist', 'international', 'and', 'postcolonialism', 'left', 'wing', 'market', 'anarchism', 'strongly', 'affirm', 'the', 'classical', 'liberal', 'ideas', 'of', 'self', 'ownership', 'and', 'free', 'markets', 'while', 'maintaining', 'that', 'taken', 'to', 'their', 'logical', 'conclusions', 'these', 'ideas', 'support', 'strongly', 'anti', 'corporatist', 'anti', 'hierarchical', 'pro', 'labour', 'positions', 'and', 'anti', 'capitalism', 'in', 'economics', 'and', 'anti', 'imperialism', 'in', 'foreign', 'policy', 'anarcho', 'capitalism', 'advocates', 'the', 'elimination', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'in', 'favour', 'of', 'individual', 'sovereignty', 'in', 'free', 'market', 'anarcho', 'capitalism', 'developed', 'from', 'radical', 'anti', 'state', 'libertarianism', 'and', 'individualist', 'anarchism', 'drawing', 'from', 'austrian', 'school', 'economics', 'study', 'of', 'law', 'and', 'economics', 'and', 'public', 'choice', 'theory', 'there', 'is', 'strong', 'current', 'within', 'anarchism', 'which', 'believes', 'that', 'anarcho', 'capitalism', 'cannot', 'be', 'considered', 'part', 'of', 'the', 'anarchist', 'movement', 'due', 'to', 'the', 'fact', 'that', 'anarchism', 'has', 'historically', 'been', 'an', 'anti', 'capitalist', 'movement', 'and', 'for', 'definitional', 'reasons', 'which', 'see', 'anarchism', 'as', 'incompatible', 'with', 'capitalist', 'forms', 'internal', 'issues', 'and', 'debates', 'consistent', 'with', 'anarchist', 'values', 'is', 'controversial', 'subject', 'among', 'anarchists', 'anarchism', 'is', 'philosophy', 'that', 'embodies', 'many', 'diverse', 'attitudes', 'tendencies', 'and', 'schools', 'of', 'thought', 'as', 'such', 'disagreement', 'over', 'questions', 'of', 'values', 'ideology', 'and', 'tactics', 'is', 'common', 'the', 'compatibility', 'of', 'capitalism', 'nationalism', 'and', 'religion', 'with', 'anarchism', 'is', 'widely', 'disputed', 'similarly', 'anarchism', 'enjoys', 'complex', 'relationships', 'with', 'ideologies', 'such', 'as', 'marxism', 'communism', 'collectivism', 'syndicalism', 'trade', 'unionism', 'and', 'capitalism', 'anarchists', 'may', 'be', 'motivated', 'by', 'humanism', 'divine', 'authority', 'enlightened', 'self', 'interest', 'veganism', 'or', 'any', 'number', 'of', 'alternative', 'ethical', 'doctrines', 'phenomena', 'such', 'as', 'civilisation', 'technology', 'within', 'anarcho', 'primitivism', 'and', 'the', 'democratic', 'process', 'may', 'be', 'sharply', 'criticised', 'within', 'some', 'anarchist', 'tendencies', 'and', 'simultaneously', 'lauded', 'in', 'others', 'on', 'tactical', 'level', 'while', 'propaganda', 'of', 'the', 'deed', 'was', 'tactic', 'used', 'by', 'anarchists', 'in', 'the', 'th', 'century', 'the', 'nihilist', 'movement', 'some', 'contemporary', 'anarchists', 'espouse', 'alternative', 'direct', 'action', 'methods', 'such', 'as', 'nonviolence', 'counter', 'economics', 'and', 'anti', 'state', 'cryptography', 'to', 'bring', 'about', 'an', 'anarchist', 'society', 'about', 'the', 'scope', 'of', 'an', 'anarchist', 'society', 'some', 'anarchists', 'advocate', 'global', 'one', 'while', 'others', 'do', 'so', 'by', 'local', 'ones', 'the', 'diversity', 'in', 'anarchism', 'has', 'led', 'to', 'widely', 'different', 'use', 'of', 'identical', 'terms', 'among', 'different', 'anarchist', 'traditions', 'which', 'has', 'led', 'to', 'many', 'definitional', 'concerns', 'in', 'anarchist', 'theory', 'topics', 'of', 'interest', 'intersecting', 'and', 'overlapping', 'between', 'various', 'schools', 'of', 'thought', 'certain', 'topics', 'of', 'interest', 'and', 'internal', 'disputes', 'have', 'proven', 'perennial', 'within', 'anarchist', 'theory', 'free', 'love', 'french', 'individualist', 'anarchist', 'emile', 'armand', 'who', 'propounded', 'the', 'virtues', 'of', 'free', 'love', 'in', 'the', 'parisian', 'anarchist', 'milieu', 'of', 'the', 'early', 'th', 'century', 'an', 'important', 'current', 'within', 'anarchism', 'is', 'free', 'love', 'free', 'love', 'advocates', 'sometimes', 'traced', 'their', 'roots', 'back', 'to', 'josiah', 'warren', 'and', 'to', 'experimental', 'communities', 'viewed', 'sexual', 'freedom', 'as', 'clear', 'direct', 'expression', 'of', 'an', 'individual', 'sovereignty', 'free', 'love', 'particularly', 'stressed', 'women', 'rights', 'since', 'most', 'sexual', 'laws', 'discriminated', 'against', 'women', 'for', 'example', 'marriage', 'laws', 'and', 'anti', 'birth', 'control', 'measures', 'the', 'most', 'important', 'american', 'free', 'love', 'journal', 'was', 'lucifer', 'the', 'lightbearer', 'edited', 'by', 'moses', 'harman', 'and', 'lois', 'waisbrooker', 'but', 'also', 'there', 'existed', 'ezra', 'heywood', 'and', 'angela', 'heywood', 'the', 'word', 'free', 'society', 'as', 'the', 'firebrand', 'as', 'free', 'society', 'was', 'major', 'anarchist', 'newspaper', 'in', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'at', 'the', 'end', 'of', 'the', 'th', 'and', 'beginning', 'of', 'the', 'th', 'centuries', 'the', 'publication', 'advocated', 'free', 'love', 'and', 'women', 'rights', 'and', 'critiqued', 'comstockery', 'censorship', 'of', 'sexual', 'information', 'also', 'lazarus', 'was', 'an', 'important', 'american', 'individualist', 'anarchist', 'who', 'promoted', 'free', 'love', 'in', 'new', 'york', 'city', 'greenwich', 'village', 'bohemian', 'feminists', 'and', 'socialists', 'advocated', 'self', 'realisation', 'and', 'pleasure', 'for', 'women', 'and', 'also', 'men', 'in', 'the', 'here', 'and', 'now', 'they', 'encouraged', 'playing', 'with', 'sexual', 'roles', 'and', 'sexuality', 'and', 'the', 'openly', 'bisexual', 'radical', 'edna', 'st', 'vincent', 'millay', 'and', 'the', 'lesbian', 'anarchist', 'margaret', 'anderson', 'were', 'prominent', 'among', 'them', 'discussion', 'groups', 'organised', 'by', 'the', 'villagers', 'were', 'frequented', 'by', 'emma', 'goldman', 'among', 'others', 'magnus', 'hirschfeld', 'noted', 'in', 'that', 'goldman', 'has', 'campaigned', 'boldly', 'and', 'steadfastly', 'for', 'individual', 'rights', 'and', 'especially', 'for', 'those', 'deprived', 'of', 'their', 'rights', 'thus', 'it', 'came', 'about', 'that', 'she', 'was', 'the', 'first', 'and', 'only', 'woman', 'indeed', 'the', 'first', 'and', 'only', 'american', 'to', 'take', 'up', 'the', 'defence', 'of', 'homosexual', 'love', 'before', 'the', 'general', 'public', 'in', 'fact', 'before', 'goldman', 'heterosexual', 'anarchist', 'robert', 'reitzel', 'spoke', 'positively', 'of', 'homosexuality', 'from', 'the', 'beginning', 'of', 'the', 'in', 'his', 'detroit', 'based', 'german', 'language', 'journal', 'der', 'arme', 'teufel', 'english', 'the', 'poor', 'devil', 'in', 'argentina', 'anarcha', 'feminist', 'virginia', 'bolten', 'published', 'the', 'newspaper', 'called', 'english', 'the', 'woman', 'voice', 'which', 'was', 'published', 'nine', 'times', 'in', 'rosario', 'between', 'january', 'and', 'january', 'and', 'was', 'revived', 'briefly', 'in', 'in', 'europe', 'the', 'main', 'propagandist', 'of', 'free', 'love', 'within', 'individualist', 'anarchism', 'was', 'emile', 'armand', 'he', 'proposed', 'the', 'concept', 'of', 'la', 'camaraderie', 'amoureuse', 'to', 'speak', 'of', 'free', 'love', 'as', 'the', 'possibility', 'of', 'voluntary', 'sexual', 'encounter', 'between', 'consenting', 'adults', 'he', 'was', 'also', 'consistent', 'proponent', 'of', 'polyamory', 'in', 'germany', 'the', 'stirnerists', 'adolf', 'brand', 'and', 'john', 'henry', 'mackay', 'were', 'pioneering', 'campaigners', 'for', 'the', 'acceptance', 'of', 'male', 'bisexuality', 'and', 'homosexuality', 'mujeres', 'libres', 'was', 'an', 'anarchist', 'women', 'organisation', 'in', 'spain', 'that', 'aimed', 'to', 'empower', 'working', 'class', 'women', 'it', 'was', 'founded', 'in', 'by', 'lucía', 'sánchez', 'saornil', 'mercedes', 'comaposada', 'and', 'amparo', 'poch', 'gascón', 'and', 'had', 'approximately', 'members', 'the', 'organisation', 'was', 'based', 'on', 'the', 'idea', 'of', 'double', 'struggle', 'for', 'women', 'liberation', 'and', 'social', 'revolution', 'and', 'argued', 'that', 'the', 'two', 'objectives', 'were', 'equally', 'important', 'and', 'should', 'be', 'pursued', 'in', 'parallel', 'in', 'order', 'to', 'gain', 'mutual', 'support', 'they', 'created', 'networks', 'of', 'women', 'anarchists', 'lucía', 'sánchez', 'saornil', 'was', 'main', 'founder', 'of', 'the', 'spanish', 'anarcha', 'feminist', 'federation', 'mujeres', 'libres', 'who', 'was', 'open', 'about', 'her', 'lesbianism', 'she', 'was', 'published', 'in', 'variety', 'of', 'literary', 'journals', 'where', 'working', 'under', 'male', 'pen', 'name', 'she', 'was', 'able', 'to', 'explore', 'lesbian', 'themes', 'at', 'time', 'when', 'homosexuality', 'was', 'criminalised', 'and', 'subject', 'to', 'censorship', 'and', 'punishment', 'more', 'recently', 'the', 'british', 'anarcho', 'pacifist', 'alex', 'comfort', 'gained', 'notoriety', 'during', 'the', 'sexual', 'revolution', 'for', 'writing', 'the', 'bestseller', 'sex', 'manual', 'the', 'joy', 'of', 'sex', 'the', 'issue', 'of', 'free', 'love', 'has', 'dedicated', 'treatment', 'in', 'the', 'work', 'of', 'french', 'anarcho', 'hedonist', 'philosopher', 'michel', 'onfray', 'in', 'such', 'works', 'as', 'théorie', 'du', 'corps', 'amoureux', 'pour', 'une', 'érotique', 'solaire', 'and', 'invention', 'du', 'plaisir', 'fragments', 'cyréaniques', 'libertarian', 'education', 'and', 'freethought', 'francesc', 'ferrer', 'guàrdia', 'catalan', 'anarchist', 'pedagogue', 'and', 'free', 'thinker', 'for', 'english', 'anarchist', 'william', 'godwin', 'education', 'was', 'the', 'main', 'means', 'by', 'which', 'change', 'would', 'be', 'achieved', 'godwin', 'saw', 'that', 'the', 'main', 'goal', 'of', 'education', 'should', 'be', 'the', 'promotion', 'of', 'happiness', 'for', 'godwin', 'education', 'had', 'to', 'have', 'respect', 'for', 'the', 'child', 'autonomy', 'which', 'precluded', 'any', 'form', 'of', 'coercion', 'pedagogy', 'that', 'respected', 'this', 'and', 'sought', 'to', 'build', 'on', 'the', 'child', 'own', 'motivation', 'and', 'initiatives', 'and', 'concern', 'about', 'the', 'child', 'capacity', 'to', 'resist', 'an', 'ideology', 'transmitted', 'through', 'the', 'school', 'in', 'his', 'political', 'justice', 'he', 'criticises', 'state', 'sponsored', 'schooling', 'on', 'account', 'of', 'its', 'obvious', 'alliance', 'with', 'national', 'government', 'early', 'american', 'anarchist', 'josiah', 'warren', 'advanced', 'alternative', 'education', 'experiences', 'in', 'the', 'libertarian', 'communities', 'he', 'established', 'max', 'stirner', 'wrote', 'in', 'long', 'essay', 'on', 'education', 'called', 'the', 'false', 'principle', 'of', 'our', 'education', 'in', 'it', 'stirner', 'names', 'his', 'educational', 'principle', 'personalist', 'explaining', 'that', 'self', 'understanding', 'consists', 'in', 'hourly', 'self', 'creation', 'education', 'for', 'him', 'is', 'to', 'create', 'free', 'men', 'sovereign', 'characters', 'by', 'which', 'he', 'means', 'eternal', 'characters', 'who', 'are', 'therefore', 'eternal', 'because', 'they', 'form', 'themselves', 'each', 'moment', 'in', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'freethought', 'was', 'basically', 'anti', 'christian', 'anti', 'clerical', 'movement', 'whose', 'purpose', 'was', 'to', 'make', 'the', 'individual', 'politically', 'and', 'spiritually', 'free', 'to', 'decide', 'for', 'himself', 'on', 'religious', 'matters', 'number', 'of', 'contributors', 'to', 'liberty', 'anarchist', 'publication', 'were', 'prominent', 'figures', 'in', 'both', 'freethought', 'and', 'anarchism', 'the', 'individualist', 'anarchist', 'george', 'macdonald', 'was', 'co', 'editor', 'of', 'freethought', 'and', 'for', 'time', 'the', 'truth', 'seeker', 'walker', 'was', 'co', 'editor', 'of', 'the', 'excellent', 'free', 'thought', 'free', 'love', 'journal', 'lucifer', 'the', 'light', 'bearer', 'many', 'of', 'the', 'anarchists', 'were', 'ardent', 'freethinkers', 'reprints', 'from', 'freethought', 'papers', 'such', 'as', 'lucifer', 'the', 'light', 'bearer', 'freethought', 'and', 'the', 'truth', 'seeker', 'appeared', 'in', 'liberty', 'the', 'church', 'was', 'viewed', 'as', 'common', 'ally', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'and', 'as', 'repressive', 'force', 'in', 'and', 'of', 'itself', 'in', 'catalan', 'anarchist', 'and', 'free', 'thinker', 'francesc', 'ferrer', 'guàrdia', 'established', 'modern', 'or', 'progressive', 'schools', 'in', 'barcelona', 'in', 'defiance', 'of', 'an', 'educational', 'system', 'controlled', 'by', 'the', 'catholic', 'church', 'the', 'schools', 'stated', 'goal', 'was', 'to', 'educate', 'the', 'working', 'class', 'in', 'rational', 'secular', 'and', 'non', 'coercive', 'setting', 'fiercely', 'anti', 'clerical', 'ferrer', 'believed', 'in', 'freedom', 'in', 'education', 'education', 'free', 'from', 'the', 'authority', 'of', 'church', 'and', 'state', 'murray', 'bookchin', 'wrote', 'this', 'period', 'was', 'the', 'heyday', 'of', 'libertarian', 'schools', 'and', 'pedagogical', 'projects', 'in', 'all', 'areas', 'of', 'the', 'country', 'where', 'anarchists', 'exercised', 'some', 'degree', 'of', 'influence', 'perhaps', 'the', 'best', 'known', 'effort', 'in', 'this', 'field', 'was', 'francisco', 'ferrer', 'modern', 'school', 'escuela', 'moderna', 'project', 'which', 'exercised', 'considerable', 'influence', 'on', 'catalan', 'education', 'and', 'on', 'experimental', 'techniques', 'of', 'teaching', 'generally', 'la', 'escuela', 'moderna', 'and', 'ferrer', 'ideas', 'generally', 'formed', 'the', 'inspiration', 'for', 'series', 'of', 'modern', 'schools', 'in', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'cuba', 'south', 'america', 'and', 'london', 'the', 'first', 'of', 'these', 'was', 'started', 'in', 'new', 'york', 'city', 'in', 'it', 'also', 'inspired', 'the', 'italian', 'newspaper', 'università', 'popolare', 'founded', 'in', 'russian', 'christian', 'anarchist', 'leo', 'tolstoy', 'established', 'school', 'for', 'peasant', 'children', 'on', 'his', 'estate', 'tolstoy', 'educational', 'experiments', 'were', 'short', 'lived', 'due', 'to', 'harassment', 'by', 'the', 'tsarist', 'secret', 'police', 'tolstoy', 'established', 'conceptual', 'difference', 'between', 'education', 'and', 'culture', 'he', 'thought', 'that', 'education', 'is', 'the', 'tendency', 'of', 'one', 'man', 'to', 'make', 'another', 'just', 'like', 'himself', 'education', 'is', 'culture', 'under', 'restraint', 'culture', 'is', 'free', 'education', 'is', 'when', 'the', 'teaching', 'is', 'forced', 'upon', 'the', 'pupil', 'and', 'when', 'then', 'instruction', 'is', 'exclusive', 'that', 'is', 'when', 'only', 'those', 'subjects', 'are', 'taught', 'which', 'the', 'educator', 'regards', 'as', 'necessary', 'for', 'him', 'without', 'compulsion', 'education', 'was', 'transformed', 'into', 'culture', 'more', 'recent', 'libertarian', 'tradition', 'on', 'education', 'is', 'that', 'of', 'unschooling', 'and', 'the', 'free', 'school', 'in', 'which', 'child', 'led', 'activity', 'replaces', 'pedagogic', 'approaches', 'experiments', 'in', 'germany', 'led', 'to', 'neill', 'founding', 'what', 'became', 'summerhill', 'school', 'in', 'summerhill', 'is', 'often', 'cited', 'as', 'an', 'example', 'of', 'anarchism', 'in', 'practice', 'however', 'although', 'summerhill', 'and', 'other', 'free', 'schools', 'are', 'radically', 'libertarian', 'they', 'differ', 'in', 'principle', 'from', 'those', 'of', 'ferrer', 'by', 'not', 'advocating', 'an', 'overtly', 'political', 'class', 'struggle', 'approach', 'in', 'addition', 'to', 'organising', 'schools', 'according', 'to', 'libertarian', 'principles', 'anarchists', 'have', 'also', 'questioned', 'the', 'concept', 'of', 'schooling', 'per', 'se', 'the', 'term', 'deschooling', 'was', 'popularised', 'by', 'ivan', 'illich', 'who', 'argued', 'that', 'the', 'school', 'as', 'an', 'institution', 'is', 'dysfunctional', 'for', 'self', 'determined', 'learning', 'and', 'serves', 'the', 'creation', 'of', 'consumer', 'society', 'instead', 'criticisms', 'criticisms', 'of', 'anarchism', 'include', 'moral', 'criticisms', 'and', 'pragmatic', 'criticisms', 'anarchism', 'is', 'often', 'evaluated', 'as', 'unfeasible', 'or', 'utopian', 'by', 'its', 'critics', 'see', 'also', 'anarchism', 'by', 'country', 'references', 'further', 'reading', 'barclay', 'harold', 'people', 'without', 'government', 'an', 'anthropology', 'of', 'anarchy', 'nd', 'ed', 'left', 'bank', 'books', 'isbn', 'blumenfeld', 'jacob', 'bottici', 'chiara', 'critchley', 'simon', 'eds', 'the', 'anarchist', 'turn', 'pluto', 'press', 'march', 'isbn', 'carter', 'april', 'the', 'political', 'theory', 'of', 'anarchism', 'harper', 'row', 'isbn', 'federici', 'silvia', 'caliban', 'and', 'the', 'witch', 'women', 'the', 'body', 'and', 'primitive', 'accumulation', 'autonomedia', 'isbn', 'gordon', 'uri', 'anarchy', 'alive', 'london', 'pluto', 'press', 'graeber', 'david', 'fragments', 'of', 'an', 'anarchist', 'anthropology', 'chicago', 'prickly', 'paradigm', 'press', 'graham', 'robert', 'ed', 'anarchism', 'documentary', 'history', 'of', 'libertarian', 'ideas', 'volume', 'one', 'from', 'anarchy', 'to', 'anarchism', 'ce', 'to', 'black', 'rose', 'books', 'montréal', 'and', 'london', 'isbn', 'volume', 'two', 'the', 'anarchist', 'current', 'black', 'rose', 'books', 'montréal', 'isbn', 'guérin', 'daniel', 'anarchism', 'from', 'theory', 'to', 'practice', 'monthly', 'review', 'press', 'isbn', 'harper', 'clifford', 'anarchy', 'graphic', 'guide', 'camden', 'press', 'an', 'overview', 'updating', 'woodcock', 'classic', 'and', 'illustrated', 'throughout', 'by', 'harper', 'woodcut', 'style', 'artwork', 'le', 'guin', 'ursula', 'the', 'dispossessed', 'new', 'york', 'harper', 'row', 'isbn', 'first', 'edition', 'hardcover', 'mckay', 'iain', 'ed', 'an', 'anarchist', 'faq', 'volume', 'ak', 'press', 'oakland', 'edinburgh', 'pages', 'isbn', 'volume', 'ii', 'ak', 'press', 'oakland', 'edinburgh', 'pages', 'isbn', 'mclaughlin', 'paul', 'anarchism', 'and', 'authority', 'philosophical', 'introduction', 'to', 'classical', 'anarchism', 'ashgate', 'isbn', 'marshall', 'peter', 'demanding', 'the', 'impossible', 'history', 'of', 'anarchism', 'pm', 'press', 'isbn', 'nettlau', 'max', 'anarchy', 'through', 'the', 'times', 'gordon', 'press', 'isbn', 'scott', 'james', 'two', 'cheers', 'for', 'anarchism', 'six', 'easy', 'pieces', 'on', 'autonomy', 'dignity', 'and', 'meaningful', 'work', 'and', 'play', 'princeton', 'nj', 'princeton', 'university', 'press', 'isbn', 'woodcock', 'george', 'anarchism', 'history', 'of', 'libertarian', 'ideas', 'and', 'movements', 'penguin', 'books', 'isbn', 'woodcock', 'george', 'ed', 'the', 'anarchist', 'reader', 'fontana', 'collins', 'isbn', 'an', 'anthology', 'of', 'writings', 'from', 'anarchist', 'thinkers', 'and', 'activists', 'including', 'proudhon', 'kropotkin', 'bakunin', 'malatesta', 'bookchin', 'goldman', 'and', 'many', 'others', 'external', 'links'], ['Anarchism'])
25
Autism
[b'autism', b'is', b'disorder', b'characterized', b'by', b'impaired', b'social', b'interaction', b'verbal', b'and', b'non', b'verbal', b'communication', b'and', b'restricted', b'and', b'repetitive', b'behavior', b'parents', b'usually', b'notice', b'signs', b'in', b'the', b'first', b'two', b'years', b'of', b'their', b'child', b'life', b'these', b'signs', b'often', b'develop', b'gradually', b'though', b'some', b'children', b'with', b'autism', b'reach', b'their', b'developmental', b'milestones', b'at', b'normal', b'pace', b'and', b'then', b'regress', b'the', b'diagnostic', b'criteria', b'require', b'that', b'symptoms', b'become', b'apparent', b'in', b'early', b'childhood', b'typically', b'before', b'age', b'three', b'autism', b'is', b'caused', b'by', b'combination', b'of', b'genetic', b'and', b'environmental', b'factors', b'some', b'cases', b'are', b'strongly', b'associated', b'with', b'certain', b'infections', b'during', b'pregnancy', b'including', b'rubella', b'and', b'use', b'of', b'alcohol', b'or', b'cocaine', b'controversies', b'surround', b'other', b'proposed', b'environmental', b'causes', b'for', b'example', b'the', b'vaccine', b'hypotheses', b'which', b'have', b'since', b'been', b'disproven', b'autism', b'affects', b'information', b'processing', b'in', b'the', b'brain', b'by', b'altering', b'how', b'nerve', b'cells', b'and', b'their', b'synapses', b'connect', b'and', b'organize', b'how', b'this', b'occurs', b'is', b'not', b'well', b'understood', b'in', b'the', b'dsm', b'autism', b'is', b'included', b'within', b'the', b'autism', b'spectrum', b'asds', b'as', b'is', b'asperger', b'syndrome', b'which', b'lacks', b'delays', b'in', b'cognitive', b'development', b'and', b'language', b'and', b'pervasive', b'developmental', b'disorder', b'not', b'otherwise', b'specified', b'commonly', b'abbreviated', b'as', b'pdd', b'nos', b'which', b'was', b'diagnosed', b'when', b'the', b'full', b'set', b'of', b'criteria', b'for', b'autism', b'or', b'asperger', b'syndrome', b'were', b'not', b'met', b'early', b'speech', b'or', b'behavioral', b'interventions', b'can', b'help', b'children', b'with', b'autism', b'gain', b'self', b'care', b'social', b'and', b'communication', b'skills', b'although', b'there', b'is', b'no', b'known', b'cure', b'there', b'have', b'been', b'reported', b'cases', b'of', b'children', b'who', b'recovered', b'not', b'many', b'children', b'with', b'autism', b'live', b'independently', b'after', b'reaching', b'adulthood', b'though', b'some', b'become', b'successful', b'an', b'autistic', b'culture', b'has', b'developed', b'with', b'some', b'individuals', b'seeking', b'cure', b'and', b'others', b'believing', b'autism', b'should', b'be', b'accepted', b'as', b'difference', b'and', b'not', b'treated', b'as', b'disorder', b'globally', b'autism', b'is', b'estimated', b'to', b'affect', b'million', b'people', b'as', b'of', b'as', b'of', b'the', b'number', b'of', b'people', b'affected', b'is', b'estimated', b'at', b'about', b'per', b'worldwide', b'it', b'occurs', b'four', b'to', b'five', b'times', b'more', b'often', b'in', b'boys', b'than', b'girls', b'about', b'of', b'children', b'in', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'one', b'in', b'are', b'diagnosed', b'with', b'asd', b'increase', b'from', b'one', b'in', b'in', b'the', b'rate', b'of', b'autism', b'among', b'adults', b'aged', b'years', b'and', b'over', b'in', b'the', b'united', b'kingdom', b'is', b'the', b'number', b'of', b'people', b'diagnosed', b'has', b'been', b'increasing', b'dramatically', b'since', b'the', b'partly', b'due', b'to', b'changes', b'in', b'diagnostic', b'practice', b'the', b'question', b'of', b'whether', b'actual', b'rates', b'have', b'increased', b'is', b'unresolved', b'characteristics', b'autism', b'spectrum', b'disorder', b'video', b'autism', b'is', b'highly', b'variable', b'disorder', b'that', b'first', b'appears', b'during', b'infancy', b'or', b'childhood', b'and', b'generally', b'follows', b'steady', b'course', b'without', b'remission', b'people', b'with', b'autism', b'may', b'be', b'severely', b'impaired', b'in', b'some', b'respects', b'but', b'normal', b'or', b'even', b'superior', b'in', b'others', b'overt', b'symptoms', b'gradually', b'begin', b'after', b'the', b'age', b'of', b'six', b'months', b'become', b'established', b'by', b'age', b'two', b'or', b'three', b'years', b'and', b'tend', b'to', b'continue', b'through', b'adulthood', b'although', b'often', b'in', b'more', b'muted', b'form', b'it', b'is', b'distinguished', b'not', b'by', b'single', b'symptom', b'but', b'by', b'characteristic', b'triad', b'of', b'symptoms', b'impairments', b'in', b'social', b'interaction', b'impairments', b'in', b'communication', b'and', b'restricted', b'interests', b'and', b'repetitive', b'behavior', b'other', b'aspects', b'such', b'as', b'atypical', b'eating', b'are', b'also', b'common', b'but', b'are', b'not', b'essential', b'for', b'diagnosis', b'autism', b'individual', b'symptoms', b'occur', b'in', b'the', b'general', b'population', b'and', b'appear', b'not', b'to', b'associate', b'highly', b'without', b'sharp', b'line', b'separating', b'pathologically', b'severe', b'from', b'common', b'traits', b'social', b'development', b'social', b'deficits', b'distinguish', b'autism', b'and', b'the', b'related', b'autism', b'spectrum', b'disorders', b'asd', b'see', b'classification', b'from', b'other', b'developmental', b'disorders', b'people', b'with', b'autism', b'have', b'social', b'impairments', b'and', b'often', b'lack', b'the', b'intuition', b'about', b'others', b'that', b'many', b'people', b'take', b'for', b'granted', b'noted', b'autistic', b'temple', b'grandin', b'described', b'her', b'inability', b'to', b'understand', b'the', b'social', b'communication', b'of', b'neurotypicals', b'or', b'people', b'with', b'normal', b'neural', b'development', b'as', b'leaving', b'her', b'feeling', b'like', b'an', b'anthropologist', b'on', b'mars', b'unusual', b'social', b'development', b'becomes', b'apparent', b'early', b'in', b'childhood', b'autistic', b'infants', b'show', b'less', b'attention', b'to', b'social', b'stimuli', b'smile', b'and', b'look', b'at', b'others', b'less', b'often', b'and', b'respond', b'less', b'to', b'their', b'own', b'name', b'autistic', b'toddlers', b'differ', b'more', b'strikingly', b'from', b'social', b'norms', b'for', b'example', b'they', b'have', b'less', b'eye', b'contact', b'and', b'turn', b'taking', b'and', b'do', b'not', b'have', b'the', b'ability', b'to', b'use', b'simple', b'movements', b'to', b'express', b'themselves', b'such', b'as', b'pointing', b'at', b'things', b'three', b'to', b'five', b'year', b'old', b'children', b'with', b'autism', b'are', b'less', b'likely', b'to', b'exhibit', b'social', b'understanding', b'approach', b'others', b'spontaneously', b'imitate', b'and', b'respond', b'to', b'emotions', b'communicate', b'nonverbally', b'and', b'take', b'turns', b'with', b'others', b'however', b'they', b'do', b'form', b'attachments', b'to', b'their', b'primary', b'caregivers', b'most', b'children', b'with', b'autism', b'display', b'moderately', b'less', b'attachment', b'security', b'than', b'neurotypical', b'children', b'although', b'this', b'difference', b'disappears', b'in', b'children', b'with', b'higher', b'mental', b'development', b'or', b'less', b'severe', b'asd', b'older', b'children', b'and', b'adults', b'with', b'asd', b'perform', b'worse', b'on', b'tests', b'of', b'face', b'and', b'emotion', b'recognition', b'although', b'this', b'may', b'be', b'partly', b'due', b'to', b'lower', b'ability', b'to', b'define', b'person', b'own', b'emotions', b'children', b'with', b'high', b'functioning', b'autism', b'suffer', b'from', b'more', b'intense', b'and', b'frequent', b'loneliness', b'compared', b'to', b'non', b'autistic', b'peers', b'despite', b'the', b'common', b'belief', b'that', b'children', b'with', b'autism', b'prefer', b'to', b'be', b'alone', b'making', b'and', b'maintaining', b'friendships', b'often', b'proves', b'to', b'be', b'difficult', b'for', b'those', b'with', b'autism', b'for', b'them', b'the', b'quality', b'of', b'friendships', b'not', b'the', b'number', b'of', b'friends', b'predicts', b'how', b'lonely', b'they', b'feel', b'functional', b'friendships', b'such', b'as', b'those', b'resulting', b'in', b'invitations', b'to', b'parties', b'may', b'affect', b'the', b'quality', b'of', b'life', b'more', b'deeply', b'there', b'are', b'many', b'anecdotal', b'reports', b'but', b'few', b'systematic', b'studies', b'of', b'aggression', b'and', b'violence', b'in', b'individuals', b'with', b'asd', b'the', b'limited', b'data', b'suggest', b'that', b'in', b'children', b'with', b'intellectual', b'disability', b'autism', b'is', b'associated', b'with', b'aggression', b'destruction', b'of', b'property', b'and', b'tantrums', b'communication', b'about', b'third', b'to', b'half', b'of', b'individuals', b'with', b'autism', b'do', b'not', b'develop', b'enough', b'natural', b'speech', b'to', b'meet', b'their', b'daily', b'communication', b'needs', b'differences', b'in', b'communication', b'may', b'be', b'present', b'from', b'the', b'first', b'year', b'of', b'life', b'and', b'may', b'include', b'delayed', b'onset', b'of', b'babbling', b'unusual', b'gestures', b'diminished', b'responsiveness', b'and', b'vocal', b'patterns', b'that', b'are', b'not', b'synchronized', b'with', b'the', b'caregiver', b'in', b'the', b'second', b'and', b'third', b'years', b'children', b'with', b'autism', b'have', b'less', b'frequent', b'and', b'less', b'diverse', b'babbling', b'consonants', b'words', b'and', b'word', b'combinations', b'their', b'gestures', b'are', b'less', b'often', b'integrated', b'with', b'words', b'children', b'with', b'autism', b'are', b'less', b'likely', b'to', b'make', b'requests', b'or', b'share', b'experiences', b'and', b'are', b'more', b'likely', b'to', b'simply', b'repeat', b'others', b'words', b'echolalia', b'or', b'reverse', b'pronouns', b'joint', b'attention', b'seems', b'to', b'be', b'necessary', b'for', b'functional', b'speech', b'and', b'deficits', b'in', b'joint', b'attention', b'seem', b'to', b'distinguish', b'infants', b'with', b'asd', b'for', b'example', b'they', b'may', b'look', b'at', b'pointing', b'hand', b'instead', b'of', b'the', b'pointed', b'at', b'object', b'and', b'they', b'consistently', b'fail', b'to', b'point', b'at', b'objects', b'in', b'order', b'to', b'comment', b'on', b'or', b'share', b'an', b'experience', b'children', b'with', b'autism', b'may', b'have', b'difficulty', b'with', b'imaginative', b'play', b'and', b'with', b'developing', b'symbols', b'into', b'language', b'in', b'pair', b'of', b'studies', b'high', b'functioning', b'children', b'with', b'autism', b'aged', b'performed', b'equally', b'well', b'as', b'and', b'adults', b'better', b'than', b'individually', b'matched', b'controls', b'at', b'basic', b'language', b'tasks', b'involving', b'vocabulary', b'and', b'spelling', b'both', b'autistic', b'groups', b'performed', b'worse', b'than', b'controls', b'at', b'complex', b'language', b'tasks', b'such', b'as', b'figurative', b'language', b'comprehension', b'and', b'inference', b'as', b'people', b'are', b'often', b'sized', b'up', b'initially', b'from', b'their', b'basic', b'language', b'skills', b'these', b'studies', b'suggest', b'that', b'people', b'speaking', b'to', b'autistic', b'individuals', b'are', b'more', b'likely', b'to', b'overestimate', b'what', b'their', b'audience', b'comprehends', b'repetitive', b'behavior', b'young', b'boy', b'with', b'autism', b'who', b'has', b'arranged', b'his', b'toys', b'in', b'row', b'autistic', b'individuals', b'can', b'display', b'many', b'forms', b'of', b'repetitive', b'or', b'restricted', b'behavior', b'which', b'the', b'repetitive', b'behavior', b'scale', b'revised', b'rbs', b'categorizes', b'as', b'follows', b'stereotyped', b'behaviors', b'repetitive', b'movements', b'such', b'as', b'hand', b'flapping', b'head', b'rolling', b'or', b'body', b'rocking', b'compulsive', b'behaviors', b'time', b'consuming', b'behaviors', b'intended', b'to', b'reduce', b'anxiety', b'that', b'an', b'individual', b'feels', b'compelled', b'to', b'perform', b'repeatedly', b'or', b'according', b'to', b'rigid', b'rules', b'such', b'as', b'placing', b'objects', b'in', b'specific', b'order', b'checking', b'things', b'or', b'hand', b'washing', b'sameness', b'resistance', b'to', b'change', b'for', b'example', b'insisting', b'that', b'the', b'furniture', b'not', b'be', b'moved', b'or', b'refusing', b'to', b'be', b'interrupted', b'ritualistic', b'behavior', b'unvarying', b'pattern', b'of', b'daily', b'activities', b'such', b'as', b'an', b'unchanging', b'menu', b'or', b'dressing', b'ritual', b'this', b'is', b'closely', b'associated', b'with', b'sameness', b'and', b'an', b'independent', b'validation', b'has', b'suggested', b'combining', b'the', b'two', b'factors', b'restricted', b'interests', b'interests', b'or', b'fixations', b'that', b'are', b'abnormal', b'in', b'theme', b'or', b'intensity', b'of', b'focus', b'such', b'as', b'preoccupation', b'with', b'single', b'television', b'program', b'toy', b'or', b'game', b'self', b'injury', b'behaviors', b'such', b'as', b'eye', b'poking', b'skin', b'picking', b'hand', b'biting', b'and', b'head', b'banging', b'no', b'single', b'repetitive', b'or', b'self', b'injurious', b'behavior', b'seems', b'to', b'be', b'specific', b'to', b'autism', b'but', b'autism', b'appears', b'to', b'have', b'an', b'elevated', b'pattern', b'of', b'occurrence', b'and', b'severity', b'of', b'these', b'behaviors', b'other', b'symptoms', b'autistic', b'individuals', b'may', b'have', b'symptoms', b'that', b'are', b'independent', b'of', b'the', b'diagnosis', b'but', b'that', b'can', b'affect', b'the', b'individual', b'or', b'the', b'family', b'an', b'estimated', b'to', b'of', b'individuals', b'with', b'asd', b'show', b'unusual', b'abilities', b'ranging', b'from', b'splinter', b'skills', b'such', b'as', b'the', b'memorization', b'of', b'trivia', b'to', b'the', b'extraordinarily', b'rare', b'talents', b'of', b'prodigious', b'autistic', b'savants', b'many', b'individuals', b'with', b'asd', b'show', b'superior', b'skills', b'in', b'perception', b'and', b'attention', b'relative', b'to', b'the', b'general', b'population', b'sensory', b'abnormalities', b'are', b'found', b'in', b'over', b'of', b'those', b'with', b'autism', b'and', b'are', b'considered', b'core', b'features', b'by', b'some', b'although', b'there', b'is', b'no', b'good', b'evidence', b'that', b'sensory', b'symptoms', b'differentiate', b'autism', b'from', b'other', b'developmental', b'disorders', b'differences', b'are', b'greater', b'for', b'under', b'responsivity', b'for', b'example', b'walking', b'into', b'things', b'than', b'for', b'over', b'responsivity', b'for', b'example', b'distress', b'from', b'loud', b'noises', b'or', b'for', b'sensation', b'seeking', b'for', b'example', b'rhythmic', b'movements', b'an', b'estimated', b'of', b'autistic', b'people', b'have', b'motor', b'signs', b'that', b'include', b'poor', b'muscle', b'tone', b'poor', b'motor', b'planning', b'and', b'toe', b'walking', b'deficits', b'in', b'motor', b'coordination', b'are', b'pervasive', b'across', b'asd', b'and', b'are', b'greater', b'in', b'autism', b'proper', b'unusual', b'eating', b'behavior', b'occurs', b'in', b'about', b'three', b'quarters', b'of', b'children', b'with', b'asd', b'to', b'the', b'extent', b'that', b'it', b'was', b'formerly', b'diagnostic', b'indicator', b'selectivity', b'is', b'the', b'most', b'common', b'problem', b'although', b'eating', b'rituals', b'and', b'food', b'refusal', b'also', b'occur', b'this', b'does', b'not', b'appear', b'to', b'result', b'in', b'malnutrition', b'although', b'some', b'children', b'with', b'autism', b'also', b'have', b'symptoms', b'there', b'is', b'lack', b'of', b'published', b'rigorous', b'data', b'to', b'support', b'the', b'theory', b'that', b'children', b'with', b'autism', b'have', b'more', b'or', b'different', b'symptoms', b'than', b'usual', b'studies', b'report', b'conflicting', b'results', b'and', b'the', b'relationship', b'between', b'problems', b'and', b'asd', b'is', b'unclear', b'parents', b'of', b'children', b'with', b'asd', b'have', b'higher', b'levels', b'of', b'stress', b'siblings', b'of', b'children', b'with', b'asd', b'report', b'greater', b'admiration', b'of', b'and', b'less', b'conflict', b'with', b'the', b'affected', b'sibling', b'than', b'siblings', b'of', b'unaffected', b'children', b'and', b'were', b'similar', b'to', b'siblings', b'of', b'children', b'with', b'down', b'syndrome', b'in', b'these', b'aspects', b'of', b'the', b'sibling', b'relationship', b'however', b'they', b'reported', b'lower', b'levels', b'of', b'closeness', b'and', b'intimacy', b'than', b'siblings', b'of', b'children', b'with', b'down', b'syndrome', b'siblings', b'of', b'individuals', b'with', b'asd', b'have', b'greater', b'risk', b'of', b'negative', b'well', b'being', b'and', b'poorer', b'sibling', b'relationships', b'as', b'adults', b'causes', b'it', b'has', b'long', b'been', b'presumed', b'that', b'there', b'is', b'common', b'cause', b'at', b'the', b'genetic', b'cognitive', b'and', b'neural', b'levels', b'for', b'autism', b'characteristic', b'triad', b'of', b'symptoms', b'however', b'there', b'is', b'increasing', b'suspicion', b'that', b'autism', b'is', b'instead', b'complex', b'disorder', b'whose', b'core', b'aspects', b'have', b'distinct', b'causes', b'that', b'often', b'co', b'occur', b'deletion', b'duplication', b'and', b'inversion', b'are', b'all', b'chromosome', b'abnormalities', b'that', b'have', b'been', b'implicated', b'in', b'autism', b'autism', b'has', b'strong', b'genetic', b'basis', b'although', b'the', b'genetics', b'of', b'autism', b'are', b'complex', b'and', b'it', b'is', b'unclear', b'whether', b'asd', b'is', b'explained', b'more', b'by', b'rare', b'mutations', b'with', b'major', b'effects', b'or', b'by', b'rare', b'multigene', b'interactions', b'of', b'common', b'genetic', b'variants', b'complexity', b'arises', b'due', b'to', b'interactions', b'among', b'multiple', b'genes', b'the', b'environment', b'and', b'epigenetic', b'factors', b'which', b'do', b'not', b'change', b'dna', b'sequencing', b'but', b'are', b'heritable', b'and', b'influence', b'gene', b'expression', b'many', b'genes', b'have', b'been', b'associated', b'with', b'autism', b'through', b'sequencing', b'the', b'genomes', b'of', b'affected', b'individuals', b'and', b'their', b'parents', b'studies', b'of', b'twins', b'suggest', b'that', b'heritability', b'is', b'for', b'autism', b'and', b'as', b'high', b'as', b'for', b'asd', b'and', b'siblings', b'of', b'those', b'with', b'autism', b'are', b'about', b'times', b'more', b'likely', b'to', b'be', b'autistic', b'than', b'the', b'general', b'population', b'however', b'most', b'of', b'the', b'mutations', b'that', b'increase', b'autism', b'risk', b'have', b'not', b'been', b'identified', b'typically', b'autism', b'cannot', b'be', b'traced', b'to', b'mendelian', b'single', b'gene', b'mutation', b'or', b'to', b'single', b'chromosome', b'abnormality', b'and', b'none', b'of', b'the', b'genetic', b'syndromes', b'associated', b'with', b'asds', b'have', b'been', b'shown', b'to', b'selectively', b'cause', b'asd', b'numerous', b'candidate', b'genes', b'have', b'been', b'located', b'with', b'only', b'small', b'effects', b'attributable', b'to', b'any', b'particular', b'gene', b'most', b'loci', b'individually', b'explain', b'less', b'than', b'of', b'cases', b'of', b'autism', b'the', b'large', b'number', b'of', b'autistic', b'individuals', b'with', b'unaffected', b'family', b'members', b'may', b'result', b'from', b'spontaneous', b'structural', b'variation', b'such', b'as', b'deletions', b'duplications', b'or', b'inversions', b'in', b'genetic', b'material', b'during', b'meiosis', b'hence', b'substantial', b'fraction', b'of', b'autism', b'cases', b'may', b'be', b'traceable', b'to', b'genetic', b'causes', b'that', b'are', b'highly', b'heritable', b'but', b'not', b'inherited', b'that', b'is', b'the', b'mutation', b'that', b'causes', b'the', b'autism', b'is', b'not', b'present', b'in', b'the', b'parental', b'genome', b'several', b'lines', b'of', b'evidence', b'point', b'to', b'synaptic', b'dysfunction', b'as', b'cause', b'of', b'autism', b'some', b'rare', b'mutations', b'may', b'lead', b'to', b'autism', b'by', b'disrupting', b'some', b'synaptic', b'pathways', b'such', b'as', b'those', b'involved', b'with', b'cell', b'adhesion', b'gene', b'replacement', b'studies', b'in', b'mice', b'suggest', b'that', b'autistic', b'symptoms', b'are', b'closely', b'related', b'to', b'later', b'developmental', b'steps', b'that', b'depend', b'on', b'activity', b'in', b'synapses', b'and', b'on', b'activity', b'dependent', b'changes', b'all', b'known', b'teratogens', b'agents', b'that', b'cause', b'birth', b'defects', b'related', b'to', b'the', b'risk', b'of', b'autism', b'appear', b'to', b'act', b'during', b'the', b'first', b'eight', b'weeks', b'from', b'conception', b'and', b'though', b'this', b'does', b'not', b'exclude', b'the', b'possibility', b'that', b'autism', b'can', b'be', b'initiated', b'or', b'affected', b'later', b'there', b'is', b'strong', b'evidence', b'that', b'autism', b'arises', b'very', b'early', b'in', b'development', b'exposure', b'to', b'air', b'pollution', b'during', b'pregnancy', b'especially', b'heavy', b'metals', b'and', b'particulates', b'may', b'increase', b'the', b'risk', b'of', b'autism', b'environmental', b'factors', b'that', b'have', b'been', b'claimed', b'without', b'evidence', b'to', b'contribute', b'to', b'or', b'exacerbate', b'autism', b'include', b'certain', b'foods', b'infectious', b'diseases', b'solvents', b'diesel', b'exhaust', b'pcbs', b'phthalates', b'and', b'phenols', b'used', b'in', b'plastic', b'products', b'pesticides', b'brominated', b'flame', b'retardants', b'alcohol', b'smoking', b'illicit', b'drugs', b'vaccines', b'and', b'prenatal', b'stress', b'no', b'evidence', b'has', b'been', b'found', b'for', b'these', b'claims', b'and', b'some', b'such', b'as', b'the', b'mmr', b'vaccine', b'have', b'been', b'completely', b'disproven', b'parents', b'may', b'first', b'become', b'aware', b'of', b'autistic', b'symptoms', b'in', b'their', b'child', b'around', b'the', b'time', b'of', b'routine', b'vaccination', b'this', b'has', b'led', b'to', b'unsupported', b'theories', b'blaming', b'vaccine', b'overload', b'vaccine', b'preservative', b'or', b'the', b'mmr', b'vaccine', b'for', b'causing', b'autism', b'the', b'latter', b'theory', b'was', b'supported', b'by', b'litigation', b'funded', b'study', b'that', b'has', b'since', b'been', b'shown', b'to', b'have', b'been', b'an', b'elaborate', b'fraud', b'although', b'these', b'theories', b'lack', b'convincing', b'scientific', b'evidence', b'and', b'are', b'biologically', b'implausible', b'parental', b'concern', b'about', b'potential', b'vaccine', b'link', b'with', b'autism', b'has', b'led', b'to', b'lower', b'rates', b'of', b'childhood', b'immunizations', b'outbreaks', b'of', b'previously', b'controlled', b'childhood', b'diseases', b'in', b'some', b'countries', b'and', b'the', b'preventable', b'deaths', b'of', b'several', b'children', b'mechanism', b'autism', b'symptoms', b'result', b'from', b'maturation', b'related', b'changes', b'in', b'various', b'systems', b'of', b'the', b'brain', b'how', b'autism', b'occurs', b'is', b'not', b'well', b'understood', b'its', b'mechanism', b'can', b'be', b'divided', b'into', b'two', b'areas', b'the', b'pathophysiology', b'of', b'brain', b'structures', b'and', b'processes', b'associated', b'with', b'autism', b'and', b'the', b'linkages', b'between', b'brain', b'structures', b'and', b'behaviors', b'the', b'behaviors', b'appear', b'to', b'have', b'multiple', b'pathophysiology', b'autism', b'affects', b'the', b'amygdala', b'cerebellum', b'and', b'many', b'other', b'parts', b'of', b'the', b'brain', b'unlike', b'many', b'other', b'brain', b'disorders', b'such', b'as', b'parkinson', b'autism', b'does', b'not', b'have', b'clear', b'unifying', b'mechanism', b'at', b'either', b'the', b'molecular', b'cellular', b'or', b'systems', b'level', b'it', b'is', b'not', b'known', b'whether', b'autism', b'is', b'few', b'disorders', b'caused', b'by', b'mutations', b'converging', b'on', b'few', b'common', b'molecular', b'pathways', b'or', b'is', b'like', b'intellectual', b'disability', b'large', b'set', b'of', b'disorders', b'with', b'diverse', b'mechanisms', b'autism', b'appears', b'to', b'result', b'from', b'developmental', b'factors', b'that', b'affect', b'many', b'or', b'all', b'functional', b'brain', b'systems', b'and', b'to', b'disturb', b'the', b'timing', b'of', b'brain', b'development', b'more', b'than', b'the', b'final', b'product', b'neuroanatomical', b'studies', b'and', b'the', b'associations', b'with', b'teratogens', b'strongly', b'suggest', b'that', b'autism', b'mechanism', b'includes', b'alteration', b'of', b'brain', b'development', b'soon', b'after', b'conception', b'this', b'anomaly', b'appears', b'to', b'start', b'cascade', b'of', b'pathological', b'events', b'in', b'the', b'brain', b'that', b'are', b'significantly', b'influenced', b'by', b'environmental', b'factors', b'just', b'after', b'birth', b'the', b'brains', b'of', b'children', b'with', b'autism', b'tend', b'to', b'grow', b'faster', b'than', b'usual', b'followed', b'by', b'normal', b'or', b'relatively', b'slower', b'growth', b'in', b'childhood', b'it', b'is', b'not', b'known', b'whether', b'early', b'overgrowth', b'occurs', b'in', b'all', b'children', b'with', b'autism', b'it', b'seems', b'to', b'be', b'most', b'prominent', b'in', b'brain', b'areas', b'underlying', b'the', b'development', b'of', b'higher', b'cognitive', b'specialization', b'hypotheses', b'for', b'the', b'cellular', b'and', b'molecular', b'bases', b'of', b'pathological', b'early', b'overgrowth', b'include', b'the', b'following', b'an', b'excess', b'of', b'neurons', b'that', b'causes', b'local', b'in', b'key', b'brain', b'regions', b'disturbed', b'neuronal', b'migration', b'during', b'early', b'gestation', b'unbalanced', b'excitatory', b'inhibitory', b'networks', b'abnormal', b'formation', b'of', b'synapses', b'and', b'dendritic', b'spines', b'for', b'example', b'by', b'modulation', b'of', b'the', b'neurexin', b'neuroligin', b'cell', b'adhesion', b'system', b'or', b'by', b'poorly', b'regulated', b'synthesis', b'of', b'synaptic', b'proteins', b'disrupted', b'synaptic', b'development', b'may', b'also', b'contribute', b'to', b'epilepsy', b'which', b'may', b'explain', b'why', b'the', b'two', b'conditions', b'are', b'associated', b'the', b'immune', b'system', b'is', b'thought', b'to', b'play', b'an', b'important', b'role', b'in', b'autism', b'children', b'with', b'autism', b'have', b'been', b'found', b'by', b'researchers', b'to', b'have', b'inflammation', b'of', b'both', b'the', b'peripheral', b'and', b'central', b'immune', b'systems', b'as', b'indicated', b'by', b'increased', b'levels', b'of', b'pro', b'inflammatory', b'cytokines', b'and', b'significant', b'activation', b'of', b'microglia', b'biomarkers', b'of', b'abnormal', b'immune', b'function', b'have', b'also', b'been', b'associated', b'with', b'increased', b'impairments', b'in', b'behaviors', b'that', b'are', b'characteristic', b'of', b'the', b'core', b'features', b'of', b'autism', b'such', b'as', b'deficits', b'in', b'social', b'interactions', b'and', b'communication', b'interactions', b'between', b'the', b'immune', b'system', b'and', b'the', b'nervous', b'system', b'begin', b'early', b'during', b'the', b'embryonic', b'stage', b'of', b'life', b'and', b'successful', b'depends', b'on', b'balanced', b'immune', b'response', b'it', b'is', b'thought', b'that', b'activation', b'of', b'pregnant', b'mother', b'immune', b'system', b'such', b'as', b'from', b'environmental', b'toxicants', b'or', b'infection', b'can', b'contribute', b'to', b'causing', b'autism', b'through', b'causing', b'disruption', b'of', b'brain', b'development', b'this', b'is', b'supported', b'by', b'recent', b'studies', b'that', b'have', b'found', b'that', b'infection', b'during', b'pregnancy', b'is', b'associated', b'with', b'an', b'increased', b'risk', b'of', b'autism', b'the', b'relationship', b'of', b'neurochemicals', b'to', b'autism', b'is', b'not', b'well', b'understood', b'several', b'have', b'been', b'investigated', b'with', b'the', b'most', b'evidence', b'for', b'the', b'role', b'of', b'serotonin', b'and', b'of', b'genetic', b'differences', b'in', b'its', b'transport', b'the', b'role', b'of', b'group', b'metabotropic', b'glutamate', b'receptors', b'mglur', b'in', b'the', b'pathogenesis', b'of', b'fragile', b'syndrome', b'the', b'most', b'common', b'identified', b'genetic', b'cause', b'of', b'autism', b'has', b'led', b'to', b'interest', b'in', b'the', b'possible', b'implications', b'for', b'future', b'autism', b'research', b'into', b'this', b'pathway', b'some', b'data', b'suggests', b'neuronal', b'overgrowth', b'potentially', b'related', b'to', b'an', b'increase', b'in', b'several', b'growth', b'hormones', b'or', b'to', b'impaired', b'regulation', b'of', b'growth', b'factor', b'receptors', b'also', b'some', b'inborn', b'errors', b'of', b'metabolism', b'are', b'associated', b'with', b'autism', b'but', b'probably', b'account', b'for', b'less', b'than', b'of', b'cases', b'the', b'mirror', b'neuron', b'system', b'mns', b'theory', b'of', b'autism', b'hypothesizes', b'that', b'distortion', b'in', b'the', b'development', b'of', b'the', b'mns', b'interferes', b'with', b'imitation', b'and', b'leads', b'to', b'autism', b'core', b'features', b'of', b'social', b'impairment', b'and', b'communication', b'difficulties', b'the', b'mns', b'operates', b'when', b'an', b'animal', b'performs', b'an', b'action', b'or', b'observes', b'another', b'animal', b'perform', b'the', b'same', b'action', b'the', b'mns', b'may', b'contribute', b'to', b'an', b'individual', b'understanding', b'of', b'other', b'people', b'by', b'enabling', b'the', b'modeling', b'of', b'their', b'behavior', b'via', b'embodied', b'simulation', b'of', b'their', b'actions', b'intentions', b'and', b'emotions', b'several', b'studies', b'have', b'tested', b'this', b'hypothesis', b'by', b'demonstrating', b'structural', b'abnormalities', b'in', b'mns', b'regions', b'of', b'individuals', b'with', b'asd', b'delay', b'in', b'the', b'activation', b'in', b'the', b'core', b'circuit', b'for', b'imitation', b'in', b'individuals', b'with', b'asperger', b'syndrome', b'and', b'correlation', b'between', b'reduced', b'mns', b'activity', b'and', b'severity', b'of', b'the', b'syndrome', b'in', b'children', b'with', b'asd', b'however', b'individuals', b'with', b'autism', b'also', b'have', b'abnormal', b'brain', b'activation', b'in', b'many', b'circuits', b'outside', b'the', b'mns', b'and', b'the', b'mns', b'theory', b'does', b'not', b'explain', b'the', b'normal', b'performance', b'of', b'children', b'with', b'autism', b'on', b'imitation', b'tasks', b'that', b'involve', b'goal', b'or', b'object', b'autistic', b'individuals', b'tend', b'to', b'use', b'different', b'areas', b'of', b'the', b'brain', b'yellow', b'for', b'movement', b'task', b'compared', b'to', b'control', b'group', b'blue', b'asd', b'related', b'patterns', b'of', b'low', b'function', b'and', b'aberrant', b'activation', b'in', b'the', b'brain', b'differ', b'depending', b'on', b'whether', b'the', b'brain', b'is', b'doing', b'social', b'or', b'nonsocial', b'tasks', b'in', b'autism', b'there', b'is', b'evidence', b'for', b'reduced', b'functional', b'connectivity', b'of', b'the', b'default', b'network', b'large', b'scale', b'brain', b'network', b'involved', b'in', b'social', b'and', b'emotional', b'processing', b'with', b'intact', b'connectivity', b'of', b'the', b'task', b'positive', b'network', b'used', b'in', b'sustained', b'attention', b'and', b'goal', b'directed', b'thinking', b'in', b'people', b'with', b'autism', b'the', b'two', b'networks', b'are', b'not', b'negatively', b'correlated', b'in', b'time', b'suggesting', b'an', b'imbalance', b'in', b'toggling', b'between', b'the', b'two', b'networks', b'possibly', b'reflecting', b'disturbance', b'of', b'self', b'referential', b'thought', b'the', b'theory', b'of', b'autism', b'hypothesizes', b'that', b'autism', b'is', b'marked', b'by', b'high', b'level', b'neural', b'connections', b'and', b'synchronization', b'along', b'with', b'an', b'excess', b'of', b'low', b'level', b'processes', b'evidence', b'for', b'this', b'theory', b'has', b'been', b'found', b'in', b'functional', b'neuroimaging', b'studies', b'on', b'autistic', b'individuals', b'and', b'by', b'brainwave', b'study', b'that', b'suggested', b'that', b'adults', b'with', b'asd', b'have', b'local', b'in', b'the', b'cortex', b'and', b'weak', b'functional', b'connections', b'between', b'the', b'frontal', b'lobe', b'and', b'the', b'rest', b'of', b'the', b'cortex', b'other', b'evidence', b'suggests', b'the', b'is', b'mainly', b'within', b'each', b'hemisphere', b'of', b'the', b'cortex', b'and', b'that', b'autism', b'is', b'disorder', b'of', b'the', b'association', b'cortex', b'from', b'studies', b'based', b'on', b'event', b'related', b'potentials', b'transient', b'changes', b'to', b'the', b'brain', b'electrical', b'activity', b'in', b'response', b'to', b'stimuli', b'there', b'is', b'considerable', b'evidence', b'for', b'differences', b'in', b'autistic', b'individuals', b'with', b'respect', b'to', b'attention', b'orientation', b'to', b'auditory', b'and', b'visual', b'stimuli', b'novelty', b'detection', b'language', b'and', b'face', b'processing', b'and', b'information', b'storage', b'several', b'studies', b'have', b'found', b'preference', b'for', b'nonsocial', b'stimuli', b'for', b'example', b'studies', b'have', b'found', b'evidence', b'in', b'children', b'with', b'autism', b'of', b'delayed', b'responses', b'in', b'the', b'brain', b'processing', b'of', b'auditory', b'signals', b'in', b'the', b'genetic', b'area', b'relations', b'have', b'been', b'found', b'between', b'autism', b'and', b'schizophrenia', b'based', b'on', b'duplications', b'and', b'deletions', b'of', b'chromosomes', b'research', b'showed', b'that', b'schizophrenia', b'and', b'autism', b'are', b'significantly', b'more', b'common', b'in', b'combination', b'with', b'deletion', b'syndrome', b'research', b'on', b'autism', b'schizophrenia', b'relations', b'for', b'chromosome', b'chromosome', b'and', b'chromosome', b'are', b'inconclusive', b'functional', b'connectivity', b'studies', b'have', b'found', b'both', b'hypo', b'and', b'hyper', b'connectivity', b'in', b'brains', b'of', b'people', b'with', b'autism', b'hypo', b'connectivity', b'seems', b'to', b'dominate', b'especially', b'for', b'and', b'cortico', b'cortical', b'functional', b'connectivity', b'neuropsychology', b'two', b'major', b'categories', b'of', b'cognitive', b'theories', b'have', b'been', b'proposed', b'about', b'the', b'links', b'between', b'autistic', b'brains', b'and', b'behavior', b'the', b'first', b'category', b'focuses', b'on', b'deficits', b'in', b'social', b'cognition', b'simon', b'baron', b'cohen', b'empathizing', b'systemizing', b'theory', b'postulates', b'that', b'autistic', b'individuals', b'can', b'systemize', b'that', b'is', b'they', b'can', b'develop', b'internal', b'rules', b'of', b'operation', b'to', b'handle', b'events', b'inside', b'the', b'brain', b'but', b'are', b'less', b'effective', b'at', b'empathizing', b'by', b'handling', b'events', b'generated', b'by', b'other', b'agents', b'an', b'extension', b'the', b'extreme', b'male', b'brain', b'theory', b'hypothesizes', b'that', b'autism', b'is', b'an', b'extreme', b'case', b'of', b'the', b'male', b'brain', b'defined', b'as', b'individuals', b'in', b'whom', b'systemizing', b'is', b'better', b'than', b'empathizing', b'these', b'theories', b'are', b'somewhat', b'related', b'to', b'baron', b'cohen', b'earlier', b'theory', b'of', b'mind', b'approach', b'which', b'hypothesizes', b'that', b'autistic', b'behavior', b'arises', b'from', b'an', b'inability', b'to', b'ascribe', b'mental', b'states', b'to', b'oneself', b'and', b'others', b'the', b'theory', b'of', b'mind', b'hypothesis', b'is', b'supported', b'by', b'the', b'atypical', b'responses', b'of', b'children', b'with', b'autism', b'to', b'the', b'sally', b'anne', b'test', b'for', b'reasoning', b'about', b'others', b'motivations', b'and', b'the', b'mirror', b'neuron', b'system', b'theory', b'of', b'autism', b'described', b'in', b'pathophysiology', b'maps', b'well', b'to', b'the', b'hypothesis', b'however', b'most', b'studies', b'have', b'found', b'no', b'evidence', b'of', b'impairment', b'in', b'autistic', b'individuals', b'ability', b'to', b'understand', b'other', b'people', b'basic', b'intentions', b'or', b'goals', b'instead', b'data', b'suggests', b'that', b'impairments', b'are', b'found', b'in', b'understanding', b'more', b'complex', b'social', b'emotions', b'or', b'in', b'considering', b'others', b'viewpoints', b'the', b'second', b'category', b'focuses', b'on', b'nonsocial', b'or', b'general', b'processing', b'the', b'executive', b'functions', b'such', b'as', b'working', b'memory', b'planning', b'inhibition', b'in', b'his', b'review', b'kenworthy', b'states', b'that', b'the', b'claim', b'of', b'executive', b'dysfunction', b'as', b'causal', b'factor', b'in', b'autism', b'is', b'controversial', b'however', b'it', b'is', b'clear', b'that', b'executive', b'dysfunction', b'plays', b'role', b'in', b'the', b'social', b'and', b'cognitive', b'deficits', b'observed', b'in', b'individuals', b'with', b'autism', b'tests', b'of', b'core', b'executive', b'processes', b'such', b'as', b'eye', b'movement', b'tasks', b'indicate', b'improvement', b'from', b'late', b'childhood', b'to', b'adolescence', b'but', b'performance', b'never', b'reaches', b'typical', b'adult', b'levels', b'strength', b'of', b'the', b'theory', b'is', b'predicting', b'stereotyped', b'behavior', b'and', b'narrow', b'interests', b'two', b'weaknesses', b'are', b'that', b'executive', b'function', b'is', b'hard', b'to', b'measure', b'and', b'that', b'executive', b'function', b'deficits', b'have', b'not', b'been', b'found', b'in', b'young', b'children', b'with', b'autism', b'weak', b'central', b'coherence', b'theory', b'hypothesizes', b'that', b'limited', b'ability', b'to', b'see', b'the', b'big', b'picture', b'underlies', b'the', b'central', b'disturbance', b'in', b'autism', b'one', b'strength', b'of', b'this', b'theory', b'is', b'predicting', b'special', b'talents', b'and', b'peaks', b'in', b'performance', b'in', b'autistic', b'people', b'related', b'theory', b'enhanced', b'perceptual', b'functioning', b'focuses', b'more', b'on', b'the', b'superiority', b'of', b'locally', b'oriented', b'and', b'perceptual', b'operations', b'in', b'autistic', b'individuals', b'these', b'theories', b'map', b'well', b'from', b'the', b'theory', b'of', b'autism', b'neither', b'category', b'is', b'satisfactory', b'on', b'its', b'own', b'social', b'cognition', b'theories', b'poorly', b'address', b'autism', b'rigid', b'and', b'repetitive', b'behaviors', b'while', b'the', b'nonsocial', b'theories', b'have', b'difficulty', b'explaining', b'social', b'impairment', b'and', b'communication', b'difficulties', b'combined', b'theory', b'based', b'on', b'multiple', b'deficits', b'may', b'prove', b'to', b'be', b'more', b'useful', b'diagnosis', b'diagnosis', b'is', b'based', b'on', b'behavior', b'not', b'cause', b'or', b'mechanism', b'under', b'the', b'dsm', b'autism', b'is', b'characterized', b'by', b'persistent', b'deficits', b'in', b'social', b'communication', b'and', b'interaction', b'across', b'multiple', b'contexts', b'as', b'well', b'as', b'restricted', b'repetitive', b'patterns', b'of', b'behavior', b'interests', b'or', b'activities', b'these', b'deficits', b'are', b'present', b'in', b'early', b'childhood', b'typically', b'before', b'age', b'three', b'and', b'lead', b'to', b'clinically', b'significant', b'functional', b'impairment', b'sample', b'symptoms', b'include', b'lack', b'of', b'social', b'or', b'emotional', b'reciprocity', b'stereotyped', b'and', b'repetitive', b'use', b'of', b'language', b'or', b'idiosyncratic', b'language', b'and', b'persistent', b'preoccupation', b'with', b'unusual', b'objects', b'the', b'disturbance', b'must', b'not', b'be', b'better', b'accounted', b'for', b'by', b'rett', b'syndrome', b'intellectual', b'disability', b'or', b'global', b'developmental', b'delay', b'icd', b'uses', b'essentially', b'the', b'same', b'definition', b'several', b'diagnostic', b'instruments', b'are', b'available', b'two', b'are', b'commonly', b'used', b'in', b'autism', b'research', b'the', b'autism', b'diagnostic', b'interview', b'revised', b'adi', b'is', b'semistructured', b'parent', b'interview', b'and', b'the', b'autism', b'diagnostic', b'observation', b'schedule', b'ados', b'uses', b'observation', b'and', b'interaction', b'with', b'the', b'child', b'the', b'childhood', b'autism', b'rating', b'scale', b'cars', b'is', b'used', b'widely', b'in', b'clinical', b'environments', b'to', b'assess', b'severity', b'of', b'autism', b'based', b'on', b'observation', b'of', b'children', b'the', b'diagnostic', b'interview', b'for', b'social', b'and', b'communication', b'disorders', b'disco', b'may', b'also', b'be', b'used', b'pediatrician', b'commonly', b'performs', b'preliminary', b'investigation', b'by', b'taking', b'developmental', b'history', b'and', b'physically', b'examining', b'the', b'child', b'if', b'warranted', b'diagnosis', b'and', b'evaluations', b'are', b'conducted', b'with', b'help', b'from', b'asd', b'specialists', b'observing', b'and', b'assessing', b'cognitive', b'communication', b'family', b'and', b'other', b'factors', b'using', b'standardized', b'tools', b'and', b'taking', b'into', b'account', b'any', b'associated', b'medical', b'conditions', b'pediatric', b'is', b'often', b'asked', b'to', b'assess', b'behavior', b'and', b'cognitive', b'skills', b'both', b'to', b'aid', b'diagnosis', b'and', b'to', b'help', b'recommend', b'educational', b'interventions', b'differential', b'diagnosis', b'for', b'asd', b'at', b'this', b'stage', b'might', b'also', b'consider', b'intellectual', b'disability', b'hearing', b'impairment', b'and', b'specific', b'language', b'impairment', b'such', b'as', b'landau', b'kleffner', b'syndrome', b'the', b'presence', b'of', b'autism', b'can', b'make', b'it', b'harder', b'to', b'diagnose', b'coexisting', b'psychiatric', b'disorders', b'such', b'as', b'depression', b'clinical', b'genetics', b'evaluations', b'are', b'often', b'done', b'once', b'asd', b'is', b'diagnosed', b'particularly', b'when', b'other', b'symptoms', b'already', b'suggest', b'genetic', b'cause', b'although', b'genetic', b'technology', b'allows', b'clinical', b'geneticists', b'to', b'link', b'an', b'estimated', b'of', b'cases', b'to', b'genetic', b'causes', b'consensus', b'guidelines', b'in', b'the', b'us', b'and', b'uk', b'are', b'limited', b'to', b'high', b'resolution', b'chromosome', b'and', b'fragile', b'testing', b'genotype', b'first', b'model', b'of', b'diagnosis', b'has', b'been', b'proposed', b'which', b'would', b'routinely', b'assess', b'the', b'genome', b'copy', b'number', b'variations', b'as', b'new', b'genetic', b'tests', b'are', b'developed', b'several', b'ethical', b'legal', b'and', b'social', b'issues', b'will', b'emerge', b'commercial', b'availability', b'of', b'tests', b'may', b'precede', b'adequate', b'understanding', b'of', b'how', b'to', b'use', b'test', b'results', b'given', b'the', b'complexity', b'of', b'autism', b'genetics', b'metabolic', b'and', b'neuroimaging', b'tests', b'are', b'sometimes', b'helpful', b'but', b'are', b'not', b'routine', b'asd', b'can', b'sometimes', b'be', b'diagnosed', b'by', b'age', b'months', b'although', b'diagnosis', b'becomes', b'increasingly', b'stable', b'over', b'the', b'first', b'three', b'years', b'of', b'life', b'for', b'example', b'one', b'year', b'old', b'who', b'meets', b'diagnostic', b'criteria', b'for', b'asd', b'is', b'less', b'likely', b'than', b'three', b'year', b'old', b'to', b'continue', b'to', b'do', b'so', b'few', b'years', b'later', b'in', b'the', b'uk', b'the', b'national', b'autism', b'plan', b'for', b'children', b'recommends', b'at', b'most', b'weeks', b'from', b'first', b'concern', b'to', b'completed', b'diagnosis', b'and', b'assessment', b'though', b'few', b'cases', b'are', b'handled', b'that', b'quickly', b'in', b'practice', b'although', b'the', b'symptoms', b'of', b'autism', b'and', b'asd', b'begin', b'early', b'in', b'childhood', b'they', b'are', b'sometimes', b'missed', b'years', b'later', b'adults', b'may', b'seek', b'diagnoses', b'to', b'help', b'them', b'or', b'their', b'friends', b'and', b'family', b'understand', b'themselves', b'to', b'help', b'their', b'employers', b'make', b'adjustments', b'or', b'in', b'some', b'locations', b'to', b'claim', b'disability', b'living', b'allowances', b'or', b'other', b'benefits', b'underdiagnosis', b'and', b'overdiagnosis', b'are', b'problems', b'in', b'marginal', b'cases', b'and', b'much', b'of', b'the', b'recent', b'increase', b'in', b'the', b'number', b'of', b'reported', b'asd', b'cases', b'is', b'likely', b'due', b'to', b'changes', b'in', b'diagnostic', b'practices', b'the', b'increasing', b'popularity', b'of', b'drug', b'treatment', b'options', b'and', b'the', b'expansion', b'of', b'benefits', b'has', b'given', b'providers', b'incentives', b'to', b'diagnose', b'asd', b'resulting', b'in', b'some', b'overdiagnosis', b'of', b'children', b'with', b'uncertain', b'symptoms', b'conversely', b'the', b'cost', b'of', b'screening', b'and', b'diagnosis', b'and', b'the', b'challenge', b'of', b'obtaining', b'payment', b'can', b'inhibit', b'or', b'delay', b'diagnosis', b'it', b'is', b'particularly', b'hard', b'to', b'diagnose', b'autism', b'among', b'the', b'visually', b'impaired', b'partly', b'because', b'some', b'of', b'its', b'diagnostic', b'criteria', b'depend', b'on', b'vision', b'and', b'partly', b'because', b'autistic', b'symptoms', b'overlap', b'with', b'those', b'of', b'common', b'blindness', b'syndromes', b'or', b'blindisms', b'classification', b'autism', b'is', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'five', b'pervasive', b'developmental', b'disorders', b'pdd', b'which', b'are', b'characterized', b'by', b'widespread', b'abnormalities', b'of', b'social', b'interactions', b'and', b'communication', b'and', b'severely', b'restricted', b'interests', b'and', b'highly', b'repetitive', b'behavior', b'these', b'symptoms', b'do', b'not', b'imply', b'sickness', b'fragility', b'or', b'emotional', b'disturbance', b'of', b'the', b'five', b'pdd', b'forms', b'asperger', b'syndrome', b'is', b'closest', b'to', b'autism', b'in', b'signs', b'and', b'likely', b'causes', b'rett', b'syndrome', b'and', b'childhood', b'disintegrative', b'disorder', b'share', b'several', b'signs', b'with', b'autism', b'but', b'may', b'have', b'unrelated', b'causes', b'pdd', b'not', b'otherwise', b'specified', b'pdd', b'nos', b'also', b'called', b'atypical', b'autism', b'is', b'diagnosed', b'when', b'the', b'criteria', b'are', b'not', b'met', b'for', b'more', b'specific', b'disorder', b'unlike', b'with', b'autism', b'people', b'with', b'asperger', b'syndrome', b'have', b'no', b'substantial', b'delay', b'in', b'language', b'development', b'the', b'terminology', b'of', b'autism', b'can', b'be', b'bewildering', b'with', b'autism', b'asperger', b'syndrome', b'and', b'pdd', b'nos', b'often', b'called', b'the', b'autism', b'spectrum', b'disorders', b'asd', b'or', b'sometimes', b'the', b'autistic', b'disorders', b'whereas', b'autism', b'itself', b'is', b'often', b'called', b'autistic', b'disorder', b'childhood', b'autism', b'or', b'infantile', b'autism', b'in', b'this', b'article', b'autism', b'refers', b'to', b'the', b'classic', b'autistic', b'disorder', b'in', b'clinical', b'practice', b'though', b'autism', b'asd', b'and', b'pdd', b'are', b'often', b'used', b'interchangeably', b'asd', b'in', b'turn', b'is', b'subset', b'of', b'the', b'broader', b'autism', b'phenotype', b'which', b'describes', b'individuals', b'who', b'may', b'not', b'have', b'asd', b'but', b'do', b'have', b'autistic', b'like', b'traits', b'such', b'as', b'avoiding', b'eye', b'contact', b'the', b'manifestations', b'of', b'autism', b'cover', b'wide', b'spectrum', b'ranging', b'from', b'individuals', b'with', b'severe', b'impairments', b'who', b'may', b'be', b'silent', b'developmentally', b'disabled', b'and', b'locked', b'into', b'hand', b'flapping', b'and', b'rocking', b'to', b'high', b'functioning', b'individuals', b'who', b'may', b'have', b'active', b'but', b'distinctly', b'odd', b'social', b'approaches', b'narrowly', b'focused', b'interests', b'and', b'verbose', b'pedantic', b'communication', b'because', b'the', b'behavior', b'spectrum', b'is', b'continuous', b'boundaries', b'between', b'diagnostic', b'categories', b'are', b'necessarily', b'somewhat', b'arbitrary', b'sometimes', b'the', b'syndrome', b'is', b'divided', b'into', b'low', b'medium', b'or', b'high', b'functioning', b'autism', b'lfa', b'mfa', b'and', b'hfa', b'based', b'on', b'iq', b'thresholds', b'or', b'on', b'how', b'much', b'support', b'the', b'individual', b'requires', b'in', b'daily', b'life', b'these', b'subdivisions', b'are', b'not', b'standardized', b'and', b'are', b'controversial', b'autism', b'can', b'also', b'be', b'divided', b'into', b'syndromal', b'and', b'non', b'syndromal', b'autism', b'the', b'syndromal', b'autism', b'is', b'associated', b'with', b'severe', b'or', b'profound', b'intellectual', b'disability', b'or', b'congenital', b'syndrome', b'with', b'physical', b'symptoms', b'such', b'as', b'tuberous', b'sclerosis', b'although', b'individuals', b'with', b'asperger', b'syndrome', b'tend', b'to', b'perform', b'better', b'cognitively', b'than', b'those', b'with', b'autism', b'the', b'extent', b'of', b'the', b'overlap', b'between', b'asperger', b'syndrome', b'hfa', b'and', b'non', b'syndromal', b'autism', b'is', b'unclear', b'some', b'studies', b'have', b'reported', b'diagnoses', b'of', b'autism', b'in', b'children', b'due', b'to', b'loss', b'of', b'language', b'or', b'social', b'skills', b'as', b'opposed', b'to', b'failure', b'to', b'make', b'progress', b'typically', b'from', b'to', b'months', b'of', b'age', b'the', b'validity', b'of', b'this', b'distinction', b'remains', b'controversial', b'it', b'is', b'possible', b'that', b'regressive', b'autism', b'is', b'specific', b'subtype', b'or', b'that', b'there', b'is', b'continuum', b'of', b'behaviors', b'between', b'autism', b'with', b'and', b'without', b'regression', b'research', b'into', b'causes', b'has', b'been', b'hampered', b'by', b'the', b'inability', b'to', b'identify', b'biologically', b'meaningful', b'subgroups', b'within', b'the', b'autistic', b'population', b'and', b'by', b'the', b'traditional', b'boundaries', b'between', b'the', b'disciplines', b'of', b'psychiatry', b'psychology', b'neurology', b'and', b'pediatrics', b'newer', b'technologies', b'such', b'as', b'fmri', b'and', b'diffusion', b'tensor', b'imaging', b'can', b'help', b'identify', b'biologically', b'relevant', b'phenotypes', b'observable', b'traits', b'that', b'can', b'be', b'viewed', b'on', b'brain', b'scans', b'to', b'help', b'further', b'neurogenetic', b'studies', b'of', b'autism', b'one', b'example', b'is', b'lowered', b'activity', b'in', b'the', b'fusiform', b'face', b'area', b'of', b'the', b'brain', b'which', b'is', b'associated', b'with', b'impaired', b'perception', b'of', b'people', b'versus', b'objects', b'it', b'has', b'been', b'proposed', b'to', b'classify', b'autism', b'using', b'genetics', b'as', b'well', b'as', b'behavior', b'screening', b'about', b'half', b'of', b'parents', b'of', b'children', b'with', b'asd', b'notice', b'their', b'child', b'unusual', b'behaviors', b'by', b'age', b'months', b'and', b'about', b'four', b'fifths', b'notice', b'by', b'age', b'months', b'according', b'to', b'an', b'article', b'failure', b'to', b'meet', b'any', b'of', b'the', b'following', b'milestones', b'is', b'an', b'absolute', b'indication', b'to', b'proceed', b'with', b'further', b'evaluations', b'delay', b'in', b'referral', b'for', b'such', b'testing', b'may', b'delay', b'early', b'diagnosis', b'and', b'treatment', b'and', b'affect', b'the', b'long', b'term', b'outcome', b'no', b'babbling', b'by', b'months', b'no', b'gesturing', b'pointing', b'waving', b'etc', b'by', b'months', b'no', b'single', b'words', b'by', b'months', b'no', b'two', b'word', b'spontaneous', b'not', b'just', b'echolalic', b'phrases', b'by', b'months', b'any', b'loss', b'of', b'any', b'language', b'or', b'social', b'skills', b'at', b'any', b'age', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'preventive', b'services', b'task', b'force', b'in', b'found', b'it', b'was', b'unclear', b'if', b'screening', b'was', b'beneficial', b'or', b'harmful', b'among', b'children', b'in', b'whom', b'there', b'is', b'no', b'concerns', b'the', b'japanese', b'practice', b'is', b'to', b'screen', b'all', b'children', b'for', b'asd', b'at', b'and', b'months', b'using', b'autism', b'specific', b'formal', b'screening', b'tests', b'in', b'contrast', b'in', b'the', b'uk', b'children', b'whose', b'families', b'or', b'doctors', b'recognize', b'possible', b'signs', b'of', b'autism', b'are', b'screened', b'it', b'is', b'not', b'known', b'which', b'approach', b'is', b'more', b'effective', b'screening', b'tools', b'include', b'the', b'modified', b'checklist', b'for', b'autism', b'in', b'toddlers', b'chat', b'the', b'early', b'screening', b'of', b'autistic', b'traits', b'questionnaire', b'and', b'the', b'first', b'year', b'inventory', b'initial', b'data', b'on', b'chat', b'and', b'its', b'predecessor', b'the', b'checklist', b'for', b'autism', b'in', b'toddlers', b'chat', b'on', b'children', b'aged', b'months', b'suggests', b'that', b'it', b'is', b'best', b'used', b'in', b'clinical', b'setting', b'and', b'that', b'it', b'has', b'low', b'sensitivity', b'many', b'false', b'negatives', b'but', b'good', b'specificity', b'few', b'false', b'positives', b'it', b'may', b'be', b'more', b'accurate', b'to', b'precede', b'these', b'tests', b'with', b'broadband', b'screener', b'that', b'does', b'not', b'distinguish', b'asd', b'from', b'other', b'developmental', b'disorders', b'screening', b'tools', b'designed', b'for', b'one', b'culture', b'norms', b'for', b'behaviors', b'like', b'eye', b'contact', b'may', b'be', b'inappropriate', b'for', b'different', b'culture', b'although', b'genetic', b'screening', b'for', b'autism', b'is', b'generally', b'still', b'impractical', b'it', b'can', b'be', b'considered', b'in', b'some', b'cases', b'such', b'as', b'children', b'with', b'neurological', b'symptoms', b'and', b'dysmorphic', b'features', b'prevention', b'infection', b'with', b'rubella', b'during', b'pregnancy', b'causes', b'fewer', b'than', b'of', b'cases', b'of', b'autism', b'vaccination', b'against', b'rubella', b'can', b'prevent', b'many', b'of', b'those', b'cases', b'management', b'three', b'year', b'old', b'with', b'autism', b'points', b'to', b'fish', b'in', b'an', b'aquarium', b'as', b'part', b'of', b'an', b'experiment', b'on', b'the', b'effect', b'of', b'intensive', b'shared', b'attention', b'training', b'on', b'language', b'development', b'the', b'main', b'goals', b'when', b'treating', b'children', b'with', b'autism', b'are', b'to', b'lessen', b'associated', b'deficits', b'and', b'family', b'distress', b'and', b'to', b'increase', b'quality', b'of', b'life', b'and', b'functional', b'independence', b'in', b'general', b'higher', b'iqs', b'are', b'correlated', b'with', b'greater', b'responsiveness', b'to', b'treatment', b'and', b'improved', b'treatment', b'outcomes', b'no', b'single', b'treatment', b'is', b'best', b'and', b'treatment', b'is', b'typically', b'tailored', b'to', b'the', b'child', b'needs', b'families', b'and', b'the', b'educational', b'system', b'are', b'the', b'main', b'resources', b'for', b'treatment', b'studies', b'of', b'interventions', b'have', b'methodological', b'problems', b'that', b'prevent', b'definitive', b'conclusions', b'about', b'efficacy', b'however', b'the', b'development', b'of', b'evidence', b'based', b'interventions', b'has', b'advanced', b'in', b'recent', b'years', b'although', b'many', b'psychosocial', b'interventions', b'have', b'some', b'positive', b'evidence', b'suggesting', b'that', b'some', b'form', b'of', b'treatment', b'is', b'preferable', b'to', b'no', b'treatment', b'the', b'methodological', b'quality', b'of', b'systematic', b'reviews', b'of', b'these', b'studies', b'has', b'generally', b'been', b'poor', b'their', b'clinical', b'results', b'are', b'mostly', b'tentative', b'and', b'there', b'is', b'little', b'evidence', b'for', b'the', b'relative', b'effectiveness', b'of', b'treatment', b'options', b'intensive', b'sustained', b'special', b'education', b'programs', b'and', b'behavior', b'therapy', b'early', b'in', b'life', b'can', b'help', b'children', b'acquire', b'self', b'care', b'social', b'and', b'job', b'skills', b'and', b'often', b'improve', b'functioning', b'and', b'decrease', b'symptom', b'severity', b'and', b'maladaptive', b'behaviors', b'claims', b'that', b'intervention', b'by', b'around', b'age', b'three', b'years', b'is', b'crucial', b'are', b'not', b'substantiated', b'available', b'approaches', b'include', b'applied', b'behavior', b'analysis', b'aba', b'developmental', b'models', b'structured', b'teaching', b'speech', b'and', b'language', b'therapy', b'social', b'skills', b'therapy', b'and', b'occupational', b'therapy', b'among', b'these', b'approaches', b'interventions', b'either', b'treat', b'autistic', b'features', b'comprehensively', b'or', b'focalize', b'treatment', b'on', b'specific', b'area', b'of', b'deficit', b'there', b'is', b'some', b'evidence', b'that', b'early', b'intensive', b'behavioral', b'intervention', b'eibi', b'an', b'early', b'intervention', b'model', b'based', b'on', b'aba', b'for', b'to', b'hours', b'week', b'for', b'multiple', b'years', b'is', b'an', b'effective', b'treatment', b'for', b'some', b'children', b'with', b'asd', b'two', b'theoretical', b'frameworks', b'outlined', b'for', b'early', b'childhood', b'intervention', b'include', b'applied', b'behavioral', b'analysis', b'aba', b'and', b'developmental', b'social', b'pragmatic', b'models', b'dsp', b'one', b'interventional', b'strategy', b'utilizes', b'parent', b'training', b'model', b'which', b'teaches', b'parents', b'how', b'to', b'implement', b'various', b'aba', b'and', b'dsp', b'techniques', b'allowing', b'for', b'parents', b'to', b'disseminate', b'interventions', b'themselves', b'various', b'dsp', b'programs', b'have', b'been', b'developed', b'to', b'explicitly', b'deliver', b'intervention', b'systems', b'through', b'at', b'home', b'parent', b'implementation', b'despite', b'the', b'recent', b'development', b'of', b'parent', b'training', b'models', b'these', b'interventions', b'have', b'demonstrated', b'effectiveness', b'in', b'numerous', b'studies', b'being', b'evaluated', b'as', b'probable', b'efficacious', b'mode', b'of', b'treatment', b'education', b'educational', b'interventions', b'can', b'be', b'effective', b'to', b'varying', b'degrees', b'in', b'most', b'children', b'intensive', b'aba', b'treatment', b'has', b'demonstrated', b'effectiveness', b'in', b'enhancing', b'global', b'functioning', b'in', b'preschool', b'children', b'and', b'is', b'well', b'established', b'for', b'improving', b'intellectual', b'performance', b'of', b'young', b'children', b'similarly', b'teacher', b'implemented', b'intervention', b'that', b'utilizes', b'an', b'aba', b'combined', b'with', b'developmental', b'social', b'pragmatic', b'approach', b'has', b'been', b'found', b'to', b'be', b'well', b'established', b'treatment', b'in', b'improving', b'social', b'communication', b'skills', b'in', b'young', b'children', b'although', b'there', b'is', b'less', b'evidence', b'in', b'its', b'treatment', b'of', b'global', b'symptoms', b'reports', b'are', b'often', b'poorly', b'communicated', b'to', b'educators', b'resulting', b'in', b'gap', b'between', b'what', b'report', b'recommends', b'and', b'what', b'education', b'is', b'provided', b'it', b'is', b'not', b'known', b'whether', b'treatment', b'programs', b'for', b'children', b'lead', b'to', b'significant', b'improvements', b'after', b'the', b'children', b'grow', b'up', b'and', b'the', b'limited', b'research', b'on', b'the', b'effectiveness', b'of', b'adult', b'residential', b'programs', b'shows', b'mixed', b'results', b'the', b'appropriateness', b'of', b'including', b'children', b'with', b'varying', b'severity', b'of', b'autism', b'spectrum', b'disorders', b'in', b'the', b'general', b'education', b'population', b'is', b'subject', b'of', b'current', b'debate', b'among', b'educators', b'and', b'researchers', b'medication', b'many', b'medications', b'are', b'used', b'to', b'treat', b'asd', b'symptoms', b'that', b'interfere', b'with', b'integrating', b'child', b'into', b'home', b'or', b'school', b'when', b'behavioral', b'treatment', b'fails', b'more', b'than', b'half', b'of', b'us', b'children', b'diagnosed', b'with', b'asd', b'are', b'prescribed', b'psychoactive', b'drugs', b'or', b'anticonvulsants', b'with', b'the', b'most', b'common', b'drug', b'classes', b'being', b'antidepressants', b'stimulants', b'and', b'antipsychotics', b'antipsychotics', b'such', b'as', b'risperidone', b'and', b'aripiprazole', b'have', b'been', b'found', b'to', b'be', b'useful', b'for', b'treating', b'irritability', b'repetitive', b'behavior', b'and', b'sleeplessness', b'that', b'often', b'occurs', b'with', b'autism', b'however', b'their', b'side', b'effects', b'must', b'be', b'weighed', b'against', b'their', b'potential', b'benefits', b'and', b'people', b'with', b'autism', b'may', b'respond', b'atypically', b'there', b'is', b'scant', b'reliable', b'research', b'about', b'the', b'effectiveness', b'or', b'safety', b'of', b'drug', b'treatments', b'for', b'adolescents', b'and', b'adults', b'with', b'asd', b'no', b'known', b'medication', b'relieves', b'autism', b'core', b'symptoms', b'of', b'social', b'and', b'communication', b'impairments', b'experiments', b'in', b'mice', b'have', b'reversed', b'or', b'reduced', b'some', b'symptoms', b'related', b'to', b'autism', b'by', b'replacing', b'or', b'modulating', b'gene', b'function', b'suggesting', b'the', b'possibility', b'of', b'targeting', b'therapies', b'to', b'specific', b'rare', b'mutations', b'known', b'to', b'cause', b'autism', b'alternative', b'medicine', b'although', b'many', b'alternative', b'therapies', b'and', b'interventions', b'are', b'available', b'few', b'are', b'supported', b'by', b'scientific', b'studies', b'treatment', b'approaches', b'have', b'little', b'empirical', b'support', b'in', b'quality', b'of', b'life', b'contexts', b'and', b'many', b'programs', b'focus', b'on', b'success', b'measures', b'that', b'lack', b'predictive', b'validity', b'and', b'real', b'world', b'relevance', b'scientific', b'evidence', b'appears', b'to', b'matter', b'less', b'to', b'service', b'providers', b'than', b'program', b'marketing', b'training', b'availability', b'and', b'parent', b'requests', b'some', b'alternative', b'treatments', b'may', b'place', b'the', b'child', b'at', b'risk', b'study', b'found', b'that', b'compared', b'to', b'their', b'peers', b'autistic', b'boys', b'have', b'significantly', b'thinner', b'bones', b'if', b'on', b'casein', b'free', b'diets', b'in', b'botched', b'chelation', b'therapy', b'killed', b'five', b'year', b'old', b'child', b'with', b'autism', b'there', b'has', b'been', b'early', b'research', b'looking', b'at', b'hyperbaric', b'treatments', b'in', b'children', b'with', b'autism', b'although', b'popularly', b'used', b'as', b'an', b'alternative', b'treatment', b'for', b'people', b'with', b'autism', b'there', b'is', b'no', b'good', b'evidence', b'that', b'gluten', b'free', b'diet', b'is', b'of', b'benefit', b'in', b'the', b'subset', b'of', b'people', b'who', b'have', b'gluten', b'sensitivity', b'there', b'is', b'limited', b'evidence', b'that', b'suggests', b'that', b'gluten', b'free', b'diet', b'may', b'improve', b'some', b'autistic', b'behaviors', b'cost', b'treatment', b'is', b'expensive', b'indirect', b'costs', b'are', b'more', b'so', b'for', b'someone', b'born', b'in', b'us', b'study', b'estimated', b'an', b'average', b'lifetime', b'cost', b'of', b'net', b'present', b'value', b'in', b'dollars', b'inflation', b'adjusted', b'from', b'estimate', b'with', b'about', b'medical', b'care', b'extra', b'education', b'and', b'other', b'care', b'and', b'lost', b'economic', b'productivity', b'publicly', b'supported', b'programs', b'are', b'often', b'inadequate', b'or', b'inappropriate', b'for', b'given', b'child', b'and', b'unreimbursed', b'out', b'of', b'pocket', b'medical', b'or', b'therapy', b'expenses', b'are', b'associated', b'with', b'likelihood', b'of', b'family', b'financial', b'problems', b'one', b'us', b'study', b'found', b'average', b'loss', b'of', b'annual', b'income', b'in', b'families', b'of', b'children', b'with', b'asd', b'and', b'related', b'study', b'found', b'that', b'asd', b'is', b'associated', b'with', b'higher', b'probability', b'that', b'child', b'care', b'problems', b'will', b'greatly', b'affect', b'parental', b'employment', b'us', b'states', b'increasingly', b'require', b'private', b'health', b'insurance', b'to', b'cover', b'autism', b'services', b'shifting', b'costs', b'from', b'publicly', b'funded', b'education', b'programs', b'to', b'privately', b'funded', b'health', b'insurance', b'after', b'childhood', b'key', b'treatment', b'issues', b'include', b'residential', b'care', b'job', b'training', b'and', b'placement', b'sexuality', b'social', b'skills', b'and', b'estate', b'planning', b'society', b'and', b'culture', b'the', b'emergence', b'of', b'the', b'autism', b'rights', b'movement', b'has', b'served', b'as', b'an', b'attempt', b'to', b'encourage', b'people', b'to', b'be', b'more', b'tolerant', b'of', b'those', b'with', b'autism', b'through', b'this', b'movement', b'people', b'hope', b'to', b'cause', b'others', b'to', b'think', b'of', b'autism', b'as', b'difference', b'instead', b'of', b'disease', b'proponents', b'of', b'this', b'movement', b'wish', b'to', b'seek', b'acceptance', b'not', b'cures', b'there', b'have', b'also', b'been', b'many', b'worldwide', b'events', b'promoting', b'autism', b'awareness', b'such', b'as', b'world', b'autism', b'awareness', b'day', b'light', b'it', b'up', b'blue', b'autism', b'sunday', b'autistic', b'pride', b'day', b'autreat', b'and', b'others', b'there', b'have', b'also', b'been', b'many', b'organizations', b'dedicated', b'to', b'increasing', b'the', b'awareness', b'of', b'autism', b'and', b'the', b'effects', b'that', b'autism', b'has', b'on', b'someone', b'life', b'these', b'organizations', b'include', b'autism', b'speaks', b'autism', b'national', b'committee', b'autism', b'society', b'of', b'america', b'and', b'many', b'others', b'social', b'science', b'scholars', b'have', b'had', b'an', b'increased', b'focused', b'on', b'studying', b'those', b'with', b'autism', b'in', b'hopes', b'to', b'learn', b'more', b'about', b'autism', b'as', b'culture', b'transcultural', b'comparisons', b'and', b'research', b'on', b'social', b'movements', b'media', b'has', b'had', b'an', b'influence', b'on', b'how', b'the', b'public', b'perceives', b'those', b'with', b'autism', b'rain', b'man', b'film', b'that', b'won', b'oscars', b'including', b'best', b'picture', b'depicts', b'character', b'with', b'autism', b'who', b'has', b'incredible', b'talents', b'and', b'abilities', b'while', b'many', b'autistics', b'don', b'have', b'these', b'special', b'abilities', b'there', b'are', b'some', b'autistic', b'individuals', b'who', b'have', b'been', b'successful', b'in', b'their', b'fields', b'prognosis', b'there', b'is', b'no', b'known', b'cure', b'children', b'recover', b'occasionally', b'so', b'that', b'they', b'lose', b'their', b'diagnosis', b'of', b'asd', b'this', b'occurs', b'sometimes', b'after', b'intensive', b'treatment', b'and', b'sometimes', b'not', b'it', b'is', b'not', b'known', b'how', b'often', b'recovery', b'happens', b'reported', b'rates', b'in', b'unselected', b'samples', b'of', b'children', b'with', b'asd', b'have', b'ranged', b'from', b'to', b'most', b'children', b'with', b'autism', b'acquire', b'language', b'by', b'age', b'five', b'or', b'younger', b'though', b'few', b'have', b'developed', b'communication', b'skills', b'in', b'later', b'years', b'most', b'children', b'with', b'autism', b'lack', b'social', b'support', b'meaningful', b'relationships', b'future', b'employment', b'opportunities', b'or', b'self', b'determination', b'although', b'core', b'difficulties', b'tend', b'to', b'persist', b'symptoms', b'often', b'become', b'less', b'severe', b'with', b'age', b'few', b'high', b'quality', b'studies', b'address', b'long', b'term', b'prognosis', b'some', b'adults', b'show', b'modest', b'improvement', b'in', b'communication', b'skills', b'but', b'few', b'decline', b'no', b'study', b'has', b'focused', b'on', b'autism', b'after', b'midlife', b'acquiring', b'language', b'before', b'age', b'six', b'having', b'an', b'iq', b'above', b'and', b'having', b'marketable', b'skill', b'all', b'predict', b'better', b'outcomes', b'independent', b'living', b'is', b'unlikely', b'with', b'severe', b'autism', b'most', b'people', b'with', b'autism', b'face', b'significant', b'obstacles', b'in', b'transitioning', b'to', b'adulthood', b'epidemiology', b'reports', b'of', b'autism', b'cases', b'per', b'children', b'grew', b'dramatically', b'in', b'the', b'us', b'from', b'to', b'it', b'is', b'unknown', b'how', b'much', b'if', b'any', b'growth', b'came', b'from', b'changes', b'in', b'rates', b'of', b'autism', b'most', b'recent', b'reviews', b'tend', b'to', b'estimate', b'prevalence', b'of', b'per', b'for', b'autism', b'and', b'close', b'to', b'per', b'for', b'asd', b'and', b'per', b'children', b'in', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'for', b'asd', b'as', b'of', b'because', b'of', b'inadequate', b'data', b'these', b'numbers', b'may', b'underestimate', b'asd', b'true', b'rate', b'globally', b'autism', b'affects', b'an', b'estimated', b'million', b'people', b'as', b'of', b'while', b'asperger', b'syndrome', b'affects', b'further', b'million', b'in', b'the', b'nhs', b'estimated', b'that', b'the', b'overall', b'prevalence', b'of', b'autism', b'among', b'adults', b'aged', b'years', b'and', b'over', b'in', b'the', b'uk', b'was', b'rates', b'of', b'pdd', b'nos', b'has', b'been', b'estimated', b'at', b'per', b'asperger', b'syndrome', b'at', b'roughly', b'per', b'and', b'childhood', b'disintegrative', b'disorder', b'at', b'per', b'cdc', b'most', b'recent', b'estimate', b'is', b'that', b'out', b'of', b'every', b'children', b'or', b'per', b'has', b'an', b'asd', b'as', b'of', b'the', b'number', b'of', b'reported', b'cases', b'of', b'autism', b'increased', b'dramatically', b'in', b'the', b'and', b'early', b'this', b'increase', b'is', b'largely', b'attributable', b'to', b'changes', b'in', b'diagnostic', b'practices', b'referral', b'patterns', b'availability', b'of', b'services', b'age', b'at', b'diagnosis', b'and', b'public', b'awareness', b'though', b'unidentified', b'environmental', b'risk', b'factors', b'cannot', b'be', b'ruled', b'out', b'the', b'available', b'evidence', b'does', b'not', b'rule', b'out', b'the', b'possibility', b'that', b'autism', b'true', b'prevalence', b'has', b'increased', b'real', b'increase', b'would', b'suggest', b'directing', b'more', b'attention', b'and', b'funding', b'toward', b'changing', b'environmental', b'factors', b'instead', b'of', b'continuing', b'to', b'focus', b'on', b'genetics', b'boys', b'are', b'at', b'higher', b'risk', b'for', b'asd', b'than', b'girls', b'the', b'sex', b'ratio', b'averages', b'and', b'is', b'greatly', b'modified', b'by', b'cognitive', b'impairment', b'it', b'may', b'be', b'close', b'to', b'with', b'intellectual', b'disability', b'and', b'more', b'than', b'without', b'several', b'theories', b'about', b'the', b'higher', b'prevalence', b'in', b'males', b'have', b'been', b'investigated', b'but', b'the', b'cause', b'of', b'the', b'difference', b'is', b'unconfirmed', b'one', b'theory', b'is', b'that', b'females', b'are', b'underdiagnosed', b'although', b'the', b'evidence', b'does', b'not', b'implicate', b'any', b'single', b'pregnancy', b'related', b'risk', b'factor', b'as', b'cause', b'of', b'autism', b'the', b'risk', b'of', b'autism', b'is', b'associated', b'with', b'advanced', b'age', b'in', b'either', b'parent', b'and', b'with', b'diabetes', b'bleeding', b'and', b'use', b'of', b'psychiatric', b'drugs', b'in', b'the', b'mother', b'during', b'pregnancy', b'the', b'risk', b'is', b'greater', b'with', b'older', b'fathers', b'than', b'with', b'older', b'mothers', b'two', b'potential', b'explanations', b'are', b'the', b'known', b'increase', b'in', b'mutation', b'burden', b'in', b'older', b'sperm', b'and', b'the', b'hypothesis', b'that', b'men', b'marry', b'later', b'if', b'they', b'carry', b'genetic', b'liability', b'and', b'show', b'some', b'signs', b'of', b'autism', b'most', b'professionals', b'believe', b'that', b'race', b'ethnicity', b'and', b'socioeconomic', b'background', b'do', b'not', b'affect', b'the', b'occurrence', b'of', b'autism', b'several', b'other', b'conditions', b'are', b'common', b'in', b'children', b'with', b'autism', b'they', b'include', b'genetic', b'disorders', b'about', b'of', b'autism', b'cases', b'have', b'an', b'identifiable', b'mendelian', b'single', b'gene', b'condition', b'chromosome', b'abnormality', b'or', b'other', b'genetic', b'syndrome', b'and', b'asd', b'is', b'associated', b'with', b'several', b'genetic', b'disorders', b'intellectual', b'disability', b'the', b'percentage', b'of', b'autistic', b'individuals', b'who', b'also', b'meet', b'criteria', b'for', b'intellectual', b'disability', b'has', b'been', b'reported', b'as', b'anywhere', b'from', b'to', b'wide', b'variation', b'illustrating', b'the', b'difficulty', b'of', b'assessing', b'autistic', b'intelligence', b'in', b'comparison', b'for', b'pdd', b'nos', b'the', b'association', b'with', b'intellectual', b'disability', b'is', b'much', b'weaker', b'and', b'by', b'definition', b'the', b'diagnosis', b'of', b'asperger', b'excludes', b'intellectual', b'disability', b'anxiety', b'disorders', b'are', b'common', b'among', b'children', b'with', b'asd', b'there', b'are', b'no', b'firm', b'data', b'but', b'studies', b'have', b'reported', b'prevalences', b'ranging', b'from', b'to', b'many', b'anxiety', b'disorders', b'have', b'symptoms', b'that', b'are', b'better', b'explained', b'by', b'asd', b'itself', b'or', b'are', b'hard', b'to', b'distinguish', b'from', b'asd', b'symptoms', b'epilepsy', b'with', b'variations', b'in', b'risk', b'of', b'epilepsy', b'due', b'to', b'age', b'cognitive', b'level', b'and', b'type', b'of', b'language', b'disorder', b'several', b'metabolic', b'defects', b'such', b'as', b'phenylketonuria', b'are', b'associated', b'with', b'autistic', b'symptoms', b'minor', b'physical', b'anomalies', b'are', b'significantly', b'increased', b'in', b'the', b'autistic', b'population', b'preempted', b'diagnoses', b'although', b'the', b'dsm', b'iv', b'rules', b'out', b'concurrent', b'diagnosis', b'of', b'many', b'other', b'conditions', b'along', b'with', b'autism', b'the', b'full', b'criteria', b'for', b'attention', b'deficit', b'hyperactivity', b'disorder', b'adhd', b'tourette', b'syndrome', b'and', b'other', b'of', b'these', b'conditions', b'are', b'often', b'present', b'and', b'these', b'comorbid', b'diagnoses', b'are', b'increasingly', b'accepted', b'sleep', b'problems', b'affect', b'about', b'two', b'thirds', b'of', b'individuals', b'with', b'asd', b'at', b'some', b'point', b'in', b'childhood', b'these', b'most', b'commonly', b'include', b'symptoms', b'of', b'insomnia', b'such', b'as', b'difficulty', b'in', b'falling', b'asleep', b'frequent', b'nocturnal', b'awakenings', b'and', b'early', b'morning', b'awakenings', b'sleep', b'problems', b'are', b'associated', b'with', b'difficult', b'behaviors', b'and', b'family', b'stress', b'and', b'are', b'often', b'focus', b'of', b'clinical', b'attention', b'over', b'and', b'above', b'the', b'primary', b'asd', b'diagnosis', b'history', b'leo', b'kanner', b'introduced', b'the', b'label', b'early', b'infantile', b'autism', b'in', b'few', b'examples', b'of', b'autistic', b'symptoms', b'and', b'treatments', b'were', b'described', b'long', b'before', b'autism', b'was', b'named', b'the', b'table', b'talk', b'of', b'martin', b'luther', b'compiled', b'by', b'his', b'notetaker', b'mathesius', b'contains', b'the', b'story', b'of', b'year', b'old', b'boy', b'who', b'may', b'have', b'been', b'severely', b'autistic', b'luther', b'reportedly', b'thought', b'the', b'boy', b'was', b'soulless', b'mass', b'of', b'flesh', b'possessed', b'by', b'the', b'devil', b'and', b'suggested', b'that', b'he', b'be', b'suffocated', b'although', b'later', b'critic', b'has', b'cast', b'doubt', b'on', b'the', b'veracity', b'of', b'this', b'report', b'the', b'earliest', b'well', b'documented', b'case', b'of', b'autism', b'is', b'that', b'of', b'hugh', b'blair', b'of', b'borgue', b'as', b'detailed', b'in', b'court', b'case', b'in', b'which', b'his', b'brother', b'successfully', b'petitioned', b'to', b'annul', b'blair', b'marriage', b'to', b'gain', b'blair', b'inheritance', b'the', b'wild', b'boy', b'of', b'aveyron', b'feral', b'child', b'caught', b'in', b'showed', b'several', b'signs', b'of', b'autism', b'the', b'medical', b'student', b'jean', b'itard', b'treated', b'him', b'with', b'behavioral', b'program', b'designed', b'to', b'help', b'him', b'form', b'social', b'attachments', b'and', b'to', b'induce', b'speech', b'via', b'imitation', b'the', b'new', b'latin', b'word', b'autismus', b'english', b'translation', b'autism', b'was', b'coined', b'by', b'the', b'swiss', b'psychiatrist', b'eugen', b'bleuler', b'in', b'as', b'he', b'was', b'defining', b'symptoms', b'of', b'schizophrenia', b'he', b'derived', b'it', b'from', b'the', b'greek', b'word', b'aut\xc3\xb3s', b'\xce\xb1\xe1\xbd\x90\xcf\x84\xcf\x8c\xcf\x82', b'meaning', b'self', b'and', b'used', b'it', b'to', b'mean', b'morbid', b'self', b'admiration', b'referring', b'to', b'autistic', b'withdrawal', b'of', b'the', b'patient', b'to', b'his', b'fantasies', b'against', b'which', b'any', b'influence', b'from', b'outside', b'becomes', b'an', b'intolerable', b'disturbance', b'the', b'word', b'autism', b'first', b'took', b'its', b'modern', b'sense', b'in', b'when', b'hans', b'asperger', b'of', b'the', b'vienna', b'university', b'hospital', b'adopted', b'bleuler', b'terminology', b'autistic', b'psychopaths', b'in', b'lecture', b'in', b'german', b'about', b'child', b'psychology', b'asperger', b'was', b'investigating', b'an', b'asd', b'now', b'known', b'as', b'asperger', b'syndrome', b'though', b'for', b'various', b'reasons', b'it', b'was', b'not', b'widely', b'recognized', b'as', b'separate', b'diagnosis', b'until', b'leo', b'kanner', b'of', b'the', b'johns', b'hopkins', b'hospital', b'first', b'used', b'autism', b'in', b'its', b'modern', b'sense', b'in', b'english', b'when', b'he', b'introduced', b'the', b'label', b'early', b'infantile', b'autism', b'in', b'report', b'of', b'children', b'with', b'striking', b'behavioral', b'similarities', b'almost', b'all', b'the', b'characteristics', b'described', b'in', b'kanner', b'first', b'paper', b'on', b'the', b'subject', b'notably', b'autistic', b'aloneness', b'and', b'insistence', b'on', b'sameness', b'are', b'still', b'regarded', b'as', b'typical', b'of', b'the', b'autistic', b'spectrum', b'of', b'disorders', b'it', b'is', b'not', b'known', b'whether', b'kanner', b'derived', b'the', b'term', b'independently', b'of', b'asperger', b'donald', b'triplett', b'was', b'the', b'first', b'person', b'diagnosed', b'with', b'autism', b'he', b'was', b'diagnosed', b'by', b'leo', b'kanner', b'after', b'being', b'first', b'examined', b'in', b'and', b'was', b'labeled', b'as', b'case', b'triplett', b'was', b'noted', b'for', b'his', b'savant', b'abilities', b'particularly', b'being', b'able', b'to', b'name', b'musical', b'notes', b'played', b'on', b'piano', b'and', b'mentally', b'multiplying', b'numbers', b'his', b'father', b'oliver', b'described', b'him', b'as', b'socially', b'withdrawn', b'but', b'interested', b'in', b'number', b'patterns', b'music', b'notes', b'letters', b'of', b'the', b'alphabet', b'and', b'president', b'pictures', b'by', b'the', b'age', b'of', b'he', b'had', b'the', b'ability', b'to', b'recite', b'the', b'rd', b'psalm', b'and', b'memorized', b'questions', b'and', b'answers', b'from', b'the', b'presbyterian', b'catechism', b'he', b'was', b'also', b'interested', b'in', b'creating', b'musical', b'chords', b'kanner', b'reuse', b'of', b'autism', b'led', b'to', b'decades', b'of', b'confused', b'terminology', b'like', b'infantile', b'schizophrenia', b'and', b'child', b'psychiatry', b'focus', b'on', b'maternal', b'deprivation', b'led', b'to', b'misconceptions', b'of', b'autism', b'as', b'an', b'infant', b'response', b'to', b'refrigerator', b'mothers', b'starting', b'in', b'the', b'late', b'autism', b'was', b'established', b'as', b'separate', b'syndrome', b'as', b'late', b'as', b'the', b'mid', b'there', b'was', b'little', b'evidence', b'of', b'genetic', b'role', b'in', b'autism', b'while', b'in', b'it', b'was', b'believed', b'to', b'be', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'most', b'heritable', b'psychiatric', b'conditions', b'although', b'the', b'rise', b'of', b'parent', b'organizations', b'and', b'the', b'of', b'childhood', b'asd', b'have', b'affected', b'how', b'we', b'view', b'asd', b'parents', b'continue', b'to', b'feel', b'social', b'stigma', b'in', b'situations', b'where', b'their', b'child', b'autistic', b'behavior', b'is', b'perceived', b'negatively', b'and', b'many', b'primary', b'care', b'physicians', b'and', b'medical', b'specialists', b'express', b'some', b'beliefs', b'consistent', b'with', b'outdated', b'autism', b'research', b'it', b'took', b'until', b'for', b'the', b'dsm', b'iii', b'to', b'differentiate', b'autism', b'from', b'childhood', b'schizophrenia', b'in', b'the', b'dsm', b'iii', b'provided', b'checklist', b'for', b'diagnosing', b'autism', b'in', b'may', b'the', b'dsm', b'was', b'released', b'updating', b'the', b'classification', b'for', b'pervasive', b'developmental', b'disorders', b'the', b'grouping', b'of', b'disorders', b'including', b'pdd', b'nos', b'autism', b'asperger', b'syndrome', b'rett', b'syndrome', b'and', b'cdd', b'has', b'been', b'removed', b'and', b'replaced', b'with', b'the', b'general', b'term', b'of', b'autism', b'spectrum', b'disorders', b'the', b'two', b'categories', b'that', b'exist', b'are', b'impaired', b'social', b'communication', b'and', b'or', b'interaction', b'and', b'restricted', b'and', b'or', b'repetitive', b'behaviors', b'the', b'internet', b'has', b'helped', b'autistic', b'individuals', b'bypass', b'nonverbal', b'cues', b'and', b'emotional', b'sharing', b'that', b'they', b'find', b'so', b'hard', b'to', b'deal', b'with', b'and', b'has', b'given', b'them', b'way', b'to', b'form', b'online', b'communities', b'and', b'work', b'remotely', b'sociological', b'and', b'cultural', b'aspects', b'of', b'autism', b'have', b'developed', b'some', b'in', b'the', b'community', b'seek', b'cure', b'while', b'others', b'believe', b'that', b'autism', b'is', b'simply', b'another', b'way', b'of', b'being', b'references', b'further', b'reading', b'external', b'links']
TaggedDocument(['autism', 'is', 'disorder', 'characterized', 'by', 'impaired', 'social', 'interaction', 'verbal', 'and', 'non', 'verbal', 'communication', 'and', 'restricted', 'and', 'repetitive', 'behavior', 'parents', 'usually', 'notice', 'signs', 'in', 'the', 'first', 'two', 'years', 'of', 'their', 'child', 'life', 'these', 'signs', 'often', 'develop', 'gradually', 'though', 'some', 'children', 'with', 'autism', 'reach', 'their', 'developmental', 'milestones', 'at', 'normal', 'pace', 'and', 'then', 'regress', 'the', 'diagnostic', 'criteria', 'require', 'that', 'symptoms', 'become', 'apparent', 'in', 'early', 'childhood', 'typically', 'before', 'age', 'three', 'autism', 'is', 'caused', 'by', 'combination', 'of', 'genetic', 'and', 'environmental', 'factors', 'some', 'cases', 'are', 'strongly', 'associated', 'with', 'certain', 'infections', 'during', 'pregnancy', 'including', 'rubella', 'and', 'use', 'of', 'alcohol', 'or', 'cocaine', 'controversies', 'surround', 'other', 'proposed', 'environmental', 'causes', 'for', 'example', 'the', 'vaccine', 'hypotheses', 'which', 'have', 'since', 'been', 'disproven', 'autism', 'affects', 'information', 'processing', 'in', 'the', 'brain', 'by', 'altering', 'how', 'nerve', 'cells', 'and', 'their', 'synapses', 'connect', 'and', 'organize', 'how', 'this', 'occurs', 'is', 'not', 'well', 'understood', 'in', 'the', 'dsm', 'autism', 'is', 'included', 'within', 'the', 'autism', 'spectrum', 'asds', 'as', 'is', 'asperger', 'syndrome', 'which', 'lacks', 'delays', 'in', 'cognitive', 'development', 'and', 'language', 'and', 'pervasive', 'developmental', 'disorder', 'not', 'otherwise', 'specified', 'commonly', 'abbreviated', 'as', 'pdd', 'nos', 'which', 'was', 'diagnosed', 'when', 'the', 'full', 'set', 'of', 'criteria', 'for', 'autism', 'or', 'asperger', 'syndrome', 'were', 'not', 'met', 'early', 'speech', 'or', 'behavioral', 'interventions', 'can', 'help', 'children', 'with', 'autism', 'gain', 'self', 'care', 'social', 'and', 'communication', 'skills', 'although', 'there', 'is', 'no', 'known', 'cure', 'there', 'have', 'been', 'reported', 'cases', 'of', 'children', 'who', 'recovered', 'not', 'many', 'children', 'with', 'autism', 'live', 'independently', 'after', 'reaching', 'adulthood', 'though', 'some', 'become', 'successful', 'an', 'autistic', 'culture', 'has', 'developed', 'with', 'some', 'individuals', 'seeking', 'cure', 'and', 'others', 'believing', 'autism', 'should', 'be', 'accepted', 'as', 'difference', 'and', 'not', 'treated', 'as', 'disorder', 'globally', 'autism', 'is', 'estimated', 'to', 'affect', 'million', 'people', 'as', 'of', 'as', 'of', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'people', 'affected', 'is', 'estimated', 'at', 'about', 'per', 'worldwide', 'it', 'occurs', 'four', 'to', 'five', 'times', 'more', 'often', 'in', 'boys', 'than', 'girls', 'about', 'of', 'children', 'in', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'one', 'in', 'are', 'diagnosed', 'with', 'asd', 'increase', 'from', 'one', 'in', 'in', 'the', 'rate', 'of', 'autism', 'among', 'adults', 'aged', 'years', 'and', 'over', 'in', 'the', 'united', 'kingdom', 'is', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'people', 'diagnosed', 'has', 'been', 'increasing', 'dramatically', 'since', 'the', 'partly', 'due', 'to', 'changes', 'in', 'diagnostic', 'practice', 'the', 'question', 'of', 'whether', 'actual', 'rates', 'have', 'increased', 'is', 'unresolved', 'characteristics', 'autism', 'spectrum', 'disorder', 'video', 'autism', 'is', 'highly', 'variable', 'disorder', 'that', 'first', 'appears', 'during', 'infancy', 'or', 'childhood', 'and', 'generally', 'follows', 'steady', 'course', 'without', 'remission', 'people', 'with', 'autism', 'may', 'be', 'severely', 'impaired', 'in', 'some', 'respects', 'but', 'normal', 'or', 'even', 'superior', 'in', 'others', 'overt', 'symptoms', 'gradually', 'begin', 'after', 'the', 'age', 'of', 'six', 'months', 'become', 'established', 'by', 'age', 'two', 'or', 'three', 'years', 'and', 'tend', 'to', 'continue', 'through', 'adulthood', 'although', 'often', 'in', 'more', 'muted', 'form', 'it', 'is', 'distinguished', 'not', 'by', 'single', 'symptom', 'but', 'by', 'characteristic', 'triad', 'of', 'symptoms', 'impairments', 'in', 'social', 'interaction', 'impairments', 'in', 'communication', 'and', 'restricted', 'interests', 'and', 'repetitive', 'behavior', 'other', 'aspects', 'such', 'as', 'atypical', 'eating', 'are', 'also', 'common', 'but', 'are', 'not', 'essential', 'for', 'diagnosis', 'autism', 'individual', 'symptoms', 'occur', 'in', 'the', 'general', 'population', 'and', 'appear', 'not', 'to', 'associate', 'highly', 'without', 'sharp', 'line', 'separating', 'pathologically', 'severe', 'from', 'common', 'traits', 'social', 'development', 'social', 'deficits', 'distinguish', 'autism', 'and', 'the', 'related', 'autism', 'spectrum', 'disorders', 'asd', 'see', 'classification', 'from', 'other', 'developmental', 'disorders', 'people', 'with', 'autism', 'have', 'social', 'impairments', 'and', 'often', 'lack', 'the', 'intuition', 'about', 'others', 'that', 'many', 'people', 'take', 'for', 'granted', 'noted', 'autistic', 'temple', 'grandin', 'described', 'her', 'inability', 'to', 'understand', 'the', 'social', 'communication', 'of', 'neurotypicals', 'or', 'people', 'with', 'normal', 'neural', 'development', 'as', 'leaving', 'her', 'feeling', 'like', 'an', 'anthropologist', 'on', 'mars', 'unusual', 'social', 'development', 'becomes', 'apparent', 'early', 'in', 'childhood', 'autistic', 'infants', 'show', 'less', 'attention', 'to', 'social', 'stimuli', 'smile', 'and', 'look', 'at', 'others', 'less', 'often', 'and', 'respond', 'less', 'to', 'their', 'own', 'name', 'autistic', 'toddlers', 'differ', 'more', 'strikingly', 'from', 'social', 'norms', 'for', 'example', 'they', 'have', 'less', 'eye', 'contact', 'and', 'turn', 'taking', 'and', 'do', 'not', 'have', 'the', 'ability', 'to', 'use', 'simple', 'movements', 'to', 'express', 'themselves', 'such', 'as', 'pointing', 'at', 'things', 'three', 'to', 'five', 'year', 'old', 'children', 'with', 'autism', 'are', 'less', 'likely', 'to', 'exhibit', 'social', 'understanding', 'approach', 'others', 'spontaneously', 'imitate', 'and', 'respond', 'to', 'emotions', 'communicate', 'nonverbally', 'and', 'take', 'turns', 'with', 'others', 'however', 'they', 'do', 'form', 'attachments', 'to', 'their', 'primary', 'caregivers', 'most', 'children', 'with', 'autism', 'display', 'moderately', 'less', 'attachment', 'security', 'than', 'neurotypical', 'children', 'although', 'this', 'difference', 'disappears', 'in', 'children', 'with', 'higher', 'mental', 'development', 'or', 'less', 'severe', 'asd', 'older', 'children', 'and', 'adults', 'with', 'asd', 'perform', 'worse', 'on', 'tests', 'of', 'face', 'and', 'emotion', 'recognition', 'although', 'this', 'may', 'be', 'partly', 'due', 'to', 'lower', 'ability', 'to', 'define', 'person', 'own', 'emotions', 'children', 'with', 'high', 'functioning', 'autism', 'suffer', 'from', 'more', 'intense', 'and', 'frequent', 'loneliness', 'compared', 'to', 'non', 'autistic', 'peers', 'despite', 'the', 'common', 'belief', 'that', 'children', 'with', 'autism', 'prefer', 'to', 'be', 'alone', 'making', 'and', 'maintaining', 'friendships', 'often', 'proves', 'to', 'be', 'difficult', 'for', 'those', 'with', 'autism', 'for', 'them', 'the', 'quality', 'of', 'friendships', 'not', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'friends', 'predicts', 'how', 'lonely', 'they', 'feel', 'functional', 'friendships', 'such', 'as', 'those', 'resulting', 'in', 'invitations', 'to', 'parties', 'may', 'affect', 'the', 'quality', 'of', 'life', 'more', 'deeply', 'there', 'are', 'many', 'anecdotal', 'reports', 'but', 'few', 'systematic', 'studies', 'of', 'aggression', 'and', 'violence', 'in', 'individuals', 'with', 'asd', 'the', 'limited', 'data', 'suggest', 'that', 'in', 'children', 'with', 'intellectual', 'disability', 'autism', 'is', 'associated', 'with', 'aggression', 'destruction', 'of', 'property', 'and', 'tantrums', 'communication', 'about', 'third', 'to', 'half', 'of', 'individuals', 'with', 'autism', 'do', 'not', 'develop', 'enough', 'natural', 'speech', 'to', 'meet', 'their', 'daily', 'communication', 'needs', 'differences', 'in', 'communication', 'may', 'be', 'present', 'from', 'the', 'first', 'year', 'of', 'life', 'and', 'may', 'include', 'delayed', 'onset', 'of', 'babbling', 'unusual', 'gestures', 'diminished', 'responsiveness', 'and', 'vocal', 'patterns', 'that', 'are', 'not', 'synchronized', 'with', 'the', 'caregiver', 'in', 'the', 'second', 'and', 'third', 'years', 'children', 'with', 'autism', 'have', 'less', 'frequent', 'and', 'less', 'diverse', 'babbling', 'consonants', 'words', 'and', 'word', 'combinations', 'their', 'gestures', 'are', 'less', 'often', 'integrated', 'with', 'words', 'children', 'with', 'autism', 'are', 'less', 'likely', 'to', 'make', 'requests', 'or', 'share', 'experiences', 'and', 'are', 'more', 'likely', 'to', 'simply', 'repeat', 'others', 'words', 'echolalia', 'or', 'reverse', 'pronouns', 'joint', 'attention', 'seems', 'to', 'be', 'necessary', 'for', 'functional', 'speech', 'and', 'deficits', 'in', 'joint', 'attention', 'seem', 'to', 'distinguish', 'infants', 'with', 'asd', 'for', 'example', 'they', 'may', 'look', 'at', 'pointing', 'hand', 'instead', 'of', 'the', 'pointed', 'at', 'object', 'and', 'they', 'consistently', 'fail', 'to', 'point', 'at', 'objects', 'in', 'order', 'to', 'comment', 'on', 'or', 'share', 'an', 'experience', 'children', 'with', 'autism', 'may', 'have', 'difficulty', 'with', 'imaginative', 'play', 'and', 'with', 'developing', 'symbols', 'into', 'language', 'in', 'pair', 'of', 'studies', 'high', 'functioning', 'children', 'with', 'autism', 'aged', 'performed', 'equally', 'well', 'as', 'and', 'adults', 'better', 'than', 'individually', 'matched', 'controls', 'at', 'basic', 'language', 'tasks', 'involving', 'vocabulary', 'and', 'spelling', 'both', 'autistic', 'groups', 'performed', 'worse', 'than', 'controls', 'at', 'complex', 'language', 'tasks', 'such', 'as', 'figurative', 'language', 'comprehension', 'and', 'inference', 'as', 'people', 'are', 'often', 'sized', 'up', 'initially', 'from', 'their', 'basic', 'language', 'skills', 'these', 'studies', 'suggest', 'that', 'people', 'speaking', 'to', 'autistic', 'individuals', 'are', 'more', 'likely', 'to', 'overestimate', 'what', 'their', 'audience', 'comprehends', 'repetitive', 'behavior', 'young', 'boy', 'with', 'autism', 'who', 'has', 'arranged', 'his', 'toys', 'in', 'row', 'autistic', 'individuals', 'can', 'display', 'many', 'forms', 'of', 'repetitive', 'or', 'restricted', 'behavior', 'which', 'the', 'repetitive', 'behavior', 'scale', 'revised', 'rbs', 'categorizes', 'as', 'follows', 'stereotyped', 'behaviors', 'repetitive', 'movements', 'such', 'as', 'hand', 'flapping', 'head', 'rolling', 'or', 'body', 'rocking', 'compulsive', 'behaviors', 'time', 'consuming', 'behaviors', 'intended', 'to', 'reduce', 'anxiety', 'that', 'an', 'individual', 'feels', 'compelled', 'to', 'perform', 'repeatedly', 'or', 'according', 'to', 'rigid', 'rules', 'such', 'as', 'placing', 'objects', 'in', 'specific', 'order', 'checking', 'things', 'or', 'hand', 'washing', 'sameness', 'resistance', 'to', 'change', 'for', 'example', 'insisting', 'that', 'the', 'furniture', 'not', 'be', 'moved', 'or', 'refusing', 'to', 'be', 'interrupted', 'ritualistic', 'behavior', 'unvarying', 'pattern', 'of', 'daily', 'activities', 'such', 'as', 'an', 'unchanging', 'menu', 'or', 'dressing', 'ritual', 'this', 'is', 'closely', 'associated', 'with', 'sameness', 'and', 'an', 'independent', 'validation', 'has', 'suggested', 'combining', 'the', 'two', 'factors', 'restricted', 'interests', 'interests', 'or', 'fixations', 'that', 'are', 'abnormal', 'in', 'theme', 'or', 'intensity', 'of', 'focus', 'such', 'as', 'preoccupation', 'with', 'single', 'television', 'program', 'toy', 'or', 'game', 'self', 'injury', 'behaviors', 'such', 'as', 'eye', 'poking', 'skin', 'picking', 'hand', 'biting', 'and', 'head', 'banging', 'no', 'single', 'repetitive', 'or', 'self', 'injurious', 'behavior', 'seems', 'to', 'be', 'specific', 'to', 'autism', 'but', 'autism', 'appears', 'to', 'have', 'an', 'elevated', 'pattern', 'of', 'occurrence', 'and', 'severity', 'of', 'these', 'behaviors', 'other', 'symptoms', 'autistic', 'individuals', 'may', 'have', 'symptoms', 'that', 'are', 'independent', 'of', 'the', 'diagnosis', 'but', 'that', 'can', 'affect', 'the', 'individual', 'or', 'the', 'family', 'an', 'estimated', 'to', 'of', 'individuals', 'with', 'asd', 'show', 'unusual', 'abilities', 'ranging', 'from', 'splinter', 'skills', 'such', 'as', 'the', 'memorization', 'of', 'trivia', 'to', 'the', 'extraordinarily', 'rare', 'talents', 'of', 'prodigious', 'autistic', 'savants', 'many', 'individuals', 'with', 'asd', 'show', 'superior', 'skills', 'in', 'perception', 'and', 'attention', 'relative', 'to', 'the', 'general', 'population', 'sensory', 'abnormalities', 'are', 'found', 'in', 'over', 'of', 'those', 'with', 'autism', 'and', 'are', 'considered', 'core', 'features', 'by', 'some', 'although', 'there', 'is', 'no', 'good', 'evidence', 'that', 'sensory', 'symptoms', 'differentiate', 'autism', 'from', 'other', 'developmental', 'disorders', 'differences', 'are', 'greater', 'for', 'under', 'responsivity', 'for', 'example', 'walking', 'into', 'things', 'than', 'for', 'over', 'responsivity', 'for', 'example', 'distress', 'from', 'loud', 'noises', 'or', 'for', 'sensation', 'seeking', 'for', 'example', 'rhythmic', 'movements', 'an', 'estimated', 'of', 'autistic', 'people', 'have', 'motor', 'signs', 'that', 'include', 'poor', 'muscle', 'tone', 'poor', 'motor', 'planning', 'and', 'toe', 'walking', 'deficits', 'in', 'motor', 'coordination', 'are', 'pervasive', 'across', 'asd', 'and', 'are', 'greater', 'in', 'autism', 'proper', 'unusual', 'eating', 'behavior', 'occurs', 'in', 'about', 'three', 'quarters', 'of', 'children', 'with', 'asd', 'to', 'the', 'extent', 'that', 'it', 'was', 'formerly', 'diagnostic', 'indicator', 'selectivity', 'is', 'the', 'most', 'common', 'problem', 'although', 'eating', 'rituals', 'and', 'food', 'refusal', 'also', 'occur', 'this', 'does', 'not', 'appear', 'to', 'result', 'in', 'malnutrition', 'although', 'some', 'children', 'with', 'autism', 'also', 'have', 'symptoms', 'there', 'is', 'lack', 'of', 'published', 'rigorous', 'data', 'to', 'support', 'the', 'theory', 'that', 'children', 'with', 'autism', 'have', 'more', 'or', 'different', 'symptoms', 'than', 'usual', 'studies', 'report', 'conflicting', 'results', 'and', 'the', 'relationship', 'between', 'problems', 'and', 'asd', 'is', 'unclear', 'parents', 'of', 'children', 'with', 'asd', 'have', 'higher', 'levels', 'of', 'stress', 'siblings', 'of', 'children', 'with', 'asd', 'report', 'greater', 'admiration', 'of', 'and', 'less', 'conflict', 'with', 'the', 'affected', 'sibling', 'than', 'siblings', 'of', 'unaffected', 'children', 'and', 'were', 'similar', 'to', 'siblings', 'of', 'children', 'with', 'down', 'syndrome', 'in', 'these', 'aspects', 'of', 'the', 'sibling', 'relationship', 'however', 'they', 'reported', 'lower', 'levels', 'of', 'closeness', 'and', 'intimacy', 'than', 'siblings', 'of', 'children', 'with', 'down', 'syndrome', 'siblings', 'of', 'individuals', 'with', 'asd', 'have', 'greater', 'risk', 'of', 'negative', 'well', 'being', 'and', 'poorer', 'sibling', 'relationships', 'as', 'adults', 'causes', 'it', 'has', 'long', 'been', 'presumed', 'that', 'there', 'is', 'common', 'cause', 'at', 'the', 'genetic', 'cognitive', 'and', 'neural', 'levels', 'for', 'autism', 'characteristic', 'triad', 'of', 'symptoms', 'however', 'there', 'is', 'increasing', 'suspicion', 'that', 'autism', 'is', 'instead', 'complex', 'disorder', 'whose', 'core', 'aspects', 'have', 'distinct', 'causes', 'that', 'often', 'co', 'occur', 'deletion', 'duplication', 'and', 'inversion', 'are', 'all', 'chromosome', 'abnormalities', 'that', 'have', 'been', 'implicated', 'in', 'autism', 'autism', 'has', 'strong', 'genetic', 'basis', 'although', 'the', 'genetics', 'of', 'autism', 'are', 'complex', 'and', 'it', 'is', 'unclear', 'whether', 'asd', 'is', 'explained', 'more', 'by', 'rare', 'mutations', 'with', 'major', 'effects', 'or', 'by', 'rare', 'multigene', 'interactions', 'of', 'common', 'genetic', 'variants', 'complexity', 'arises', 'due', 'to', 'interactions', 'among', 'multiple', 'genes', 'the', 'environment', 'and', 'epigenetic', 'factors', 'which', 'do', 'not', 'change', 'dna', 'sequencing', 'but', 'are', 'heritable', 'and', 'influence', 'gene', 'expression', 'many', 'genes', 'have', 'been', 'associated', 'with', 'autism', 'through', 'sequencing', 'the', 'genomes', 'of', 'affected', 'individuals', 'and', 'their', 'parents', 'studies', 'of', 'twins', 'suggest', 'that', 'heritability', 'is', 'for', 'autism', 'and', 'as', 'high', 'as', 'for', 'asd', 'and', 'siblings', 'of', 'those', 'with', 'autism', 'are', 'about', 'times', 'more', 'likely', 'to', 'be', 'autistic', 'than', 'the', 'general', 'population', 'however', 'most', 'of', 'the', 'mutations', 'that', 'increase', 'autism', 'risk', 'have', 'not', 'been', 'identified', 'typically', 'autism', 'cannot', 'be', 'traced', 'to', 'mendelian', 'single', 'gene', 'mutation', 'or', 'to', 'single', 'chromosome', 'abnormality', 'and', 'none', 'of', 'the', 'genetic', 'syndromes', 'associated', 'with', 'asds', 'have', 'been', 'shown', 'to', 'selectively', 'cause', 'asd', 'numerous', 'candidate', 'genes', 'have', 'been', 'located', 'with', 'only', 'small', 'effects', 'attributable', 'to', 'any', 'particular', 'gene', 'most', 'loci', 'individually', 'explain', 'less', 'than', 'of', 'cases', 'of', 'autism', 'the', 'large', 'number', 'of', 'autistic', 'individuals', 'with', 'unaffected', 'family', 'members', 'may', 'result', 'from', 'spontaneous', 'structural', 'variation', 'such', 'as', 'deletions', 'duplications', 'or', 'inversions', 'in', 'genetic', 'material', 'during', 'meiosis', 'hence', 'substantial', 'fraction', 'of', 'autism', 'cases', 'may', 'be', 'traceable', 'to', 'genetic', 'causes', 'that', 'are', 'highly', 'heritable', 'but', 'not', 'inherited', 'that', 'is', 'the', 'mutation', 'that', 'causes', 'the', 'autism', 'is', 'not', 'present', 'in', 'the', 'parental', 'genome', 'several', 'lines', 'of', 'evidence', 'point', 'to', 'synaptic', 'dysfunction', 'as', 'cause', 'of', 'autism', 'some', 'rare', 'mutations', 'may', 'lead', 'to', 'autism', 'by', 'disrupting', 'some', 'synaptic', 'pathways', 'such', 'as', 'those', 'involved', 'with', 'cell', 'adhesion', 'gene', 'replacement', 'studies', 'in', 'mice', 'suggest', 'that', 'autistic', 'symptoms', 'are', 'closely', 'related', 'to', 'later', 'developmental', 'steps', 'that', 'depend', 'on', 'activity', 'in', 'synapses', 'and', 'on', 'activity', 'dependent', 'changes', 'all', 'known', 'teratogens', 'agents', 'that', 'cause', 'birth', 'defects', 'related', 'to', 'the', 'risk', 'of', 'autism', 'appear', 'to', 'act', 'during', 'the', 'first', 'eight', 'weeks', 'from', 'conception', 'and', 'though', 'this', 'does', 'not', 'exclude', 'the', 'possibility', 'that', 'autism', 'can', 'be', 'initiated', 'or', 'affected', 'later', 'there', 'is', 'strong', 'evidence', 'that', 'autism', 'arises', 'very', 'early', 'in', 'development', 'exposure', 'to', 'air', 'pollution', 'during', 'pregnancy', 'especially', 'heavy', 'metals', 'and', 'particulates', 'may', 'increase', 'the', 'risk', 'of', 'autism', 'environmental', 'factors', 'that', 'have', 'been', 'claimed', 'without', 'evidence', 'to', 'contribute', 'to', 'or', 'exacerbate', 'autism', 'include', 'certain', 'foods', 'infectious', 'diseases', 'solvents', 'diesel', 'exhaust', 'pcbs', 'phthalates', 'and', 'phenols', 'used', 'in', 'plastic', 'products', 'pesticides', 'brominated', 'flame', 'retardants', 'alcohol', 'smoking', 'illicit', 'drugs', 'vaccines', 'and', 'prenatal', 'stress', 'no', 'evidence', 'has', 'been', 'found', 'for', 'these', 'claims', 'and', 'some', 'such', 'as', 'the', 'mmr', 'vaccine', 'have', 'been', 'completely', 'disproven', 'parents', 'may', 'first', 'become', 'aware', 'of', 'autistic', 'symptoms', 'in', 'their', 'child', 'around', 'the', 'time', 'of', 'routine', 'vaccination', 'this', 'has', 'led', 'to', 'unsupported', 'theories', 'blaming', 'vaccine', 'overload', 'vaccine', 'preservative', 'or', 'the', 'mmr', 'vaccine', 'for', 'causing', 'autism', 'the', 'latter', 'theory', 'was', 'supported', 'by', 'litigation', 'funded', 'study', 'that', 'has', 'since', 'been', 'shown', 'to', 'have', 'been', 'an', 'elaborate', 'fraud', 'although', 'these', 'theories', 'lack', 'convincing', 'scientific', 'evidence', 'and', 'are', 'biologically', 'implausible', 'parental', 'concern', 'about', 'potential', 'vaccine', 'link', 'with', 'autism', 'has', 'led', 'to', 'lower', 'rates', 'of', 'childhood', 'immunizations', 'outbreaks', 'of', 'previously', 'controlled', 'childhood', 'diseases', 'in', 'some', 'countries', 'and', 'the', 'preventable', 'deaths', 'of', 'several', 'children', 'mechanism', 'autism', 'symptoms', 'result', 'from', 'maturation', 'related', 'changes', 'in', 'various', 'systems', 'of', 'the', 'brain', 'how', 'autism', 'occurs', 'is', 'not', 'well', 'understood', 'its', 'mechanism', 'can', 'be', 'divided', 'into', 'two', 'areas', 'the', 'pathophysiology', 'of', 'brain', 'structures', 'and', 'processes', 'associated', 'with', 'autism', 'and', 'the', 'linkages', 'between', 'brain', 'structures', 'and', 'behaviors', 'the', 'behaviors', 'appear', 'to', 'have', 'multiple', 'pathophysiology', 'autism', 'affects', 'the', 'amygdala', 'cerebellum', 'and', 'many', 'other', 'parts', 'of', 'the', 'brain', 'unlike', 'many', 'other', 'brain', 'disorders', 'such', 'as', 'parkinson', 'autism', 'does', 'not', 'have', 'clear', 'unifying', 'mechanism', 'at', 'either', 'the', 'molecular', 'cellular', 'or', 'systems', 'level', 'it', 'is', 'not', 'known', 'whether', 'autism', 'is', 'few', 'disorders', 'caused', 'by', 'mutations', 'converging', 'on', 'few', 'common', 'molecular', 'pathways', 'or', 'is', 'like', 'intellectual', 'disability', 'large', 'set', 'of', 'disorders', 'with', 'diverse', 'mechanisms', 'autism', 'appears', 'to', 'result', 'from', 'developmental', 'factors', 'that', 'affect', 'many', 'or', 'all', 'functional', 'brain', 'systems', 'and', 'to', 'disturb', 'the', 'timing', 'of', 'brain', 'development', 'more', 'than', 'the', 'final', 'product', 'neuroanatomical', 'studies', 'and', 'the', 'associations', 'with', 'teratogens', 'strongly', 'suggest', 'that', 'autism', 'mechanism', 'includes', 'alteration', 'of', 'brain', 'development', 'soon', 'after', 'conception', 'this', 'anomaly', 'appears', 'to', 'start', 'cascade', 'of', 'pathological', 'events', 'in', 'the', 'brain', 'that', 'are', 'significantly', 'influenced', 'by', 'environmental', 'factors', 'just', 'after', 'birth', 'the', 'brains', 'of', 'children', 'with', 'autism', 'tend', 'to', 'grow', 'faster', 'than', 'usual', 'followed', 'by', 'normal', 'or', 'relatively', 'slower', 'growth', 'in', 'childhood', 'it', 'is', 'not', 'known', 'whether', 'early', 'overgrowth', 'occurs', 'in', 'all', 'children', 'with', 'autism', 'it', 'seems', 'to', 'be', 'most', 'prominent', 'in', 'brain', 'areas', 'underlying', 'the', 'development', 'of', 'higher', 'cognitive', 'specialization', 'hypotheses', 'for', 'the', 'cellular', 'and', 'molecular', 'bases', 'of', 'pathological', 'early', 'overgrowth', 'include', 'the', 'following', 'an', 'excess', 'of', 'neurons', 'that', 'causes', 'local', 'in', 'key', 'brain', 'regions', 'disturbed', 'neuronal', 'migration', 'during', 'early', 'gestation', 'unbalanced', 'excitatory', 'inhibitory', 'networks', 'abnormal', 'formation', 'of', 'synapses', 'and', 'dendritic', 'spines', 'for', 'example', 'by', 'modulation', 'of', 'the', 'neurexin', 'neuroligin', 'cell', 'adhesion', 'system', 'or', 'by', 'poorly', 'regulated', 'synthesis', 'of', 'synaptic', 'proteins', 'disrupted', 'synaptic', 'development', 'may', 'also', 'contribute', 'to', 'epilepsy', 'which', 'may', 'explain', 'why', 'the', 'two', 'conditions', 'are', 'associated', 'the', 'immune', 'system', 'is', 'thought', 'to', 'play', 'an', 'important', 'role', 'in', 'autism', 'children', 'with', 'autism', 'have', 'been', 'found', 'by', 'researchers', 'to', 'have', 'inflammation', 'of', 'both', 'the', 'peripheral', 'and', 'central', 'immune', 'systems', 'as', 'indicated', 'by', 'increased', 'levels', 'of', 'pro', 'inflammatory', 'cytokines', 'and', 'significant', 'activation', 'of', 'microglia', 'biomarkers', 'of', 'abnormal', 'immune', 'function', 'have', 'also', 'been', 'associated', 'with', 'increased', 'impairments', 'in', 'behaviors', 'that', 'are', 'characteristic', 'of', 'the', 'core', 'features', 'of', 'autism', 'such', 'as', 'deficits', 'in', 'social', 'interactions', 'and', 'communication', 'interactions', 'between', 'the', 'immune', 'system', 'and', 'the', 'nervous', 'system', 'begin', 'early', 'during', 'the', 'embryonic', 'stage', 'of', 'life', 'and', 'successful', 'depends', 'on', 'balanced', 'immune', 'response', 'it', 'is', 'thought', 'that', 'activation', 'of', 'pregnant', 'mother', 'immune', 'system', 'such', 'as', 'from', 'environmental', 'toxicants', 'or', 'infection', 'can', 'contribute', 'to', 'causing', 'autism', 'through', 'causing', 'disruption', 'of', 'brain', 'development', 'this', 'is', 'supported', 'by', 'recent', 'studies', 'that', 'have', 'found', 'that', 'infection', 'during', 'pregnancy', 'is', 'associated', 'with', 'an', 'increased', 'risk', 'of', 'autism', 'the', 'relationship', 'of', 'neurochemicals', 'to', 'autism', 'is', 'not', 'well', 'understood', 'several', 'have', 'been', 'investigated', 'with', 'the', 'most', 'evidence', 'for', 'the', 'role', 'of', 'serotonin', 'and', 'of', 'genetic', 'differences', 'in', 'its', 'transport', 'the', 'role', 'of', 'group', 'metabotropic', 'glutamate', 'receptors', 'mglur', 'in', 'the', 'pathogenesis', 'of', 'fragile', 'syndrome', 'the', 'most', 'common', 'identified', 'genetic', 'cause', 'of', 'autism', 'has', 'led', 'to', 'interest', 'in', 'the', 'possible', 'implications', 'for', 'future', 'autism', 'research', 'into', 'this', 'pathway', 'some', 'data', 'suggests', 'neuronal', 'overgrowth', 'potentially', 'related', 'to', 'an', 'increase', 'in', 'several', 'growth', 'hormones', 'or', 'to', 'impaired', 'regulation', 'of', 'growth', 'factor', 'receptors', 'also', 'some', 'inborn', 'errors', 'of', 'metabolism', 'are', 'associated', 'with', 'autism', 'but', 'probably', 'account', 'for', 'less', 'than', 'of', 'cases', 'the', 'mirror', 'neuron', 'system', 'mns', 'theory', 'of', 'autism', 'hypothesizes', 'that', 'distortion', 'in', 'the', 'development', 'of', 'the', 'mns', 'interferes', 'with', 'imitation', 'and', 'leads', 'to', 'autism', 'core', 'features', 'of', 'social', 'impairment', 'and', 'communication', 'difficulties', 'the', 'mns', 'operates', 'when', 'an', 'animal', 'performs', 'an', 'action', 'or', 'observes', 'another', 'animal', 'perform', 'the', 'same', 'action', 'the', 'mns', 'may', 'contribute', 'to', 'an', 'individual', 'understanding', 'of', 'other', 'people', 'by', 'enabling', 'the', 'modeling', 'of', 'their', 'behavior', 'via', 'embodied', 'simulation', 'of', 'their', 'actions', 'intentions', 'and', 'emotions', 'several', 'studies', 'have', 'tested', 'this', 'hypothesis', 'by', 'demonstrating', 'structural', 'abnormalities', 'in', 'mns', 'regions', 'of', 'individuals', 'with', 'asd', 'delay', 'in', 'the', 'activation', 'in', 'the', 'core', 'circuit', 'for', 'imitation', 'in', 'individuals', 'with', 'asperger', 'syndrome', 'and', 'correlation', 'between', 'reduced', 'mns', 'activity', 'and', 'severity', 'of', 'the', 'syndrome', 'in', 'children', 'with', 'asd', 'however', 'individuals', 'with', 'autism', 'also', 'have', 'abnormal', 'brain', 'activation', 'in', 'many', 'circuits', 'outside', 'the', 'mns', 'and', 'the', 'mns', 'theory', 'does', 'not', 'explain', 'the', 'normal', 'performance', 'of', 'children', 'with', 'autism', 'on', 'imitation', 'tasks', 'that', 'involve', 'goal', 'or', 'object', 'autistic', 'individuals', 'tend', 'to', 'use', 'different', 'areas', 'of', 'the', 'brain', 'yellow', 'for', 'movement', 'task', 'compared', 'to', 'control', 'group', 'blue', 'asd', 'related', 'patterns', 'of', 'low', 'function', 'and', 'aberrant', 'activation', 'in', 'the', 'brain', 'differ', 'depending', 'on', 'whether', 'the', 'brain', 'is', 'doing', 'social', 'or', 'nonsocial', 'tasks', 'in', 'autism', 'there', 'is', 'evidence', 'for', 'reduced', 'functional', 'connectivity', 'of', 'the', 'default', 'network', 'large', 'scale', 'brain', 'network', 'involved', 'in', 'social', 'and', 'emotional', 'processing', 'with', 'intact', 'connectivity', 'of', 'the', 'task', 'positive', 'network', 'used', 'in', 'sustained', 'attention', 'and', 'goal', 'directed', 'thinking', 'in', 'people', 'with', 'autism', 'the', 'two', 'networks', 'are', 'not', 'negatively', 'correlated', 'in', 'time', 'suggesting', 'an', 'imbalance', 'in', 'toggling', 'between', 'the', 'two', 'networks', 'possibly', 'reflecting', 'disturbance', 'of', 'self', 'referential', 'thought', 'the', 'theory', 'of', 'autism', 'hypothesizes', 'that', 'autism', 'is', 'marked', 'by', 'high', 'level', 'neural', 'connections', 'and', 'synchronization', 'along', 'with', 'an', 'excess', 'of', 'low', 'level', 'processes', 'evidence', 'for', 'this', 'theory', 'has', 'been', 'found', 'in', 'functional', 'neuroimaging', 'studies', 'on', 'autistic', 'individuals', 'and', 'by', 'brainwave', 'study', 'that', 'suggested', 'that', 'adults', 'with', 'asd', 'have', 'local', 'in', 'the', 'cortex', 'and', 'weak', 'functional', 'connections', 'between', 'the', 'frontal', 'lobe', 'and', 'the', 'rest', 'of', 'the', 'cortex', 'other', 'evidence', 'suggests', 'the', 'is', 'mainly', 'within', 'each', 'hemisphere', 'of', 'the', 'cortex', 'and', 'that', 'autism', 'is', 'disorder', 'of', 'the', 'association', 'cortex', 'from', 'studies', 'based', 'on', 'event', 'related', 'potentials', 'transient', 'changes', 'to', 'the', 'brain', 'electrical', 'activity', 'in', 'response', 'to', 'stimuli', 'there', 'is', 'considerable', 'evidence', 'for', 'differences', 'in', 'autistic', 'individuals', 'with', 'respect', 'to', 'attention', 'orientation', 'to', 'auditory', 'and', 'visual', 'stimuli', 'novelty', 'detection', 'language', 'and', 'face', 'processing', 'and', 'information', 'storage', 'several', 'studies', 'have', 'found', 'preference', 'for', 'nonsocial', 'stimuli', 'for', 'example', 'studies', 'have', 'found', 'evidence', 'in', 'children', 'with', 'autism', 'of', 'delayed', 'responses', 'in', 'the', 'brain', 'processing', 'of', 'auditory', 'signals', 'in', 'the', 'genetic', 'area', 'relations', 'have', 'been', 'found', 'between', 'autism', 'and', 'schizophrenia', 'based', 'on', 'duplications', 'and', 'deletions', 'of', 'chromosomes', 'research', 'showed', 'that', 'schizophrenia', 'and', 'autism', 'are', 'significantly', 'more', 'common', 'in', 'combination', 'with', 'deletion', 'syndrome', 'research', 'on', 'autism', 'schizophrenia', 'relations', 'for', 'chromosome', 'chromosome', 'and', 'chromosome', 'are', 'inconclusive', 'functional', 'connectivity', 'studies', 'have', 'found', 'both', 'hypo', 'and', 'hyper', 'connectivity', 'in', 'brains', 'of', 'people', 'with', 'autism', 'hypo', 'connectivity', 'seems', 'to', 'dominate', 'especially', 'for', 'and', 'cortico', 'cortical', 'functional', 'connectivity', 'neuropsychology', 'two', 'major', 'categories', 'of', 'cognitive', 'theories', 'have', 'been', 'proposed', 'about', 'the', 'links', 'between', 'autistic', 'brains', 'and', 'behavior', 'the', 'first', 'category', 'focuses', 'on', 'deficits', 'in', 'social', 'cognition', 'simon', 'baron', 'cohen', 'empathizing', 'systemizing', 'theory', 'postulates', 'that', 'autistic', 'individuals', 'can', 'systemize', 'that', 'is', 'they', 'can', 'develop', 'internal', 'rules', 'of', 'operation', 'to', 'handle', 'events', 'inside', 'the', 'brain', 'but', 'are', 'less', 'effective', 'at', 'empathizing', 'by', 'handling', 'events', 'generated', 'by', 'other', 'agents', 'an', 'extension', 'the', 'extreme', 'male', 'brain', 'theory', 'hypothesizes', 'that', 'autism', 'is', 'an', 'extreme', 'case', 'of', 'the', 'male', 'brain', 'defined', 'as', 'individuals', 'in', 'whom', 'systemizing', 'is', 'better', 'than', 'empathizing', 'these', 'theories', 'are', 'somewhat', 'related', 'to', 'baron', 'cohen', 'earlier', 'theory', 'of', 'mind', 'approach', 'which', 'hypothesizes', 'that', 'autistic', 'behavior', 'arises', 'from', 'an', 'inability', 'to', 'ascribe', 'mental', 'states', 'to', 'oneself', 'and', 'others', 'the', 'theory', 'of', 'mind', 'hypothesis', 'is', 'supported', 'by', 'the', 'atypical', 'responses', 'of', 'children', 'with', 'autism', 'to', 'the', 'sally', 'anne', 'test', 'for', 'reasoning', 'about', 'others', 'motivations', 'and', 'the', 'mirror', 'neuron', 'system', 'theory', 'of', 'autism', 'described', 'in', 'pathophysiology', 'maps', 'well', 'to', 'the', 'hypothesis', 'however', 'most', 'studies', 'have', 'found', 'no', 'evidence', 'of', 'impairment', 'in', 'autistic', 'individuals', 'ability', 'to', 'understand', 'other', 'people', 'basic', 'intentions', 'or', 'goals', 'instead', 'data', 'suggests', 'that', 'impairments', 'are', 'found', 'in', 'understanding', 'more', 'complex', 'social', 'emotions', 'or', 'in', 'considering', 'others', 'viewpoints', 'the', 'second', 'category', 'focuses', 'on', 'nonsocial', 'or', 'general', 'processing', 'the', 'executive', 'functions', 'such', 'as', 'working', 'memory', 'planning', 'inhibition', 'in', 'his', 'review', 'kenworthy', 'states', 'that', 'the', 'claim', 'of', 'executive', 'dysfunction', 'as', 'causal', 'factor', 'in', 'autism', 'is', 'controversial', 'however', 'it', 'is', 'clear', 'that', 'executive', 'dysfunction', 'plays', 'role', 'in', 'the', 'social', 'and', 'cognitive', 'deficits', 'observed', 'in', 'individuals', 'with', 'autism', 'tests', 'of', 'core', 'executive', 'processes', 'such', 'as', 'eye', 'movement', 'tasks', 'indicate', 'improvement', 'from', 'late', 'childhood', 'to', 'adolescence', 'but', 'performance', 'never', 'reaches', 'typical', 'adult', 'levels', 'strength', 'of', 'the', 'theory', 'is', 'predicting', 'stereotyped', 'behavior', 'and', 'narrow', 'interests', 'two', 'weaknesses', 'are', 'that', 'executive', 'function', 'is', 'hard', 'to', 'measure', 'and', 'that', 'executive', 'function', 'deficits', 'have', 'not', 'been', 'found', 'in', 'young', 'children', 'with', 'autism', 'weak', 'central', 'coherence', 'theory', 'hypothesizes', 'that', 'limited', 'ability', 'to', 'see', 'the', 'big', 'picture', 'underlies', 'the', 'central', 'disturbance', 'in', 'autism', 'one', 'strength', 'of', 'this', 'theory', 'is', 'predicting', 'special', 'talents', 'and', 'peaks', 'in', 'performance', 'in', 'autistic', 'people', 'related', 'theory', 'enhanced', 'perceptual', 'functioning', 'focuses', 'more', 'on', 'the', 'superiority', 'of', 'locally', 'oriented', 'and', 'perceptual', 'operations', 'in', 'autistic', 'individuals', 'these', 'theories', 'map', 'well', 'from', 'the', 'theory', 'of', 'autism', 'neither', 'category', 'is', 'satisfactory', 'on', 'its', 'own', 'social', 'cognition', 'theories', 'poorly', 'address', 'autism', 'rigid', 'and', 'repetitive', 'behaviors', 'while', 'the', 'nonsocial', 'theories', 'have', 'difficulty', 'explaining', 'social', 'impairment', 'and', 'communication', 'difficulties', 'combined', 'theory', 'based', 'on', 'multiple', 'deficits', 'may', 'prove', 'to', 'be', 'more', 'useful', 'diagnosis', 'diagnosis', 'is', 'based', 'on', 'behavior', 'not', 'cause', 'or', 'mechanism', 'under', 'the', 'dsm', 'autism', 'is', 'characterized', 'by', 'persistent', 'deficits', 'in', 'social', 'communication', 'and', 'interaction', 'across', 'multiple', 'contexts', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'restricted', 'repetitive', 'patterns', 'of', 'behavior', 'interests', 'or', 'activities', 'these', 'deficits', 'are', 'present', 'in', 'early', 'childhood', 'typically', 'before', 'age', 'three', 'and', 'lead', 'to', 'clinically', 'significant', 'functional', 'impairment', 'sample', 'symptoms', 'include', 'lack', 'of', 'social', 'or', 'emotional', 'reciprocity', 'stereotyped', 'and', 'repetitive', 'use', 'of', 'language', 'or', 'idiosyncratic', 'language', 'and', 'persistent', 'preoccupation', 'with', 'unusual', 'objects', 'the', 'disturbance', 'must', 'not', 'be', 'better', 'accounted', 'for', 'by', 'rett', 'syndrome', 'intellectual', 'disability', 'or', 'global', 'developmental', 'delay', 'icd', 'uses', 'essentially', 'the', 'same', 'definition', 'several', 'diagnostic', 'instruments', 'are', 'available', 'two', 'are', 'commonly', 'used', 'in', 'autism', 'research', 'the', 'autism', 'diagnostic', 'interview', 'revised', 'adi', 'is', 'semistructured', 'parent', 'interview', 'and', 'the', 'autism', 'diagnostic', 'observation', 'schedule', 'ados', 'uses', 'observation', 'and', 'interaction', 'with', 'the', 'child', 'the', 'childhood', 'autism', 'rating', 'scale', 'cars', 'is', 'used', 'widely', 'in', 'clinical', 'environments', 'to', 'assess', 'severity', 'of', 'autism', 'based', 'on', 'observation', 'of', 'children', 'the', 'diagnostic', 'interview', 'for', 'social', 'and', 'communication', 'disorders', 'disco', 'may', 'also', 'be', 'used', 'pediatrician', 'commonly', 'performs', 'preliminary', 'investigation', 'by', 'taking', 'developmental', 'history', 'and', 'physically', 'examining', 'the', 'child', 'if', 'warranted', 'diagnosis', 'and', 'evaluations', 'are', 'conducted', 'with', 'help', 'from', 'asd', 'specialists', 'observing', 'and', 'assessing', 'cognitive', 'communication', 'family', 'and', 'other', 'factors', 'using', 'standardized', 'tools', 'and', 'taking', 'into', 'account', 'any', 'associated', 'medical', 'conditions', 'pediatric', 'is', 'often', 'asked', 'to', 'assess', 'behavior', 'and', 'cognitive', 'skills', 'both', 'to', 'aid', 'diagnosis', 'and', 'to', 'help', 'recommend', 'educational', 'interventions', 'differential', 'diagnosis', 'for', 'asd', 'at', 'this', 'stage', 'might', 'also', 'consider', 'intellectual', 'disability', 'hearing', 'impairment', 'and', 'specific', 'language', 'impairment', 'such', 'as', 'landau', 'kleffner', 'syndrome', 'the', 'presence', 'of', 'autism', 'can', 'make', 'it', 'harder', 'to', 'diagnose', 'coexisting', 'psychiatric', 'disorders', 'such', 'as', 'depression', 'clinical', 'genetics', 'evaluations', 'are', 'often', 'done', 'once', 'asd', 'is', 'diagnosed', 'particularly', 'when', 'other', 'symptoms', 'already', 'suggest', 'genetic', 'cause', 'although', 'genetic', 'technology', 'allows', 'clinical', 'geneticists', 'to', 'link', 'an', 'estimated', 'of', 'cases', 'to', 'genetic', 'causes', 'consensus', 'guidelines', 'in', 'the', 'us', 'and', 'uk', 'are', 'limited', 'to', 'high', 'resolution', 'chromosome', 'and', 'fragile', 'testing', 'genotype', 'first', 'model', 'of', 'diagnosis', 'has', 'been', 'proposed', 'which', 'would', 'routinely', 'assess', 'the', 'genome', 'copy', 'number', 'variations', 'as', 'new', 'genetic', 'tests', 'are', 'developed', 'several', 'ethical', 'legal', 'and', 'social', 'issues', 'will', 'emerge', 'commercial', 'availability', 'of', 'tests', 'may', 'precede', 'adequate', 'understanding', 'of', 'how', 'to', 'use', 'test', 'results', 'given', 'the', 'complexity', 'of', 'autism', 'genetics', 'metabolic', 'and', 'neuroimaging', 'tests', 'are', 'sometimes', 'helpful', 'but', 'are', 'not', 'routine', 'asd', 'can', 'sometimes', 'be', 'diagnosed', 'by', 'age', 'months', 'although', 'diagnosis', 'becomes', 'increasingly', 'stable', 'over', 'the', 'first', 'three', 'years', 'of', 'life', 'for', 'example', 'one', 'year', 'old', 'who', 'meets', 'diagnostic', 'criteria', 'for', 'asd', 'is', 'less', 'likely', 'than', 'three', 'year', 'old', 'to', 'continue', 'to', 'do', 'so', 'few', 'years', 'later', 'in', 'the', 'uk', 'the', 'national', 'autism', 'plan', 'for', 'children', 'recommends', 'at', 'most', 'weeks', 'from', 'first', 'concern', 'to', 'completed', 'diagnosis', 'and', 'assessment', 'though', 'few', 'cases', 'are', 'handled', 'that', 'quickly', 'in', 'practice', 'although', 'the', 'symptoms', 'of', 'autism', 'and', 'asd', 'begin', 'early', 'in', 'childhood', 'they', 'are', 'sometimes', 'missed', 'years', 'later', 'adults', 'may', 'seek', 'diagnoses', 'to', 'help', 'them', 'or', 'their', 'friends', 'and', 'family', 'understand', 'themselves', 'to', 'help', 'their', 'employers', 'make', 'adjustments', 'or', 'in', 'some', 'locations', 'to', 'claim', 'disability', 'living', 'allowances', 'or', 'other', 'benefits', 'underdiagnosis', 'and', 'overdiagnosis', 'are', 'problems', 'in', 'marginal', 'cases', 'and', 'much', 'of', 'the', 'recent', 'increase', 'in', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'reported', 'asd', 'cases', 'is', 'likely', 'due', 'to', 'changes', 'in', 'diagnostic', 'practices', 'the', 'increasing', 'popularity', 'of', 'drug', 'treatment', 'options', 'and', 'the', 'expansion', 'of', 'benefits', 'has', 'given', 'providers', 'incentives', 'to', 'diagnose', 'asd', 'resulting', 'in', 'some', 'overdiagnosis', 'of', 'children', 'with', 'uncertain', 'symptoms', 'conversely', 'the', 'cost', 'of', 'screening', 'and', 'diagnosis', 'and', 'the', 'challenge', 'of', 'obtaining', 'payment', 'can', 'inhibit', 'or', 'delay', 'diagnosis', 'it', 'is', 'particularly', 'hard', 'to', 'diagnose', 'autism', 'among', 'the', 'visually', 'impaired', 'partly', 'because', 'some', 'of', 'its', 'diagnostic', 'criteria', 'depend', 'on', 'vision', 'and', 'partly', 'because', 'autistic', 'symptoms', 'overlap', 'with', 'those', 'of', 'common', 'blindness', 'syndromes', 'or', 'blindisms', 'classification', 'autism', 'is', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'five', 'pervasive', 'developmental', 'disorders', 'pdd', 'which', 'are', 'characterized', 'by', 'widespread', 'abnormalities', 'of', 'social', 'interactions', 'and', 'communication', 'and', 'severely', 'restricted', 'interests', 'and', 'highly', 'repetitive', 'behavior', 'these', 'symptoms', 'do', 'not', 'imply', 'sickness', 'fragility', 'or', 'emotional', 'disturbance', 'of', 'the', 'five', 'pdd', 'forms', 'asperger', 'syndrome', 'is', 'closest', 'to', 'autism', 'in', 'signs', 'and', 'likely', 'causes', 'rett', 'syndrome', 'and', 'childhood', 'disintegrative', 'disorder', 'share', 'several', 'signs', 'with', 'autism', 'but', 'may', 'have', 'unrelated', 'causes', 'pdd', 'not', 'otherwise', 'specified', 'pdd', 'nos', 'also', 'called', 'atypical', 'autism', 'is', 'diagnosed', 'when', 'the', 'criteria', 'are', 'not', 'met', 'for', 'more', 'specific', 'disorder', 'unlike', 'with', 'autism', 'people', 'with', 'asperger', 'syndrome', 'have', 'no', 'substantial', 'delay', 'in', 'language', 'development', 'the', 'terminology', 'of', 'autism', 'can', 'be', 'bewildering', 'with', 'autism', 'asperger', 'syndrome', 'and', 'pdd', 'nos', 'often', 'called', 'the', 'autism', 'spectrum', 'disorders', 'asd', 'or', 'sometimes', 'the', 'autistic', 'disorders', 'whereas', 'autism', 'itself', 'is', 'often', 'called', 'autistic', 'disorder', 'childhood', 'autism', 'or', 'infantile', 'autism', 'in', 'this', 'article', 'autism', 'refers', 'to', 'the', 'classic', 'autistic', 'disorder', 'in', 'clinical', 'practice', 'though', 'autism', 'asd', 'and', 'pdd', 'are', 'often', 'used', 'interchangeably', 'asd', 'in', 'turn', 'is', 'subset', 'of', 'the', 'broader', 'autism', 'phenotype', 'which', 'describes', 'individuals', 'who', 'may', 'not', 'have', 'asd', 'but', 'do', 'have', 'autistic', 'like', 'traits', 'such', 'as', 'avoiding', 'eye', 'contact', 'the', 'manifestations', 'of', 'autism', 'cover', 'wide', 'spectrum', 'ranging', 'from', 'individuals', 'with', 'severe', 'impairments', 'who', 'may', 'be', 'silent', 'developmentally', 'disabled', 'and', 'locked', 'into', 'hand', 'flapping', 'and', 'rocking', 'to', 'high', 'functioning', 'individuals', 'who', 'may', 'have', 'active', 'but', 'distinctly', 'odd', 'social', 'approaches', 'narrowly', 'focused', 'interests', 'and', 'verbose', 'pedantic', 'communication', 'because', 'the', 'behavior', 'spectrum', 'is', 'continuous', 'boundaries', 'between', 'diagnostic', 'categories', 'are', 'necessarily', 'somewhat', 'arbitrary', 'sometimes', 'the', 'syndrome', 'is', 'divided', 'into', 'low', 'medium', 'or', 'high', 'functioning', 'autism', 'lfa', 'mfa', 'and', 'hfa', 'based', 'on', 'iq', 'thresholds', 'or', 'on', 'how', 'much', 'support', 'the', 'individual', 'requires', 'in', 'daily', 'life', 'these', 'subdivisions', 'are', 'not', 'standardized', 'and', 'are', 'controversial', 'autism', 'can', 'also', 'be', 'divided', 'into', 'syndromal', 'and', 'non', 'syndromal', 'autism', 'the', 'syndromal', 'autism', 'is', 'associated', 'with', 'severe', 'or', 'profound', 'intellectual', 'disability', 'or', 'congenital', 'syndrome', 'with', 'physical', 'symptoms', 'such', 'as', 'tuberous', 'sclerosis', 'although', 'individuals', 'with', 'asperger', 'syndrome', 'tend', 'to', 'perform', 'better', 'cognitively', 'than', 'those', 'with', 'autism', 'the', 'extent', 'of', 'the', 'overlap', 'between', 'asperger', 'syndrome', 'hfa', 'and', 'non', 'syndromal', 'autism', 'is', 'unclear', 'some', 'studies', 'have', 'reported', 'diagnoses', 'of', 'autism', 'in', 'children', 'due', 'to', 'loss', 'of', 'language', 'or', 'social', 'skills', 'as', 'opposed', 'to', 'failure', 'to', 'make', 'progress', 'typically', 'from', 'to', 'months', 'of', 'age', 'the', 'validity', 'of', 'this', 'distinction', 'remains', 'controversial', 'it', 'is', 'possible', 'that', 'regressive', 'autism', 'is', 'specific', 'subtype', 'or', 'that', 'there', 'is', 'continuum', 'of', 'behaviors', 'between', 'autism', 'with', 'and', 'without', 'regression', 'research', 'into', 'causes', 'has', 'been', 'hampered', 'by', 'the', 'inability', 'to', 'identify', 'biologically', 'meaningful', 'subgroups', 'within', 'the', 'autistic', 'population', 'and', 'by', 'the', 'traditional', 'boundaries', 'between', 'the', 'disciplines', 'of', 'psychiatry', 'psychology', 'neurology', 'and', 'pediatrics', 'newer', 'technologies', 'such', 'as', 'fmri', 'and', 'diffusion', 'tensor', 'imaging', 'can', 'help', 'identify', 'biologically', 'relevant', 'phenotypes', 'observable', 'traits', 'that', 'can', 'be', 'viewed', 'on', 'brain', 'scans', 'to', 'help', 'further', 'neurogenetic', 'studies', 'of', 'autism', 'one', 'example', 'is', 'lowered', 'activity', 'in', 'the', 'fusiform', 'face', 'area', 'of', 'the', 'brain', 'which', 'is', 'associated', 'with', 'impaired', 'perception', 'of', 'people', 'versus', 'objects', 'it', 'has', 'been', 'proposed', 'to', 'classify', 'autism', 'using', 'genetics', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'behavior', 'screening', 'about', 'half', 'of', 'parents', 'of', 'children', 'with', 'asd', 'notice', 'their', 'child', 'unusual', 'behaviors', 'by', 'age', 'months', 'and', 'about', 'four', 'fifths', 'notice', 'by', 'age', 'months', 'according', 'to', 'an', 'article', 'failure', 'to', 'meet', 'any', 'of', 'the', 'following', 'milestones', 'is', 'an', 'absolute', 'indication', 'to', 'proceed', 'with', 'further', 'evaluations', 'delay', 'in', 'referral', 'for', 'such', 'testing', 'may', 'delay', 'early', 'diagnosis', 'and', 'treatment', 'and', 'affect', 'the', 'long', 'term', 'outcome', 'no', 'babbling', 'by', 'months', 'no', 'gesturing', 'pointing', 'waving', 'etc', 'by', 'months', 'no', 'single', 'words', 'by', 'months', 'no', 'two', 'word', 'spontaneous', 'not', 'just', 'echolalic', 'phrases', 'by', 'months', 'any', 'loss', 'of', 'any', 'language', 'or', 'social', 'skills', 'at', 'any', 'age', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'preventive', 'services', 'task', 'force', 'in', 'found', 'it', 'was', 'unclear', 'if', 'screening', 'was', 'beneficial', 'or', 'harmful', 'among', 'children', 'in', 'whom', 'there', 'is', 'no', 'concerns', 'the', 'japanese', 'practice', 'is', 'to', 'screen', 'all', 'children', 'for', 'asd', 'at', 'and', 'months', 'using', 'autism', 'specific', 'formal', 'screening', 'tests', 'in', 'contrast', 'in', 'the', 'uk', 'children', 'whose', 'families', 'or', 'doctors', 'recognize', 'possible', 'signs', 'of', 'autism', 'are', 'screened', 'it', 'is', 'not', 'known', 'which', 'approach', 'is', 'more', 'effective', 'screening', 'tools', 'include', 'the', 'modified', 'checklist', 'for', 'autism', 'in', 'toddlers', 'chat', 'the', 'early', 'screening', 'of', 'autistic', 'traits', 'questionnaire', 'and', 'the', 'first', 'year', 'inventory', 'initial', 'data', 'on', 'chat', 'and', 'its', 'predecessor', 'the', 'checklist', 'for', 'autism', 'in', 'toddlers', 'chat', 'on', 'children', 'aged', 'months', 'suggests', 'that', 'it', 'is', 'best', 'used', 'in', 'clinical', 'setting', 'and', 'that', 'it', 'has', 'low', 'sensitivity', 'many', 'false', 'negatives', 'but', 'good', 'specificity', 'few', 'false', 'positives', 'it', 'may', 'be', 'more', 'accurate', 'to', 'precede', 'these', 'tests', 'with', 'broadband', 'screener', 'that', 'does', 'not', 'distinguish', 'asd', 'from', 'other', 'developmental', 'disorders', 'screening', 'tools', 'designed', 'for', 'one', 'culture', 'norms', 'for', 'behaviors', 'like', 'eye', 'contact', 'may', 'be', 'inappropriate', 'for', 'different', 'culture', 'although', 'genetic', 'screening', 'for', 'autism', 'is', 'generally', 'still', 'impractical', 'it', 'can', 'be', 'considered', 'in', 'some', 'cases', 'such', 'as', 'children', 'with', 'neurological', 'symptoms', 'and', 'dysmorphic', 'features', 'prevention', 'infection', 'with', 'rubella', 'during', 'pregnancy', 'causes', 'fewer', 'than', 'of', 'cases', 'of', 'autism', 'vaccination', 'against', 'rubella', 'can', 'prevent', 'many', 'of', 'those', 'cases', 'management', 'three', 'year', 'old', 'with', 'autism', 'points', 'to', 'fish', 'in', 'an', 'aquarium', 'as', 'part', 'of', 'an', 'experiment', 'on', 'the', 'effect', 'of', 'intensive', 'shared', 'attention', 'training', 'on', 'language', 'development', 'the', 'main', 'goals', 'when', 'treating', 'children', 'with', 'autism', 'are', 'to', 'lessen', 'associated', 'deficits', 'and', 'family', 'distress', 'and', 'to', 'increase', 'quality', 'of', 'life', 'and', 'functional', 'independence', 'in', 'general', 'higher', 'iqs', 'are', 'correlated', 'with', 'greater', 'responsiveness', 'to', 'treatment', 'and', 'improved', 'treatment', 'outcomes', 'no', 'single', 'treatment', 'is', 'best', 'and', 'treatment', 'is', 'typically', 'tailored', 'to', 'the', 'child', 'needs', 'families', 'and', 'the', 'educational', 'system', 'are', 'the', 'main', 'resources', 'for', 'treatment', 'studies', 'of', 'interventions', 'have', 'methodological', 'problems', 'that', 'prevent', 'definitive', 'conclusions', 'about', 'efficacy', 'however', 'the', 'development', 'of', 'evidence', 'based', 'interventions', 'has', 'advanced', 'in', 'recent', 'years', 'although', 'many', 'psychosocial', 'interventions', 'have', 'some', 'positive', 'evidence', 'suggesting', 'that', 'some', 'form', 'of', 'treatment', 'is', 'preferable', 'to', 'no', 'treatment', 'the', 'methodological', 'quality', 'of', 'systematic', 'reviews', 'of', 'these', 'studies', 'has', 'generally', 'been', 'poor', 'their', 'clinical', 'results', 'are', 'mostly', 'tentative', 'and', 'there', 'is', 'little', 'evidence', 'for', 'the', 'relative', 'effectiveness', 'of', 'treatment', 'options', 'intensive', 'sustained', 'special', 'education', 'programs', 'and', 'behavior', 'therapy', 'early', 'in', 'life', 'can', 'help', 'children', 'acquire', 'self', 'care', 'social', 'and', 'job', 'skills', 'and', 'often', 'improve', 'functioning', 'and', 'decrease', 'symptom', 'severity', 'and', 'maladaptive', 'behaviors', 'claims', 'that', 'intervention', 'by', 'around', 'age', 'three', 'years', 'is', 'crucial', 'are', 'not', 'substantiated', 'available', 'approaches', 'include', 'applied', 'behavior', 'analysis', 'aba', 'developmental', 'models', 'structured', 'teaching', 'speech', 'and', 'language', 'therapy', 'social', 'skills', 'therapy', 'and', 'occupational', 'therapy', 'among', 'these', 'approaches', 'interventions', 'either', 'treat', 'autistic', 'features', 'comprehensively', 'or', 'focalize', 'treatment', 'on', 'specific', 'area', 'of', 'deficit', 'there', 'is', 'some', 'evidence', 'that', 'early', 'intensive', 'behavioral', 'intervention', 'eibi', 'an', 'early', 'intervention', 'model', 'based', 'on', 'aba', 'for', 'to', 'hours', 'week', 'for', 'multiple', 'years', 'is', 'an', 'effective', 'treatment', 'for', 'some', 'children', 'with', 'asd', 'two', 'theoretical', 'frameworks', 'outlined', 'for', 'early', 'childhood', 'intervention', 'include', 'applied', 'behavioral', 'analysis', 'aba', 'and', 'developmental', 'social', 'pragmatic', 'models', 'dsp', 'one', 'interventional', 'strategy', 'utilizes', 'parent', 'training', 'model', 'which', 'teaches', 'parents', 'how', 'to', 'implement', 'various', 'aba', 'and', 'dsp', 'techniques', 'allowing', 'for', 'parents', 'to', 'disseminate', 'interventions', 'themselves', 'various', 'dsp', 'programs', 'have', 'been', 'developed', 'to', 'explicitly', 'deliver', 'intervention', 'systems', 'through', 'at', 'home', 'parent', 'implementation', 'despite', 'the', 'recent', 'development', 'of', 'parent', 'training', 'models', 'these', 'interventions', 'have', 'demonstrated', 'effectiveness', 'in', 'numerous', 'studies', 'being', 'evaluated', 'as', 'probable', 'efficacious', 'mode', 'of', 'treatment', 'education', 'educational', 'interventions', 'can', 'be', 'effective', 'to', 'varying', 'degrees', 'in', 'most', 'children', 'intensive', 'aba', 'treatment', 'has', 'demonstrated', 'effectiveness', 'in', 'enhancing', 'global', 'functioning', 'in', 'preschool', 'children', 'and', 'is', 'well', 'established', 'for', 'improving', 'intellectual', 'performance', 'of', 'young', 'children', 'similarly', 'teacher', 'implemented', 'intervention', 'that', 'utilizes', 'an', 'aba', 'combined', 'with', 'developmental', 'social', 'pragmatic', 'approach', 'has', 'been', 'found', 'to', 'be', 'well', 'established', 'treatment', 'in', 'improving', 'social', 'communication', 'skills', 'in', 'young', 'children', 'although', 'there', 'is', 'less', 'evidence', 'in', 'its', 'treatment', 'of', 'global', 'symptoms', 'reports', 'are', 'often', 'poorly', 'communicated', 'to', 'educators', 'resulting', 'in', 'gap', 'between', 'what', 'report', 'recommends', 'and', 'what', 'education', 'is', 'provided', 'it', 'is', 'not', 'known', 'whether', 'treatment', 'programs', 'for', 'children', 'lead', 'to', 'significant', 'improvements', 'after', 'the', 'children', 'grow', 'up', 'and', 'the', 'limited', 'research', 'on', 'the', 'effectiveness', 'of', 'adult', 'residential', 'programs', 'shows', 'mixed', 'results', 'the', 'appropriateness', 'of', 'including', 'children', 'with', 'varying', 'severity', 'of', 'autism', 'spectrum', 'disorders', 'in', 'the', 'general', 'education', 'population', 'is', 'subject', 'of', 'current', 'debate', 'among', 'educators', 'and', 'researchers', 'medication', 'many', 'medications', 'are', 'used', 'to', 'treat', 'asd', 'symptoms', 'that', 'interfere', 'with', 'integrating', 'child', 'into', 'home', 'or', 'school', 'when', 'behavioral', 'treatment', 'fails', 'more', 'than', 'half', 'of', 'us', 'children', 'diagnosed', 'with', 'asd', 'are', 'prescribed', 'psychoactive', 'drugs', 'or', 'anticonvulsants', 'with', 'the', 'most', 'common', 'drug', 'classes', 'being', 'antidepressants', 'stimulants', 'and', 'antipsychotics', 'antipsychotics', 'such', 'as', 'risperidone', 'and', 'aripiprazole', 'have', 'been', 'found', 'to', 'be', 'useful', 'for', 'treating', 'irritability', 'repetitive', 'behavior', 'and', 'sleeplessness', 'that', 'often', 'occurs', 'with', 'autism', 'however', 'their', 'side', 'effects', 'must', 'be', 'weighed', 'against', 'their', 'potential', 'benefits', 'and', 'people', 'with', 'autism', 'may', 'respond', 'atypically', 'there', 'is', 'scant', 'reliable', 'research', 'about', 'the', 'effectiveness', 'or', 'safety', 'of', 'drug', 'treatments', 'for', 'adolescents', 'and', 'adults', 'with', 'asd', 'no', 'known', 'medication', 'relieves', 'autism', 'core', 'symptoms', 'of', 'social', 'and', 'communication', 'impairments', 'experiments', 'in', 'mice', 'have', 'reversed', 'or', 'reduced', 'some', 'symptoms', 'related', 'to', 'autism', 'by', 'replacing', 'or', 'modulating', 'gene', 'function', 'suggesting', 'the', 'possibility', 'of', 'targeting', 'therapies', 'to', 'specific', 'rare', 'mutations', 'known', 'to', 'cause', 'autism', 'alternative', 'medicine', 'although', 'many', 'alternative', 'therapies', 'and', 'interventions', 'are', 'available', 'few', 'are', 'supported', 'by', 'scientific', 'studies', 'treatment', 'approaches', 'have', 'little', 'empirical', 'support', 'in', 'quality', 'of', 'life', 'contexts', 'and', 'many', 'programs', 'focus', 'on', 'success', 'measures', 'that', 'lack', 'predictive', 'validity', 'and', 'real', 'world', 'relevance', 'scientific', 'evidence', 'appears', 'to', 'matter', 'less', 'to', 'service', 'providers', 'than', 'program', 'marketing', 'training', 'availability', 'and', 'parent', 'requests', 'some', 'alternative', 'treatments', 'may', 'place', 'the', 'child', 'at', 'risk', 'study', 'found', 'that', 'compared', 'to', 'their', 'peers', 'autistic', 'boys', 'have', 'significantly', 'thinner', 'bones', 'if', 'on', 'casein', 'free', 'diets', 'in', 'botched', 'chelation', 'therapy', 'killed', 'five', 'year', 'old', 'child', 'with', 'autism', 'there', 'has', 'been', 'early', 'research', 'looking', 'at', 'hyperbaric', 'treatments', 'in', 'children', 'with', 'autism', 'although', 'popularly', 'used', 'as', 'an', 'alternative', 'treatment', 'for', 'people', 'with', 'autism', 'there', 'is', 'no', 'good', 'evidence', 'that', 'gluten', 'free', 'diet', 'is', 'of', 'benefit', 'in', 'the', 'subset', 'of', 'people', 'who', 'have', 'gluten', 'sensitivity', 'there', 'is', 'limited', 'evidence', 'that', 'suggests', 'that', 'gluten', 'free', 'diet', 'may', 'improve', 'some', 'autistic', 'behaviors', 'cost', 'treatment', 'is', 'expensive', 'indirect', 'costs', 'are', 'more', 'so', 'for', 'someone', 'born', 'in', 'us', 'study', 'estimated', 'an', 'average', 'lifetime', 'cost', 'of', 'net', 'present', 'value', 'in', 'dollars', 'inflation', 'adjusted', 'from', 'estimate', 'with', 'about', 'medical', 'care', 'extra', 'education', 'and', 'other', 'care', 'and', 'lost', 'economic', 'productivity', 'publicly', 'supported', 'programs', 'are', 'often', 'inadequate', 'or', 'inappropriate', 'for', 'given', 'child', 'and', 'unreimbursed', 'out', 'of', 'pocket', 'medical', 'or', 'therapy', 'expenses', 'are', 'associated', 'with', 'likelihood', 'of', 'family', 'financial', 'problems', 'one', 'us', 'study', 'found', 'average', 'loss', 'of', 'annual', 'income', 'in', 'families', 'of', 'children', 'with', 'asd', 'and', 'related', 'study', 'found', 'that', 'asd', 'is', 'associated', 'with', 'higher', 'probability', 'that', 'child', 'care', 'problems', 'will', 'greatly', 'affect', 'parental', 'employment', 'us', 'states', 'increasingly', 'require', 'private', 'health', 'insurance', 'to', 'cover', 'autism', 'services', 'shifting', 'costs', 'from', 'publicly', 'funded', 'education', 'programs', 'to', 'privately', 'funded', 'health', 'insurance', 'after', 'childhood', 'key', 'treatment', 'issues', 'include', 'residential', 'care', 'job', 'training', 'and', 'placement', 'sexuality', 'social', 'skills', 'and', 'estate', 'planning', 'society', 'and', 'culture', 'the', 'emergence', 'of', 'the', 'autism', 'rights', 'movement', 'has', 'served', 'as', 'an', 'attempt', 'to', 'encourage', 'people', 'to', 'be', 'more', 'tolerant', 'of', 'those', 'with', 'autism', 'through', 'this', 'movement', 'people', 'hope', 'to', 'cause', 'others', 'to', 'think', 'of', 'autism', 'as', 'difference', 'instead', 'of', 'disease', 'proponents', 'of', 'this', 'movement', 'wish', 'to', 'seek', 'acceptance', 'not', 'cures', 'there', 'have', 'also', 'been', 'many', 'worldwide', 'events', 'promoting', 'autism', 'awareness', 'such', 'as', 'world', 'autism', 'awareness', 'day', 'light', 'it', 'up', 'blue', 'autism', 'sunday', 'autistic', 'pride', 'day', 'autreat', 'and', 'others', 'there', 'have', 'also', 'been', 'many', 'organizations', 'dedicated', 'to', 'increasing', 'the', 'awareness', 'of', 'autism', 'and', 'the', 'effects', 'that', 'autism', 'has', 'on', 'someone', 'life', 'these', 'organizations', 'include', 'autism', 'speaks', 'autism', 'national', 'committee', 'autism', 'society', 'of', 'america', 'and', 'many', 'others', 'social', 'science', 'scholars', 'have', 'had', 'an', 'increased', 'focused', 'on', 'studying', 'those', 'with', 'autism', 'in', 'hopes', 'to', 'learn', 'more', 'about', 'autism', 'as', 'culture', 'transcultural', 'comparisons', 'and', 'research', 'on', 'social', 'movements', 'media', 'has', 'had', 'an', 'influence', 'on', 'how', 'the', 'public', 'perceives', 'those', 'with', 'autism', 'rain', 'man', 'film', 'that', 'won', 'oscars', 'including', 'best', 'picture', 'depicts', 'character', 'with', 'autism', 'who', 'has', 'incredible', 'talents', 'and', 'abilities', 'while', 'many', 'autistics', 'don', 'have', 'these', 'special', 'abilities', 'there', 'are', 'some', 'autistic', 'individuals', 'who', 'have', 'been', 'successful', 'in', 'their', 'fields', 'prognosis', 'there', 'is', 'no', 'known', 'cure', 'children', 'recover', 'occasionally', 'so', 'that', 'they', 'lose', 'their', 'diagnosis', 'of', 'asd', 'this', 'occurs', 'sometimes', 'after', 'intensive', 'treatment', 'and', 'sometimes', 'not', 'it', 'is', 'not', 'known', 'how', 'often', 'recovery', 'happens', 'reported', 'rates', 'in', 'unselected', 'samples', 'of', 'children', 'with', 'asd', 'have', 'ranged', 'from', 'to', 'most', 'children', 'with', 'autism', 'acquire', 'language', 'by', 'age', 'five', 'or', 'younger', 'though', 'few', 'have', 'developed', 'communication', 'skills', 'in', 'later', 'years', 'most', 'children', 'with', 'autism', 'lack', 'social', 'support', 'meaningful', 'relationships', 'future', 'employment', 'opportunities', 'or', 'self', 'determination', 'although', 'core', 'difficulties', 'tend', 'to', 'persist', 'symptoms', 'often', 'become', 'less', 'severe', 'with', 'age', 'few', 'high', 'quality', 'studies', 'address', 'long', 'term', 'prognosis', 'some', 'adults', 'show', 'modest', 'improvement', 'in', 'communication', 'skills', 'but', 'few', 'decline', 'no', 'study', 'has', 'focused', 'on', 'autism', 'after', 'midlife', 'acquiring', 'language', 'before', 'age', 'six', 'having', 'an', 'iq', 'above', 'and', 'having', 'marketable', 'skill', 'all', 'predict', 'better', 'outcomes', 'independent', 'living', 'is', 'unlikely', 'with', 'severe', 'autism', 'most', 'people', 'with', 'autism', 'face', 'significant', 'obstacles', 'in', 'transitioning', 'to', 'adulthood', 'epidemiology', 'reports', 'of', 'autism', 'cases', 'per', 'children', 'grew', 'dramatically', 'in', 'the', 'us', 'from', 'to', 'it', 'is', 'unknown', 'how', 'much', 'if', 'any', 'growth', 'came', 'from', 'changes', 'in', 'rates', 'of', 'autism', 'most', 'recent', 'reviews', 'tend', 'to', 'estimate', 'prevalence', 'of', 'per', 'for', 'autism', 'and', 'close', 'to', 'per', 'for', 'asd', 'and', 'per', 'children', 'in', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'for', 'asd', 'as', 'of', 'because', 'of', 'inadequate', 'data', 'these', 'numbers', 'may', 'underestimate', 'asd', 'true', 'rate', 'globally', 'autism', 'affects', 'an', 'estimated', 'million', 'people', 'as', 'of', 'while', 'asperger', 'syndrome', 'affects', 'further', 'million', 'in', 'the', 'nhs', 'estimated', 'that', 'the', 'overall', 'prevalence', 'of', 'autism', 'among', 'adults', 'aged', 'years', 'and', 'over', 'in', 'the', 'uk', 'was', 'rates', 'of', 'pdd', 'nos', 'has', 'been', 'estimated', 'at', 'per', 'asperger', 'syndrome', 'at', 'roughly', 'per', 'and', 'childhood', 'disintegrative', 'disorder', 'at', 'per', 'cdc', 'most', 'recent', 'estimate', 'is', 'that', 'out', 'of', 'every', 'children', 'or', 'per', 'has', 'an', 'asd', 'as', 'of', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'reported', 'cases', 'of', 'autism', 'increased', 'dramatically', 'in', 'the', 'and', 'early', 'this', 'increase', 'is', 'largely', 'attributable', 'to', 'changes', 'in', 'diagnostic', 'practices', 'referral', 'patterns', 'availability', 'of', 'services', 'age', 'at', 'diagnosis', 'and', 'public', 'awareness', 'though', 'unidentified', 'environmental', 'risk', 'factors', 'cannot', 'be', 'ruled', 'out', 'the', 'available', 'evidence', 'does', 'not', 'rule', 'out', 'the', 'possibility', 'that', 'autism', 'true', 'prevalence', 'has', 'increased', 'real', 'increase', 'would', 'suggest', 'directing', 'more', 'attention', 'and', 'funding', 'toward', 'changing', 'environmental', 'factors', 'instead', 'of', 'continuing', 'to', 'focus', 'on', 'genetics', 'boys', 'are', 'at', 'higher', 'risk', 'for', 'asd', 'than', 'girls', 'the', 'sex', 'ratio', 'averages', 'and', 'is', 'greatly', 'modified', 'by', 'cognitive', 'impairment', 'it', 'may', 'be', 'close', 'to', 'with', 'intellectual', 'disability', 'and', 'more', 'than', 'without', 'several', 'theories', 'about', 'the', 'higher', 'prevalence', 'in', 'males', 'have', 'been', 'investigated', 'but', 'the', 'cause', 'of', 'the', 'difference', 'is', 'unconfirmed', 'one', 'theory', 'is', 'that', 'females', 'are', 'underdiagnosed', 'although', 'the', 'evidence', 'does', 'not', 'implicate', 'any', 'single', 'pregnancy', 'related', 'risk', 'factor', 'as', 'cause', 'of', 'autism', 'the', 'risk', 'of', 'autism', 'is', 'associated', 'with', 'advanced', 'age', 'in', 'either', 'parent', 'and', 'with', 'diabetes', 'bleeding', 'and', 'use', 'of', 'psychiatric', 'drugs', 'in', 'the', 'mother', 'during', 'pregnancy', 'the', 'risk', 'is', 'greater', 'with', 'older', 'fathers', 'than', 'with', 'older', 'mothers', 'two', 'potential', 'explanations', 'are', 'the', 'known', 'increase', 'in', 'mutation', 'burden', 'in', 'older', 'sperm', 'and', 'the', 'hypothesis', 'that', 'men', 'marry', 'later', 'if', 'they', 'carry', 'genetic', 'liability', 'and', 'show', 'some', 'signs', 'of', 'autism', 'most', 'professionals', 'believe', 'that', 'race', 'ethnicity', 'and', 'socioeconomic', 'background', 'do', 'not', 'affect', 'the', 'occurrence', 'of', 'autism', 'several', 'other', 'conditions', 'are', 'common', 'in', 'children', 'with', 'autism', 'they', 'include', 'genetic', 'disorders', 'about', 'of', 'autism', 'cases', 'have', 'an', 'identifiable', 'mendelian', 'single', 'gene', 'condition', 'chromosome', 'abnormality', 'or', 'other', 'genetic', 'syndrome', 'and', 'asd', 'is', 'associated', 'with', 'several', 'genetic', 'disorders', 'intellectual', 'disability', 'the', 'percentage', 'of', 'autistic', 'individuals', 'who', 'also', 'meet', 'criteria', 'for', 'intellectual', 'disability', 'has', 'been', 'reported', 'as', 'anywhere', 'from', 'to', 'wide', 'variation', 'illustrating', 'the', 'difficulty', 'of', 'assessing', 'autistic', 'intelligence', 'in', 'comparison', 'for', 'pdd', 'nos', 'the', 'association', 'with', 'intellectual', 'disability', 'is', 'much', 'weaker', 'and', 'by', 'definition', 'the', 'diagnosis', 'of', 'asperger', 'excludes', 'intellectual', 'disability', 'anxiety', 'disorders', 'are', 'common', 'among', 'children', 'with', 'asd', 'there', 'are', 'no', 'firm', 'data', 'but', 'studies', 'have', 'reported', 'prevalences', 'ranging', 'from', 'to', 'many', 'anxiety', 'disorders', 'have', 'symptoms', 'that', 'are', 'better', 'explained', 'by', 'asd', 'itself', 'or', 'are', 'hard', 'to', 'distinguish', 'from', 'asd', 'symptoms', 'epilepsy', 'with', 'variations', 'in', 'risk', 'of', 'epilepsy', 'due', 'to', 'age', 'cognitive', 'level', 'and', 'type', 'of', 'language', 'disorder', 'several', 'metabolic', 'defects', 'such', 'as', 'phenylketonuria', 'are', 'associated', 'with', 'autistic', 'symptoms', 'minor', 'physical', 'anomalies', 'are', 'significantly', 'increased', 'in', 'the', 'autistic', 'population', 'preempted', 'diagnoses', 'although', 'the', 'dsm', 'iv', 'rules', 'out', 'concurrent', 'diagnosis', 'of', 'many', 'other', 'conditions', 'along', 'with', 'autism', 'the', 'full', 'criteria', 'for', 'attention', 'deficit', 'hyperactivity', 'disorder', 'adhd', 'tourette', 'syndrome', 'and', 'other', 'of', 'these', 'conditions', 'are', 'often', 'present', 'and', 'these', 'comorbid', 'diagnoses', 'are', 'increasingly', 'accepted', 'sleep', 'problems', 'affect', 'about', 'two', 'thirds', 'of', 'individuals', 'with', 'asd', 'at', 'some', 'point', 'in', 'childhood', 'these', 'most', 'commonly', 'include', 'symptoms', 'of', 'insomnia', 'such', 'as', 'difficulty', 'in', 'falling', 'asleep', 'frequent', 'nocturnal', 'awakenings', 'and', 'early', 'morning', 'awakenings', 'sleep', 'problems', 'are', 'associated', 'with', 'difficult', 'behaviors', 'and', 'family', 'stress', 'and', 'are', 'often', 'focus', 'of', 'clinical', 'attention', 'over', 'and', 'above', 'the', 'primary', 'asd', 'diagnosis', 'history', 'leo', 'kanner', 'introduced', 'the', 'label', 'early', 'infantile', 'autism', 'in', 'few', 'examples', 'of', 'autistic', 'symptoms', 'and', 'treatments', 'were', 'described', 'long', 'before', 'autism', 'was', 'named', 'the', 'table', 'talk', 'of', 'martin', 'luther', 'compiled', 'by', 'his', 'notetaker', 'mathesius', 'contains', 'the', 'story', 'of', 'year', 'old', 'boy', 'who', 'may', 'have', 'been', 'severely', 'autistic', 'luther', 'reportedly', 'thought', 'the', 'boy', 'was', 'soulless', 'mass', 'of', 'flesh', 'possessed', 'by', 'the', 'devil', 'and', 'suggested', 'that', 'he', 'be', 'suffocated', 'although', 'later', 'critic', 'has', 'cast', 'doubt', 'on', 'the', 'veracity', 'of', 'this', 'report', 'the', 'earliest', 'well', 'documented', 'case', 'of', 'autism', 'is', 'that', 'of', 'hugh', 'blair', 'of', 'borgue', 'as', 'detailed', 'in', 'court', 'case', 'in', 'which', 'his', 'brother', 'successfully', 'petitioned', 'to', 'annul', 'blair', 'marriage', 'to', 'gain', 'blair', 'inheritance', 'the', 'wild', 'boy', 'of', 'aveyron', 'feral', 'child', 'caught', 'in', 'showed', 'several', 'signs', 'of', 'autism', 'the', 'medical', 'student', 'jean', 'itard', 'treated', 'him', 'with', 'behavioral', 'program', 'designed', 'to', 'help', 'him', 'form', 'social', 'attachments', 'and', 'to', 'induce', 'speech', 'via', 'imitation', 'the', 'new', 'latin', 'word', 'autismus', 'english', 'translation', 'autism', 'was', 'coined', 'by', 'the', 'swiss', 'psychiatrist', 'eugen', 'bleuler', 'in', 'as', 'he', 'was', 'defining', 'symptoms', 'of', 'schizophrenia', 'he', 'derived', 'it', 'from', 'the', 'greek', 'word', 'autós', 'αὐτός', 'meaning', 'self', 'and', 'used', 'it', 'to', 'mean', 'morbid', 'self', 'admiration', 'referring', 'to', 'autistic', 'withdrawal', 'of', 'the', 'patient', 'to', 'his', 'fantasies', 'against', 'which', 'any', 'influence', 'from', 'outside', 'becomes', 'an', 'intolerable', 'disturbance', 'the', 'word', 'autism', 'first', 'took', 'its', 'modern', 'sense', 'in', 'when', 'hans', 'asperger', 'of', 'the', 'vienna', 'university', 'hospital', 'adopted', 'bleuler', 'terminology', 'autistic', 'psychopaths', 'in', 'lecture', 'in', 'german', 'about', 'child', 'psychology', 'asperger', 'was', 'investigating', 'an', 'asd', 'now', 'known', 'as', 'asperger', 'syndrome', 'though', 'for', 'various', 'reasons', 'it', 'was', 'not', 'widely', 'recognized', 'as', 'separate', 'diagnosis', 'until', 'leo', 'kanner', 'of', 'the', 'johns', 'hopkins', 'hospital', 'first', 'used', 'autism', 'in', 'its', 'modern', 'sense', 'in', 'english', 'when', 'he', 'introduced', 'the', 'label', 'early', 'infantile', 'autism', 'in', 'report', 'of', 'children', 'with', 'striking', 'behavioral', 'similarities', 'almost', 'all', 'the', 'characteristics', 'described', 'in', 'kanner', 'first', 'paper', 'on', 'the', 'subject', 'notably', 'autistic', 'aloneness', 'and', 'insistence', 'on', 'sameness', 'are', 'still', 'regarded', 'as', 'typical', 'of', 'the', 'autistic', 'spectrum', 'of', 'disorders', 'it', 'is', 'not', 'known', 'whether', 'kanner', 'derived', 'the', 'term', 'independently', 'of', 'asperger', 'donald', 'triplett', 'was', 'the', 'first', 'person', 'diagnosed', 'with', 'autism', 'he', 'was', 'diagnosed', 'by', 'leo', 'kanner', 'after', 'being', 'first', 'examined', 'in', 'and', 'was', 'labeled', 'as', 'case', 'triplett', 'was', 'noted', 'for', 'his', 'savant', 'abilities', 'particularly', 'being', 'able', 'to', 'name', 'musical', 'notes', 'played', 'on', 'piano', 'and', 'mentally', 'multiplying', 'numbers', 'his', 'father', 'oliver', 'described', 'him', 'as', 'socially', 'withdrawn', 'but', 'interested', 'in', 'number', 'patterns', 'music', 'notes', 'letters', 'of', 'the', 'alphabet', 'and', 'president', 'pictures', 'by', 'the', 'age', 'of', 'he', 'had', 'the', 'ability', 'to', 'recite', 'the', 'rd', 'psalm', 'and', 'memorized', 'questions', 'and', 'answers', 'from', 'the', 'presbyterian', 'catechism', 'he', 'was', 'also', 'interested', 'in', 'creating', 'musical', 'chords', 'kanner', 'reuse', 'of', 'autism', 'led', 'to', 'decades', 'of', 'confused', 'terminology', 'like', 'infantile', 'schizophrenia', 'and', 'child', 'psychiatry', 'focus', 'on', 'maternal', 'deprivation', 'led', 'to', 'misconceptions', 'of', 'autism', 'as', 'an', 'infant', 'response', 'to', 'refrigerator', 'mothers', 'starting', 'in', 'the', 'late', 'autism', 'was', 'established', 'as', 'separate', 'syndrome', 'as', 'late', 'as', 'the', 'mid', 'there', 'was', 'little', 'evidence', 'of', 'genetic', 'role', 'in', 'autism', 'while', 'in', 'it', 'was', 'believed', 'to', 'be', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'most', 'heritable', 'psychiatric', 'conditions', 'although', 'the', 'rise', 'of', 'parent', 'organizations', 'and', 'the', 'of', 'childhood', 'asd', 'have', 'affected', 'how', 'we', 'view', 'asd', 'parents', 'continue', 'to', 'feel', 'social', 'stigma', 'in', 'situations', 'where', 'their', 'child', 'autistic', 'behavior', 'is', 'perceived', 'negatively', 'and', 'many', 'primary', 'care', 'physicians', 'and', 'medical', 'specialists', 'express', 'some', 'beliefs', 'consistent', 'with', 'outdated', 'autism', 'research', 'it', 'took', 'until', 'for', 'the', 'dsm', 'iii', 'to', 'differentiate', 'autism', 'from', 'childhood', 'schizophrenia', 'in', 'the', 'dsm', 'iii', 'provided', 'checklist', 'for', 'diagnosing', 'autism', 'in', 'may', 'the', 'dsm', 'was', 'released', 'updating', 'the', 'classification', 'for', 'pervasive', 'developmental', 'disorders', 'the', 'grouping', 'of', 'disorders', 'including', 'pdd', 'nos', 'autism', 'asperger', 'syndrome', 'rett', 'syndrome', 'and', 'cdd', 'has', 'been', 'removed', 'and', 'replaced', 'with', 'the', 'general', 'term', 'of', 'autism', 'spectrum', 'disorders', 'the', 'two', 'categories', 'that', 'exist', 'are', 'impaired', 'social', 'communication', 'and', 'or', 'interaction', 'and', 'restricted', 'and', 'or', 'repetitive', 'behaviors', 'the', 'internet', 'has', 'helped', 'autistic', 'individuals', 'bypass', 'nonverbal', 'cues', 'and', 'emotional', 'sharing', 'that', 'they', 'find', 'so', 'hard', 'to', 'deal', 'with', 'and', 'has', 'given', 'them', 'way', 'to', 'form', 'online', 'communities', 'and', 'work', 'remotely', 'sociological', 'and', 'cultural', 'aspects', 'of', 'autism', 'have', 'developed', 'some', 'in', 'the', 'community', 'seek', 'cure', 'while', 'others', 'believe', 'that', 'autism', 'is', 'simply', 'another', 'way', 'of', 'being', 'references', 'further', 'reading', 'external', 'links'], ['Autism'])
39
Albedo
[b'percentage', b'of', b'diffusely', b'reflected', b'sunlight', b'in', b'relation', b'to', b'various', b'surface', b'conditions', b'albedo', b'is', b'measure', b'for', b'reflectance', b'or', b'optical', b'brightness', b'latin', b'albedo', b'arabic', b'albayad', b'whiteness', b'it', b'is', b'dimensionless', b'and', b'measured', b'on', b'scale', b'from', b'zero', b'corresponding', b'to', b'black', b'body', b'that', b'absorbs', b'all', b'incident', b'radiation', b'to', b'one', b'corresponding', b'to', b'white', b'body', b'that', b'reflects', b'all', b'incident', b'radiation', b'surface', b'albedo', b'is', b'defined', b'as', b'the', b'ratio', b'of', b'radiation', b'reflected', b'to', b'the', b'radiation', b'incident', b'on', b'surface', b'the', b'proportion', b'reflected', b'is', b'not', b'only', b'determined', b'by', b'properties', b'of', b'the', b'surface', b'itself', b'but', b'also', b'by', b'the', b'spectral', b'and', b'angular', b'distribution', b'of', b'solar', b'radiation', b'reaching', b'the', b'earth', b'surface', b'these', b'factors', b'vary', b'with', b'atmospheric', b'composition', b'geographic', b'location', b'and', b'time', b'see', b'position', b'of', b'the', b'sun', b'while', b'bi', b'hemispherical', b'reflectance', b'is', b'calculated', b'for', b'single', b'angle', b'of', b'incidence', b'for', b'given', b'position', b'of', b'the', b'sun', b'albedo', b'is', b'the', b'directional', b'integration', b'of', b'reflectance', b'over', b'all', b'solar', b'angles', b'in', b'given', b'period', b'the', b'temporal', b'resolution', b'may', b'range', b'from', b'seconds', b'as', b'obtained', b'from', b'flux', b'measurements', b'to', b'daily', b'seasonal', b'or', b'annual', b'averages', b'unless', b'given', b'for', b'specific', b'wavelength', b'spectral', b'albedo', b'albedo', b'refers', b'to', b'the', b'entire', b'spectrum', b'of', b'solar', b'radiation', b'due', b'to', b'measurement', b'constraints', b'it', b'is', b'often', b'given', b'for', b'the', b'spectrum', b'in', b'which', b'most', b'solar', b'energy', b'reaches', b'the', b'surface', b'approximately', b'between', b'and', b'\xce\xbcm', b'this', b'spectrum', b'includes', b'visible', b'light', b'\xce\xbcm', b'which', b'explains', b'why', b'surfaces', b'with', b'low', b'albedo', b'appear', b'dark', b'trees', b'absorb', b'most', b'radiation', b'whereas', b'surfaces', b'with', b'high', b'albedo', b'appear', b'bright', b'snow', b'reflects', b'most', b'radiation', b'albedo', b'is', b'an', b'important', b'concept', b'in', b'climatology', b'astronomy', b'and', b'environmental', b'management', b'as', b'part', b'of', b'the', b'leadership', b'in', b'energy', b'and', b'environmental', b'design', b'leed', b'program', b'for', b'sustainable', b'rating', b'of', b'buildings', b'the', b'average', b'albedo', b'of', b'the', b'earth', b'at', b'the', b'top', b'of', b'the', b'atmosphere', b'its', b'planetary', b'albedo', b'is', b'to', b'because', b'of', b'cloud', b'cover', b'but', b'widely', b'varies', b'locally', b'across', b'the', b'surface', b'because', b'of', b'different', b'geological', b'and', b'environmental', b'features', b'the', b'term', b'albedo', b'was', b'introduced', b'into', b'optics', b'by', b'johann', b'heinrich', b'lambert', b'in', b'his', b'work', b'photometria', b'terrestrial', b'albedo', b'sample', b'albedos', b'surface', b'typicalalbedo', b'fresh', b'asphalt', b'open', b'ocean', b'worn', b'asphalt', b'conifer', b'forest', b'summer', b'to', b'deciduous', b'trees', b'to', b'bare', b'soil', b'green', b'grass', b'desert', b'sand', b'new', b'concrete', b'ocean', b'ice', b'fresh', b'snow', b'any', b'albedo', b'in', b'visible', b'light', b'falls', b'within', b'range', b'of', b'about', b'for', b'fresh', b'snow', b'to', b'about', b'for', b'charcoal', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'darkest', b'substances', b'deeply', b'shadowed', b'cavities', b'can', b'achieve', b'an', b'effective', b'albedo', b'approaching', b'the', b'zero', b'of', b'black', b'body', b'when', b'seen', b'from', b'distance', b'the', b'ocean', b'surface', b'has', b'low', b'albedo', b'as', b'do', b'most', b'forests', b'whereas', b'desert', b'areas', b'have', b'some', b'of', b'the', b'highest', b'albedos', b'among', b'landforms', b'most', b'land', b'areas', b'are', b'in', b'an', b'albedo', b'range', b'of', b'to', b'the', b'average', b'albedo', b'of', b'earth', b'is', b'about', b'this', b'is', b'far', b'higher', b'than', b'for', b'the', b'ocean', b'primarily', b'because', b'of', b'the', b'contribution', b'of', b'clouds', b'mean', b'annual', b'clear', b'sky', b'and', b'total', b'sky', b'albedo', b'earth', b'surface', b'albedo', b'is', b'regularly', b'estimated', b'via', b'earth', b'observation', b'satellite', b'sensors', b'such', b'as', b'nasa', b'modis', b'instruments', b'on', b'board', b'the', b'terra', b'and', b'aqua', b'satellites', b'as', b'the', b'total', b'amount', b'of', b'reflected', b'radiation', b'cannot', b'be', b'directly', b'measured', b'by', b'satellite', b'mathematical', b'model', b'is', b'used', b'to', b'translate', b'sample', b'set', b'of', b'satellite', b'reflectance', b'measurements', b'into', b'estimates', b'of', b'directional', b'hemispherical', b'reflectance', b'and', b'bi', b'hemispherical', b'reflectance', b'these', b'calculations', b'are', b'based', b'on', b'the', b'bidirectional', b'reflectance', b'distribution', b'function', b'brdf', b'which', b'describes', b'how', b'the', b'reflectance', b'of', b'given', b'surface', b'depends', b'on', b'the', b'view', b'angle', b'of', b'the', b'observer', b'and', b'the', b'solar', b'angle', b'thereby', b'the', b'brdf', b'allows', b'to', b'translate', b'observations', b'of', b'reflectance', b'into', b'albedo', b'earth', b'average', b'surface', b'temperature', b'due', b'to', b'its', b'albedo', b'and', b'the', b'greenhouse', b'effect', b'is', b'currently', b'about', b'if', b'earth', b'were', b'frozen', b'entirely', b'and', b'hence', b'be', b'more', b'reflective', b'the', b'average', b'temperature', b'of', b'the', b'planet', b'would', b'drop', b'below', b'if', b'only', b'the', b'continental', b'land', b'masses', b'became', b'covered', b'by', b'glaciers', b'the', b'mean', b'temperature', b'of', b'the', b'planet', b'would', b'drop', b'to', b'about', b'in', b'contrast', b'if', b'the', b'entire', b'earth', b'was', b'covered', b'by', b'water', b'so', b'called', b'aquaplanet', b'the', b'average', b'temperature', b'on', b'the', b'planet', b'would', b'rise', b'to', b'almost', b'white', b'sky', b'and', b'black', b'sky', b'albedo', b'for', b'land', b'surfaces', b'it', b'has', b'been', b'shown', b'that', b'the', b'albedo', b'at', b'particular', b'solar', b'zenith', b'angle', b'can', b'be', b'approximated', b'by', b'the', b'proportionate', b'sum', b'of', b'two', b'terms', b'the', b'directional', b'hemispherical', b'reflectance', b'at', b'that', b'solar', b'zenith', b'angle', b'and', b'the', b'bi', b'hemispherical', b'reflectance', b'with', b'being', b'the', b'proportion', b'of', b'direct', b'radiation', b'from', b'given', b'solar', b'angle', b'and', b'being', b'the', b'proportion', b'of', b'diffuse', b'illumination', b'hence', b'the', b'actual', b'albedo', b'also', b'called', b'blue', b'sky', b'albedo', b'can', b'then', b'be', b'given', b'as', b'directional', b'hemispherical', b'reflectance', b'is', b'sometimes', b'referred', b'to', b'as', b'black', b'sky', b'albedo', b'and', b'bi', b'hemispherical', b'reflectance', b'as', b'white', b'sky', b'albedo', b'these', b'terms', b'are', b'important', b'because', b'they', b'allow', b'the', b'albedo', b'to', b'be', b'calculated', b'for', b'any', b'given', b'illumination', b'conditions', b'from', b'knowledge', b'of', b'the', b'intrinsic', b'properties', b'of', b'the', b'surface', b'astronomical', b'albedo', b'the', b'albedos', b'of', b'planets', b'satellites', b'and', b'asteroids', b'can', b'be', b'used', b'to', b'infer', b'much', b'about', b'their', b'properties', b'the', b'study', b'of', b'albedos', b'their', b'dependence', b'on', b'wavelength', b'lighting', b'angle', b'phase', b'angle', b'and', b'variation', b'in', b'time', b'comprises', b'major', b'part', b'of', b'the', b'astronomical', b'field', b'of', b'photometry', b'for', b'small', b'and', b'far', b'objects', b'that', b'cannot', b'be', b'resolved', b'by', b'telescopes', b'much', b'of', b'what', b'we', b'know', b'comes', b'from', b'the', b'study', b'of', b'their', b'albedos', b'for', b'example', b'the', b'absolute', b'albedo', b'can', b'indicate', b'the', b'surface', b'ice', b'content', b'of', b'outer', b'solar', b'system', b'objects', b'the', b'variation', b'of', b'albedo', b'with', b'phase', b'angle', b'gives', b'information', b'about', b'regolith', b'properties', b'whereas', b'unusually', b'high', b'radar', b'albedo', b'is', b'indicative', b'of', b'high', b'metal', b'content', b'in', b'asteroids', b'enceladus', b'moon', b'of', b'saturn', b'has', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'highest', b'known', b'albedos', b'of', b'any', b'body', b'in', b'the', b'solar', b'system', b'with', b'of', b'em', b'radiation', b'reflected', b'another', b'notable', b'high', b'albedo', b'body', b'is', b'eris', b'with', b'an', b'albedo', b'of', b'many', b'small', b'objects', b'in', b'the', b'outer', b'solar', b'system', b'and', b'asteroid', b'belt', b'have', b'low', b'albedos', b'down', b'to', b'about', b'typical', b'comet', b'nucleus', b'has', b'an', b'albedo', b'of', b'such', b'dark', b'surface', b'is', b'thought', b'to', b'be', b'indicative', b'of', b'primitive', b'and', b'heavily', b'space', b'weathered', b'surface', b'containing', b'some', b'organic', b'compounds', b'the', b'overall', b'albedo', b'of', b'the', b'moon', b'is', b'measured', b'to', b'be', b'around', b'but', b'it', b'is', b'strongly', b'directional', b'and', b'non', b'lambertian', b'displaying', b'also', b'strong', b'opposition', b'effect', b'although', b'such', b'reflectance', b'properties', b'are', b'different', b'from', b'those', b'of', b'any', b'terrestrial', b'terrains', b'they', b'are', b'typical', b'of', b'the', b'regolith', b'surfaces', b'of', b'airless', b'solar', b'system', b'bodies', b'two', b'common', b'albedos', b'that', b'are', b'used', b'in', b'astronomy', b'are', b'the', b'band', b'geometric', b'albedo', b'measuring', b'brightness', b'when', b'illumination', b'comes', b'from', b'directly', b'behind', b'the', b'observer', b'and', b'the', b'bond', b'albedo', b'measuring', b'total', b'proportion', b'of', b'electromagnetic', b'energy', b'reflected', b'their', b'values', b'can', b'differ', b'significantly', b'which', b'is', b'common', b'source', b'of', b'confusion', b'in', b'detailed', b'studies', b'the', b'directional', b'reflectance', b'properties', b'of', b'astronomical', b'bodies', b'are', b'often', b'expressed', b'in', b'terms', b'of', b'the', b'five', b'hapke', b'parameters', b'which', b'semi', b'empirically', b'describe', b'the', b'variation', b'of', b'albedo', b'with', b'phase', b'angle', b'including', b'of', b'the', b'opposition', b'effect', b'of', b'regolith', b'surfaces', b'the', b'correlation', b'between', b'astronomical', b'geometric', b'albedo', b'absolute', b'magnitude', b'and', b'diameter', b'is', b'where', b'is', b'the', b'astronomical', b'albedo', b'is', b'the', b'diameter', b'in', b'kilometers', b'and', b'is', b'the', b'absolute', b'magnitude', b'examples', b'of', b'terrestrial', b'albedo', b'effects', b'illumination', b'although', b'the', b'albedo', b'temperature', b'effect', b'is', b'best', b'known', b'in', b'colder', b'whiter', b'regions', b'on', b'earth', b'the', b'maximum', b'albedo', b'is', b'actually', b'found', b'in', b'the', b'tropics', b'where', b'year', b'round', b'illumination', b'is', b'greater', b'the', b'maximum', b'is', b'additionally', b'in', b'the', b'northern', b'hemisphere', b'varying', b'between', b'three', b'and', b'twelve', b'degrees', b'north', b'the', b'minima', b'are', b'found', b'in', b'the', b'subtropical', b'regions', b'of', b'the', b'northern', b'and', b'southern', b'hemispheres', b'beyond', b'which', b'albedo', b'increases', b'without', b'respect', b'to', b'illumination', b'insolation', b'effects', b'the', b'intensity', b'of', b'albedo', b'temperature', b'effects', b'depend', b'on', b'the', b'amount', b'of', b'albedo', b'and', b'the', b'level', b'of', b'local', b'insolation', b'solar', b'irradiance', b'high', b'albedo', b'areas', b'in', b'the', b'arctic', b'and', b'antarctic', b'regions', b'are', b'cold', b'due', b'to', b'low', b'insolation', b'where', b'areas', b'such', b'as', b'the', b'sahara', b'desert', b'which', b'also', b'have', b'relatively', b'high', b'albedo', b'will', b'be', b'hotter', b'due', b'to', b'high', b'insolation', b'tropical', b'and', b'sub', b'tropical', b'rainforest', b'areas', b'have', b'low', b'albedo', b'and', b'are', b'much', b'hotter', b'than', b'their', b'temperate', b'forest', b'counterparts', b'which', b'have', b'lower', b'insolation', b'because', b'insolation', b'plays', b'such', b'big', b'role', b'in', b'the', b'heating', b'and', b'cooling', b'effects', b'of', b'albedo', b'high', b'insolation', b'areas', b'like', b'the', b'tropics', b'will', b'tend', b'to', b'show', b'more', b'pronounced', b'fluctuation', b'in', b'local', b'temperature', b'when', b'local', b'albedo', b'changes', b'arctic', b'regions', b'notably', b'release', b'more', b'heat', b'back', b'into', b'space', b'than', b'what', b'they', b'absorb', b'effectively', b'cooling', b'the', b'earth', b'this', b'has', b'been', b'concern', b'since', b'arctic', b'ice', b'and', b'snow', b'has', b'been', b'melting', b'at', b'higher', b'rates', b'due', b'to', b'higher', b'temperatures', b'creating', b'regions', b'in', b'the', b'arctic', b'that', b'are', b'notably', b'darker', b'being', b'water', b'or', b'ground', b'which', b'is', b'darker', b'color', b'and', b'reflects', b'less', b'heat', b'back', b'into', b'space', b'this', b'feedback', b'loop', b'results', b'in', b'reduced', b'albedo', b'effect', b'climate', b'and', b'weather', b'albedo', b'affects', b'climate', b'by', b'determining', b'how', b'much', b'radiation', b'planet', b'absorbs', b'the', b'uneven', b'heating', b'of', b'earth', b'from', b'albedo', b'variations', b'between', b'land', b'ice', b'or', b'ocean', b'surfaces', b'can', b'drive', b'weather', b'albedo', b'temperature', b'feedback', b'when', b'an', b'area', b'albedo', b'changes', b'due', b'to', b'snowfall', b'snow', b'temperature', b'feedback', b'results', b'layer', b'of', b'snowfall', b'increases', b'local', b'albedo', b'reflecting', b'away', b'sunlight', b'leading', b'to', b'local', b'cooling', b'in', b'principle', b'if', b'no', b'outside', b'temperature', b'change', b'affects', b'this', b'area', b'warm', b'air', b'mass', b'the', b'raised', b'albedo', b'and', b'lower', b'temperature', b'would', b'maintain', b'the', b'current', b'snow', b'and', b'invite', b'further', b'snowfall', b'deepening', b'the', b'snow', b'temperature', b'feedback', b'however', b'because', b'local', b'weather', b'is', b'dynamic', b'due', b'to', b'the', b'change', b'of', b'seasons', b'eventually', b'warm', b'air', b'masses', b'and', b'more', b'direct', b'angle', b'of', b'sunlight', b'higher', b'insolation', b'cause', b'melting', b'when', b'the', b'melted', b'area', b'reveals', b'surfaces', b'with', b'lower', b'albedo', b'such', b'as', b'grass', b'or', b'soil', b'the', b'effect', b'is', b'reversed', b'the', b'darkening', b'surface', b'lowers', b'albedo', b'increasing', b'local', b'temperatures', b'which', b'induces', b'more', b'melting', b'and', b'thus', b'reducing', b'the', b'albedo', b'further', b'resulting', b'in', b'still', b'more', b'heating', b'snow', b'snow', b'albedo', b'is', b'highly', b'variable', b'ranging', b'from', b'as', b'high', b'as', b'for', b'freshly', b'fallen', b'snow', b'to', b'about', b'for', b'melting', b'snow', b'and', b'as', b'low', b'as', b'for', b'dirty', b'snow', b'over', b'antarctica', b'they', b'average', b'little', b'more', b'than', b'if', b'marginally', b'snow', b'covered', b'area', b'warms', b'snow', b'tends', b'to', b'melt', b'lowering', b'the', b'albedo', b'and', b'hence', b'leading', b'to', b'more', b'snowmelt', b'because', b'more', b'radiation', b'is', b'being', b'absorbed', b'by', b'the', b'snowpack', b'the', b'ice', b'albedo', b'positive', b'feedback', b'cryoconite', b'powdery', b'windblown', b'dust', b'containing', b'soot', b'sometimes', b'reduces', b'albedo', b'on', b'glaciers', b'and', b'ice', b'sheets', b'hence', b'small', b'errors', b'in', b'albedo', b'can', b'lead', b'to', b'large', b'errors', b'in', b'energy', b'estimates', b'which', b'is', b'why', b'it', b'is', b'important', b'to', b'measure', b'the', b'albedo', b'of', b'snow', b'covered', b'areas', b'through', b'remote', b'sensing', b'techniques', b'rather', b'than', b'applying', b'single', b'value', b'over', b'broad', b'regions', b'small', b'scale', b'effects', b'albedo', b'works', b'on', b'smaller', b'scale', b'too', b'in', b'sunlight', b'dark', b'clothes', b'absorb', b'more', b'heat', b'and', b'light', b'coloured', b'clothes', b'reflect', b'it', b'better', b'thus', b'allowing', b'some', b'control', b'over', b'body', b'temperature', b'by', b'exploiting', b'the', b'albedo', b'effect', b'of', b'the', b'colour', b'of', b'external', b'clothing', b'solar', b'photovoltaic', b'effects', b'albedo', b'can', b'affect', b'the', b'electrical', b'energy', b'output', b'of', b'solar', b'photovoltaic', b'devices', b'for', b'example', b'the', b'effects', b'of', b'spectrally', b'responsive', b'albedo', b'are', b'illustrated', b'by', b'the', b'differences', b'between', b'the', b'spectrally', b'weighted', b'albedo', b'of', b'solar', b'photovoltaic', b'technology', b'based', b'on', b'hydrogenated', b'amorphous', b'silicon', b'si', b'and', b'crystalline', b'silicon', b'si', b'based', b'compared', b'to', b'traditional', b'spectral', b'integrated', b'albedo', b'predictions', b'research', b'showed', b'impacts', b'of', b'over', b'more', b'recently', b'the', b'analysis', b'was', b'extended', b'to', b'the', b'effects', b'of', b'spectral', b'bias', b'due', b'to', b'the', b'specular', b'reflectivity', b'of', b'commonly', b'occurring', b'surface', b'materials', b'both', b'human', b'made', b'and', b'natural', b'and', b'analyzes', b'the', b'albedo', b'effects', b'on', b'the', b'performance', b'of', b'seven', b'photovoltaic', b'materials', b'covering', b'three', b'common', b'photovoltaic', b'system', b'topologies', b'industrial', b'solar', b'farms', b'commercial', b'flat', b'rooftops', b'and', b'residential', b'pitched', b'roof', b'applications', b'trees', b'because', b'forests', b'generally', b'have', b'low', b'albedo', b'the', b'majority', b'of', b'the', b'ultraviolet', b'and', b'visible', b'spectrum', b'is', b'absorbed', b'through', b'photosynthesis', b'some', b'scientists', b'have', b'suggested', b'that', b'greater', b'heat', b'absorption', b'by', b'trees', b'could', b'offset', b'some', b'of', b'the', b'carbon', b'benefits', b'of', b'afforestation', b'or', b'offset', b'the', b'negative', b'climate', b'impacts', b'of', b'deforestation', b'in', b'the', b'case', b'of', b'evergreen', b'forests', b'with', b'seasonal', b'snow', b'cover', b'albedo', b'reduction', b'may', b'be', b'great', b'enough', b'for', b'deforestation', b'to', b'cause', b'net', b'cooling', b'effect', b'trees', b'also', b'impact', b'climate', b'in', b'extremely', b'complicated', b'ways', b'through', b'the', b'water', b'vapor', b'causes', b'cooling', b'on', b'the', b'land', b'surface', b'causes', b'heating', b'where', b'it', b'condenses', b'acts', b'strong', b'greenhouse', b'gas', b'and', b'can', b'increase', b'albedo', b'when', b'it', b'condenses', b'into', b'clouds', b'scientists', b'generally', b'treat', b'as', b'net', b'cooling', b'impact', b'and', b'the', b'net', b'climate', b'impact', b'of', b'albedo', b'and', b'changes', b'from', b'deforestation', b'depends', b'greatly', b'on', b'local', b'climate', b'in', b'seasonally', b'snow', b'covered', b'zones', b'winter', b'albedos', b'of', b'treeless', b'areas', b'are', b'to', b'higher', b'than', b'nearby', b'forested', b'areas', b'because', b'snow', b'does', b'not', b'cover', b'the', b'trees', b'as', b'readily', b'deciduous', b'trees', b'have', b'an', b'albedo', b'value', b'of', b'about', b'to', b'whereas', b'coniferous', b'trees', b'have', b'value', b'of', b'about', b'to', b'studies', b'by', b'the', b'hadley', b'centre', b'have', b'investigated', b'the', b'relative', b'generally', b'warming', b'effect', b'of', b'albedo', b'change', b'and', b'cooling', b'effect', b'of', b'carbon', b'sequestration', b'on', b'planting', b'forests', b'they', b'found', b'that', b'new', b'forests', b'in', b'tropical', b'and', b'midlatitude', b'areas', b'tended', b'to', b'cool', b'new', b'forests', b'in', b'high', b'latitudes', b'siberia', b'were', b'neutral', b'or', b'perhaps', b'warming', b'water', b'water', b'reflects', b'light', b'very', b'differently', b'from', b'typical', b'terrestrial', b'materials', b'the', b'reflectivity', b'of', b'water', b'surface', b'is', b'calculated', b'using', b'the', b'fresnel', b'equations', b'see', b'graph', b'reflectivity', b'of', b'smooth', b'water', b'at', b'refractive', b'index', b'at', b'the', b'scale', b'of', b'the', b'wavelength', b'of', b'light', b'even', b'wavy', b'water', b'is', b'always', b'smooth', b'so', b'the', b'light', b'is', b'reflected', b'in', b'locally', b'specular', b'manner', b'not', b'diffusely', b'the', b'glint', b'of', b'light', b'off', b'water', b'is', b'commonplace', b'effect', b'of', b'this', b'at', b'small', b'angles', b'of', b'incident', b'light', b'waviness', b'results', b'in', b'reduced', b'reflectivity', b'because', b'of', b'the', b'steepness', b'of', b'the', b'reflectivity', b'vs', b'incident', b'angle', b'curve', b'and', b'locally', b'increased', b'average', b'incident', b'angle', b'although', b'the', b'reflectivity', b'of', b'water', b'is', b'very', b'low', b'at', b'low', b'and', b'medium', b'angles', b'of', b'incident', b'light', b'it', b'becomes', b'very', b'high', b'at', b'high', b'angles', b'of', b'incident', b'light', b'such', b'as', b'those', b'that', b'occur', b'on', b'the', b'illuminated', b'side', b'of', b'earth', b'near', b'the', b'terminator', b'early', b'morning', b'late', b'afternoon', b'and', b'near', b'the', b'poles', b'however', b'as', b'mentioned', b'above', b'waviness', b'causes', b'an', b'appreciable', b'reduction', b'because', b'light', b'specularly', b'reflected', b'from', b'water', b'does', b'not', b'usually', b'reach', b'the', b'viewer', b'water', b'is', b'usually', b'considered', b'to', b'have', b'very', b'low', b'albedo', b'in', b'spite', b'of', b'its', b'high', b'reflectivity', b'at', b'high', b'angles', b'of', b'incident', b'light', b'note', b'that', b'white', b'caps', b'on', b'waves', b'look', b'white', b'and', b'have', b'high', b'albedo', b'because', b'the', b'water', b'is', b'foamed', b'up', b'so', b'there', b'are', b'many', b'superimposed', b'bubble', b'surfaces', b'which', b'reflect', b'adding', b'up', b'their', b'reflectivities', b'fresh', b'black', b'ice', b'exhibits', b'fresnel', b'reflection', b'clouds', b'cloud', b'albedo', b'has', b'substantial', b'influence', b'over', b'atmospheric', b'temperatures', b'different', b'types', b'of', b'clouds', b'exhibit', b'different', b'reflectivity', b'theoretically', b'ranging', b'in', b'albedo', b'from', b'minimum', b'of', b'near', b'to', b'maximum', b'approaching', b'on', b'any', b'given', b'day', b'about', b'half', b'of', b'earth', b'is', b'covered', b'by', b'clouds', b'which', b'reflect', b'more', b'sunlight', b'than', b'land', b'and', b'water', b'clouds', b'keep', b'earth', b'cool', b'by', b'reflecting', b'sunlight', b'but', b'they', b'can', b'also', b'serve', b'as', b'blankets', b'to', b'trap', b'warmth', b'albedo', b'and', b'climate', b'in', b'some', b'areas', b'are', b'affected', b'by', b'artificial', b'clouds', b'such', b'as', b'those', b'created', b'by', b'the', b'contrails', b'of', b'heavy', b'commercial', b'airliner', b'traffic', b'study', b'following', b'the', b'burning', b'of', b'the', b'kuwaiti', b'oil', b'fields', b'during', b'iraqi', b'occupation', b'showed', b'that', b'temperatures', b'under', b'the', b'burning', b'oil', b'fires', b'were', b'as', b'much', b'as', b'colder', b'than', b'temperatures', b'several', b'miles', b'away', b'under', b'clear', b'skies', b'aerosol', b'effects', b'aerosols', b'very', b'fine', b'particles', b'droplets', b'in', b'the', b'atmosphere', b'have', b'both', b'direct', b'and', b'indirect', b'effects', b'on', b'earth', b'radiative', b'balance', b'the', b'direct', b'albedo', b'effect', b'is', b'generally', b'to', b'cool', b'the', b'planet', b'the', b'indirect', b'effect', b'the', b'particles', b'act', b'as', b'cloud', b'condensation', b'nuclei', b'and', b'thereby', b'change', b'cloud', b'properties', b'is', b'less', b'certain', b'as', b'per', b'the', b'effects', b'are', b'aerosol', b'direct', b'effect', b'aerosols', b'directly', b'scatter', b'and', b'absorb', b'radiation', b'the', b'scattering', b'of', b'radiation', b'causes', b'atmospheric', b'cooling', b'whereas', b'absorption', b'can', b'cause', b'atmospheric', b'warming', b'aerosol', b'indirect', b'effect', b'aerosols', b'modify', b'the', b'properties', b'of', b'clouds', b'through', b'subset', b'of', b'the', b'aerosol', b'population', b'called', b'cloud', b'condensation', b'nuclei', b'increased', b'nuclei', b'concentrations', b'lead', b'to', b'increased', b'cloud', b'droplet', b'number', b'concentrations', b'which', b'in', b'turn', b'leads', b'to', b'increased', b'cloud', b'albedo', b'increased', b'light', b'scattering', b'and', b'radiative', b'cooling', b'first', b'indirect', b'effect', b'but', b'also', b'leads', b'to', b'reduced', b'precipitation', b'efficiency', b'and', b'increased', b'lifetime', b'of', b'the', b'cloud', b'second', b'indirect', b'effect', b'black', b'carbon', b'another', b'albedo', b'related', b'effect', b'on', b'the', b'climate', b'is', b'from', b'black', b'carbon', b'particles', b'the', b'size', b'of', b'this', b'effect', b'is', b'difficult', b'to', b'quantify', b'the', b'panel', b'on', b'climate', b'change', b'estimates', b'that', b'the', b'global', b'mean', b'radiative', b'forcing', b'for', b'black', b'carbon', b'aerosols', b'from', b'fossil', b'fuels', b'is', b'with', b'range', b'to', b'black', b'carbon', b'is', b'bigger', b'cause', b'of', b'the', b'melting', b'of', b'the', b'polar', b'ice', b'cap', b'in', b'the', b'arctic', b'than', b'carbon', b'dioxide', b'due', b'to', b'its', b'effect', b'on', b'the', b'albedo', b'human', b'activities', b'human', b'activities', b'deforestation', b'farming', b'and', b'urbanization', b'change', b'the', b'albedo', b'of', b'various', b'areas', b'around', b'the', b'globe', b'however', b'quantification', b'of', b'this', b'effect', b'on', b'the', b'global', b'scale', b'is', b'difficult', b'other', b'types', b'of', b'albedo', b'single', b'scattering', b'albedo', b'is', b'used', b'to', b'define', b'scattering', b'of', b'electromagnetic', b'waves', b'on', b'small', b'particles', b'it', b'depends', b'on', b'properties', b'of', b'the', b'material', b'refractive', b'index', b'the', b'size', b'of', b'the', b'particle', b'or', b'particles', b'and', b'the', b'wavelength', b'of', b'the', b'incoming', b'radiation', b'see', b'also', b'references', b'external', b'links', b'official', b'website', b'of', b'albedo', b'project', b'global', b'albedo', b'project', b'center', b'for', b'clouds', b'chemistry', b'and', b'climate', b'albedo', b'encyclopedia', b'of', b'earth', b'nasa', b'modis', b'brdf', b'albedo', b'product', b'site', b'surface', b'albedo', b'derived', b'from', b'meteosat', b'observations', b'discussion', b'of', b'lunar', b'albedos', b'reflectivity', b'of', b'metals', b'chart']
TaggedDocument(['percentage', 'of', 'diffusely', 'reflected', 'sunlight', 'in', 'relation', 'to', 'various', 'surface', 'conditions', 'albedo', 'is', 'measure', 'for', 'reflectance', 'or', 'optical', 'brightness', 'latin', 'albedo', 'arabic', 'albayad', 'whiteness', 'it', 'is', 'dimensionless', 'and', 'measured', 'on', 'scale', 'from', 'zero', 'corresponding', 'to', 'black', 'body', 'that', 'absorbs', 'all', 'incident', 'radiation', 'to', 'one', 'corresponding', 'to', 'white', 'body', 'that', 'reflects', 'all', 'incident', 'radiation', 'surface', 'albedo', 'is', 'defined', 'as', 'the', 'ratio', 'of', 'radiation', 'reflected', 'to', 'the', 'radiation', 'incident', 'on', 'surface', 'the', 'proportion', 'reflected', 'is', 'not', 'only', 'determined', 'by', 'properties', 'of', 'the', 'surface', 'itself', 'but', 'also', 'by', 'the', 'spectral', 'and', 'angular', 'distribution', 'of', 'solar', 'radiation', 'reaching', 'the', 'earth', 'surface', 'these', 'factors', 'vary', 'with', 'atmospheric', 'composition', 'geographic', 'location', 'and', 'time', 'see', 'position', 'of', 'the', 'sun', 'while', 'bi', 'hemispherical', 'reflectance', 'is', 'calculated', 'for', 'single', 'angle', 'of', 'incidence', 'for', 'given', 'position', 'of', 'the', 'sun', 'albedo', 'is', 'the', 'directional', 'integration', 'of', 'reflectance', 'over', 'all', 'solar', 'angles', 'in', 'given', 'period', 'the', 'temporal', 'resolution', 'may', 'range', 'from', 'seconds', 'as', 'obtained', 'from', 'flux', 'measurements', 'to', 'daily', 'seasonal', 'or', 'annual', 'averages', 'unless', 'given', 'for', 'specific', 'wavelength', 'spectral', 'albedo', 'albedo', 'refers', 'to', 'the', 'entire', 'spectrum', 'of', 'solar', 'radiation', 'due', 'to', 'measurement', 'constraints', 'it', 'is', 'often', 'given', 'for', 'the', 'spectrum', 'in', 'which', 'most', 'solar', 'energy', 'reaches', 'the', 'surface', 'approximately', 'between', 'and', 'μm', 'this', 'spectrum', 'includes', 'visible', 'light', 'μm', 'which', 'explains', 'why', 'surfaces', 'with', 'low', 'albedo', 'appear', 'dark', 'trees', 'absorb', 'most', 'radiation', 'whereas', 'surfaces', 'with', 'high', 'albedo', 'appear', 'bright', 'snow', 'reflects', 'most', 'radiation', 'albedo', 'is', 'an', 'important', 'concept', 'in', 'climatology', 'astronomy', 'and', 'environmental', 'management', 'as', 'part', 'of', 'the', 'leadership', 'in', 'energy', 'and', 'environmental', 'design', 'leed', 'program', 'for', 'sustainable', 'rating', 'of', 'buildings', 'the', 'average', 'albedo', 'of', 'the', 'earth', 'at', 'the', 'top', 'of', 'the', 'atmosphere', 'its', 'planetary', 'albedo', 'is', 'to', 'because', 'of', 'cloud', 'cover', 'but', 'widely', 'varies', 'locally', 'across', 'the', 'surface', 'because', 'of', 'different', 'geological', 'and', 'environmental', 'features', 'the', 'term', 'albedo', 'was', 'introduced', 'into', 'optics', 'by', 'johann', 'heinrich', 'lambert', 'in', 'his', 'work', 'photometria', 'terrestrial', 'albedo', 'sample', 'albedos', 'surface', 'typicalalbedo', 'fresh', 'asphalt', 'open', 'ocean', 'worn', 'asphalt', 'conifer', 'forest', 'summer', 'to', 'deciduous', 'trees', 'to', 'bare', 'soil', 'green', 'grass', 'desert', 'sand', 'new', 'concrete', 'ocean', 'ice', 'fresh', 'snow', 'any', 'albedo', 'in', 'visible', 'light', 'falls', 'within', 'range', 'of', 'about', 'for', 'fresh', 'snow', 'to', 'about', 'for', 'charcoal', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'darkest', 'substances', 'deeply', 'shadowed', 'cavities', 'can', 'achieve', 'an', 'effective', 'albedo', 'approaching', 'the', 'zero', 'of', 'black', 'body', 'when', 'seen', 'from', 'distance', 'the', 'ocean', 'surface', 'has', 'low', 'albedo', 'as', 'do', 'most', 'forests', 'whereas', 'desert', 'areas', 'have', 'some', 'of', 'the', 'highest', 'albedos', 'among', 'landforms', 'most', 'land', 'areas', 'are', 'in', 'an', 'albedo', 'range', 'of', 'to', 'the', 'average', 'albedo', 'of', 'earth', 'is', 'about', 'this', 'is', 'far', 'higher', 'than', 'for', 'the', 'ocean', 'primarily', 'because', 'of', 'the', 'contribution', 'of', 'clouds', 'mean', 'annual', 'clear', 'sky', 'and', 'total', 'sky', 'albedo', 'earth', 'surface', 'albedo', 'is', 'regularly', 'estimated', 'via', 'earth', 'observation', 'satellite', 'sensors', 'such', 'as', 'nasa', 'modis', 'instruments', 'on', 'board', 'the', 'terra', 'and', 'aqua', 'satellites', 'as', 'the', 'total', 'amount', 'of', 'reflected', 'radiation', 'cannot', 'be', 'directly', 'measured', 'by', 'satellite', 'mathematical', 'model', 'is', 'used', 'to', 'translate', 'sample', 'set', 'of', 'satellite', 'reflectance', 'measurements', 'into', 'estimates', 'of', 'directional', 'hemispherical', 'reflectance', 'and', 'bi', 'hemispherical', 'reflectance', 'these', 'calculations', 'are', 'based', 'on', 'the', 'bidirectional', 'reflectance', 'distribution', 'function', 'brdf', 'which', 'describes', 'how', 'the', 'reflectance', 'of', 'given', 'surface', 'depends', 'on', 'the', 'view', 'angle', 'of', 'the', 'observer', 'and', 'the', 'solar', 'angle', 'thereby', 'the', 'brdf', 'allows', 'to', 'translate', 'observations', 'of', 'reflectance', 'into', 'albedo', 'earth', 'average', 'surface', 'temperature', 'due', 'to', 'its', 'albedo', 'and', 'the', 'greenhouse', 'effect', 'is', 'currently', 'about', 'if', 'earth', 'were', 'frozen', 'entirely', 'and', 'hence', 'be', 'more', 'reflective', 'the', 'average', 'temperature', 'of', 'the', 'planet', 'would', 'drop', 'below', 'if', 'only', 'the', 'continental', 'land', 'masses', 'became', 'covered', 'by', 'glaciers', 'the', 'mean', 'temperature', 'of', 'the', 'planet', 'would', 'drop', 'to', 'about', 'in', 'contrast', 'if', 'the', 'entire', 'earth', 'was', 'covered', 'by', 'water', 'so', 'called', 'aquaplanet', 'the', 'average', 'temperature', 'on', 'the', 'planet', 'would', 'rise', 'to', 'almost', 'white', 'sky', 'and', 'black', 'sky', 'albedo', 'for', 'land', 'surfaces', 'it', 'has', 'been', 'shown', 'that', 'the', 'albedo', 'at', 'particular', 'solar', 'zenith', 'angle', 'can', 'be', 'approximated', 'by', 'the', 'proportionate', 'sum', 'of', 'two', 'terms', 'the', 'directional', 'hemispherical', 'reflectance', 'at', 'that', 'solar', 'zenith', 'angle', 'and', 'the', 'bi', 'hemispherical', 'reflectance', 'with', 'being', 'the', 'proportion', 'of', 'direct', 'radiation', 'from', 'given', 'solar', 'angle', 'and', 'being', 'the', 'proportion', 'of', 'diffuse', 'illumination', 'hence', 'the', 'actual', 'albedo', 'also', 'called', 'blue', 'sky', 'albedo', 'can', 'then', 'be', 'given', 'as', 'directional', 'hemispherical', 'reflectance', 'is', 'sometimes', 'referred', 'to', 'as', 'black', 'sky', 'albedo', 'and', 'bi', 'hemispherical', 'reflectance', 'as', 'white', 'sky', 'albedo', 'these', 'terms', 'are', 'important', 'because', 'they', 'allow', 'the', 'albedo', 'to', 'be', 'calculated', 'for', 'any', 'given', 'illumination', 'conditions', 'from', 'knowledge', 'of', 'the', 'intrinsic', 'properties', 'of', 'the', 'surface', 'astronomical', 'albedo', 'the', 'albedos', 'of', 'planets', 'satellites', 'and', 'asteroids', 'can', 'be', 'used', 'to', 'infer', 'much', 'about', 'their', 'properties', 'the', 'study', 'of', 'albedos', 'their', 'dependence', 'on', 'wavelength', 'lighting', 'angle', 'phase', 'angle', 'and', 'variation', 'in', 'time', 'comprises', 'major', 'part', 'of', 'the', 'astronomical', 'field', 'of', 'photometry', 'for', 'small', 'and', 'far', 'objects', 'that', 'cannot', 'be', 'resolved', 'by', 'telescopes', 'much', 'of', 'what', 'we', 'know', 'comes', 'from', 'the', 'study', 'of', 'their', 'albedos', 'for', 'example', 'the', 'absolute', 'albedo', 'can', 'indicate', 'the', 'surface', 'ice', 'content', 'of', 'outer', 'solar', 'system', 'objects', 'the', 'variation', 'of', 'albedo', 'with', 'phase', 'angle', 'gives', 'information', 'about', 'regolith', 'properties', 'whereas', 'unusually', 'high', 'radar', 'albedo', 'is', 'indicative', 'of', 'high', 'metal', 'content', 'in', 'asteroids', 'enceladus', 'moon', 'of', 'saturn', 'has', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'highest', 'known', 'albedos', 'of', 'any', 'body', 'in', 'the', 'solar', 'system', 'with', 'of', 'em', 'radiation', 'reflected', 'another', 'notable', 'high', 'albedo', 'body', 'is', 'eris', 'with', 'an', 'albedo', 'of', 'many', 'small', 'objects', 'in', 'the', 'outer', 'solar', 'system', 'and', 'asteroid', 'belt', 'have', 'low', 'albedos', 'down', 'to', 'about', 'typical', 'comet', 'nucleus', 'has', 'an', 'albedo', 'of', 'such', 'dark', 'surface', 'is', 'thought', 'to', 'be', 'indicative', 'of', 'primitive', 'and', 'heavily', 'space', 'weathered', 'surface', 'containing', 'some', 'organic', 'compounds', 'the', 'overall', 'albedo', 'of', 'the', 'moon', 'is', 'measured', 'to', 'be', 'around', 'but', 'it', 'is', 'strongly', 'directional', 'and', 'non', 'lambertian', 'displaying', 'also', 'strong', 'opposition', 'effect', 'although', 'such', 'reflectance', 'properties', 'are', 'different', 'from', 'those', 'of', 'any', 'terrestrial', 'terrains', 'they', 'are', 'typical', 'of', 'the', 'regolith', 'surfaces', 'of', 'airless', 'solar', 'system', 'bodies', 'two', 'common', 'albedos', 'that', 'are', 'used', 'in', 'astronomy', 'are', 'the', 'band', 'geometric', 'albedo', 'measuring', 'brightness', 'when', 'illumination', 'comes', 'from', 'directly', 'behind', 'the', 'observer', 'and', 'the', 'bond', 'albedo', 'measuring', 'total', 'proportion', 'of', 'electromagnetic', 'energy', 'reflected', 'their', 'values', 'can', 'differ', 'significantly', 'which', 'is', 'common', 'source', 'of', 'confusion', 'in', 'detailed', 'studies', 'the', 'directional', 'reflectance', 'properties', 'of', 'astronomical', 'bodies', 'are', 'often', 'expressed', 'in', 'terms', 'of', 'the', 'five', 'hapke', 'parameters', 'which', 'semi', 'empirically', 'describe', 'the', 'variation', 'of', 'albedo', 'with', 'phase', 'angle', 'including', 'of', 'the', 'opposition', 'effect', 'of', 'regolith', 'surfaces', 'the', 'correlation', 'between', 'astronomical', 'geometric', 'albedo', 'absolute', 'magnitude', 'and', 'diameter', 'is', 'where', 'is', 'the', 'astronomical', 'albedo', 'is', 'the', 'diameter', 'in', 'kilometers', 'and', 'is', 'the', 'absolute', 'magnitude', 'examples', 'of', 'terrestrial', 'albedo', 'effects', 'illumination', 'although', 'the', 'albedo', 'temperature', 'effect', 'is', 'best', 'known', 'in', 'colder', 'whiter', 'regions', 'on', 'earth', 'the', 'maximum', 'albedo', 'is', 'actually', 'found', 'in', 'the', 'tropics', 'where', 'year', 'round', 'illumination', 'is', 'greater', 'the', 'maximum', 'is', 'additionally', 'in', 'the', 'northern', 'hemisphere', 'varying', 'between', 'three', 'and', 'twelve', 'degrees', 'north', 'the', 'minima', 'are', 'found', 'in', 'the', 'subtropical', 'regions', 'of', 'the', 'northern', 'and', 'southern', 'hemispheres', 'beyond', 'which', 'albedo', 'increases', 'without', 'respect', 'to', 'illumination', 'insolation', 'effects', 'the', 'intensity', 'of', 'albedo', 'temperature', 'effects', 'depend', 'on', 'the', 'amount', 'of', 'albedo', 'and', 'the', 'level', 'of', 'local', 'insolation', 'solar', 'irradiance', 'high', 'albedo', 'areas', 'in', 'the', 'arctic', 'and', 'antarctic', 'regions', 'are', 'cold', 'due', 'to', 'low', 'insolation', 'where', 'areas', 'such', 'as', 'the', 'sahara', 'desert', 'which', 'also', 'have', 'relatively', 'high', 'albedo', 'will', 'be', 'hotter', 'due', 'to', 'high', 'insolation', 'tropical', 'and', 'sub', 'tropical', 'rainforest', 'areas', 'have', 'low', 'albedo', 'and', 'are', 'much', 'hotter', 'than', 'their', 'temperate', 'forest', 'counterparts', 'which', 'have', 'lower', 'insolation', 'because', 'insolation', 'plays', 'such', 'big', 'role', 'in', 'the', 'heating', 'and', 'cooling', 'effects', 'of', 'albedo', 'high', 'insolation', 'areas', 'like', 'the', 'tropics', 'will', 'tend', 'to', 'show', 'more', 'pronounced', 'fluctuation', 'in', 'local', 'temperature', 'when', 'local', 'albedo', 'changes', 'arctic', 'regions', 'notably', 'release', 'more', 'heat', 'back', 'into', 'space', 'than', 'what', 'they', 'absorb', 'effectively', 'cooling', 'the', 'earth', 'this', 'has', 'been', 'concern', 'since', 'arctic', 'ice', 'and', 'snow', 'has', 'been', 'melting', 'at', 'higher', 'rates', 'due', 'to', 'higher', 'temperatures', 'creating', 'regions', 'in', 'the', 'arctic', 'that', 'are', 'notably', 'darker', 'being', 'water', 'or', 'ground', 'which', 'is', 'darker', 'color', 'and', 'reflects', 'less', 'heat', 'back', 'into', 'space', 'this', 'feedback', 'loop', 'results', 'in', 'reduced', 'albedo', 'effect', 'climate', 'and', 'weather', 'albedo', 'affects', 'climate', 'by', 'determining', 'how', 'much', 'radiation', 'planet', 'absorbs', 'the', 'uneven', 'heating', 'of', 'earth', 'from', 'albedo', 'variations', 'between', 'land', 'ice', 'or', 'ocean', 'surfaces', 'can', 'drive', 'weather', 'albedo', 'temperature', 'feedback', 'when', 'an', 'area', 'albedo', 'changes', 'due', 'to', 'snowfall', 'snow', 'temperature', 'feedback', 'results', 'layer', 'of', 'snowfall', 'increases', 'local', 'albedo', 'reflecting', 'away', 'sunlight', 'leading', 'to', 'local', 'cooling', 'in', 'principle', 'if', 'no', 'outside', 'temperature', 'change', 'affects', 'this', 'area', 'warm', 'air', 'mass', 'the', 'raised', 'albedo', 'and', 'lower', 'temperature', 'would', 'maintain', 'the', 'current', 'snow', 'and', 'invite', 'further', 'snowfall', 'deepening', 'the', 'snow', 'temperature', 'feedback', 'however', 'because', 'local', 'weather', 'is', 'dynamic', 'due', 'to', 'the', 'change', 'of', 'seasons', 'eventually', 'warm', 'air', 'masses', 'and', 'more', 'direct', 'angle', 'of', 'sunlight', 'higher', 'insolation', 'cause', 'melting', 'when', 'the', 'melted', 'area', 'reveals', 'surfaces', 'with', 'lower', 'albedo', 'such', 'as', 'grass', 'or', 'soil', 'the', 'effect', 'is', 'reversed', 'the', 'darkening', 'surface', 'lowers', 'albedo', 'increasing', 'local', 'temperatures', 'which', 'induces', 'more', 'melting', 'and', 'thus', 'reducing', 'the', 'albedo', 'further', 'resulting', 'in', 'still', 'more', 'heating', 'snow', 'snow', 'albedo', 'is', 'highly', 'variable', 'ranging', 'from', 'as', 'high', 'as', 'for', 'freshly', 'fallen', 'snow', 'to', 'about', 'for', 'melting', 'snow', 'and', 'as', 'low', 'as', 'for', 'dirty', 'snow', 'over', 'antarctica', 'they', 'average', 'little', 'more', 'than', 'if', 'marginally', 'snow', 'covered', 'area', 'warms', 'snow', 'tends', 'to', 'melt', 'lowering', 'the', 'albedo', 'and', 'hence', 'leading', 'to', 'more', 'snowmelt', 'because', 'more', 'radiation', 'is', 'being', 'absorbed', 'by', 'the', 'snowpack', 'the', 'ice', 'albedo', 'positive', 'feedback', 'cryoconite', 'powdery', 'windblown', 'dust', 'containing', 'soot', 'sometimes', 'reduces', 'albedo', 'on', 'glaciers', 'and', 'ice', 'sheets', 'hence', 'small', 'errors', 'in', 'albedo', 'can', 'lead', 'to', 'large', 'errors', 'in', 'energy', 'estimates', 'which', 'is', 'why', 'it', 'is', 'important', 'to', 'measure', 'the', 'albedo', 'of', 'snow', 'covered', 'areas', 'through', 'remote', 'sensing', 'techniques', 'rather', 'than', 'applying', 'single', 'value', 'over', 'broad', 'regions', 'small', 'scale', 'effects', 'albedo', 'works', 'on', 'smaller', 'scale', 'too', 'in', 'sunlight', 'dark', 'clothes', 'absorb', 'more', 'heat', 'and', 'light', 'coloured', 'clothes', 'reflect', 'it', 'better', 'thus', 'allowing', 'some', 'control', 'over', 'body', 'temperature', 'by', 'exploiting', 'the', 'albedo', 'effect', 'of', 'the', 'colour', 'of', 'external', 'clothing', 'solar', 'photovoltaic', 'effects', 'albedo', 'can', 'affect', 'the', 'electrical', 'energy', 'output', 'of', 'solar', 'photovoltaic', 'devices', 'for', 'example', 'the', 'effects', 'of', 'spectrally', 'responsive', 'albedo', 'are', 'illustrated', 'by', 'the', 'differences', 'between', 'the', 'spectrally', 'weighted', 'albedo', 'of', 'solar', 'photovoltaic', 'technology', 'based', 'on', 'hydrogenated', 'amorphous', 'silicon', 'si', 'and', 'crystalline', 'silicon', 'si', 'based', 'compared', 'to', 'traditional', 'spectral', 'integrated', 'albedo', 'predictions', 'research', 'showed', 'impacts', 'of', 'over', 'more', 'recently', 'the', 'analysis', 'was', 'extended', 'to', 'the', 'effects', 'of', 'spectral', 'bias', 'due', 'to', 'the', 'specular', 'reflectivity', 'of', 'commonly', 'occurring', 'surface', 'materials', 'both', 'human', 'made', 'and', 'natural', 'and', 'analyzes', 'the', 'albedo', 'effects', 'on', 'the', 'performance', 'of', 'seven', 'photovoltaic', 'materials', 'covering', 'three', 'common', 'photovoltaic', 'system', 'topologies', 'industrial', 'solar', 'farms', 'commercial', 'flat', 'rooftops', 'and', 'residential', 'pitched', 'roof', 'applications', 'trees', 'because', 'forests', 'generally', 'have', 'low', 'albedo', 'the', 'majority', 'of', 'the', 'ultraviolet', 'and', 'visible', 'spectrum', 'is', 'absorbed', 'through', 'photosynthesis', 'some', 'scientists', 'have', 'suggested', 'that', 'greater', 'heat', 'absorption', 'by', 'trees', 'could', 'offset', 'some', 'of', 'the', 'carbon', 'benefits', 'of', 'afforestation', 'or', 'offset', 'the', 'negative', 'climate', 'impacts', 'of', 'deforestation', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'evergreen', 'forests', 'with', 'seasonal', 'snow', 'cover', 'albedo', 'reduction', 'may', 'be', 'great', 'enough', 'for', 'deforestation', 'to', 'cause', 'net', 'cooling', 'effect', 'trees', 'also', 'impact', 'climate', 'in', 'extremely', 'complicated', 'ways', 'through', 'the', 'water', 'vapor', 'causes', 'cooling', 'on', 'the', 'land', 'surface', 'causes', 'heating', 'where', 'it', 'condenses', 'acts', 'strong', 'greenhouse', 'gas', 'and', 'can', 'increase', 'albedo', 'when', 'it', 'condenses', 'into', 'clouds', 'scientists', 'generally', 'treat', 'as', 'net', 'cooling', 'impact', 'and', 'the', 'net', 'climate', 'impact', 'of', 'albedo', 'and', 'changes', 'from', 'deforestation', 'depends', 'greatly', 'on', 'local', 'climate', 'in', 'seasonally', 'snow', 'covered', 'zones', 'winter', 'albedos', 'of', 'treeless', 'areas', 'are', 'to', 'higher', 'than', 'nearby', 'forested', 'areas', 'because', 'snow', 'does', 'not', 'cover', 'the', 'trees', 'as', 'readily', 'deciduous', 'trees', 'have', 'an', 'albedo', 'value', 'of', 'about', 'to', 'whereas', 'coniferous', 'trees', 'have', 'value', 'of', 'about', 'to', 'studies', 'by', 'the', 'hadley', 'centre', 'have', 'investigated', 'the', 'relative', 'generally', 'warming', 'effect', 'of', 'albedo', 'change', 'and', 'cooling', 'effect', 'of', 'carbon', 'sequestration', 'on', 'planting', 'forests', 'they', 'found', 'that', 'new', 'forests', 'in', 'tropical', 'and', 'midlatitude', 'areas', 'tended', 'to', 'cool', 'new', 'forests', 'in', 'high', 'latitudes', 'siberia', 'were', 'neutral', 'or', 'perhaps', 'warming', 'water', 'water', 'reflects', 'light', 'very', 'differently', 'from', 'typical', 'terrestrial', 'materials', 'the', 'reflectivity', 'of', 'water', 'surface', 'is', 'calculated', 'using', 'the', 'fresnel', 'equations', 'see', 'graph', 'reflectivity', 'of', 'smooth', 'water', 'at', 'refractive', 'index', 'at', 'the', 'scale', 'of', 'the', 'wavelength', 'of', 'light', 'even', 'wavy', 'water', 'is', 'always', 'smooth', 'so', 'the', 'light', 'is', 'reflected', 'in', 'locally', 'specular', 'manner', 'not', 'diffusely', 'the', 'glint', 'of', 'light', 'off', 'water', 'is', 'commonplace', 'effect', 'of', 'this', 'at', 'small', 'angles', 'of', 'incident', 'light', 'waviness', 'results', 'in', 'reduced', 'reflectivity', 'because', 'of', 'the', 'steepness', 'of', 'the', 'reflectivity', 'vs', 'incident', 'angle', 'curve', 'and', 'locally', 'increased', 'average', 'incident', 'angle', 'although', 'the', 'reflectivity', 'of', 'water', 'is', 'very', 'low', 'at', 'low', 'and', 'medium', 'angles', 'of', 'incident', 'light', 'it', 'becomes', 'very', 'high', 'at', 'high', 'angles', 'of', 'incident', 'light', 'such', 'as', 'those', 'that', 'occur', 'on', 'the', 'illuminated', 'side', 'of', 'earth', 'near', 'the', 'terminator', 'early', 'morning', 'late', 'afternoon', 'and', 'near', 'the', 'poles', 'however', 'as', 'mentioned', 'above', 'waviness', 'causes', 'an', 'appreciable', 'reduction', 'because', 'light', 'specularly', 'reflected', 'from', 'water', 'does', 'not', 'usually', 'reach', 'the', 'viewer', 'water', 'is', 'usually', 'considered', 'to', 'have', 'very', 'low', 'albedo', 'in', 'spite', 'of', 'its', 'high', 'reflectivity', 'at', 'high', 'angles', 'of', 'incident', 'light', 'note', 'that', 'white', 'caps', 'on', 'waves', 'look', 'white', 'and', 'have', 'high', 'albedo', 'because', 'the', 'water', 'is', 'foamed', 'up', 'so', 'there', 'are', 'many', 'superimposed', 'bubble', 'surfaces', 'which', 'reflect', 'adding', 'up', 'their', 'reflectivities', 'fresh', 'black', 'ice', 'exhibits', 'fresnel', 'reflection', 'clouds', 'cloud', 'albedo', 'has', 'substantial', 'influence', 'over', 'atmospheric', 'temperatures', 'different', 'types', 'of', 'clouds', 'exhibit', 'different', 'reflectivity', 'theoretically', 'ranging', 'in', 'albedo', 'from', 'minimum', 'of', 'near', 'to', 'maximum', 'approaching', 'on', 'any', 'given', 'day', 'about', 'half', 'of', 'earth', 'is', 'covered', 'by', 'clouds', 'which', 'reflect', 'more', 'sunlight', 'than', 'land', 'and', 'water', 'clouds', 'keep', 'earth', 'cool', 'by', 'reflecting', 'sunlight', 'but', 'they', 'can', 'also', 'serve', 'as', 'blankets', 'to', 'trap', 'warmth', 'albedo', 'and', 'climate', 'in', 'some', 'areas', 'are', 'affected', 'by', 'artificial', 'clouds', 'such', 'as', 'those', 'created', 'by', 'the', 'contrails', 'of', 'heavy', 'commercial', 'airliner', 'traffic', 'study', 'following', 'the', 'burning', 'of', 'the', 'kuwaiti', 'oil', 'fields', 'during', 'iraqi', 'occupation', 'showed', 'that', 'temperatures', 'under', 'the', 'burning', 'oil', 'fires', 'were', 'as', 'much', 'as', 'colder', 'than', 'temperatures', 'several', 'miles', 'away', 'under', 'clear', 'skies', 'aerosol', 'effects', 'aerosols', 'very', 'fine', 'particles', 'droplets', 'in', 'the', 'atmosphere', 'have', 'both', 'direct', 'and', 'indirect', 'effects', 'on', 'earth', 'radiative', 'balance', 'the', 'direct', 'albedo', 'effect', 'is', 'generally', 'to', 'cool', 'the', 'planet', 'the', 'indirect', 'effect', 'the', 'particles', 'act', 'as', 'cloud', 'condensation', 'nuclei', 'and', 'thereby', 'change', 'cloud', 'properties', 'is', 'less', 'certain', 'as', 'per', 'the', 'effects', 'are', 'aerosol', 'direct', 'effect', 'aerosols', 'directly', 'scatter', 'and', 'absorb', 'radiation', 'the', 'scattering', 'of', 'radiation', 'causes', 'atmospheric', 'cooling', 'whereas', 'absorption', 'can', 'cause', 'atmospheric', 'warming', 'aerosol', 'indirect', 'effect', 'aerosols', 'modify', 'the', 'properties', 'of', 'clouds', 'through', 'subset', 'of', 'the', 'aerosol', 'population', 'called', 'cloud', 'condensation', 'nuclei', 'increased', 'nuclei', 'concentrations', 'lead', 'to', 'increased', 'cloud', 'droplet', 'number', 'concentrations', 'which', 'in', 'turn', 'leads', 'to', 'increased', 'cloud', 'albedo', 'increased', 'light', 'scattering', 'and', 'radiative', 'cooling', 'first', 'indirect', 'effect', 'but', 'also', 'leads', 'to', 'reduced', 'precipitation', 'efficiency', 'and', 'increased', 'lifetime', 'of', 'the', 'cloud', 'second', 'indirect', 'effect', 'black', 'carbon', 'another', 'albedo', 'related', 'effect', 'on', 'the', 'climate', 'is', 'from', 'black', 'carbon', 'particles', 'the', 'size', 'of', 'this', 'effect', 'is', 'difficult', 'to', 'quantify', 'the', 'panel', 'on', 'climate', 'change', 'estimates', 'that', 'the', 'global', 'mean', 'radiative', 'forcing', 'for', 'black', 'carbon', 'aerosols', 'from', 'fossil', 'fuels', 'is', 'with', 'range', 'to', 'black', 'carbon', 'is', 'bigger', 'cause', 'of', 'the', 'melting', 'of', 'the', 'polar', 'ice', 'cap', 'in', 'the', 'arctic', 'than', 'carbon', 'dioxide', 'due', 'to', 'its', 'effect', 'on', 'the', 'albedo', 'human', 'activities', 'human', 'activities', 'deforestation', 'farming', 'and', 'urbanization', 'change', 'the', 'albedo', 'of', 'various', 'areas', 'around', 'the', 'globe', 'however', 'quantification', 'of', 'this', 'effect', 'on', 'the', 'global', 'scale', 'is', 'difficult', 'other', 'types', 'of', 'albedo', 'single', 'scattering', 'albedo', 'is', 'used', 'to', 'define', 'scattering', 'of', 'electromagnetic', 'waves', 'on', 'small', 'particles', 'it', 'depends', 'on', 'properties', 'of', 'the', 'material', 'refractive', 'index', 'the', 'size', 'of', 'the', 'particle', 'or', 'particles', 'and', 'the', 'wavelength', 'of', 'the', 'incoming', 'radiation', 'see', 'also', 'references', 'external', 'links', 'official', 'website', 'of', 'albedo', 'project', 'global', 'albedo', 'project', 'center', 'for', 'clouds', 'chemistry', 'and', 'climate', 'albedo', 'encyclopedia', 'of', 'earth', 'nasa', 'modis', 'brdf', 'albedo', 'product', 'site', 'surface', 'albedo', 'derived', 'from', 'meteosat', 'observations', 'discussion', 'of', 'lunar', 'albedos', 'reflectivity', 'of', 'metals', 'chart'], ['Albedo'])
290
A
[b'writing', b'cursive', b'forms', b'of', b'named', b'plural', b'as', b'or', b'aes', b'is', b'the', b'first', b'letter', b'and', b'the', b'first', b'vowel', b'in', b'the', b'iso', b'basic', b'latin', b'alphabet', b'it', b'is', b'similar', b'to', b'the', b'ancient', b'greek', b'letter', b'alpha', b'from', b'which', b'it', b'derives', b'the', b'upper', b'case', b'version', b'consists', b'of', b'the', b'two', b'slanting', b'sides', b'of', b'triangle', b'crossed', b'in', b'the', b'middle', b'by', b'horizontal', b'bar', b'the', b'lower', b'case', b'version', b'can', b'be', b'written', b'in', b'two', b'forms', b'the', b'double', b'storey', b'and', b'single', b'storey', b'the', b'latter', b'is', b'commonly', b'used', b'in', b'handwriting', b'and', b'fonts', b'based', b'on', b'it', b'especially', b'fonts', b'intended', b'to', b'be', b'read', b'by', b'children', b'and', b'is', b'also', b'found', b'in', b'italic', b'type', b'history', b'egyptian', b'cretan', b'phoenician', b'aleph', b'semitic', b'greek', b'alpha', b'etruscan', b'roman', b'cyrillic', b'boeotian', b'bc', b'greek', b'uncial', b'latin', b'ad', b'uncial', b'egyptian', b'hieroglyphic', b'ox', b'head', b'early', b'crete', b'version', b'of', b'the', b'letter', b'phoenician', b'aleph', b'semitic', b'letter', b'version', b'greek', b'alpha', b'version', b'etruscan', b'version', b'roman', b'boeotian', b'greek', b'classical', b'uncial', b'version', b'latin', b'ad', b'uncial', b'version', b'crete', b'phoenician', b'version', b'of', b'the', b'semitic', b'version', b'greek', b'alpha', b'version', b'etruscan', b'version', b'latin', b'th', b'century', b'bc', b'boeotioan', b'bc', b'greek', b'classical', b'uncial', b'version', b'latin', b'ad', b'uncial', b'version', b'the', b'earliest', b'certain', b'ancestor', b'of', b'is', b'aleph', b'also', b'written', b'aleph', b'the', b'first', b'letter', b'of', b'the', b'phoenician', b'alphabet', b'which', b'consisted', b'entirely', b'of', b'consonants', b'for', b'that', b'reason', b'it', b'is', b'also', b'called', b'an', b'abjad', b'to', b'distinguish', b'it', b'from', b'true', b'alphabet', b'in', b'turn', b'the', b'ancestor', b'of', b'aleph', b'may', b'have', b'been', b'pictogram', b'of', b'an', b'ox', b'head', b'in', b'proto', b'sinaitic', b'script', b'influenced', b'by', b'egyptian', b'hieroglyphs', b'styled', b'as', b'triangular', b'head', b'with', b'two', b'horns', b'extended', b'in', b'the', b'phoenician', b'alphabet', b'letter', b'had', b'linear', b'form', b'that', b'served', b'as', b'the', b'base', b'for', b'some', b'later', b'forms', b'its', b'name', b'is', b'thought', b'to', b'have', b'corresponded', b'closely', b'to', b'the', b'hebrew', b'or', b'arabic', b'aleph', b'blackletter', b'ablackletter', b'uncial', b'auncial', b'another', b'capital', b'aanother', b'blackletter', b'modern', b'roman', b'amodern', b'roman', b'modern', b'italic', b'amodern', b'italic', b'modern', b'script', b'amodern', b'script', b'when', b'the', b'ancient', b'greeks', b'adopted', b'the', b'alphabet', b'they', b'had', b'no', b'use', b'for', b'letter', b'to', b'represent', b'the', b'glottal', b'stop', b'the', b'consonant', b'sound', b'that', b'the', b'letter', b'denoted', b'in', b'phoenician', b'and', b'other', b'semitic', b'languages', b'and', b'that', b'was', b'the', b'first', b'phoneme', b'of', b'the', b'phoenician', b'pronunciation', b'of', b'the', b'letter', b'so', b'they', b'used', b'their', b'version', b'of', b'the', b'sign', b'to', b'represent', b'the', b'vowel', b'and', b'called', b'it', b'by', b'the', b'similar', b'name', b'of', b'alpha', b'in', b'the', b'earliest', b'greek', b'inscriptions', b'after', b'the', b'greek', b'dark', b'ages', b'dating', b'to', b'the', b'th', b'century', b'bc', b'the', b'letter', b'rests', b'upon', b'its', b'side', b'but', b'in', b'the', b'greek', b'alphabet', b'of', b'later', b'times', b'it', b'generally', b'resembles', b'the', b'modern', b'capital', b'letter', b'although', b'many', b'local', b'varieties', b'can', b'be', b'distinguished', b'by', b'the', b'shortening', b'of', b'one', b'leg', b'or', b'by', b'the', b'angle', b'at', b'which', b'the', b'cross', b'line', b'is', b'set', b'the', b'etruscans', b'brought', b'the', b'greek', b'alphabet', b'to', b'their', b'civilization', b'in', b'the', b'italian', b'peninsula', b'and', b'left', b'the', b'letter', b'unchanged', b'the', b'romans', b'later', b'adopted', b'the', b'etruscan', b'alphabet', b'to', b'write', b'the', b'latin', b'language', b'and', b'the', b'resulting', b'letter', b'was', b'preserved', b'in', b'the', b'latin', b'alphabet', b'that', b'would', b'come', b'to', b'be', b'used', b'to', b'write', b'many', b'languages', b'including', b'english', b'typographic', b'variants', b'different', b'glyphs', b'of', b'the', b'lowercase', b'letter', b'during', b'roman', b'times', b'there', b'were', b'many', b'variant', b'forms', b'of', b'the', b'letter', b'first', b'was', b'the', b'monumental', b'or', b'lapidary', b'style', b'which', b'was', b'used', b'when', b'inscribing', b'on', b'stone', b'or', b'other', b'permanent', b'mediums', b'there', b'was', b'also', b'cursive', b'style', b'used', b'for', b'everyday', b'or', b'utilitarian', b'writing', b'which', b'was', b'done', b'on', b'more', b'perishable', b'surfaces', b'due', b'to', b'the', b'perishable', b'nature', b'of', b'these', b'surfaces', b'there', b'are', b'not', b'as', b'many', b'examples', b'of', b'this', b'style', b'as', b'there', b'are', b'of', b'the', b'monumental', b'but', b'there', b'are', b'still', b'many', b'surviving', b'examples', b'of', b'different', b'types', b'of', b'cursive', b'such', b'as', b'majuscule', b'cursive', b'minuscule', b'cursive', b'and', b'semicursive', b'minuscule', b'variants', b'also', b'existed', b'that', b'were', b'intermediate', b'between', b'the', b'monumental', b'and', b'cursive', b'styles', b'the', b'known', b'variants', b'include', b'the', b'early', b'semi', b'uncial', b'the', b'uncial', b'and', b'the', b'later', b'semi', b'uncial', b'typographic', b'variants', b'include', b'double', b'storey', b'and', b'single', b'storey', b'at', b'the', b'end', b'of', b'the', b'roman', b'empire', b'th', b'century', b'ad', b'several', b'variants', b'of', b'the', b'cursive', b'minuscule', b'developed', b'through', b'western', b'europe', b'among', b'these', b'were', b'the', b'semicursive', b'minuscule', b'of', b'italy', b'the', b'merovingian', b'script', b'in', b'france', b'the', b'visigothic', b'script', b'in', b'spain', b'and', b'the', b'insular', b'or', b'anglo', b'irish', b'semi', b'uncial', b'or', b'anglo', b'saxon', b'majuscule', b'of', b'great', b'britain', b'by', b'the', b'th', b'century', b'the', b'caroline', b'script', b'which', b'was', b'very', b'similar', b'to', b'the', b'present', b'day', b'form', b'was', b'the', b'principal', b'form', b'used', b'in', b'book', b'making', b'before', b'the', b'advent', b'of', b'the', b'printing', b'press', b'this', b'form', b'was', b'derived', b'through', b'combining', b'of', b'prior', b'forms', b'th', b'century', b'italy', b'saw', b'the', b'formation', b'of', b'the', b'two', b'main', b'variants', b'that', b'are', b'known', b'today', b'these', b'variants', b'the', b'italic', b'and', b'roman', b'forms', b'were', b'derived', b'from', b'the', b'caroline', b'script', b'version', b'the', b'italic', b'form', b'also', b'called', b'script', b'is', b'used', b'in', b'most', b'current', b'handwriting', b'and', b'consists', b'of', b'circle', b'and', b'vertical', b'stroke', b'this', b'slowly', b'developed', b'from', b'the', b'fifth', b'century', b'form', b'resembling', b'the', b'greek', b'letter', b'tau', b'in', b'the', b'hands', b'of', b'medieval', b'irish', b'and', b'english', b'writers', b'the', b'roman', b'form', b'is', b'used', b'in', b'most', b'printed', b'material', b'it', b'consists', b'of', b'small', b'loop', b'with', b'an', b'arc', b'over', b'it', b'both', b'derive', b'from', b'the', b'majuscule', b'capital', b'form', b'in', b'greek', b'handwriting', b'it', b'was', b'common', b'to', b'join', b'the', b'left', b'leg', b'and', b'horizontal', b'stroke', b'into', b'single', b'loop', b'as', b'demonstrated', b'by', b'the', b'uncial', b'version', b'shown', b'many', b'fonts', b'then', b'made', b'the', b'right', b'leg', b'vertical', b'in', b'some', b'of', b'these', b'the', b'serif', b'that', b'began', b'the', b'right', b'leg', b'stroke', b'developed', b'into', b'an', b'arc', b'resulting', b'in', b'the', b'printed', b'form', b'while', b'in', b'others', b'it', b'was', b'dropped', b'resulting', b'in', b'the', b'modern', b'handwritten', b'form', b'italic', b'type', b'is', b'commonly', b'used', b'to', b'mark', b'emphasis', b'or', b'more', b'generally', b'to', b'distinguish', b'one', b'part', b'of', b'text', b'from', b'the', b'rest', b'set', b'in', b'roman', b'type', b'there', b'are', b'some', b'other', b'cases', b'aside', b'from', b'italic', b'type', b'where', b'script', b'also', b'called', b'latin', b'alpha', b'is', b'used', b'in', b'contrast', b'with', b'latin', b'such', b'as', b'in', b'the', b'international', b'phonetic', b'alphabet', b'use', b'in', b'writing', b'systems', b'english', b'in', b'modern', b'english', b'orthography', b'the', b'letter', b'represents', b'at', b'least', b'seven', b'different', b'vowel', b'sounds', b'the', b'near', b'open', b'front', b'unrounded', b'vowel', b'as', b'in', b'pad', b'the', b'open', b'back', b'unrounded', b'vowel', b'as', b'in', b'father', b'which', b'is', b'closer', b'to', b'its', b'original', b'latin', b'and', b'greek', b'sound', b'the', b'diphthong', b'as', b'in', b'ace', b'and', b'major', b'usually', b'when', b'is', b'followed', b'by', b'one', b'or', b'occasionally', b'two', b'consonants', b'and', b'then', b'another', b'vowel', b'letter', b'this', b'results', b'from', b'middle', b'english', b'lengthening', b'followed', b'by', b'the', b'great', b'vowel', b'shift', b'the', b'modified', b'form', b'of', b'the', b'above', b'sound', b'that', b'occurs', b'before', b'as', b'in', b'square', b'and', b'mary', b'the', b'rounded', b'vowel', b'of', b'water', b'the', b'shorter', b'rounded', b'vowel', b'not', b'present', b'in', b'general', b'american', b'in', b'was', b'and', b'what', b'schwa', b'in', b'many', b'unstressed', b'syllables', b'as', b'in', b'about', b'comma', b'solar', b'the', b'double', b'sequence', b'does', b'not', b'occur', b'in', b'native', b'english', b'words', b'but', b'is', b'found', b'in', b'some', b'words', b'derived', b'from', b'foreign', b'languages', b'such', b'as', b'aaron', b'and', b'aardvark', b'however', b'occurs', b'in', b'many', b'common', b'digraphs', b'all', b'with', b'their', b'own', b'sound', b'or', b'sounds', b'particularly', b'and', b'is', b'the', b'third', b'most', b'commonly', b'used', b'letter', b'in', b'english', b'after', b'and', b'and', b'the', b'second', b'most', b'common', b'in', b'spanish', b'and', b'french', b'in', b'one', b'study', b'on', b'average', b'about', b'of', b'letters', b'used', b'in', b'english', b'texts', b'tend', b'to', b'be', b'while', b'the', b'number', b'is', b'in', b'spanish', b'and', b'in', b'french', b'other', b'languages', b'in', b'most', b'languages', b'that', b'use', b'the', b'latin', b'alphabet', b'denotes', b'an', b'open', b'unrounded', b'vowel', b'such', b'as', b'or', b'an', b'exception', b'is', b'saanich', b'in', b'which', b'and', b'the', b'glyph', b'stands', b'for', b'close', b'mid', b'front', b'unrounded', b'vowel', b'other', b'systems', b'in', b'phonetic', b'and', b'phonemic', b'notation', b'in', b'the', b'international', b'phonetic', b'alphabet', b'is', b'used', b'for', b'the', b'open', b'front', b'unrounded', b'vowel', b'is', b'used', b'for', b'the', b'open', b'central', b'unrounded', b'vowel', b'and', b'is', b'used', b'for', b'the', b'open', b'back', b'unrounded', b'vowel', b'in', b'sampa', b'is', b'used', b'for', b'the', b'open', b'front', b'unrounded', b'vowel', b'and', b'is', b'used', b'for', b'the', b'open', b'back', b'unrounded', b'vowel', b'other', b'uses', b'in', b'algebra', b'the', b'letter', b'along', b'with', b'other', b'letters', b'at', b'the', b'beginning', b'of', b'the', b'alphabet', b'is', b'used', b'to', b'represent', b'known', b'quantities', b'whereas', b'the', b'letters', b'at', b'the', b'end', b'of', b'the', b'alphabet', b'are', b'used', b'to', b'denote', b'unknown', b'quantities', b'in', b'geometry', b'capital', b'etc', b'are', b'used', b'to', b'denote', b'segments', b'lines', b'rays', b'etc', b'capital', b'is', b'also', b'typically', b'used', b'as', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'letters', b'to', b'represent', b'an', b'angle', b'in', b'triangle', b'the', b'lowercase', b'representing', b'the', b'side', b'opposite', b'angle', b'is', b'often', b'used', b'to', b'denote', b'something', b'or', b'someone', b'of', b'better', b'or', b'more', b'prestigious', b'quality', b'or', b'status', b'or', b'the', b'best', b'grade', b'that', b'can', b'be', b'assigned', b'by', b'teachers', b'for', b'students', b'schoolwork', b'grade', b'for', b'clean', b'restaurants', b'list', b'celebrities', b'etc', b'such', b'associations', b'can', b'have', b'motivating', b'effect', b'as', b'exposure', b'to', b'the', b'letter', b'has', b'been', b'found', b'to', b'improve', b'performance', b'when', b'compared', b'with', b'other', b'letters', b'finally', b'the', b'letter', b'is', b'used', b'to', b'denote', b'size', b'as', b'in', b'narrow', b'size', b'shoe', b'or', b'small', b'cup', b'size', b'in', b'brassiere', b'related', b'characters', b'descendants', b'and', b'related', b'characters', b'in', b'the', b'latin', b'alphabet', b'latin', b'ae', b'ligature', b'with', b'diacritics', b'phonetic', b'alphabet', b'symbols', b'related', b'to', b'the', b'international', b'phonetic', b'alphabet', b'only', b'uses', b'lowercase', b'but', b'uppercase', b'forms', b'are', b'used', b'in', b'some', b'other', b'writing', b'systems', b'latin', b'letter', b'alpha', b'script', b'which', b'represents', b'an', b'open', b'back', b'unrounded', b'vowel', b'in', b'the', b'ipa', b'turned', b'which', b'represents', b'near', b'open', b'central', b'vowel', b'in', b'the', b'ipa', b'turned', b'also', b'called', b'wedge', b'caret', b'or', b'hat', b'which', b'represents', b'an', b'open', b'mid', b'back', b'unrounded', b'vowel', b'in', b'the', b'ipa', b'turned', b'script', b'which', b'represents', b'an', b'open', b'back', b'rounded', b'vowel', b'in', b'the', b'ipa', b'small', b'capital', b'an', b'obsolete', b'or', b'non', b'standard', b'symbol', b'in', b'the', b'international', b'phonetic', b'alphabet', b'used', b'to', b'represent', b'various', b'sounds', b'mainly', b'open', b'vowels', b'derived', b'signs', b'symbols', b'and', b'abbreviations', b'an', b'ordinal', b'indicator', b'\xc3\xa5ngstr\xc3\xb6m', b'sign', b'turned', b'capital', b'letter', b'used', b'in', b'predicate', b'logic', b'to', b'specify', b'universal', b'quantification', b'for', b'all', b'at', b'sign', b'argentine', b'austral', b'ancestors', b'and', b'siblings', b'in', b'other', b'alphabets', b'semitic', b'letter', b'aleph', b'from', b'which', b'the', b'following', b'symbols', b'originally', b'derive', b'greek', b'letter', b'alpha', b'from', b'which', b'the', b'following', b'letters', b'derive', b'cyrillic', b'letter', b'coptic', b'letter', b'alpha', b'old', b'italic', b'which', b'is', b'the', b'ancestor', b'of', b'modern', b'latin', b'runic', b'letter', b'ansuz', b'which', b'probably', b'derives', b'from', b'old', b'italic', b'gothic', b'letter', b'aza', b'asks', b'computing', b'codes', b'other', b'representations', b'notes', b'footnotes', b'references', b'external', b'links', b'history', b'of', b'the', b'alphabet']
TaggedDocument(['writing', 'cursive', 'forms', 'of', 'named', 'plural', 'as', 'or', 'aes', 'is', 'the', 'first', 'letter', 'and', 'the', 'first', 'vowel', 'in', 'the', 'iso', 'basic', 'latin', 'alphabet', 'it', 'is', 'similar', 'to', 'the', 'ancient', 'greek', 'letter', 'alpha', 'from', 'which', 'it', 'derives', 'the', 'upper', 'case', 'version', 'consists', 'of', 'the', 'two', 'slanting', 'sides', 'of', 'triangle', 'crossed', 'in', 'the', 'middle', 'by', 'horizontal', 'bar', 'the', 'lower', 'case', 'version', 'can', 'be', 'written', 'in', 'two', 'forms', 'the', 'double', 'storey', 'and', 'single', 'storey', 'the', 'latter', 'is', 'commonly', 'used', 'in', 'handwriting', 'and', 'fonts', 'based', 'on', 'it', 'especially', 'fonts', 'intended', 'to', 'be', 'read', 'by', 'children', 'and', 'is', 'also', 'found', 'in', 'italic', 'type', 'history', 'egyptian', 'cretan', 'phoenician', 'aleph', 'semitic', 'greek', 'alpha', 'etruscan', 'roman', 'cyrillic', 'boeotian', 'bc', 'greek', 'uncial', 'latin', 'ad', 'uncial', 'egyptian', 'hieroglyphic', 'ox', 'head', 'early', 'crete', 'version', 'of', 'the', 'letter', 'phoenician', 'aleph', 'semitic', 'letter', 'version', 'greek', 'alpha', 'version', 'etruscan', 'version', 'roman', 'boeotian', 'greek', 'classical', 'uncial', 'version', 'latin', 'ad', 'uncial', 'version', 'crete', 'phoenician', 'version', 'of', 'the', 'semitic', 'version', 'greek', 'alpha', 'version', 'etruscan', 'version', 'latin', 'th', 'century', 'bc', 'boeotioan', 'bc', 'greek', 'classical', 'uncial', 'version', 'latin', 'ad', 'uncial', 'version', 'the', 'earliest', 'certain', 'ancestor', 'of', 'is', 'aleph', 'also', 'written', 'aleph', 'the', 'first', 'letter', 'of', 'the', 'phoenician', 'alphabet', 'which', 'consisted', 'entirely', 'of', 'consonants', 'for', 'that', 'reason', 'it', 'is', 'also', 'called', 'an', 'abjad', 'to', 'distinguish', 'it', 'from', 'true', 'alphabet', 'in', 'turn', 'the', 'ancestor', 'of', 'aleph', 'may', 'have', 'been', 'pictogram', 'of', 'an', 'ox', 'head', 'in', 'proto', 'sinaitic', 'script', 'influenced', 'by', 'egyptian', 'hieroglyphs', 'styled', 'as', 'triangular', 'head', 'with', 'two', 'horns', 'extended', 'in', 'the', 'phoenician', 'alphabet', 'letter', 'had', 'linear', 'form', 'that', 'served', 'as', 'the', 'base', 'for', 'some', 'later', 'forms', 'its', 'name', 'is', 'thought', 'to', 'have', 'corresponded', 'closely', 'to', 'the', 'hebrew', 'or', 'arabic', 'aleph', 'blackletter', 'ablackletter', 'uncial', 'auncial', 'another', 'capital', 'aanother', 'blackletter', 'modern', 'roman', 'amodern', 'roman', 'modern', 'italic', 'amodern', 'italic', 'modern', 'script', 'amodern', 'script', 'when', 'the', 'ancient', 'greeks', 'adopted', 'the', 'alphabet', 'they', 'had', 'no', 'use', 'for', 'letter', 'to', 'represent', 'the', 'glottal', 'stop', 'the', 'consonant', 'sound', 'that', 'the', 'letter', 'denoted', 'in', 'phoenician', 'and', 'other', 'semitic', 'languages', 'and', 'that', 'was', 'the', 'first', 'phoneme', 'of', 'the', 'phoenician', 'pronunciation', 'of', 'the', 'letter', 'so', 'they', 'used', 'their', 'version', 'of', 'the', 'sign', 'to', 'represent', 'the', 'vowel', 'and', 'called', 'it', 'by', 'the', 'similar', 'name', 'of', 'alpha', 'in', 'the', 'earliest', 'greek', 'inscriptions', 'after', 'the', 'greek', 'dark', 'ages', 'dating', 'to', 'the', 'th', 'century', 'bc', 'the', 'letter', 'rests', 'upon', 'its', 'side', 'but', 'in', 'the', 'greek', 'alphabet', 'of', 'later', 'times', 'it', 'generally', 'resembles', 'the', 'modern', 'capital', 'letter', 'although', 'many', 'local', 'varieties', 'can', 'be', 'distinguished', 'by', 'the', 'shortening', 'of', 'one', 'leg', 'or', 'by', 'the', 'angle', 'at', 'which', 'the', 'cross', 'line', 'is', 'set', 'the', 'etruscans', 'brought', 'the', 'greek', 'alphabet', 'to', 'their', 'civilization', 'in', 'the', 'italian', 'peninsula', 'and', 'left', 'the', 'letter', 'unchanged', 'the', 'romans', 'later', 'adopted', 'the', 'etruscan', 'alphabet', 'to', 'write', 'the', 'latin', 'language', 'and', 'the', 'resulting', 'letter', 'was', 'preserved', 'in', 'the', 'latin', 'alphabet', 'that', 'would', 'come', 'to', 'be', 'used', 'to', 'write', 'many', 'languages', 'including', 'english', 'typographic', 'variants', 'different', 'glyphs', 'of', 'the', 'lowercase', 'letter', 'during', 'roman', 'times', 'there', 'were', 'many', 'variant', 'forms', 'of', 'the', 'letter', 'first', 'was', 'the', 'monumental', 'or', 'lapidary', 'style', 'which', 'was', 'used', 'when', 'inscribing', 'on', 'stone', 'or', 'other', 'permanent', 'mediums', 'there', 'was', 'also', 'cursive', 'style', 'used', 'for', 'everyday', 'or', 'utilitarian', 'writing', 'which', 'was', 'done', 'on', 'more', 'perishable', 'surfaces', 'due', 'to', 'the', 'perishable', 'nature', 'of', 'these', 'surfaces', 'there', 'are', 'not', 'as', 'many', 'examples', 'of', 'this', 'style', 'as', 'there', 'are', 'of', 'the', 'monumental', 'but', 'there', 'are', 'still', 'many', 'surviving', 'examples', 'of', 'different', 'types', 'of', 'cursive', 'such', 'as', 'majuscule', 'cursive', 'minuscule', 'cursive', 'and', 'semicursive', 'minuscule', 'variants', 'also', 'existed', 'that', 'were', 'intermediate', 'between', 'the', 'monumental', 'and', 'cursive', 'styles', 'the', 'known', 'variants', 'include', 'the', 'early', 'semi', 'uncial', 'the', 'uncial', 'and', 'the', 'later', 'semi', 'uncial', 'typographic', 'variants', 'include', 'double', 'storey', 'and', 'single', 'storey', 'at', 'the', 'end', 'of', 'the', 'roman', 'empire', 'th', 'century', 'ad', 'several', 'variants', 'of', 'the', 'cursive', 'minuscule', 'developed', 'through', 'western', 'europe', 'among', 'these', 'were', 'the', 'semicursive', 'minuscule', 'of', 'italy', 'the', 'merovingian', 'script', 'in', 'france', 'the', 'visigothic', 'script', 'in', 'spain', 'and', 'the', 'insular', 'or', 'anglo', 'irish', 'semi', 'uncial', 'or', 'anglo', 'saxon', 'majuscule', 'of', 'great', 'britain', 'by', 'the', 'th', 'century', 'the', 'caroline', 'script', 'which', 'was', 'very', 'similar', 'to', 'the', 'present', 'day', 'form', 'was', 'the', 'principal', 'form', 'used', 'in', 'book', 'making', 'before', 'the', 'advent', 'of', 'the', 'printing', 'press', 'this', 'form', 'was', 'derived', 'through', 'combining', 'of', 'prior', 'forms', 'th', 'century', 'italy', 'saw', 'the', 'formation', 'of', 'the', 'two', 'main', 'variants', 'that', 'are', 'known', 'today', 'these', 'variants', 'the', 'italic', 'and', 'roman', 'forms', 'were', 'derived', 'from', 'the', 'caroline', 'script', 'version', 'the', 'italic', 'form', 'also', 'called', 'script', 'is', 'used', 'in', 'most', 'current', 'handwriting', 'and', 'consists', 'of', 'circle', 'and', 'vertical', 'stroke', 'this', 'slowly', 'developed', 'from', 'the', 'fifth', 'century', 'form', 'resembling', 'the', 'greek', 'letter', 'tau', 'in', 'the', 'hands', 'of', 'medieval', 'irish', 'and', 'english', 'writers', 'the', 'roman', 'form', 'is', 'used', 'in', 'most', 'printed', 'material', 'it', 'consists', 'of', 'small', 'loop', 'with', 'an', 'arc', 'over', 'it', 'both', 'derive', 'from', 'the', 'majuscule', 'capital', 'form', 'in', 'greek', 'handwriting', 'it', 'was', 'common', 'to', 'join', 'the', 'left', 'leg', 'and', 'horizontal', 'stroke', 'into', 'single', 'loop', 'as', 'demonstrated', 'by', 'the', 'uncial', 'version', 'shown', 'many', 'fonts', 'then', 'made', 'the', 'right', 'leg', 'vertical', 'in', 'some', 'of', 'these', 'the', 'serif', 'that', 'began', 'the', 'right', 'leg', 'stroke', 'developed', 'into', 'an', 'arc', 'resulting', 'in', 'the', 'printed', 'form', 'while', 'in', 'others', 'it', 'was', 'dropped', 'resulting', 'in', 'the', 'modern', 'handwritten', 'form', 'italic', 'type', 'is', 'commonly', 'used', 'to', 'mark', 'emphasis', 'or', 'more', 'generally', 'to', 'distinguish', 'one', 'part', 'of', 'text', 'from', 'the', 'rest', 'set', 'in', 'roman', 'type', 'there', 'are', 'some', 'other', 'cases', 'aside', 'from', 'italic', 'type', 'where', 'script', 'also', 'called', 'latin', 'alpha', 'is', 'used', 'in', 'contrast', 'with', 'latin', 'such', 'as', 'in', 'the', 'international', 'phonetic', 'alphabet', 'use', 'in', 'writing', 'systems', 'english', 'in', 'modern', 'english', 'orthography', 'the', 'letter', 'represents', 'at', 'least', 'seven', 'different', 'vowel', 'sounds', 'the', 'near', 'open', 'front', 'unrounded', 'vowel', 'as', 'in', 'pad', 'the', 'open', 'back', 'unrounded', 'vowel', 'as', 'in', 'father', 'which', 'is', 'closer', 'to', 'its', 'original', 'latin', 'and', 'greek', 'sound', 'the', 'diphthong', 'as', 'in', 'ace', 'and', 'major', 'usually', 'when', 'is', 'followed', 'by', 'one', 'or', 'occasionally', 'two', 'consonants', 'and', 'then', 'another', 'vowel', 'letter', 'this', 'results', 'from', 'middle', 'english', 'lengthening', 'followed', 'by', 'the', 'great', 'vowel', 'shift', 'the', 'modified', 'form', 'of', 'the', 'above', 'sound', 'that', 'occurs', 'before', 'as', 'in', 'square', 'and', 'mary', 'the', 'rounded', 'vowel', 'of', 'water', 'the', 'shorter', 'rounded', 'vowel', 'not', 'present', 'in', 'general', 'american', 'in', 'was', 'and', 'what', 'schwa', 'in', 'many', 'unstressed', 'syllables', 'as', 'in', 'about', 'comma', 'solar', 'the', 'double', 'sequence', 'does', 'not', 'occur', 'in', 'native', 'english', 'words', 'but', 'is', 'found', 'in', 'some', 'words', 'derived', 'from', 'foreign', 'languages', 'such', 'as', 'aaron', 'and', 'aardvark', 'however', 'occurs', 'in', 'many', 'common', 'digraphs', 'all', 'with', 'their', 'own', 'sound', 'or', 'sounds', 'particularly', 'and', 'is', 'the', 'third', 'most', 'commonly', 'used', 'letter', 'in', 'english', 'after', 'and', 'and', 'the', 'second', 'most', 'common', 'in', 'spanish', 'and', 'french', 'in', 'one', 'study', 'on', 'average', 'about', 'of', 'letters', 'used', 'in', 'english', 'texts', 'tend', 'to', 'be', 'while', 'the', 'number', 'is', 'in', 'spanish', 'and', 'in', 'french', 'other', 'languages', 'in', 'most', 'languages', 'that', 'use', 'the', 'latin', 'alphabet', 'denotes', 'an', 'open', 'unrounded', 'vowel', 'such', 'as', 'or', 'an', 'exception', 'is', 'saanich', 'in', 'which', 'and', 'the', 'glyph', 'stands', 'for', 'close', 'mid', 'front', 'unrounded', 'vowel', 'other', 'systems', 'in', 'phonetic', 'and', 'phonemic', 'notation', 'in', 'the', 'international', 'phonetic', 'alphabet', 'is', 'used', 'for', 'the', 'open', 'front', 'unrounded', 'vowel', 'is', 'used', 'for', 'the', 'open', 'central', 'unrounded', 'vowel', 'and', 'is', 'used', 'for', 'the', 'open', 'back', 'unrounded', 'vowel', 'in', 'sampa', 'is', 'used', 'for', 'the', 'open', 'front', 'unrounded', 'vowel', 'and', 'is', 'used', 'for', 'the', 'open', 'back', 'unrounded', 'vowel', 'other', 'uses', 'in', 'algebra', 'the', 'letter', 'along', 'with', 'other', 'letters', 'at', 'the', 'beginning', 'of', 'the', 'alphabet', 'is', 'used', 'to', 'represent', 'known', 'quantities', 'whereas', 'the', 'letters', 'at', 'the', 'end', 'of', 'the', 'alphabet', 'are', 'used', 'to', 'denote', 'unknown', 'quantities', 'in', 'geometry', 'capital', 'etc', 'are', 'used', 'to', 'denote', 'segments', 'lines', 'rays', 'etc', 'capital', 'is', 'also', 'typically', 'used', 'as', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'letters', 'to', 'represent', 'an', 'angle', 'in', 'triangle', 'the', 'lowercase', 'representing', 'the', 'side', 'opposite', 'angle', 'is', 'often', 'used', 'to', 'denote', 'something', 'or', 'someone', 'of', 'better', 'or', 'more', 'prestigious', 'quality', 'or', 'status', 'or', 'the', 'best', 'grade', 'that', 'can', 'be', 'assigned', 'by', 'teachers', 'for', 'students', 'schoolwork', 'grade', 'for', 'clean', 'restaurants', 'list', 'celebrities', 'etc', 'such', 'associations', 'can', 'have', 'motivating', 'effect', 'as', 'exposure', 'to', 'the', 'letter', 'has', 'been', 'found', 'to', 'improve', 'performance', 'when', 'compared', 'with', 'other', 'letters', 'finally', 'the', 'letter', 'is', 'used', 'to', 'denote', 'size', 'as', 'in', 'narrow', 'size', 'shoe', 'or', 'small', 'cup', 'size', 'in', 'brassiere', 'related', 'characters', 'descendants', 'and', 'related', 'characters', 'in', 'the', 'latin', 'alphabet', 'latin', 'ae', 'ligature', 'with', 'diacritics', 'phonetic', 'alphabet', 'symbols', 'related', 'to', 'the', 'international', 'phonetic', 'alphabet', 'only', 'uses', 'lowercase', 'but', 'uppercase', 'forms', 'are', 'used', 'in', 'some', 'other', 'writing', 'systems', 'latin', 'letter', 'alpha', 'script', 'which', 'represents', 'an', 'open', 'back', 'unrounded', 'vowel', 'in', 'the', 'ipa', 'turned', 'which', 'represents', 'near', 'open', 'central', 'vowel', 'in', 'the', 'ipa', 'turned', 'also', 'called', 'wedge', 'caret', 'or', 'hat', 'which', 'represents', 'an', 'open', 'mid', 'back', 'unrounded', 'vowel', 'in', 'the', 'ipa', 'turned', 'script', 'which', 'represents', 'an', 'open', 'back', 'rounded', 'vowel', 'in', 'the', 'ipa', 'small', 'capital', 'an', 'obsolete', 'or', 'non', 'standard', 'symbol', 'in', 'the', 'international', 'phonetic', 'alphabet', 'used', 'to', 'represent', 'various', 'sounds', 'mainly', 'open', 'vowels', 'derived', 'signs', 'symbols', 'and', 'abbreviations', 'an', 'ordinal', 'indicator', 'ångström', 'sign', 'turned', 'capital', 'letter', 'used', 'in', 'predicate', 'logic', 'to', 'specify', 'universal', 'quantification', 'for', 'all', 'at', 'sign', 'argentine', 'austral', 'ancestors', 'and', 'siblings', 'in', 'other', 'alphabets', 'semitic', 'letter', 'aleph', 'from', 'which', 'the', 'following', 'symbols', 'originally', 'derive', 'greek', 'letter', 'alpha', 'from', 'which', 'the', 'following', 'letters', 'derive', 'cyrillic', 'letter', 'coptic', 'letter', 'alpha', 'old', 'italic', 'which', 'is', 'the', 'ancestor', 'of', 'modern', 'latin', 'runic', 'letter', 'ansuz', 'which', 'probably', 'derives', 'from', 'old', 'italic', 'gothic', 'letter', 'aza', 'asks', 'computing', 'codes', 'other', 'representations', 'notes', 'footnotes', 'references', 'external', 'links', 'history', 'of', 'the', 'alphabet'], ['A'])
303
Alabama
[b'alabama', b'is', b'state', b'in', b'the', b'southeastern', b'region', b'of', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'it', b'is', b'bordered', b'by', b'tennessee', b'to', b'the', b'north', b'georgia', b'to', b'the', b'east', b'florida', b'and', b'the', b'gulf', b'of', b'mexico', b'to', b'the', b'south', b'and', b'mississippi', b'to', b'the', b'west', b'alabama', b'is', b'the', b'th', b'most', b'extensive', b'and', b'the', b'th', b'most', b'populous', b'of', b'the', b'states', b'at', b'nearly', b'alabama', b'has', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'nation', b'longest', b'navigable', b'inland', b'waterways', b'alabama', b'is', b'nicknamed', b'the', b'yellowhammer', b'state', b'after', b'the', b'state', b'bird', b'alabama', b'is', b'also', b'known', b'as', b'the', b'heart', b'of', b'dixie', b'and', b'the', b'cotton', b'state', b'the', b'state', b'tree', b'is', b'the', b'longleaf', b'pine', b'and', b'the', b'state', b'flower', b'is', b'the', b'camellia', b'alabama', b'capital', b'is', b'montgomery', b'the', b'largest', b'city', b'by', b'population', b'is', b'birmingham', b'which', b'has', b'long', b'been', b'the', b'most', b'industrialized', b'city', b'the', b'largest', b'city', b'by', b'land', b'area', b'is', b'huntsville', b'the', b'oldest', b'city', b'is', b'mobile', b'founded', b'by', b'french', b'colonists', b'in', b'as', b'the', b'capital', b'of', b'french', b'louisiana', b'from', b'the', b'american', b'civil', b'war', b'until', b'world', b'war', b'ii', b'alabama', b'like', b'many', b'states', b'in', b'the', b'southern', b'suffered', b'economic', b'hardship', b'in', b'part', b'because', b'of', b'its', b'continued', b'dependence', b'on', b'agriculture', b'like', b'other', b'southern', b'states', b'alabama', b'legislators', b'disenfranchised', b'african', b'americans', b'and', b'many', b'poor', b'whites', b'at', b'the', b'turn', b'of', b'the', b'century', b'despite', b'the', b'growth', b'of', b'major', b'industries', b'and', b'urban', b'centers', b'white', b'rural', b'interests', b'dominated', b'the', b'state', b'legislature', b'from', b'to', b'the', b'urban', b'interests', b'and', b'african', b'americans', b'were', b'markedly', b'under', b'represented', b'following', b'world', b'war', b'ii', b'alabama', b'grew', b'as', b'the', b'state', b'economy', b'changed', b'from', b'one', b'primarily', b'based', b'on', b'agriculture', b'to', b'one', b'with', b'diversified', b'interests', b'the', b'state', b'economy', b'in', b'the', b'st', b'century', b'is', b'based', b'on', b'management', b'automotive', b'finance', b'manufacturing', b'aerospace', b'mineral', b'extraction', b'healthcare', b'education', b'retail', b'and', b'technology', b'etymology', b'russell', b'cave', b'in', b'jackson', b'county', b'charcoal', b'from', b'indigenous', b'camp', b'fires', b'in', b'the', b'cave', b'has', b'been', b'dated', b'as', b'early', b'as', b'to', b'bc', b'the', b'european', b'american', b'naming', b'of', b'the', b'alabama', b'river', b'and', b'state', b'was', b'derived', b'from', b'the', b'alabama', b'people', b'muskogean', b'speaking', b'tribe', b'whose', b'members', b'lived', b'just', b'below', b'the', b'confluence', b'of', b'the', b'coosa', b'and', b'tallapoosa', b'rivers', b'on', b'the', b'upper', b'reaches', b'of', b'the', b'river', b'in', b'the', b'alabama', b'language', b'the', b'word', b'for', b'person', b'of', b'alabama', b'lineage', b'is', b'albaamo', b'or', b'variously', b'albaama', b'or', b'alb\xc3\xa0amo', b'in', b'different', b'dialects', b'the', b'plural', b'form', b'is', b'albaamaha', b'the', b'word', b'alabama', b'is', b'believed', b'to', b'have', b'come', b'from', b'the', b'alabama', b'language', b'and', b'suggestion', b'the', b'name', b'was', b'borrowed', b'from', b'the', b'choctaw', b'language', b'is', b'unlikely', b'the', b'word', b'spelling', b'varies', b'significantly', b'among', b'historical', b'sources', b'the', b'first', b'usage', b'appears', b'in', b'three', b'accounts', b'of', b'the', b'hernando', b'de', b'soto', b'expedition', b'of', b'garcilaso', b'de', b'la', b'vega', b'used', b'alibamo', b'while', b'the', b'knight', b'of', b'elvas', b'and', b'rodrigo', b'ranjel', b'wrote', b'alibamu', b'and', b'limamu', b'respectively', b'in', b'of', b'the', b'term', b'as', b'early', b'as', b'the', b'french', b'called', b'the', b'tribe', b'the', b'alibamon', b'with', b'french', b'maps', b'identifying', b'the', b'river', b'as', b'rivi\xc3\xa8re', b'des', b'alibamons', b'other', b'spellings', b'of', b'the', b'name', b'have', b'included', b'alibamu', b'alabamo', b'albama', b'alebamon', b'alibama', b'alibamou', b'alabamu', b'allibamou', b'sources', b'disagree', b'on', b'the', b'word', b'meaning', b'some', b'scholars', b'suggest', b'the', b'word', b'comes', b'from', b'the', b'choctaw', b'alba', b'meaning', b'plants', b'or', b'weeds', b'and', b'amo', b'meaning', b'to', b'cut', b'to', b'trim', b'or', b'to', b'gather', b'the', b'meaning', b'may', b'have', b'been', b'clearers', b'of', b'the', b'thicket', b'or', b'herb', b'gatherers', b'referring', b'to', b'clearing', b'land', b'for', b'cultivation', b'or', b'collecting', b'medicinal', b'plants', b'the', b'state', b'has', b'numerous', b'place', b'names', b'of', b'native', b'american', b'origin', b'however', b'there', b'are', b'no', b'correspondingly', b'similar', b'words', b'in', b'the', b'alabama', b'language', b'an', b'article', b'in', b'the', b'jacksonville', b'republican', b'proposed', b'it', b'meant', b'here', b'we', b'rest', b'this', b'notion', b'was', b'popularized', b'in', b'the', b'through', b'the', b'writings', b'of', b'alexander', b'beaufort', b'meek', b'experts', b'in', b'the', b'muskogean', b'languages', b'have', b'not', b'found', b'any', b'evidence', b'to', b'support', b'such', b'translation', b'history', b'pre', b'european', b'settlement', b'the', b'moundville', b'archaeological', b'site', b'in', b'hale', b'county', b'it', b'was', b'occupied', b'by', b'native', b'americans', b'of', b'the', b'mississippian', b'culture', b'from', b'to', b'ad', b'indigenous', b'peoples', b'of', b'varying', b'cultures', b'lived', b'in', b'the', b'area', b'for', b'thousands', b'of', b'years', b'before', b'the', b'advent', b'of', b'european', b'colonization', b'trade', b'with', b'the', b'northeastern', b'tribes', b'by', b'the', b'ohio', b'river', b'began', b'during', b'the', b'burial', b'mound', b'period', b'bc', b'ad', b'and', b'continued', b'until', b'european', b'contact', b'the', b'agrarian', b'mississippian', b'culture', b'covered', b'most', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'from', b'to', b'ad', b'with', b'one', b'of', b'its', b'major', b'centers', b'built', b'at', b'what', b'is', b'now', b'the', b'moundville', b'archaeological', b'site', b'in', b'moundville', b'alabama', b'this', b'is', b'the', b'second', b'largest', b'complex', b'of', b'the', b'classic', b'middle', b'mississippian', b'era', b'after', b'cahokia', b'in', b'present', b'day', b'illinois', b'which', b'was', b'the', b'center', b'of', b'the', b'culture', b'analysis', b'of', b'artifacts', b'from', b'archaeological', b'excavations', b'at', b'moundville', b'were', b'the', b'basis', b'of', b'scholars', b'formulating', b'the', b'characteristics', b'of', b'the', b'southeastern', b'ceremonial', b'complex', b'secc', b'contrary', b'to', b'popular', b'belief', b'the', b'secc', b'appears', b'to', b'have', b'no', b'direct', b'links', b'to', b'mesoamerican', b'culture', b'but', b'developed', b'independently', b'the', b'ceremonial', b'complex', b'represents', b'major', b'component', b'of', b'the', b'religion', b'of', b'the', b'mississippian', b'peoples', b'it', b'is', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'primary', b'means', b'by', b'which', b'their', b'religion', b'is', b'understood', b'among', b'the', b'historical', b'tribes', b'of', b'native', b'american', b'people', b'living', b'in', b'present', b'day', b'alabama', b'at', b'the', b'time', b'of', b'european', b'contact', b'were', b'the', b'cherokee', b'an', b'iroquoian', b'language', b'people', b'and', b'the', b'muskogean', b'speaking', b'alabama', b'alibamu', b'chickasaw', b'choctaw', b'creek', b'and', b'koasati', b'while', b'part', b'of', b'the', b'same', b'large', b'language', b'family', b'the', b'muskogee', b'tribes', b'developed', b'distinct', b'cultures', b'and', b'languages', b'european', b'settlement', b'with', b'exploration', b'in', b'the', b'th', b'century', b'the', b'spanish', b'were', b'the', b'first', b'europeans', b'to', b'reach', b'alabama', b'the', b'expedition', b'of', b'hernando', b'de', b'soto', b'passed', b'through', b'mabila', b'and', b'other', b'parts', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'in', b'more', b'than', b'years', b'later', b'the', b'french', b'founded', b'the', b'region', b'first', b'european', b'settlement', b'at', b'old', b'mobile', b'in', b'the', b'city', b'was', b'moved', b'to', b'the', b'current', b'site', b'of', b'mobile', b'in', b'this', b'area', b'was', b'claimed', b'by', b'the', b'french', b'from', b'to', b'as', b'part', b'of', b'la', b'louisiane', b'after', b'the', b'french', b'lost', b'to', b'the', b'british', b'in', b'the', b'seven', b'years', b'war', b'it', b'became', b'part', b'of', b'british', b'west', b'florida', b'from', b'to', b'after', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'victory', b'in', b'the', b'american', b'revolutionary', b'war', b'the', b'territory', b'was', b'divided', b'between', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'and', b'spain', b'the', b'latter', b'retained', b'control', b'of', b'this', b'western', b'territory', b'from', b'until', b'the', b'surrender', b'of', b'the', b'spanish', b'garrison', b'at', b'mobile', b'to', b'forces', b'on', b'april', b'thomas', b'bassett', b'loyalist', b'to', b'the', b'british', b'monarchy', b'during', b'the', b'revolutionary', b'era', b'was', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'earliest', b'white', b'settlers', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'outside', b'mobile', b'he', b'settled', b'in', b'the', b'tombigbee', b'district', b'during', b'the', b'early', b'the', b'district', b'boundaries', b'were', b'roughly', b'limited', b'to', b'the', b'area', b'within', b'few', b'miles', b'of', b'the', b'tombigbee', b'river', b'and', b'included', b'portions', b'of', b'what', b'is', b'today', b'southern', b'clarke', b'county', b'northernmost', b'mobile', b'county', b'and', b'most', b'of', b'washington', b'county', b'what', b'is', b'now', b'the', b'counties', b'of', b'baldwin', b'and', b'mobile', b'became', b'part', b'of', b'spanish', b'west', b'florida', b'in', b'part', b'of', b'the', b'independent', b'republic', b'of', b'west', b'florida', b'in', b'and', b'was', b'finally', b'added', b'to', b'the', b'mississippi', b'territory', b'in', b'most', b'of', b'what', b'is', b'now', b'the', b'northern', b'two', b'thirds', b'of', b'alabama', b'was', b'known', b'as', b'the', b'yazoo', b'lands', b'beginning', b'during', b'the', b'british', b'colonial', b'period', b'it', b'was', b'claimed', b'by', b'the', b'province', b'of', b'georgia', b'from', b'onwards', b'following', b'the', b'revolutionary', b'war', b'it', b'remained', b'part', b'of', b'georgia', b'although', b'heavily', b'disputed', b'map', b'showing', b'the', b'formation', b'of', b'the', b'mississippi', b'and', b'alabama', b'territories', b'with', b'the', b'exception', b'of', b'the', b'area', b'around', b'mobile', b'and', b'the', b'yazoo', b'lands', b'what', b'is', b'now', b'the', b'lower', b'one', b'third', b'alabama', b'was', b'made', b'part', b'of', b'the', b'mississippi', b'territory', b'when', b'it', b'was', b'organized', b'in', b'the', b'yazoo', b'lands', b'were', b'added', b'to', b'the', b'territory', b'in', b'following', b'the', b'yazoo', b'land', b'scandal', b'spain', b'kept', b'claim', b'on', b'its', b'former', b'spanish', b'west', b'florida', b'territory', b'in', b'what', b'would', b'become', b'the', b'coastal', b'counties', b'until', b'the', b'adams', b'on\xc3\xads', b'treaty', b'officially', b'ceded', b'it', b'to', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'in', b'th', b'century', b'before', b'mississippi', b'admission', b'to', b'statehood', b'on', b'december', b'the', b'more', b'sparsely', b'settled', b'eastern', b'half', b'of', b'the', b'territory', b'was', b'separated', b'and', b'named', b'the', b'alabama', b'territory', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'congress', b'created', b'the', b'alabama', b'territory', b'on', b'march', b'st', b'stephens', b'now', b'abandoned', b'served', b'as', b'the', b'territorial', b'capital', b'from', b'to', b'alabama', b'was', b'admitted', b'as', b'the', b'nd', b'state', b'on', b'december', b'with', b'congress', b'selecting', b'huntsville', b'as', b'the', b'site', b'for', b'the', b'first', b'constitutional', b'convention', b'from', b'july', b'to', b'august', b'delegates', b'met', b'to', b'prepare', b'the', b'new', b'state', b'constitution', b'huntsville', b'served', b'as', b'temporary', b'capital', b'from', b'to', b'when', b'the', b'seat', b'of', b'government', b'moved', b'to', b'cahaba', b'in', b'dallas', b'county', b'thornhill', b'in', b'greene', b'county', b'it', b'is', b'former', b'black', b'belt', b'plantation', b'cahaba', b'now', b'ghost', b'town', b'was', b'the', b'first', b'permanent', b'state', b'capital', b'from', b'to', b'alabama', b'fever', b'was', b'underway', b'when', b'the', b'state', b'was', b'admitted', b'to', b'the', b'union', b'with', b'settlers', b'and', b'land', b'speculators', b'pouring', b'into', b'the', b'state', b'to', b'take', b'advantage', b'of', b'fertile', b'land', b'suitable', b'for', b'cotton', b'cultivation', b'part', b'of', b'the', b'frontier', b'in', b'the', b'and', b'its', b'constitution', b'provided', b'for', b'universal', b'suffrage', b'for', b'white', b'men', b'southeastern', b'planters', b'and', b'traders', b'from', b'the', b'upper', b'south', b'brought', b'slaves', b'with', b'them', b'as', b'the', b'cotton', b'plantations', b'in', b'alabama', b'expanded', b'the', b'economy', b'of', b'the', b'central', b'black', b'belt', b'named', b'for', b'its', b'dark', b'productive', b'soil', b'was', b'built', b'around', b'large', b'cotton', b'plantations', b'whose', b'owners', b'wealth', b'grew', b'largely', b'from', b'slave', b'labor', b'the', b'area', b'also', b'drew', b'many', b'poor', b'disfranchised', b'people', b'who', b'became', b'subsistence', b'farmers', b'alabama', b'had', b'an', b'estimated', b'population', b'of', b'under', b'people', b'in', b'but', b'it', b'increased', b'to', b'more', b'than', b'people', b'by', b'most', b'native', b'american', b'tribes', b'were', b'completely', b'removed', b'from', b'the', b'state', b'within', b'few', b'years', b'of', b'the', b'passage', b'of', b'the', b'indian', b'removal', b'act', b'by', b'congress', b'in', b'william', b'nichols', b'it', b'was', b'built', b'from', b'to', b'and', b'was', b'destroyed', b'by', b'fire', b'in', b'from', b'to', b'tuscaloosa', b'served', b'as', b'alabama', b'capital', b'on', b'january', b'the', b'alabama', b'legislature', b'announced', b'it', b'had', b'voted', b'to', b'move', b'the', b'capital', b'city', b'from', b'tuscaloosa', b'to', b'montgomery', b'the', b'first', b'legislative', b'session', b'in', b'the', b'new', b'capital', b'met', b'in', b'december', b'new', b'capitol', b'building', b'was', b'erected', b'under', b'the', b'direction', b'of', b'stephen', b'decatur', b'button', b'of', b'philadelphia', b'the', b'first', b'structure', b'burned', b'down', b'in', b'but', b'was', b'rebuilt', b'on', b'the', b'same', b'site', b'in', b'this', b'second', b'capitol', b'building', b'in', b'montgomery', b'remains', b'to', b'the', b'present', b'day', b'it', b'was', b'designed', b'by', b'barachias', b'holt', b'of', b'exeter', b'maine', b'by', b'the', b'population', b'had', b'increased', b'to', b'people', b'of', b'which', b'nearly', b'half', b'were', b'enslaved', b'african', b'americans', b'and', b'were', b'free', b'people', b'of', b'color', b'on', b'january', b'alabama', b'declared', b'its', b'secession', b'from', b'the', b'union', b'after', b'remaining', b'an', b'independent', b'republic', b'for', b'few', b'days', b'it', b'joined', b'the', b'confederate', b'states', b'of', b'america', b'the', b'confederacy', b'capital', b'was', b'initially', b'at', b'montgomery', b'alabama', b'was', b'heavily', b'involved', b'in', b'the', b'american', b'civil', b'war', b'although', b'comparatively', b'few', b'battles', b'were', b'fought', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'alabama', b'contributed', b'about', b'soldiers', b'to', b'the', b'war', b'effort', b'union', b'army', b'troops', b'occupying', b'courthouse', b'square', b'in', b'huntsville', b'following', b'its', b'capture', b'and', b'occupation', b'by', b'federal', b'forces', b'in', b'company', b'of', b'cavalry', b'soldiers', b'from', b'huntsville', b'alabama', b'joined', b'nathan', b'bedford', b'forrest', b'battalion', b'in', b'hopkinsville', b'kentucky', b'the', b'company', b'wore', b'new', b'uniforms', b'with', b'yellow', b'trim', b'on', b'the', b'sleeves', b'collar', b'and', b'coat', b'tails', b'this', b'led', b'to', b'them', b'being', b'greeted', b'with', b'yellowhammer', b'and', b'the', b'name', b'later', b'was', b'applied', b'to', b'all', b'alabama', b'troops', b'in', b'the', b'confederate', b'army', b'alabama', b'slaves', b'were', b'freed', b'by', b'the', b'th', b'amendment', b'in', b'alabama', b'was', b'under', b'military', b'rule', b'from', b'the', b'end', b'of', b'the', b'war', b'in', b'may', b'until', b'its', b'official', b'restoration', b'to', b'the', b'union', b'in', b'from', b'to', b'with', b'most', b'white', b'citizens', b'barred', b'temporarily', b'from', b'voting', b'and', b'freedmen', b'enfranchised', b'many', b'african', b'americans', b'emerged', b'as', b'political', b'leaders', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'alabama', b'was', b'represented', b'in', b'congress', b'during', b'this', b'period', b'by', b'three', b'african', b'american', b'congressmen', b'jeremiah', b'haralson', b'benjamin', b'turner', b'and', b'james', b'rapier', b'following', b'the', b'war', b'the', b'state', b'remained', b'chiefly', b'agricultural', b'with', b'an', b'economy', b'tied', b'to', b'cotton', b'during', b'reconstruction', b'state', b'legislators', b'ratified', b'new', b'state', b'constitution', b'in', b'that', b'created', b'the', b'state', b'first', b'public', b'school', b'system', b'and', b'expanded', b'women', b'rights', b'legislators', b'funded', b'numerous', b'public', b'road', b'and', b'railroad', b'projects', b'although', b'these', b'were', b'plagued', b'with', b'allegations', b'of', b'fraud', b'and', b'organized', b'insurgent', b'resistance', b'groups', b'tried', b'to', b'suppress', b'the', b'freedmen', b'and', b'republicans', b'besides', b'the', b'short', b'lived', b'original', b'ku', b'klux', b'klan', b'these', b'included', b'the', b'pale', b'faces', b'knights', b'of', b'the', b'white', b'camellia', b'red', b'shirts', b'and', b'the', b'white', b'league', b'reconstruction', b'in', b'alabama', b'ended', b'in', b'when', b'the', b'democrats', b'regained', b'control', b'of', b'the', b'legislature', b'and', b'governor', b'office', b'through', b'an', b'election', b'dominated', b'by', b'fraud', b'and', b'violence', b'they', b'wrote', b'another', b'constitution', b'in', b'and', b'the', b'legislature', b'passed', b'the', b'blaine', b'amendment', b'prohibiting', b'public', b'money', b'from', b'being', b'used', b'to', b'finance', b'religious', b'affiliated', b'schools', b'the', b'same', b'year', b'legislation', b'was', b'approved', b'that', b'called', b'for', b'racially', b'segregated', b'schools', b'railroad', b'passenger', b'cars', b'were', b'segregated', b'in', b'after', b'disfranchising', b'most', b'african', b'americans', b'and', b'many', b'poor', b'whites', b'in', b'the', b'constitution', b'the', b'alabama', b'legislature', b'passed', b'more', b'jim', b'crow', b'laws', b'at', b'the', b'beginning', b'of', b'the', b'th', b'century', b'to', b'impose', b'segregation', b'in', b'everyday', b'life', b'th', b'century', b'the', b'developing', b'skyline', b'of', b'birmingham', b'in', b'the', b'new', b'constitution', b'of', b'alabama', b'included', b'provisions', b'for', b'voter', b'registration', b'that', b'effectively', b'disenfranchised', b'large', b'portions', b'of', b'the', b'population', b'including', b'nearly', b'all', b'african', b'americans', b'and', b'native', b'americans', b'and', b'tens', b'of', b'thousands', b'of', b'poor', b'whites', b'through', b'making', b'voter', b'registration', b'difficult', b'requiring', b'poll', b'tax', b'and', b'literacy', b'test', b'the', b'constitution', b'required', b'racial', b'segregation', b'of', b'public', b'schools', b'by', b'only', b'african', b'americans', b'were', b'registered', b'in', b'alabama', b'although', b'at', b'least', b'were', b'literate', b'this', b'compared', b'to', b'more', b'than', b'african', b'americans', b'eligible', b'to', b'vote', b'in', b'the', b'numbers', b'dropped', b'even', b'more', b'in', b'later', b'decades', b'the', b'state', b'legislature', b'passed', b'additional', b'racial', b'segregation', b'laws', b'related', b'to', b'public', b'facilities', b'into', b'the', b'jails', b'were', b'segregated', b'in', b'hospitals', b'in', b'toilets', b'hotels', b'and', b'restaurants', b'in', b'and', b'bus', b'stop', b'waiting', b'rooms', b'in', b'while', b'the', b'planter', b'class', b'had', b'persuaded', b'poor', b'whites', b'to', b'vote', b'for', b'this', b'legislative', b'effort', b'to', b'suppress', b'black', b'voting', b'the', b'new', b'restrictions', b'resulted', b'in', b'their', b'as', b'well', b'due', b'mostly', b'to', b'the', b'imposition', b'of', b'cumulative', b'poll', b'tax', b'by', b'whites', b'constituted', b'slight', b'majority', b'of', b'those', b'disenfranchised', b'by', b'these', b'laws', b'whites', b'vs', b'african', b'americans', b'nearly', b'all', b'african', b'americans', b'had', b'lost', b'the', b'ability', b'to', b'vote', b'despite', b'numerous', b'legal', b'challenges', b'that', b'succeeded', b'in', b'overturning', b'certain', b'provisions', b'the', b'state', b'legislature', b'would', b'create', b'new', b'ones', b'to', b'maintain', b'the', b'exclusion', b'of', b'blacks', b'from', b'the', b'political', b'system', b'persisted', b'until', b'after', b'passage', b'of', b'federal', b'civil', b'rights', b'legislation', b'in', b'the', b'to', b'enforce', b'their', b'constitutional', b'rights', b'as', b'citizens', b'the', b'rural', b'dominated', b'alabama', b'legislature', b'consistently', b'underfunded', b'schools', b'and', b'services', b'for', b'the', b'disenfranchised', b'african', b'americans', b'but', b'it', b'did', b'not', b'relieve', b'them', b'of', b'paying', b'taxes', b'partially', b'as', b'response', b'to', b'chronic', b'underfunding', b'of', b'education', b'for', b'african', b'americans', b'in', b'the', b'south', b'the', b'rosenwald', b'fund', b'began', b'funding', b'the', b'construction', b'of', b'what', b'came', b'to', b'be', b'known', b'as', b'rosenwald', b'schools', b'in', b'alabama', b'these', b'schools', b'were', b'designed', b'and', b'the', b'construction', b'partially', b'financed', b'with', b'rosenwald', b'funds', b'which', b'paid', b'one', b'third', b'of', b'the', b'construction', b'costs', b'the', b'fund', b'required', b'the', b'local', b'community', b'and', b'state', b'to', b'raise', b'matching', b'funds', b'to', b'pay', b'the', b'rest', b'black', b'residents', b'effectively', b'taxed', b'themselves', b'twice', b'by', b'raising', b'additional', b'monies', b'to', b'supply', b'matching', b'funds', b'for', b'such', b'schools', b'which', b'were', b'built', b'in', b'many', b'rural', b'areas', b'they', b'often', b'donated', b'land', b'and', b'labor', b'as', b'well', b'the', b'former', b'mount', b'sinai', b'school', b'in', b'rural', b'autauga', b'county', b'completed', b'in', b'it', b'was', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'rosenwald', b'schools', b'built', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'beginning', b'in', b'the', b'first', b'rosenwald', b'schools', b'were', b'built', b'in', b'alabama', b'for', b'african', b'american', b'children', b'total', b'of', b'schools', b'seven', b'teachers', b'houses', b'and', b'several', b'vocational', b'buildings', b'were', b'completed', b'by', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'several', b'of', b'the', b'surviving', b'school', b'buildings', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'are', b'now', b'listed', b'on', b'the', b'national', b'register', b'of', b'historic', b'places', b'continued', b'racial', b'discrimination', b'and', b'lynchings', b'agricultural', b'depression', b'and', b'the', b'failure', b'of', b'the', b'cotton', b'crops', b'due', b'to', b'boll', b'weevil', b'infestation', b'led', b'tens', b'of', b'thousands', b'of', b'african', b'americans', b'from', b'rural', b'alabama', b'and', b'other', b'states', b'to', b'seek', b'opportunities', b'in', b'northern', b'and', b'midwestern', b'cities', b'during', b'the', b'early', b'decades', b'of', b'the', b'th', b'century', b'as', b'part', b'of', b'the', b'great', b'migration', b'out', b'of', b'the', b'south', b'reflecting', b'this', b'emigration', b'the', b'population', b'growth', b'rate', b'in', b'alabama', b'see', b'historical', b'populations', b'table', b'below', b'dropped', b'by', b'nearly', b'half', b'from', b'to', b'at', b'the', b'same', b'time', b'many', b'rural', b'people', b'both', b'white', b'and', b'african', b'american', b'migrated', b'to', b'the', b'city', b'of', b'birmingham', b'to', b'work', b'in', b'new', b'industrial', b'jobs', b'birmingham', b'experienced', b'such', b'rapid', b'growth', b'that', b'it', b'was', b'called', b'the', b'magic', b'city', b'by', b'the', b'birmingham', b'was', b'the', b'th', b'largest', b'city', b'in', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'and', b'had', b'more', b'than', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'population', b'heavy', b'industry', b'and', b'mining', b'were', b'the', b'basis', b'of', b'its', b'economy', b'its', b'residents', b'were', b'under', b'represented', b'for', b'decades', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'legislature', b'which', b'refused', b'to', b'redistrict', b'after', b'each', b'decennial', b'census', b'according', b'to', b'population', b'changes', b'as', b'it', b'was', b'required', b'by', b'the', b'state', b'constitution', b'this', b'did', b'not', b'change', b'until', b'the', b'late', b'following', b'lawsuit', b'and', b'court', b'order', b'beginning', b'in', b'the', b'when', b'the', b'courts', b'started', b'taking', b'the', b'first', b'steps', b'to', b'recognize', b'the', b'voting', b'rights', b'of', b'black', b'voters', b'the', b'alabama', b'legislature', b'took', b'several', b'counter', b'steps', b'designed', b'to', b'disfranchise', b'black', b'voters', b'the', b'legislature', b'passed', b'and', b'the', b'voters', b'ratified', b'as', b'these', b'were', b'mostly', b'white', b'voters', b'state', b'constitutional', b'amendment', b'that', b'gave', b'local', b'registrars', b'greater', b'latitude', b'to', b'disqualify', b'voter', b'registration', b'applicants', b'black', b'citizens', b'in', b'mobile', b'successfully', b'challenged', b'this', b'amendment', b'as', b'violation', b'of', b'the', b'fifteenth', b'amendment', b'the', b'legislature', b'also', b'changed', b'the', b'boundaries', b'of', b'tuskegee', b'to', b'sided', b'figure', b'designed', b'to', b'fence', b'out', b'blacks', b'from', b'the', b'city', b'limits', b'the', b'supreme', b'court', b'unanimously', b'held', b'that', b'this', b'racial', b'gerrymandering', b'violated', b'the', b'constitution', b'in', b'the', b'alabama', b'legislature', b'also', b'intentionally', b'diluted', b'the', b'effect', b'of', b'the', b'black', b'vote', b'by', b'instituting', b'numbered', b'place', b'requirements', b'for', b'local', b'elections', b'industrial', b'development', b'related', b'to', b'the', b'demands', b'of', b'world', b'war', b'ii', b'brought', b'level', b'of', b'prosperity', b'to', b'the', b'state', b'not', b'seen', b'since', b'before', b'the', b'civil', b'war', b'rural', b'workers', b'poured', b'into', b'the', b'largest', b'cities', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'for', b'better', b'jobs', b'and', b'higher', b'standard', b'of', b'living', b'one', b'example', b'of', b'this', b'massive', b'influx', b'of', b'workers', b'occurred', b'in', b'mobile', b'between', b'and', b'more', b'than', b'people', b'moved', b'into', b'the', b'city', b'to', b'work', b'for', b'war', b'related', b'industries', b'cotton', b'and', b'other', b'cash', b'crops', b'faded', b'in', b'importance', b'as', b'the', b'state', b'developed', b'manufacturing', b'and', b'service', b'base', b'despite', b'massive', b'population', b'changes', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'from', b'to', b'the', b'rural', b'dominated', b'legislature', b'refused', b'to', b'reapportion', b'house', b'and', b'senate', b'seats', b'based', b'on', b'population', b'as', b'required', b'by', b'the', b'state', b'constitution', b'to', b'follow', b'the', b'results', b'of', b'decennial', b'censuses', b'they', b'held', b'on', b'to', b'old', b'representation', b'to', b'maintain', b'political', b'and', b'economic', b'power', b'in', b'agricultural', b'areas', b'in', b'addition', b'the', b'state', b'legislature', b'gerrymandered', b'the', b'few', b'birmingham', b'legislative', b'seats', b'to', b'ensure', b'election', b'by', b'persons', b'living', b'outside', b'birmingham', b'one', b'result', b'was', b'that', b'jefferson', b'county', b'containing', b'birmingham', b'industrial', b'and', b'economic', b'powerhouse', b'contributed', b'more', b'than', b'one', b'third', b'of', b'all', b'tax', b'revenue', b'to', b'the', b'state', b'but', b'did', b'not', b'receive', b'proportional', b'amount', b'in', b'services', b'urban', b'interests', b'were', b'consistently', b'in', b'the', b'legislature', b'study', b'noted', b'that', b'because', b'of', b'rural', b'domination', b'minority', b'of', b'about', b'per', b'cent', b'of', b'the', b'total', b'state', b'population', b'is', b'in', b'majority', b'control', b'of', b'the', b'alabama', b'legislature', b'class', b'action', b'suit', b'initiated', b'on', b'behalf', b'of', b'plaintiffs', b'in', b'lowndes', b'county', b'alabama', b'challenged', b'the', b'state', b'legislature', b'lack', b'of', b'redistricting', b'for', b'congressional', b'seats', b'in', b'white', b'crook', b'judge', b'frank', b'johnson', b'ordered', b'the', b'state', b'to', b'redistrict', b'united', b'states', b'supreme', b'court', b'cases', b'of', b'baker', b'carr', b'and', b'reynolds', b'sims', b'ruled', b'that', b'the', b'principle', b'of', b'one', b'man', b'one', b'vote', b'needed', b'to', b'be', b'the', b'basis', b'of', b'both', b'houses', b'of', b'state', b'legislatures', b'as', b'well', b'and', b'that', b'their', b'districts', b'had', b'to', b'be', b'based', b'on', b'population', b'rather', b'than', b'geographic', b'counties', b'as', b'alabama', b'had', b'used', b'for', b'its', b'senate', b'in', b'for', b'the', b'first', b'time', b'since', b'the', b'legislature', b'completed', b'the', b'first', b'congressional', b'redistricting', b'based', b'on', b'the', b'decennial', b'census', b'this', b'benefited', b'the', b'urban', b'areas', b'that', b'had', b'developed', b'as', b'well', b'as', b'all', b'in', b'the', b'population', b'who', b'had', b'been', b'for', b'more', b'than', b'years', b'other', b'changes', b'were', b'made', b'to', b'implement', b'representative', b'state', b'house', b'and', b'senate', b'districts', b'african', b'americans', b'continued', b'to', b'press', b'in', b'the', b'and', b'to', b'end', b'and', b'segregation', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'through', b'the', b'civil', b'rights', b'movement', b'including', b'legal', b'challenges', b'in', b'the', b'us', b'supreme', b'court', b'ruled', b'in', b'brown', b'board', b'of', b'education', b'that', b'public', b'schools', b'had', b'to', b'be', b'desegregated', b'but', b'alabama', b'was', b'slow', b'to', b'comply', b'during', b'the', b'under', b'governor', b'george', b'wallace', b'alabama', b'resisted', b'compliance', b'with', b'federal', b'demands', b'for', b'desegregation', b'the', b'civil', b'rights', b'movement', b'had', b'notable', b'events', b'in', b'alabama', b'including', b'the', b'montgomery', b'bus', b'boycott', b'freedom', b'rides', b'in', b'and', b'selma', b'to', b'montgomery', b'marches', b'these', b'contributed', b'to', b'congressional', b'passage', b'and', b'enactment', b'of', b'the', b'civil', b'rights', b'act', b'of', b'and', b'voting', b'rights', b'act', b'of', b'by', b'the', b'congress', b'legal', b'segregation', b'ended', b'in', b'the', b'states', b'in', b'but', b'jim', b'crow', b'customs', b'often', b'continued', b'until', b'specifically', b'challenged', b'in', b'court', b'despite', b'recommendations', b'of', b'alabama', b'constitutional', b'commission', b'the', b'state', b'legislature', b'did', b'not', b'approve', b'an', b'amendment', b'to', b'establish', b'home', b'rule', b'for', b'counties', b'there', b'is', b'very', b'limited', b'home', b'rule', b'but', b'the', b'legislature', b'is', b'deeply', b'involved', b'in', b'passing', b'legislation', b'that', b'applies', b'to', b'county', b'level', b'functions', b'and', b'policies', b'this', b'both', b'deprives', b'local', b'residents', b'of', b'the', b'ability', b'to', b'govern', b'themselves', b'and', b'distracts', b'the', b'legislature', b'from', b'statewide', b'issues', b'alabama', b'has', b'made', b'some', b'changes', b'since', b'the', b'late', b'th', b'century', b'and', b'has', b'used', b'new', b'types', b'of', b'voting', b'to', b'increase', b'representation', b'in', b'the', b'an', b'omnibus', b'redistricting', b'case', b'dillard', b'crenshaw', b'county', b'challenged', b'the', b'at', b'large', b'voting', b'for', b'representative', b'seats', b'of', b'alabama', b'jurisdictions', b'including', b'counties', b'and', b'school', b'boards', b'at', b'large', b'voting', b'had', b'diluted', b'the', b'votes', b'of', b'any', b'minority', b'in', b'county', b'as', b'the', b'majority', b'tended', b'to', b'take', b'all', b'seats', b'despite', b'african', b'americans', b'making', b'up', b'significant', b'minority', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'they', b'had', b'been', b'unable', b'to', b'elect', b'any', b'representatives', b'in', b'most', b'of', b'the', b'at', b'large', b'jurisdictions', b'as', b'part', b'of', b'settlement', b'of', b'this', b'case', b'five', b'alabama', b'cites', b'and', b'counties', b'including', b'chilton', b'county', b'adopted', b'system', b'of', b'cumulative', b'voting', b'for', b'election', b'of', b'representatives', b'in', b'multi', b'seat', b'jurisdictions', b'this', b'has', b'resulted', b'in', b'more', b'proportional', b'representation', b'for', b'voters', b'in', b'another', b'form', b'of', b'proportional', b'representation', b'jurisdictions', b'use', b'limited', b'voting', b'as', b'in', b'conecuh', b'county', b'in', b'limited', b'voting', b'was', b'first', b'tested', b'in', b'conecuh', b'county', b'together', b'use', b'of', b'these', b'systems', b'has', b'increased', b'the', b'number', b'of', b'african', b'americans', b'and', b'women', b'being', b'elected', b'to', b'local', b'offices', b'resulting', b'in', b'governments', b'that', b'are', b'more', b'representative', b'of', b'their', b'citizens', b'geography', b'general', b'map', b'of', b'alabama', b'alabama', b'is', b'the', b'thirtieth', b'largest', b'state', b'in', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'with', b'of', b'total', b'area', b'of', b'the', b'area', b'is', b'water', b'making', b'alabama', b'rd', b'in', b'the', b'amount', b'of', b'surface', b'water', b'also', b'giving', b'it', b'the', b'second', b'largest', b'inland', b'waterway', b'system', b'in', b'the', b'about', b'three', b'fifths', b'of', b'the', b'land', b'area', b'is', b'gentle', b'plain', b'with', b'general', b'descent', b'towards', b'the', b'mississippi', b'river', b'and', b'the', b'gulf', b'of', b'mexico', b'the', b'north', b'alabama', b'region', b'is', b'mostly', b'mountainous', b'with', b'the', b'tennessee', b'river', b'cutting', b'large', b'valley', b'and', b'creating', b'numerous', b'creeks', b'streams', b'rivers', b'mountains', b'and', b'lakes', b'alabama', b'is', b'bordered', b'by', b'the', b'states', b'of', b'tennessee', b'to', b'the', b'north', b'georgia', b'to', b'the', b'east', b'florida', b'to', b'the', b'south', b'and', b'mississippi', b'to', b'the', b'west', b'alabama', b'has', b'coastline', b'at', b'the', b'gulf', b'of', b'mexico', b'in', b'the', b'extreme', b'southern', b'edge', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'the', b'state', b'ranges', b'in', b'elevation', b'from', b'sea', b'level', b'at', b'mobile', b'bay', b'to', b'over', b'feet', b'in', b'the', b'appalachian', b'mountains', b'in', b'the', b'northeast', b'the', b'highest', b'point', b'is', b'mount', b'cheaha', b'at', b'height', b'of', b'alabama', b'land', b'consists', b'of', b'of', b'forest', b'or', b'of', b'total', b'land', b'area', b'suburban', b'baldwin', b'county', b'along', b'the', b'gulf', b'coast', b'is', b'the', b'largest', b'county', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'in', b'both', b'land', b'area', b'and', b'water', b'area', b'areas', b'in', b'alabama', b'administered', b'by', b'the', b'national', b'park', b'service', b'include', b'horseshoe', b'bend', b'national', b'military', b'park', b'near', b'alexander', b'city', b'little', b'river', b'canyon', b'national', b'preserve', b'near', b'fort', b'payne', b'russell', b'cave', b'national', b'monument', b'in', b'bridgeport', b'tuskegee', b'airmen', b'national', b'historic', b'site', b'in', b'tuskegee', b'and', b'tuskegee', b'institute', b'national', b'historic', b'site', b'near', b'tuskegee', b'additionally', b'alabama', b'has', b'four', b'national', b'forests', b'conecuh', b'talladega', b'tuskegee', b'and', b'william', b'bankhead', b'alabama', b'also', b'contains', b'the', b'natchez', b'trace', b'parkway', b'the', b'selma', b'to', b'montgomery', b'national', b'historic', b'trail', b'and', b'the', b'trail', b'of', b'tears', b'national', b'historic', b'trail', b'notable', b'natural', b'wonder', b'in', b'alabama', b'is', b'natural', b'bridge', b'rock', b'the', b'longest', b'natural', b'bridge', b'east', b'of', b'the', b'rockies', b'located', b'just', b'south', b'of', b'haleyville', b'wide', b'meteorite', b'impact', b'crater', b'is', b'located', b'in', b'elmore', b'county', b'just', b'north', b'of', b'montgomery', b'this', b'is', b'the', b'wetumpka', b'crater', b'the', b'site', b'of', b'alabama', b'greatest', b'natural', b'disaster', b'wide', b'meteorite', b'hit', b'the', b'area', b'about', b'million', b'years', b'ago', b'the', b'hills', b'just', b'east', b'of', b'downtown', b'wetumpka', b'showcase', b'the', b'eroded', b'remains', b'of', b'the', b'impact', b'crater', b'that', b'was', b'blasted', b'into', b'the', b'bedrock', b'with', b'the', b'area', b'labeled', b'the', b'wetumpka', b'crater', b'or', b'astrobleme', b'star', b'wound', b'because', b'of', b'the', b'concentric', b'rings', b'of', b'fractures', b'and', b'zones', b'of', b'shattered', b'rock', b'that', b'can', b'be', b'found', b'beneath', b'the', b'surface', b'in', b'christian', b'koeberl', b'with', b'the', b'institute', b'of', b'geochemistry', b'university', b'of', b'vienna', b'published', b'evidence', b'and', b'established', b'the', b'site', b'as', b'the', b'th', b'recognized', b'impact', b'crater', b'on', b'earth', b'climate', b'autumn', b'tree', b'in', b'birmingham', b'the', b'state', b'is', b'classified', b'as', b'humid', b'subtropical', b'cfa', b'under', b'the', b'koppen', b'climate', b'classification', b'the', b'average', b'annual', b'temperature', b'is', b'temperatures', b'tend', b'to', b'be', b'warmer', b'in', b'the', b'southern', b'part', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'with', b'its', b'proximity', b'to', b'the', b'gulf', b'of', b'mexico', b'while', b'the', b'northern', b'parts', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'especially', b'in', b'the', b'appalachian', b'mountains', b'in', b'the', b'northeast', b'tend', b'to', b'be', b'slightly', b'cooler', b'generally', b'alabama', b'has', b'very', b'hot', b'summers', b'and', b'mild', b'winters', b'with', b'copious', b'precipitation', b'throughout', b'the', b'year', b'alabama', b'receives', b'an', b'average', b'of', b'of', b'rainfall', b'annually', b'and', b'enjoys', b'lengthy', b'growing', b'season', b'of', b'up', b'to', b'days', b'in', b'the', b'southern', b'part', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'summers', b'in', b'alabama', b'are', b'among', b'the', b'hottest', b'in', b'the', b'with', b'high', b'temperatures', b'averaging', b'over', b'throughout', b'the', b'summer', b'in', b'some', b'parts', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'alabama', b'is', b'also', b'prone', b'to', b'tropical', b'storms', b'and', b'even', b'hurricanes', b'areas', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'far', b'away', b'from', b'the', b'gulf', b'are', b'not', b'immune', b'to', b'the', b'effects', b'of', b'the', b'storms', b'which', b'often', b'dump', b'tremendous', b'amounts', b'of', b'rain', b'as', b'they', b'move', b'inland', b'and', b'weaken', b'south', b'alabama', b'reports', b'many', b'thunderstorms', b'the', b'gulf', b'coast', b'around', b'mobile', b'bay', b'averages', b'between', b'and', b'days', b'per', b'year', b'with', b'thunder', b'reported', b'this', b'activity', b'decreases', b'somewhat', b'further', b'north', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'but', b'even', b'the', b'far', b'north', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'reports', b'thunder', b'on', b'about', b'days', b'per', b'year', b'occasionally', b'thunderstorms', b'are', b'severe', b'with', b'frequent', b'lightning', b'and', b'large', b'hail', b'the', b'central', b'and', b'northern', b'parts', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'are', b'most', b'vulnerable', b'to', b'this', b'type', b'of', b'storm', b'alabama', b'ranks', b'ninth', b'in', b'the', b'number', b'of', b'deaths', b'from', b'lightning', b'and', b'tenth', b'in', b'the', b'number', b'of', b'deaths', b'from', b'lightning', b'strikes', b'per', b'capita', b'phil', b'campbell', b'following', b'the', b'statewide', b'april', b'tornado', b'outbreak', b'alabama', b'along', b'with', b'oklahoma', b'has', b'the', b'most', b'reported', b'ef', b'tornadoes', b'of', b'any', b'state', b'according', b'to', b'statistics', b'from', b'the', b'national', b'climatic', b'data', b'center', b'for', b'the', b'period', b'january', b'to', b'june', b'several', b'long', b'tracked', b'ef', b'tornadoes', b'have', b'contributed', b'to', b'alabama', b'reporting', b'more', b'tornado', b'fatalities', b'than', b'any', b'other', b'state', b'the', b'state', b'was', b'affected', b'by', b'the', b'super', b'outbreak', b'and', b'was', b'devastated', b'tremendously', b'by', b'the', b'super', b'outbreak', b'the', b'super', b'outbreak', b'produced', b'record', b'amount', b'of', b'tornadoes', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'the', b'tally', b'reached', b'snowfall', b'outside', b'birmingham', b'city', b'hall', b'in', b'february', b'the', b'peak', b'season', b'for', b'tornadoes', b'varies', b'from', b'the', b'northern', b'to', b'southern', b'parts', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'alabama', b'is', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'few', b'places', b'in', b'the', b'world', b'that', b'has', b'secondary', b'tornado', b'season', b'in', b'november', b'and', b'december', b'along', b'with', b'the', b'spring', b'severe', b'weather', b'season', b'the', b'northern', b'part', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'along', b'the', b'tennessee', b'valley', b'is', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'areas', b'in', b'the', b'most', b'vulnerable', b'to', b'violent', b'tornadoes', b'the', b'area', b'of', b'alabama', b'and', b'mississippi', b'most', b'affected', b'by', b'tornadoes', b'is', b'sometimes', b'referred', b'to', b'as', b'dixie', b'alley', b'as', b'distinct', b'from', b'the', b'tornado', b'alley', b'of', b'the', b'southern', b'plains', b'winters', b'are', b'generally', b'mild', b'in', b'alabama', b'as', b'they', b'are', b'throughout', b'most', b'of', b'the', b'southeastern', b'with', b'average', b'january', b'low', b'temperatures', b'around', b'in', b'mobile', b'and', b'around', b'in', b'birmingham', b'although', b'snow', b'is', b'rare', b'event', b'in', b'much', b'of', b'alabama', b'areas', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'north', b'of', b'montgomery', b'may', b'receive', b'dusting', b'of', b'snow', b'few', b'times', b'every', b'winter', b'with', b'an', b'occasional', b'moderately', b'heavy', b'snowfall', b'every', b'few', b'years', b'historic', b'snowfall', b'events', b'include', b'new', b'year', b'eve', b'snowstorm', b'and', b'the', b'storm', b'of', b'the', b'century', b'the', b'annual', b'average', b'snowfall', b'for', b'the', b'birmingham', b'area', b'is', b'per', b'year', b'in', b'the', b'southern', b'gulf', b'coast', b'snowfall', b'is', b'less', b'frequent', b'sometimes', b'going', b'several', b'years', b'without', b'any', b'snowfall', b'alabama', b'highest', b'temperature', b'of', b'was', b'recorded', b'on', b'september', b'in', b'the', b'unincorporated', b'community', b'of', b'centerville', b'the', b'record', b'low', b'of', b'occurred', b'on', b'january', b'in', b'new', b'market', b'flora', b'and', b'fauna', b'cahaba', b'lilies', b'hymenocallis', b'coronaria', b'in', b'the', b'cahaba', b'river', b'within', b'the', b'cahaba', b'river', b'national', b'wildlife', b'refuge', b'alabama', b'is', b'home', b'to', b'diverse', b'array', b'of', b'flora', b'and', b'fauna', b'due', b'largely', b'to', b'variety', b'of', b'habitats', b'that', b'range', b'from', b'the', b'tennessee', b'valley', b'appalachian', b'plateau', b'and', b'ridge', b'and', b'valley', b'appalachians', b'of', b'the', b'north', b'to', b'the', b'piedmont', b'canebrake', b'and', b'black', b'belt', b'of', b'the', b'central', b'region', b'to', b'the', b'gulf', b'coastal', b'plain', b'and', b'beaches', b'along', b'the', b'gulf', b'of', b'mexico', b'in', b'the', b'south', b'the', b'state', b'is', b'usually', b'ranked', b'among', b'the', b'top', b'in', b'nation', b'for', b'its', b'range', b'of', b'overall', b'biodiversity', b'alabama', b'is', b'in', b'the', b'subtropical', b'coniferous', b'forest', b'biome', b'and', b'once', b'boasted', b'huge', b'expanses', b'of', b'pine', b'forest', b'which', b'still', b'form', b'the', b'largest', b'proportion', b'of', b'forests', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'it', b'currently', b'ranks', b'fifth', b'in', b'the', b'nation', b'for', b'the', b'diversity', b'of', b'its', b'flora', b'it', b'is', b'home', b'to', b'nearly', b'pteridophyte', b'and', b'spermatophyte', b'plant', b'species', b'indigenous', b'animal', b'species', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'include', b'mammal', b'species', b'reptile', b'species', b'amphibian', b'species', b'roughly', b'native', b'freshwater', b'fish', b'species', b'and', b'bird', b'species', b'that', b'spend', b'at', b'least', b'part', b'of', b'their', b'year', b'within', b'the', b'state', b'invertebrates', b'include', b'crayfish', b'species', b'and', b'mollusk', b'species', b'of', b'these', b'mollusk', b'species', b'have', b'never', b'been', b'collected', b'outside', b'the', b'state', b'demographics', b'alabama', b'population', b'density', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'census', b'bureau', b'estimates', b'that', b'the', b'population', b'of', b'alabama', b'was', b'on', b'july', b'which', b'represents', b'an', b'increase', b'of', b'or', b'since', b'the', b'census', b'this', b'includes', b'natural', b'increase', b'since', b'the', b'last', b'census', b'of', b'people', b'that', b'is', b'births', b'minus', b'deaths', b'and', b'an', b'increase', b'due', b'to', b'net', b'migration', b'of', b'people', b'into', b'the', b'state', b'immigration', b'from', b'outside', b'the', b'resulted', b'in', b'net', b'increase', b'of', b'people', b'and', b'migration', b'within', b'the', b'country', b'produced', b'net', b'gain', b'of', b'people', b'the', b'state', b'had', b'foreign', b'born', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'population', b'of', b'which', b'an', b'estimated', b'were', b'undocumented', b'the', b'center', b'of', b'population', b'of', b'alabama', b'is', b'located', b'in', b'chilton', b'county', b'outside', b'the', b'town', b'of', b'jemison', b'race', b'and', b'ancestry', b'according', b'to', b'the', b'census', b'alabama', b'had', b'population', b'of', b'the', b'racial', b'composition', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'was', b'white', b'non', b'hispanic', b'white', b'and', b'hispanic', b'white', b'black', b'or', b'african', b'american', b'hispanic', b'or', b'latino', b'of', b'any', b'race', b'asian', b'american', b'indian', b'and', b'alaska', b'native', b'native', b'hawaiian', b'and', b'other', b'pacific', b'islander', b'from', b'some', b'other', b'race', b'and', b'from', b'two', b'or', b'more', b'races', b'in', b'of', b'alabama', b'population', b'younger', b'than', b'age', b'were', b'minorities', b'the', b'largest', b'reported', b'ancestry', b'groups', b'in', b'alabama', b'are', b'african', b'english', b'irish', b'german', b'and', b'scots', b'irish', b'those', b'citing', b'american', b'ancestry', b'in', b'alabama', b'are', b'generally', b'of', b'english', b'or', b'british', b'ancestry', b'many', b'anglo', b'americans', b'identify', b'as', b'having', b'american', b'ancestry', b'because', b'their', b'roots', b'have', b'been', b'in', b'north', b'america', b'for', b'so', b'long', b'in', b'some', b'cases', b'since', b'the', b'demographers', b'estimate', b'that', b'minimum', b'of', b'of', b'people', b'in', b'alabama', b'are', b'of', b'predominantly', b'english', b'ancestry', b'and', b'that', b'the', b'figure', b'is', b'likely', b'higher', b'in', b'the', b'census', b'of', b'the', b'people', b'in', b'alabama', b'identified', b'as', b'being', b'of', b'english', b'ancestry', b'making', b'them', b'the', b'largest', b'ethnic', b'group', b'at', b'the', b'time', b'alabama', b'racial', b'breakdown', b'of', b'population', b'racial', b'composition', b'white', b'black', b'asian', b'native', b'native', b'hawaiian', b'andother', b'pacific', b'islander', b'other', b'race', b'two', b'or', b'more', b'races', b'based', b'on', b'historic', b'migration', b'and', b'settlement', b'patterns', b'in', b'the', b'southern', b'colonies', b'and', b'states', b'demographers', b'estimated', b'there', b'are', b'more', b'people', b'in', b'alabama', b'of', b'scots', b'irish', b'origins', b'than', b'self', b'reported', b'many', b'people', b'in', b'alabama', b'claim', b'irish', b'ancestry', b'because', b'of', b'the', b'term', b'scots', b'irish', b'but', b'based', b'on', b'historic', b'immigration', b'and', b'settlement', b'their', b'ancestors', b'were', b'more', b'likely', b'protestant', b'scots', b'irish', b'coming', b'from', b'northern', b'ireland', b'where', b'they', b'had', b'been', b'for', b'few', b'generations', b'as', b'part', b'of', b'the', b'english', b'colonization', b'the', b'scots', b'irish', b'were', b'the', b'largest', b'non', b'english', b'immigrant', b'group', b'from', b'the', b'british', b'isles', b'before', b'the', b'american', b'revolution', b'and', b'many', b'settled', b'in', b'the', b'south', b'later', b'moving', b'into', b'the', b'deep', b'south', b'as', b'it', b'was', b'developed', b'in', b'under', b'the', b'davis', b'strong', b'act', b'the', b'state', b'legislature', b'established', b'the', b'alabama', b'indian', b'affairs', b'commission', b'native', b'american', b'groups', b'within', b'the', b'state', b'had', b'increasingly', b'been', b'demanding', b'recognition', b'as', b'ethnic', b'groups', b'and', b'seeking', b'an', b'end', b'to', b'discrimination', b'given', b'the', b'long', b'history', b'of', b'slavery', b'and', b'associated', b'racial', b'segregation', b'the', b'native', b'american', b'peoples', b'who', b'have', b'sometimes', b'been', b'of', b'mixed', b'race', b'have', b'insisted', b'on', b'having', b'their', b'cultural', b'identification', b'respected', b'in', b'the', b'past', b'their', b'self', b'identification', b'was', b'often', b'overlooked', b'as', b'the', b'state', b'tried', b'to', b'impose', b'binary', b'breakdown', b'of', b'society', b'into', b'white', b'and', b'black', b'the', b'state', b'has', b'officially', b'recognized', b'nine', b'american', b'indian', b'tribes', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'descended', b'mostly', b'from', b'the', b'five', b'civilized', b'tribes', b'of', b'the', b'american', b'southeast', b'these', b'are', b'poarch', b'band', b'of', b'creek', b'indians', b'who', b'also', b'have', b'federal', b'recognition', b'mowa', b'band', b'of', b'choctaw', b'indians', b'star', b'clan', b'of', b'muscogee', b'creeks', b'echota', b'cherokee', b'tribe', b'of', b'alabama', b'cherokee', b'tribe', b'of', b'northeast', b'alabama', b'cher', b'creek', b'intra', b'tribal', b'indians', b'ma', b'chis', b'lower', b'creek', b'indian', b'tribe', b'piqua', b'shawnee', b'tribe', b'and', b'ani', b'yun', b'wiya', b'nation', b'the', b'state', b'government', b'has', b'promoted', b'recognition', b'of', b'native', b'american', b'contributions', b'to', b'the', b'state', b'including', b'the', b'designation', b'in', b'for', b'columbus', b'day', b'to', b'be', b'jointly', b'celebrated', b'as', b'american', b'indian', b'heritage', b'day', b'population', b'centers', b'birmingham', b'largest', b'city', b'and', b'metropolitan', b'area', b'huntsville', b'second', b'largest', b'metropolitan', b'area', b'mobile', b'third', b'largest', b'metropolitan', b'area', b'montgomery', b'fourth', b'largest', b'metropolitan', b'area', b'rank', b'metropolitan', b'area', b'population', b'census', b'estimate', b'counties', b'birmingham', b'hoover', b'bibb', b'blount', b'chilton', b'jefferson', b'st', b'clair', b'shelby', b'walker', b'huntsville', b'limestone', b'madison', b'mobile', b'mobile', b'montgomery', b'autauga', b'elmore', b'lowndes', b'montgomery', b'tuscaloosa', b'hale', b'pickens', b'tuscaloosa', b'daphne', b'fairhope', b'baldwin', b'auburn', b'opelika', b'lee', b'decatur', b'lawrence', b'morgan', b'dothan', b'geneva', b'henry', b'houston', b'florence', b'muscle', b'shoals', b'colbert', b'lauderdale', b'anniston', b'oxford', b'jacksonville', b'calhoun', b'gadsden', b'etowah', b'total', b'sources', b'census', b'gov', b'rank', b'city', b'population', b'census', b'estimates', b'county', b'birmingham', b'jefferson', b'montgomery', b'montgomery', b'mobile', b'mobile', b'huntsville', b'tuscaloosa', b'tuscaloosa', b'hoover', b'jeffersonshelby', b'dothan', b'houston', b'auburn', b'lee', b'decatur', b'morganlimestone', b'madison', b'florence', b'lauderdale', b'phenix', b'city', b'russell', b'gadsden', b'etowah', b'prattville', b'autauga', b'vestavia', b'hills', b'jefferson', b'sources', b'census', b'gov', b'language', b'of', b'all', b'alabama', b'residents', b'five', b'years', b'old', b'or', b'older', b'spoke', b'only', b'english', b'at', b'home', b'in', b'minor', b'decrease', b'from', b'in', b'alabama', b'english', b'is', b'predominantly', b'southern', b'and', b'is', b'related', b'to', b'south', b'midland', b'speech', b'which', b'was', b'taken', b'across', b'the', b'border', b'from', b'tennessee', b'in', b'the', b'major', b'southern', b'speech', b'region', b'there', b'is', b'the', b'decreasing', b'loss', b'of', b'the', b'final', b'for', b'example', b'the', b'boyd', b'pronunciation', b'of', b'bird', b'in', b'the', b'northern', b'third', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'there', b'is', b'south', b'midland', b'arm', b'and', b'barb', b'rhyming', b'with', b'form', b'and', b'orb', b'unique', b'words', b'in', b'alabama', b'english', b'include', b'redworm', b'earthworm', b'peckerwood', b'woodpecker', b'snake', b'doctor', b'and', b'snake', b'feeder', b'dragonfly', b'tow', b'sack', b'burlap', b'bag', b'plum', b'peach', b'clingstone', b'french', b'harp', b'harmonica', b'and', b'dog', b'irons', b'andirons', b'top', b'non', b'english', b'languages', b'spoken', b'in', b'alabama', b'language', b'percentage', b'of', b'population', b'spanish', b'german', b'french', b'incl', b'patois', b'cajun', b'chinese', b'vietnamese', b'korean', b'arabic', b'african', b'languages', b'japanese', b'and', b'italian', b'tied', b'religion', b'highlands', b'united', b'methodist', b'church', b'in', b'birmingham', b'part', b'of', b'the', b'five', b'points', b'south', b'historic', b'district', b'briarwood', b'presbyterian', b'church', b'in', b'birmingham', b'temple', b'nai', b'sholom', b'in', b'huntsville', b'established', b'in', b'it', b'is', b'the', b'oldest', b'synagogue', b'building', b'in', b'continuous', b'use', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'the', b'islamic', b'center', b'of', b'tuscaloosa', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'islamic', b'centers', b'that', b'contain', b'mosque', b'and', b'facilities', b'for', b'the', b'cultural', b'needs', b'of', b'muslims', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'in', b'the', b'american', b'religious', b'identification', b'survey', b'of', b'alabama', b'respondents', b'reported', b'their', b'religion', b'as', b'christian', b'including', b'catholic', b'and', b'as', b'having', b'no', b'religion', b'the', b'composition', b'of', b'other', b'traditions', b'is', b'mormon', b'jewish', b'muslim', b'buddhist', b'and', b'hindu', b'religious', b'affiliation', b'in', b'alabama', b'affiliation', b'of', b'population', b'christian', b'protestant', b'evangelical', b'protestant', b'mainline', b'protestant', b'black', b'church', b'catholic', b'mormon', b'jehovah', b'witnesses', b'eastern', b'orthodox', b'other', b'christian', b'unaffiliated', b'nothing', b'in', b'particular', b'agnostic', b'atheist', b'non', b'christian', b'faiths', b'jewish', b'muslim', b'buddhist', b'hindu', b'other', b'non', b'christian', b'faiths', b'don', b'know', b'refused', b'answer', b'total', b'christianity', b'alabama', b'is', b'located', b'in', b'the', b'middle', b'of', b'the', b'bible', b'belt', b'region', b'of', b'numerous', b'protestant', b'christians', b'alabama', b'has', b'been', b'identified', b'as', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'most', b'religious', b'states', b'in', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'with', b'about', b'of', b'the', b'population', b'attending', b'church', b'regularly', b'majority', b'of', b'people', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'identify', b'as', b'evangelical', b'protestant', b'the', b'three', b'largest', b'denominational', b'groups', b'in', b'alabama', b'are', b'the', b'southern', b'baptist', b'convention', b'the', b'united', b'methodist', b'church', b'and', b'non', b'denominational', b'evangelical', b'protestant', b'in', b'alabama', b'the', b'southern', b'baptist', b'convention', b'has', b'the', b'highest', b'number', b'of', b'adherents', b'with', b'this', b'is', b'followed', b'by', b'the', b'united', b'methodist', b'church', b'with', b'adherents', b'non', b'denominational', b'evangelical', b'protestant', b'with', b'adherents', b'and', b'the', b'catholic', b'church', b'with', b'adherents', b'many', b'baptist', b'and', b'methodist', b'congregations', b'became', b'established', b'in', b'the', b'great', b'awakening', b'of', b'the', b'early', b'th', b'century', b'when', b'preachers', b'proselytized', b'across', b'the', b'south', b'the', b'assemblies', b'of', b'god', b'had', b'almost', b'members', b'the', b'churches', b'of', b'christ', b'had', b'nearly', b'members', b'the', b'presbyterian', b'churches', b'strongly', b'associated', b'with', b'scots', b'irish', b'immigrants', b'of', b'the', b'th', b'century', b'and', b'their', b'descendants', b'had', b'combined', b'membership', b'around', b'pca', b'members', b'in', b'congregations', b'pc', b'usa', b'members', b'in', b'congregations', b'the', b'cumberland', b'presbyterian', b'church', b'members', b'in', b'congregations', b'the', b'cumberland', b'presbyterian', b'church', b'in', b'america', b'members', b'and', b'congregations', b'plus', b'the', b'epc', b'and', b'associate', b'reformed', b'presbyterians', b'with', b'members', b'and', b'congregations', b'in', b'survey', b'nearly', b'of', b'respondents', b'could', b'name', b'all', b'four', b'of', b'the', b'christian', b'gospels', b'of', b'those', b'who', b'indicated', b'religious', b'preference', b'said', b'they', b'possessed', b'full', b'understanding', b'of', b'their', b'faith', b'and', b'needed', b'no', b'further', b'learning', b'in', b'poll', b'of', b'alabamians', b'reported', b'having', b'at', b'least', b'some', b'confidence', b'in', b'churches', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'other', b'faiths', b'although', b'in', b'much', b'smaller', b'numbers', b'many', b'other', b'religious', b'faiths', b'are', b'represented', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'as', b'well', b'including', b'judaism', b'islam', b'hinduism', b'buddhism', b'sikhism', b'the', b'bah\xc3\xa1', b'faith', b'and', b'unitarian', b'universalism', b'jews', b'have', b'been', b'present', b'in', b'what', b'is', b'now', b'alabama', b'since', b'during', b'the', b'colonial', b'era', b'of', b'mobile', b'when', b'sephardic', b'jews', b'immigrated', b'from', b'london', b'the', b'oldest', b'jewish', b'congregation', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'is', b'congregation', b'sha', b'arai', b'shomayim', b'in', b'mobile', b'it', b'was', b'formally', b'recognized', b'by', b'the', b'state', b'legislature', b'on', b'january', b'later', b'immigrants', b'in', b'the', b'nineteenth', b'and', b'twentieth', b'centuries', b'tended', b'to', b'be', b'ashkenazi', b'jews', b'from', b'eastern', b'europe', b'jewish', b'denominations', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'include', b'two', b'orthodox', b'four', b'conservative', b'ten', b'reform', b'and', b'one', b'humanistic', b'synagogue', b'muslims', b'have', b'been', b'increasing', b'in', b'alabama', b'with', b'mosques', b'built', b'by', b'many', b'by', b'african', b'american', b'converts', b'several', b'hindu', b'temples', b'and', b'cultural', b'centers', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'have', b'been', b'founded', b'by', b'indian', b'immigrants', b'and', b'their', b'descendants', b'the', b'best', b'known', b'being', b'the', b'shri', b'swaminarayan', b'mandir', b'in', b'birmingham', b'the', b'hindu', b'temple', b'and', b'cultural', b'center', b'of', b'birmingham', b'in', b'pelham', b'the', b'hindu', b'cultural', b'center', b'of', b'north', b'alabama', b'in', b'capshaw', b'and', b'the', b'hindu', b'mandir', b'and', b'cultural', b'center', b'in', b'tuscaloosa', b'there', b'are', b'six', b'dharma', b'centers', b'and', b'organizations', b'for', b'theravada', b'buddhists', b'most', b'monastic', b'buddhist', b'temples', b'are', b'concentrated', b'in', b'southern', b'mobile', b'county', b'near', b'bayou', b'la', b'batre', b'this', b'area', b'has', b'attracted', b'an', b'influx', b'of', b'refugees', b'from', b'cambodia', b'laos', b'and', b'vietnam', b'during', b'the', b'and', b'thereafter', b'the', b'four', b'temples', b'within', b'ten', b'mile', b'radius', b'of', b'bayou', b'la', b'batre', b'include', b'chua', b'chanh', b'giac', b'wat', b'buddharaksa', b'and', b'wat', b'lao', b'phoutthavihan', b'the', b'first', b'community', b'of', b'adherents', b'of', b'the', b'baha', b'faith', b'in', b'alabama', b'was', b'founded', b'in', b'by', b'paul', b'dealy', b'who', b'moved', b'from', b'chicago', b'to', b'fairhope', b'baha', b'centers', b'in', b'alabama', b'exist', b'in', b'birmingham', b'alabama', b'huntsville', b'alabama', b'and', b'florence', b'alabama', b'health', b'centers', b'for', b'disease', b'control', b'and', b'prevention', b'study', b'in', b'showed', b'that', b'obesity', b'in', b'alabama', b'was', b'problem', b'with', b'most', b'counties', b'having', b'over', b'of', b'adults', b'obese', b'except', b'for', b'ten', b'which', b'had', b'rate', b'between', b'and', b'residents', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'along', b'with', b'those', b'in', b'five', b'other', b'states', b'were', b'least', b'likely', b'in', b'the', b'nation', b'to', b'be', b'physically', b'active', b'during', b'leisure', b'time', b'alabama', b'and', b'the', b'southeastern', b'in', b'general', b'has', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'highest', b'incidences', b'of', b'adult', b'onset', b'diabetes', b'in', b'the', b'country', b'exceeding', b'of', b'adults', b'economy', b'the', b'state', b'has', b'invested', b'in', b'aerospace', b'education', b'health', b'care', b'banking', b'and', b'various', b'heavy', b'industries', b'including', b'automobile', b'manufacturing', b'mineral', b'extraction', b'steel', b'production', b'and', b'fabrication', b'by', b'crop', b'and', b'animal', b'production', b'in', b'alabama', b'was', b'valued', b'at', b'billion', b'in', b'contrast', b'to', b'the', b'primarily', b'agricultural', b'economy', b'of', b'the', b'previous', b'century', b'this', b'was', b'only', b'about', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'gross', b'domestic', b'product', b'the', b'number', b'of', b'private', b'farms', b'has', b'declined', b'at', b'steady', b'rate', b'since', b'the', b'as', b'land', b'has', b'been', b'sold', b'to', b'developers', b'timber', b'companies', b'and', b'large', b'farming', b'conglomerates', b'non', b'agricultural', b'employment', b'in', b'was', b'in', b'management', b'occupations', b'in', b'business', b'and', b'financial', b'operations', b'in', b'computer', b'related', b'and', b'mathematical', b'occupation', b'in', b'architecture', b'and', b'engineering', b'in', b'life', b'physical', b'and', b'social', b'sciences', b'in', b'community', b'and', b'social', b'services', b'in', b'legal', b'occupations', b'in', b'education', b'training', b'and', b'library', b'services', b'in', b'art', b'design', b'and', b'media', b'occupations', b'in', b'healthcare', b'in', b'fire', b'fighting', b'law', b'enforcement', b'and', b'security', b'in', b'food', b'preparation', b'and', b'serving', b'in', b'building', b'and', b'grounds', b'cleaning', b'and', b'maintenance', b'in', b'personal', b'care', b'and', b'services', b'in', b'sales', b'in', b'office', b'and', b'administration', b'support', b'in', b'farming', b'fishing', b'and', b'forestry', b'in', b'construction', b'and', b'mining', b'gas', b'and', b'oil', b'extraction', b'in', b'installation', b'maintenance', b'and', b'repair', b'in', b'production', b'and', b'in', b'transportation', b'and', b'material', b'moving', b'according', b'to', b'the', b'bureau', b'of', b'economic', b'analysis', b'the', b'total', b'gross', b'state', b'product', b'was', b'billion', b'or', b'per', b'capita', b'alabama', b'gdp', b'increased', b'from', b'the', b'previous', b'year', b'the', b'single', b'largest', b'increase', b'came', b'in', b'the', b'area', b'of', b'information', b'in', b'per', b'capita', b'income', b'for', b'the', b'state', b'was', b'the', b'state', b'seasonally', b'adjusted', b'unemployment', b'rate', b'was', b'in', b'april', b'this', b'compared', b'to', b'nationwide', b'seasonally', b'adjusted', b'rate', b'of', b'alabama', b'has', b'no', b'state', b'minimum', b'wage', b'and', b'uses', b'the', b'federal', b'minimum', b'wage', b'of', b'in', b'february', b'the', b'state', b'passed', b'legislation', b'that', b'prevents', b'alabama', b'municipalities', b'from', b'raising', b'the', b'minimum', b'wage', b'in', b'their', b'locality', b'the', b'legislation', b'voids', b'birmingham', b'city', b'ordinance', b'that', b'was', b'to', b'raise', b'the', b'city', b'minimum', b'wage', b'to', b'largest', b'employers', b'space', b'shuttle', b'enterprise', b'being', b'tested', b'at', b'marshall', b'space', b'flight', b'center', b'in', b'hyundai', b'motor', b'manufacturing', b'alabama', b'in', b'montgomery', b'in', b'shelby', b'hall', b'school', b'of', b'computing', b'at', b'the', b'university', b'of', b'south', b'alabama', b'in', b'mobile', b'the', b'five', b'employers', b'that', b'employed', b'the', b'most', b'employees', b'in', b'alabama', b'in', b'april', b'were', b'employer', b'employees', b'redstone', b'arsenal', b'university', b'of', b'alabama', b'at', b'birmingham', b'includes', b'uab', b'hospital', b'maxwell', b'air', b'force', b'base', b'state', b'of', b'alabama', b'mobile', b'county', b'public', b'school', b'system', b'the', b'next', b'twenty', b'largest', b'employers', b'included', b'employer', b'location', b'anniston', b'army', b'depot', b'anniston', b'at', b'multiple', b'auburn', b'university', b'auburn', b'baptist', b'medical', b'center', b'south', b'montgomery', b'birmingham', b'city', b'schools', b'birmingham', b'city', b'of', b'birmingham', b'birmingham', b'dch', b'health', b'system', b'tuscaloosa', b'huntsville', b'city', b'schools', b'huntsville', b'huntsville', b'hospital', b'system', b'huntsville', b'hyundai', b'motor', b'manufacturing', b'alabama', b'montgomery', b'infirmary', b'health', b'system', b'mobile', b'jefferson', b'county', b'board', b'of', b'education', b'birmingham', b'marshall', b'space', b'flight', b'center', b'huntsville', b'mercedes', b'benz', b'international', b'vance', b'montgomery', b'public', b'schools', b'montgomery', b'regions', b'financial', b'corporation', b'multiple', b'boeing', b'multiple', b'university', b'of', b'alabama', b'tuscaloosa', b'university', b'of', b'south', b'alabama', b'mobile', b'walmart', b'multiple', b'agriculture', b'alabama', b'agricultural', b'outputs', b'include', b'poultry', b'and', b'eggs', b'cattle', b'fish', b'plant', b'nursery', b'items', b'peanuts', b'cotton', b'grains', b'such', b'as', b'corn', b'and', b'sorghum', b'vegetables', b'milk', b'soybeans', b'and', b'peaches', b'although', b'known', b'as', b'the', b'cotton', b'state', b'alabama', b'ranks', b'between', b'eighth', b'and', b'tenth', b'in', b'national', b'cotton', b'production', b'according', b'to', b'various', b'reports', b'with', b'texas', b'georgia', b'and', b'mississippi', b'comprising', b'the', b'top', b'three', b'industry', b'alabama', b'industrial', b'outputs', b'include', b'iron', b'and', b'steel', b'products', b'including', b'cast', b'iron', b'and', b'steel', b'pipe', b'paper', b'lumber', b'and', b'wood', b'products', b'mining', b'mostly', b'coal', b'plastic', b'products', b'cars', b'and', b'trucks', b'and', b'apparel', b'in', b'addition', b'alabama', b'produces', b'aerospace', b'and', b'electronic', b'products', b'mostly', b'in', b'the', b'huntsville', b'area', b'the', b'location', b'of', b'nasa', b'george', b'marshall', b'space', b'flight', b'center', b'and', b'the', b'army', b'materiel', b'command', b'headquartered', b'at', b'redstone', b'arsenal', b'mercedes', b'benz', b'international', b'in', b'tuscaloosa', b'county', b'was', b'the', b'first', b'automotive', b'facility', b'to', b'locate', b'within', b'the', b'state', b'great', b'deal', b'of', b'alabama', b'economic', b'growth', b'since', b'the', b'has', b'been', b'due', b'to', b'the', b'state', b'expanding', b'automotive', b'manufacturing', b'industry', b'located', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'are', b'honda', b'manufacturing', b'of', b'alabama', b'hyundai', b'motor', b'manufacturing', b'alabama', b'mercedes', b'benz', b'international', b'and', b'toyota', b'motor', b'manufacturing', b'alabama', b'as', b'well', b'as', b'their', b'various', b'suppliers', b'since', b'the', b'automobile', b'industry', b'has', b'generated', b'more', b'than', b'new', b'jobs', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'alabama', b'currently', b'ranks', b'th', b'in', b'the', b'nation', b'for', b'vehicle', b'exports', b'automakers', b'accounted', b'for', b'approximately', b'third', b'of', b'the', b'industrial', b'expansion', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'in', b'the', b'eight', b'models', b'produced', b'at', b'the', b'state', b'auto', b'factories', b'totaled', b'combined', b'sales', b'of', b'vehicles', b'for', b'the', b'strongest', b'model', b'sales', b'during', b'this', b'period', b'were', b'the', b'hyundai', b'elantra', b'compact', b'car', b'the', b'mercedes', b'benz', b'gl', b'class', b'sport', b'utility', b'vehicle', b'and', b'the', b'honda', b'ridgeline', b'sport', b'utility', b'truck', b'airbus', b'mobile', b'engineering', b'center', b'at', b'the', b'brookley', b'aeroplex', b'in', b'mobile', b'steel', b'producers', b'outokumpu', b'nucor', b'ssab', b'thyssenkrupp', b'and', b'steel', b'have', b'facilities', b'in', b'alabama', b'and', b'employ', b'over', b'people', b'in', b'may', b'german', b'steelmaker', b'thyssenkrupp', b'selected', b'calvert', b'in', b'mobile', b'county', b'for', b'billion', b'combined', b'stainless', b'and', b'carbon', b'steel', b'processing', b'facility', b'thyssenkrupp', b'stainless', b'steel', b'division', b'inoxum', b'including', b'the', b'stainless', b'portion', b'of', b'the', b'calvert', b'plant', b'was', b'sold', b'to', b'finnish', b'stainless', b'steel', b'company', b'outokumpu', b'in', b'the', b'remaining', b'portion', b'of', b'the', b'thyssenkrupp', b'plant', b'had', b'final', b'bids', b'submitted', b'by', b'arcelormittal', b'and', b'nippon', b'steel', b'for', b'billion', b'in', b'march', b'companhia', b'sider\xc3\xbargica', b'nacional', b'submitted', b'combined', b'bid', b'for', b'the', b'mill', b'at', b'calvert', b'plus', b'majority', b'stake', b'in', b'the', b'thyssenkrupp', b'mill', b'in', b'brazil', b'for', b'billion', b'in', b'july', b'the', b'plant', b'was', b'sold', b'to', b'arcelormittal', b'and', b'nippon', b'steel', b'the', b'hunt', b'refining', b'company', b'subsidiary', b'of', b'hunt', b'consolidated', b'inc', b'is', b'based', b'in', b'tuscaloosa', b'and', b'operates', b'refinery', b'there', b'the', b'company', b'also', b'operates', b'terminals', b'in', b'mobile', b'melvin', b'and', b'moundville', b'jvc', b'america', b'inc', b'operates', b'an', b'optical', b'disc', b'replication', b'and', b'packaging', b'plant', b'in', b'tuscaloosa', b'the', b'goodyear', b'tire', b'and', b'rubber', b'company', b'operates', b'large', b'plant', b'in', b'gadsden', b'that', b'employs', b'about', b'people', b'it', b'has', b'been', b'in', b'operation', b'since', b'construction', b'of', b'an', b'airbus', b'family', b'aircraft', b'assembly', b'plant', b'in', b'mobile', b'was', b'formally', b'announced', b'by', b'airbus', b'ceo', b'fabrice', b'br\xc3\xa9gier', b'from', b'the', b'mobile', b'convention', b'center', b'on', b'july', b'the', b'plans', b'include', b'million', b'factory', b'at', b'the', b'brookley', b'aeroplex', b'for', b'the', b'assembly', b'of', b'the', b'and', b'aircraft', b'construction', b'began', b'in', b'with', b'plans', b'for', b'it', b'to', b'become', b'operable', b'by', b'and', b'produce', b'up', b'to', b'aircraft', b'per', b'year', b'by', b'the', b'assembly', b'plant', b'is', b'the', b'company', b'first', b'factory', b'to', b'be', b'built', b'within', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'it', b'was', b'announced', b'on', b'february', b'that', b'airbus', b'had', b'hired', b'alabama', b'based', b'hoar', b'construction', b'to', b'oversee', b'construction', b'of', b'the', b'facility', b'tourism', b'alabama', b'beaches', b'are', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'major', b'tourist', b'destinations', b'an', b'estimated', b'million', b'tourists', b'visit', b'the', b'state', b'each', b'year', b'over', b'of', b'these', b'are', b'from', b'other', b'countries', b'including', b'from', b'canada', b'the', b'united', b'kingdom', b'germany', b'and', b'japan', b'in', b'million', b'tourists', b'spent', b'billion', b'providing', b'an', b'estimated', b'jobs', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'some', b'of', b'the', b'most', b'popular', b'areas', b'include', b'the', b'rocket', b'city', b'of', b'huntsville', b'the', b'beaches', b'along', b'the', b'gulf', b'and', b'the', b'state', b'capitol', b'in', b'montgomery', b'healthcare', b'uab', b'hospital', b'is', b'the', b'only', b'level', b'trauma', b'center', b'in', b'alabama', b'uab', b'is', b'the', b'largest', b'state', b'government', b'employer', b'in', b'alabama', b'with', b'workforce', b'of', b'about', b'banking', b'regions', b'harbert', b'plaza', b'regions', b'center', b'and', b'wells', b'fargo', b'tower', b'in', b'birmingham', b'financial', b'district', b'alabama', b'has', b'the', b'headquarters', b'of', b'regions', b'financial', b'corporation', b'bbva', b'compass', b'superior', b'bancorp', b'and', b'the', b'former', b'colonial', b'bancgroup', b'birmingham', b'based', b'compass', b'banchshares', b'was', b'acquired', b'by', b'spanish', b'based', b'bbva', b'in', b'september', b'although', b'the', b'headquarters', b'of', b'bbva', b'compass', b'remains', b'in', b'birmingham', b'in', b'november', b'regions', b'financial', b'completed', b'its', b'merger', b'with', b'amsouth', b'bancorporation', b'which', b'was', b'also', b'headquartered', b'in', b'birmingham', b'southtrust', b'corporation', b'another', b'large', b'bank', b'headquartered', b'in', b'birmingham', b'was', b'acquired', b'by', b'wachovia', b'in', b'for', b'billion', b'the', b'city', b'still', b'has', b'major', b'operations', b'for', b'wachovia', b'and', b'its', b'now', b'post', b'operating', b'bank', b'wells', b'fargo', b'which', b'includes', b'regional', b'headquarters', b'an', b'operations', b'center', b'campus', b'and', b'million', b'data', b'center', b'nearly', b'dozen', b'smaller', b'banks', b'are', b'also', b'headquartered', b'in', b'the', b'birmingham', b'such', b'as', b'superior', b'bancorp', b'servisfirst', b'and', b'new', b'south', b'federal', b'savings', b'bank', b'birmingham', b'also', b'serves', b'as', b'the', b'headquarters', b'for', b'several', b'large', b'investment', b'management', b'companies', b'including', b'harbert', b'management', b'corporation', b'electronics', b'provider', b'at', b'formerly', b'bellsouth', b'has', b'major', b'presence', b'in', b'alabama', b'with', b'several', b'large', b'offices', b'in', b'birmingham', b'the', b'company', b'has', b'over', b'employees', b'and', b'more', b'than', b'contract', b'employees', b'many', b'commercial', b'technology', b'companies', b'are', b'headquartered', b'in', b'huntsville', b'such', b'as', b'the', b'network', b'access', b'company', b'adtran', b'computer', b'graphics', b'company', b'intergraph', b'design', b'and', b'manufacturer', b'of', b'it', b'infrastructure', b'avocent', b'and', b'provider', b'deltacom', b'cinram', b'manufactures', b'and', b'distributes', b'th', b'century', b'fox', b'dvds', b'and', b'blu', b'ray', b'discs', b'out', b'of', b'their', b'huntsville', b'plant', b'construction', b'rust', b'international', b'has', b'grown', b'to', b'include', b'brasfield', b'gorrie', b'be', b'hoar', b'construction', b'and', b'harbert', b'international', b'which', b'all', b'routinely', b'are', b'included', b'in', b'the', b'engineering', b'news', b'record', b'lists', b'of', b'top', b'design', b'international', b'construction', b'and', b'engineering', b'firms', b'rust', b'international', b'was', b'acquired', b'in', b'by', b'washington', b'group', b'international', b'which', b'was', b'in', b'turn', b'acquired', b'by', b'san', b'francisco', b'based', b'urs', b'corporation', b'in', b'law', b'and', b'government', b'state', b'government', b'state', b'capitol', b'building', b'in', b'montgomery', b'completed', b'in', b'the', b'foundational', b'document', b'for', b'alabama', b'government', b'is', b'the', b'alabama', b'constitution', b'which', b'was', b'ratified', b'in', b'at', b'almost', b'amendments', b'and', b'words', b'it', b'is', b'by', b'some', b'accounts', b'the', b'world', b'longest', b'constitution', b'and', b'is', b'roughly', b'forty', b'times', b'the', b'length', b'of', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'constitution', b'there', b'has', b'been', b'significant', b'movement', b'to', b'rewrite', b'and', b'modernize', b'alabama', b'constitution', b'critics', b'argue', b'that', b'alabama', b'constitution', b'maintains', b'highly', b'centralized', b'power', b'with', b'the', b'state', b'legislature', b'leaving', b'practically', b'no', b'power', b'in', b'local', b'hands', b'most', b'counties', b'do', b'not', b'have', b'home', b'rule', b'any', b'policy', b'changes', b'proposed', b'in', b'different', b'areas', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'must', b'be', b'approved', b'by', b'the', b'entire', b'alabama', b'legislature', b'and', b'frequently', b'by', b'state', b'referendum', b'one', b'criticism', b'of', b'the', b'current', b'constitution', b'claims', b'that', b'its', b'complexity', b'and', b'length', b'intentionally', b'codify', b'segregation', b'and', b'racism', b'the', b'alabama', b'judicial', b'building', b'in', b'montgomery', b'it', b'houses', b'the', b'alabama', b'supreme', b'court', b'alabama', b'court', b'of', b'civil', b'appeals', b'and', b'alabama', b'court', b'of', b'criminal', b'appeals', b'alabama', b'government', b'is', b'divided', b'into', b'three', b'coequal', b'branches', b'the', b'legislative', b'branch', b'is', b'the', b'alabama', b'legislature', b'bicameral', b'assembly', b'composed', b'of', b'the', b'alabama', b'house', b'of', b'representatives', b'with', b'members', b'and', b'the', b'alabama', b'senate', b'with', b'members', b'the', b'legislature', b'is', b'responsible', b'for', b'writing', b'debating', b'passing', b'or', b'defeating', b'state', b'legislation', b'the', b'republican', b'party', b'currently', b'holds', b'majority', b'in', b'both', b'houses', b'of', b'the', b'legislature', b'the', b'legislature', b'has', b'the', b'power', b'to', b'override', b'gubernatorial', b'veto', b'by', b'simple', b'majority', b'most', b'state', b'legislatures', b'require', b'two', b'thirds', b'majority', b'to', b'override', b'veto', b'until', b'the', b'state', b'elected', b'state', b'senators', b'on', b'geographic', b'basis', b'by', b'county', b'with', b'one', b'per', b'county', b'it', b'had', b'not', b'redistricted', b'congressional', b'districts', b'since', b'passage', b'of', b'its', b'constitution', b'in', b'as', b'result', b'urbanized', b'areas', b'were', b'grossly', b'it', b'had', b'not', b'changed', b'legislative', b'districts', b'to', b'reflect', b'the', b'decennial', b'censuses', b'either', b'in', b'reynolds', b'sims', b'the', b'us', b'supreme', b'court', b'implemented', b'the', b'principle', b'of', b'one', b'man', b'one', b'vote', b'ruling', b'that', b'congressional', b'districts', b'had', b'to', b'be', b'reapportioned', b'based', b'on', b'censuses', b'as', b'the', b'state', b'already', b'included', b'in', b'its', b'constitution', b'but', b'had', b'not', b'implemented', b'further', b'the', b'court', b'ruled', b'that', b'both', b'houses', b'of', b'bicameral', b'state', b'legislatures', b'had', b'to', b'be', b'apportioned', b'by', b'population', b'as', b'there', b'was', b'no', b'constitutional', b'basis', b'for', b'states', b'to', b'have', b'geographically', b'based', b'systems', b'at', b'that', b'time', b'alabama', b'and', b'many', b'other', b'states', b'had', b'to', b'change', b'their', b'legislative', b'districting', b'as', b'many', b'across', b'the', b'country', b'had', b'systems', b'that', b'urban', b'areas', b'and', b'districts', b'this', b'had', b'caused', b'decades', b'of', b'underinvestment', b'in', b'such', b'areas', b'for', b'instance', b'birmingham', b'and', b'jefferson', b'county', b'taxes', b'had', b'supplied', b'one', b'third', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'budget', b'but', b'jefferson', b'county', b'received', b'only', b'th', b'of', b'state', b'services', b'in', b'funding', b'through', b'the', b'legislative', b'delegations', b'the', b'alabama', b'legislature', b'kept', b'control', b'of', b'county', b'governments', b'the', b'executive', b'branch', b'is', b'responsible', b'for', b'the', b'execution', b'and', b'oversight', b'of', b'laws', b'it', b'is', b'headed', b'by', b'the', b'governor', b'of', b'alabama', b'other', b'members', b'of', b'executive', b'branch', b'include', b'the', b'cabinet', b'the', b'attorney', b'general', b'of', b'alabama', b'the', b'alabama', b'secretary', b'of', b'state', b'the', b'alabama', b'state', b'treasurer', b'and', b'the', b'state', b'auditor', b'of', b'alabama', b'the', b'current', b'governor', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'is', b'republican', b'kay', b'ivey', b'the', b'office', b'of', b'lieutenant', b'governor', b'is', b'currently', b'vacant', b'the', b'members', b'of', b'the', b'legislature', b'take', b'office', b'immediately', b'after', b'the', b'november', b'elections', b'statewide', b'officials', b'such', b'as', b'the', b'governor', b'lieutenant', b'governor', b'attorney', b'general', b'and', b'other', b'constitutional', b'officers', b'take', b'office', b'the', b'following', b'january', b'the', b'judicial', b'branch', b'is', b'responsible', b'for', b'interpreting', b'the', b'constitution', b'and', b'applying', b'the', b'law', b'in', b'state', b'criminal', b'and', b'civil', b'cases', b'the', b'state', b'highest', b'court', b'is', b'the', b'supreme', b'court', b'of', b'alabama', b'alabama', b'uses', b'partisan', b'elections', b'to', b'select', b'judges', b'since', b'the', b'judicial', b'campaigns', b'have', b'become', b'increasingly', b'politicized', b'the', b'current', b'chief', b'justice', b'of', b'the', b'alabama', b'supreme', b'court', b'is', b'republican', b'roy', b'moore', b'all', b'sitting', b'justices', b'on', b'the', b'alabama', b'supreme', b'court', b'are', b'members', b'of', b'the', b'republican', b'party', b'there', b'are', b'two', b'intermediate', b'appellate', b'courts', b'the', b'court', b'of', b'civil', b'appeals', b'and', b'the', b'court', b'of', b'criminal', b'appeals', b'and', b'four', b'trial', b'courts', b'the', b'circuit', b'court', b'trial', b'court', b'of', b'general', b'jurisdiction', b'and', b'the', b'district', b'probate', b'and', b'municipal', b'courts', b'some', b'critics', b'believe', b'that', b'the', b'election', b'of', b'judges', b'has', b'contributed', b'to', b'an', b'exceedingly', b'high', b'rate', b'of', b'executions', b'alabama', b'has', b'the', b'highest', b'per', b'capita', b'death', b'penalty', b'rate', b'in', b'the', b'country', b'in', b'some', b'years', b'it', b'imposes', b'more', b'death', b'sentences', b'than', b'does', b'texas', b'state', b'which', b'has', b'population', b'five', b'times', b'larger', b'some', b'of', b'its', b'cases', b'have', b'been', b'highly', b'controversial', b'the', b'supreme', b'court', b'has', b'overturned', b'convictions', b'in', b'death', b'penalty', b'cases', b'it', b'is', b'the', b'only', b'state', b'that', b'still', b'allows', b'judges', b'to', b'override', b'jury', b'decisions', b'in', b'whether', b'or', b'not', b'to', b'use', b'death', b'sentence', b'in', b'cases', b'judges', b'overturned', b'sentences', b'of', b'life', b'imprisonment', b'without', b'parole', b'lwop', b'that', b'were', b'voted', b'unanimously', b'by', b'juries', b'taxes', b'alabama', b'levies', b'or', b'percent', b'personal', b'income', b'tax', b'depending', b'upon', b'the', b'amount', b'earned', b'and', b'filing', b'status', b'taxpayers', b'are', b'allowed', b'to', b'deduct', b'their', b'federal', b'income', b'tax', b'from', b'their', b'alabama', b'state', b'tax', b'and', b'can', b'do', b'so', b'even', b'if', b'taking', b'the', b'standard', b'deduction', b'taxpayers', b'who', b'file', b'itemized', b'deductions', b'are', b'also', b'allowed', b'to', b'deduct', b'the', b'federal', b'insurance', b'contributions', b'act', b'tax', b'social', b'security', b'and', b'medicare', b'tax', b'the', b'state', b'general', b'sales', b'tax', b'rate', b'is', b'sales', b'tax', b'rates', b'for', b'cities', b'and', b'counties', b'are', b'also', b'added', b'to', b'purchases', b'for', b'example', b'the', b'total', b'sales', b'tax', b'rate', b'in', b'mobile', b'is', b'and', b'there', b'is', b'an', b'additional', b'restaurant', b'tax', b'of', b'which', b'means', b'that', b'diner', b'in', b'mobile', b'would', b'pay', b'an', b'tax', b'on', b'meal', b'sales', b'and', b'excise', b'taxes', b'in', b'alabama', b'account', b'for', b'of', b'all', b'state', b'and', b'local', b'revenue', b'compared', b'with', b'an', b'average', b'of', b'about', b'nationwide', b'alabama', b'is', b'one', b'of', b'seven', b'states', b'that', b'levy', b'tax', b'on', b'food', b'at', b'the', b'same', b'rate', b'as', b'other', b'goods', b'and', b'one', b'of', b'two', b'states', b'the', b'other', b'being', b'neighboring', b'mississippi', b'which', b'fully', b'taxes', b'groceries', b'without', b'any', b'offsetting', b'relief', b'for', b'low', b'income', b'families', b'most', b'states', b'exempt', b'groceries', b'from', b'sales', b'tax', b'or', b'apply', b'lower', b'tax', b'rate', b'alabama', b'income', b'tax', b'on', b'poor', b'working', b'families', b'is', b'among', b'the', b'highest', b'in', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'alabama', b'is', b'the', b'only', b'state', b'that', b'levies', b'income', b'tax', b'on', b'family', b'of', b'four', b'with', b'income', b'as', b'low', b'as', b'which', b'is', b'barely', b'one', b'quarter', b'of', b'the', b'federal', b'poverty', b'line', b'alabama', b'threshold', b'is', b'the', b'lowest', b'among', b'the', b'states', b'and', b'the', b'district', b'of', b'columbia', b'with', b'income', b'taxes', b'the', b'corporate', b'income', b'tax', b'rate', b'is', b'currently', b'the', b'overall', b'federal', b'state', b'and', b'local', b'tax', b'burden', b'in', b'alabama', b'ranks', b'the', b'state', b'as', b'the', b'second', b'least', b'tax', b'burdened', b'state', b'in', b'the', b'country', b'property', b'taxes', b'are', b'the', b'lowest', b'in', b'the', b'the', b'current', b'state', b'constitution', b'requires', b'voter', b'referendum', b'to', b'raise', b'property', b'taxes', b'since', b'alabama', b'tax', b'structure', b'largely', b'depends', b'on', b'consumer', b'spending', b'it', b'is', b'subject', b'to', b'high', b'variable', b'budget', b'structure', b'for', b'example', b'in', b'alabama', b'had', b'an', b'annual', b'budget', b'deficit', b'as', b'high', b'as', b'million', b'county', b'and', b'local', b'governments', b'treemap', b'of', b'the', b'popular', b'vote', b'by', b'county', b'presidential', b'election', b'alabama', b'has', b'counties', b'each', b'county', b'has', b'its', b'own', b'elected', b'legislative', b'branch', b'usually', b'called', b'the', b'county', b'commission', b'it', b'also', b'has', b'limited', b'executive', b'authority', b'in', b'the', b'county', b'because', b'of', b'the', b'constraints', b'of', b'the', b'alabama', b'constitution', b'which', b'centralizes', b'power', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'legislature', b'only', b'seven', b'counties', b'jefferson', b'lee', b'mobile', b'madison', b'montgomery', b'shelby', b'and', b'tuscaloosa', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'have', b'limited', b'home', b'rule', b'instead', b'most', b'counties', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'must', b'lobby', b'the', b'local', b'legislation', b'committee', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'legislature', b'to', b'get', b'simple', b'local', b'policies', b'approved', b'ranging', b'from', b'waste', b'disposal', b'to', b'land', b'use', b'zoning', b'the', b'cumbersome', b'process', b'results', b'in', b'local', b'jurisdictions', b'being', b'unable', b'to', b'manage', b'their', b'problems', b'and', b'the', b'state', b'legislators', b'being', b'buried', b'in', b'local', b'county', b'issues', b'the', b'state', b'legislature', b'has', b'retained', b'power', b'over', b'local', b'governments', b'by', b'refusing', b'to', b'pass', b'constitutional', b'amendment', b'establishing', b'home', b'rule', b'for', b'counties', b'as', b'recommended', b'by', b'the', b'alabama', b'constitutional', b'commission', b'legislative', b'delegations', b'retain', b'certain', b'powers', b'over', b'each', b'county', b'united', b'states', b'supreme', b'court', b'decisions', b'in', b'baker', b'carr', b'required', b'that', b'both', b'houses', b'have', b'districts', b'established', b'on', b'the', b'basis', b'of', b'population', b'and', b'redistricted', b'after', b'each', b'census', b'in', b'order', b'to', b'implement', b'the', b'principle', b'of', b'one', b'man', b'one', b'vote', b'before', b'that', b'each', b'county', b'was', b'represented', b'by', b'one', b'state', b'senator', b'leading', b'to', b'under', b'representation', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'senate', b'for', b'more', b'urbanized', b'populous', b'counties', b'the', b'rural', b'bias', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'legislature', b'which', b'had', b'also', b'failed', b'to', b'redistrict', b'seats', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'house', b'affected', b'politics', b'well', b'into', b'the', b'th', b'century', b'failing', b'to', b'recognize', b'the', b'rise', b'of', b'industrial', b'cities', b'and', b'urbanized', b'areas', b'the', b'lack', b'of', b'home', b'rule', b'for', b'counties', b'in', b'alabama', b'has', b'resulted', b'in', b'the', b'proliferation', b'of', b'local', b'legislation', b'permitting', b'counties', b'to', b'do', b'things', b'not', b'authorized', b'by', b'the', b'state', b'constitution', b'alabama', b'constitution', b'has', b'been', b'amended', b'more', b'than', b'times', b'and', b'almost', b'one', b'third', b'of', b'the', b'amendments', b'are', b'local', b'in', b'nature', b'applying', b'to', b'only', b'one', b'county', b'or', b'city', b'significant', b'part', b'of', b'each', b'legislative', b'session', b'is', b'spent', b'on', b'local', b'legislation', b'taking', b'away', b'time', b'and', b'attention', b'of', b'legislators', b'from', b'issues', b'of', b'statewide', b'importance', b'alabama', b'is', b'an', b'alcoholic', b'beverage', b'control', b'state', b'meaning', b'that', b'the', b'state', b'government', b'holds', b'monopoly', b'on', b'the', b'sale', b'of', b'alcohol', b'the', b'alabama', b'alcoholic', b'beverage', b'control', b'board', b'controls', b'the', b'sale', b'and', b'distribution', b'of', b'alcoholic', b'beverages', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'twenty', b'five', b'of', b'the', b'counties', b'are', b'dry', b'counties', b'which', b'ban', b'the', b'sale', b'of', b'alcohol', b'and', b'there', b'are', b'many', b'dry', b'municipalities', b'even', b'in', b'counties', b'which', b'permit', b'alcohol', b'sales', b'rank', b'county', b'population', b'census', b'seat', b'largest', b'city', b'jefferson', b'birmingham', b'birmingham', b'mobile', b'mobile', b'mobile', b'madison', b'huntsville', b'huntsville', b'montgomery', b'montgomery', b'montgomery', b'shelby', b'columbiana', b'hoover', b'part', b'alabaster', b'tuscaloosa', b'tuscaloosa', b'tuscaloosa', b'baldwin', b'bay', b'minette', b'daphne', b'lee', b'opelika', b'auburn', b'morgan', b'decatur', b'decatur', b'calhoun', b'anniston', b'anniston', b'etowah', b'gadsden', b'gadsden', b'houston', b'dothan', b'dothan', b'marshall', b'guntersville', b'albertville', b'lauderdale', b'florence', b'florence', b'st', b'clair', b'ashville', b'pell', b'city', b'pell', b'city', b'politics', b'kay', b'ivey', b'governor', b'since', b'april', b'during', b'reconstruction', b'following', b'the', b'american', b'civil', b'war', b'alabama', b'was', b'occupied', b'by', b'federal', b'troops', b'of', b'the', b'third', b'military', b'district', b'under', b'general', b'john', b'pope', b'in', b'the', b'political', b'coalition', b'of', b'white', b'democrats', b'known', b'as', b'the', b'redeemers', b'took', b'control', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'government', b'from', b'the', b'republicans', b'in', b'part', b'by', b'suppressing', b'the', b'african', b'american', b'vote', b'through', b'violence', b'fraud', b'and', b'intimidation', b'after', b'coalition', b'of', b'white', b'democratic', b'politicians', b'passed', b'laws', b'to', b'segregate', b'and', b'disenfranchise', b'african', b'american', b'residents', b'process', b'completed', b'in', b'provisions', b'of', b'the', b'constitution', b'provisions', b'which', b'disenfranchised', b'african', b'americans', b'resulted', b'in', b'excluding', b'many', b'poor', b'whites', b'by', b'more', b'whites', b'than', b'african', b'americans', b'had', b'been', b'disenfranchised', b'to', b'the', b'total', b'effects', b'were', b'greater', b'on', b'the', b'african', b'american', b'community', b'as', b'almost', b'all', b'of', b'its', b'citizens', b'were', b'disfranchised', b'and', b'relegated', b'to', b'separate', b'and', b'unequal', b'treatment', b'under', b'the', b'law', b'from', b'through', b'the', b'the', b'state', b'did', b'not', b'redraw', b'election', b'districts', b'as', b'population', b'grew', b'and', b'shifted', b'within', b'the', b'state', b'during', b'urbanization', b'and', b'of', b'certain', b'areas', b'as', b'counties', b'were', b'the', b'basis', b'of', b'election', b'districts', b'the', b'result', b'was', b'rural', b'minority', b'that', b'dominated', b'state', b'politics', b'through', b'nearly', b'three', b'quarters', b'of', b'the', b'century', b'until', b'series', b'of', b'federal', b'court', b'cases', b'required', b'redistricting', b'in', b'to', b'meet', b'equal', b'representation', b'alabama', b'state', b'politics', b'gained', b'nationwide', b'and', b'international', b'attention', b'in', b'the', b'and', b'during', b'the', b'civil', b'rights', b'movement', b'when', b'whites', b'and', b'at', b'times', b'violently', b'resisted', b'protests', b'for', b'electoral', b'and', b'social', b'reform', b'governor', b'george', b'wallace', b'the', b'state', b'only', b'four', b'term', b'governor', b'was', b'controversial', b'figure', b'who', b'vowed', b'to', b'maintain', b'segregation', b'only', b'after', b'passage', b'of', b'the', b'federal', b'civil', b'rights', b'act', b'of', b'and', b'voting', b'rights', b'act', b'of', b'did', b'african', b'americans', b'regain', b'the', b'ability', b'to', b'exercise', b'suffrage', b'among', b'other', b'civil', b'rights', b'in', b'many', b'jurisdictions', b'they', b'continued', b'to', b'be', b'excluded', b'from', b'representation', b'by', b'at', b'large', b'electoral', b'systems', b'which', b'allowed', b'the', b'majority', b'of', b'the', b'population', b'to', b'dominate', b'elections', b'some', b'changes', b'at', b'the', b'county', b'level', b'have', b'occurred', b'following', b'court', b'challenges', b'to', b'establish', b'single', b'member', b'districts', b'that', b'enable', b'more', b'diverse', b'representation', b'among', b'county', b'boards', b'in', b'the', b'alabama', b'legislature', b'passed', b'and', b'republican', b'governor', b'bob', b'riley', b'signed', b'resolution', b'expressing', b'profound', b'regret', b'over', b'slavery', b'and', b'its', b'lingering', b'impact', b'in', b'symbolic', b'ceremony', b'the', b'bill', b'was', b'signed', b'in', b'the', b'alabama', b'state', b'capitol', b'which', b'housed', b'congress', b'of', b'the', b'confederate', b'states', b'of', b'america', b'in', b'republicans', b'won', b'control', b'of', b'both', b'houses', b'of', b'the', b'legislature', b'for', b'the', b'first', b'time', b'in', b'years', b'after', b'nearly', b'complete', b'realignment', b'of', b'political', b'parties', b'who', b'represent', b'different', b'visions', b'in', b'the', b'st', b'century', b'elections', b'state', b'elections', b'with', b'the', b'of', b'african', b'americans', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'became', b'part', b'of', b'the', b'solid', b'south', b'system', b'in', b'which', b'the', b'democratic', b'party', b'operated', b'as', b'effectively', b'the', b'only', b'viable', b'political', b'party', b'in', b'every', b'southern', b'state', b'for', b'nearly', b'years', b'local', b'and', b'state', b'elections', b'in', b'alabama', b'were', b'decided', b'in', b'the', b'democratic', b'party', b'primary', b'with', b'generally', b'only', b'token', b'republican', b'challengers', b'running', b'in', b'the', b'general', b'election', b'since', b'the', b'mid', b'to', b'late', b'th', b'century', b'however', b'there', b'has', b'been', b'realignment', b'among', b'the', b'two', b'major', b'political', b'parties', b'and', b'white', b'conservatives', b'started', b'shifting', b'to', b'the', b'republican', b'party', b'in', b'alabama', b'majority', b'white', b'districts', b'are', b'now', b'expected', b'to', b'regularly', b'elect', b'republican', b'candidates', b'to', b'federal', b'state', b'and', b'local', b'office', b'members', b'of', b'the', b'nine', b'seats', b'on', b'the', b'alabama', b'supreme', b'court', b'and', b'all', b'ten', b'seats', b'on', b'the', b'state', b'appellate', b'courts', b'are', b'elected', b'to', b'office', b'until', b'no', b'republicans', b'held', b'any', b'of', b'the', b'court', b'seats', b'in', b'that', b'general', b'election', b'the', b'then', b'incumbent', b'chief', b'justice', b'of', b'alabama', b'ernest', b'hornsby', b'refused', b'to', b'leave', b'office', b'after', b'losing', b'the', b'election', b'by', b'approximately', b'votes', b'to', b'republican', b'perry', b'hooper', b'sr', b'hornsby', b'sued', b'alabama', b'and', b'defiantly', b'remained', b'in', b'office', b'for', b'nearly', b'year', b'before', b'finally', b'giving', b'up', b'the', b'seat', b'after', b'losing', b'in', b'court', b'this', b'ultimately', b'led', b'to', b'collapse', b'of', b'support', b'for', b'democrats', b'at', b'the', b'ballot', b'box', b'in', b'the', b'next', b'three', b'or', b'four', b'election', b'cycles', b'the', b'democrats', b'lost', b'the', b'last', b'of', b'the', b'nineteen', b'court', b'seats', b'in', b'august', b'with', b'the', b'resignation', b'of', b'the', b'last', b'democrat', b'on', b'the', b'bench', b'in', b'the', b'early', b'st', b'century', b'republicans', b'hold', b'all', b'seven', b'of', b'the', b'statewide', b'elected', b'executive', b'branch', b'offices', b'republicans', b'hold', b'six', b'of', b'the', b'eight', b'elected', b'seats', b'on', b'the', b'alabama', b'state', b'board', b'of', b'education', b'in', b'republicans', b'took', b'large', b'majorities', b'of', b'both', b'chambers', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'legislature', b'giving', b'them', b'control', b'of', b'that', b'body', b'for', b'the', b'first', b'time', b'in', b'years', b'the', b'last', b'remaining', b'statewide', b'democrat', b'who', b'served', b'on', b'the', b'alabama', b'public', b'service', b'commission', b'was', b'defeated', b'in', b'only', b'two', b'republican', b'lieutenant', b'governors', b'have', b'been', b'elected', b'since', b'the', b'end', b'of', b'reconstruction', b'when', b'republicans', b'generally', b'represented', b'reconstruction', b'government', b'including', b'the', b'newly', b'emancipated', b'freedmen', b'who', b'had', b'gained', b'the', b'franchise', b'the', b'two', b'gop', b'lt', b'governors', b'were', b'steve', b'windom', b'and', b'the', b'current', b'lt', b'governor', b'kay', b'ivey', b'who', b'was', b'elected', b'in', b'and', b're', b'elected', b'in', b'local', b'elections', b'many', b'local', b'offices', b'county', b'commissioners', b'boards', b'of', b'education', b'tax', b'assessors', b'tax', b'collectors', b'etc', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'are', b'still', b'held', b'by', b'democrats', b'many', b'rural', b'counties', b'have', b'voters', b'who', b'are', b'majority', b'democrats', b'resulting', b'in', b'local', b'elections', b'being', b'decided', b'in', b'the', b'democratic', b'primary', b'similarly', b'many', b'metropolitan', b'and', b'suburban', b'counties', b'are', b'majority', b'republican', b'and', b'elections', b'are', b'effectively', b'decided', b'in', b'the', b'republican', b'primary', b'although', b'there', b'are', b'exceptions', b'alabama', b'county', b'sheriffs', b'are', b'elected', b'in', b'partisan', b'at', b'large', b'races', b'and', b'democrats', b'still', b'retain', b'the', b'narrow', b'majority', b'of', b'those', b'posts', b'the', b'current', b'split', b'is', b'democrats', b'republicans', b'and', b'one', b'independent', b'fayette', b'however', b'most', b'of', b'the', b'democratic', b'sheriffs', b'preside', b'over', b'rural', b'and', b'less', b'populated', b'counties', b'the', b'majority', b'of', b'republican', b'sheriffs', b'have', b'been', b'elected', b'in', b'the', b'more', b'urban', b'suburban', b'and', b'heavily', b'populated', b'counties', b'the', b'state', b'of', b'alabama', b'has', b'one', b'female', b'sheriff', b'in', b'morgan', b'county', b'alabama', b'and', b'ten', b'african', b'american', b'sheriffs', b'federal', b'elections', b'presidential', b'elections', b'results', b'year', b'republican', b'democratic', b'state', b'won', b'by', b'george', b'wallaceof', b'the', b'american', b'independent', b'party', b'at', b'or', b'votes', b'the', b'state', b'two', b'senators', b'are', b'luther', b'strange', b'and', b'richard', b'shelby', b'both', b'republicans', b'shelby', b'was', b'originally', b'elected', b'to', b'the', b'senate', b'as', b'democrat', b'in', b'and', b're', b'elected', b'in', b'but', b'switched', b'parties', b'immediately', b'following', b'the', b'november', b'general', b'election', b'in', b'the', b'house', b'of', b'representatives', b'the', b'state', b'is', b'represented', b'by', b'seven', b'members', b'six', b'of', b'whom', b'are', b'republicans', b'bradley', b'byrne', b'mike', b'rogers', b'robert', b'aderholt', b'morris', b'brooks', b'martha', b'roby', b'and', b'gary', b'palmer', b'and', b'one', b'democrat', b'terri', b'sewell', b'who', b'represents', b'the', b'black', b'belt', b'as', b'well', b'as', b'most', b'of', b'the', b'predominantly', b'black', b'portions', b'of', b'birmingham', b'tuscaloosa', b'and', b'montgomery', b'education', b'primary', b'and', b'secondary', b'education', b'vestavia', b'hills', b'high', b'school', b'in', b'the', b'suburbs', b'of', b'birmingham', b'public', b'primary', b'and', b'secondary', b'education', b'in', b'alabama', b'is', b'under', b'the', b'purview', b'of', b'the', b'alabama', b'state', b'board', b'of', b'education', b'as', b'well', b'as', b'local', b'oversight', b'by', b'county', b'school', b'boards', b'and', b'city', b'boards', b'of', b'education', b'together', b'individual', b'schools', b'provide', b'education', b'for', b'elementary', b'and', b'secondary', b'students', b'public', b'school', b'funding', b'is', b'appropriated', b'through', b'the', b'alabama', b'legislature', b'through', b'the', b'education', b'trust', b'fund', b'in', b'fy', b'alabama', b'appropriated', b'for', b'primary', b'and', b'secondary', b'education', b'that', b'represented', b'an', b'increase', b'of', b'over', b'the', b'previous', b'fiscal', b'year', b'in', b'over', b'percent', b'of', b'schools', b'made', b'adequate', b'yearly', b'progress', b'ayp', b'toward', b'student', b'proficiency', b'under', b'the', b'national', b'no', b'child', b'left', b'behind', b'law', b'using', b'measures', b'determined', b'by', b'the', b'state', b'of', b'alabama', b'while', b'alabama', b'public', b'education', b'system', b'has', b'improved', b'in', b'recent', b'decades', b'it', b'lags', b'behind', b'in', b'achievement', b'compared', b'to', b'other', b'states', b'according', b'to', b'census', b'data', b'alabama', b'high', b'school', b'graduation', b'rate', b'is', b'the', b'fourth', b'lowest', b'in', b'the', b'after', b'kentucky', b'louisiana', b'and', b'mississippi', b'the', b'largest', b'educational', b'gains', b'were', b'among', b'people', b'with', b'some', b'college', b'education', b'but', b'without', b'degrees', b'although', b'unusual', b'in', b'the', b'west', b'school', b'corporal', b'punishment', b'is', b'not', b'uncommon', b'in', b'alabama', b'with', b'public', b'school', b'students', b'paddled', b'at', b'least', b'one', b'time', b'according', b'to', b'government', b'data', b'for', b'the', b'school', b'year', b'the', b'rate', b'of', b'school', b'corporal', b'punishment', b'in', b'alabama', b'is', b'surpassed', b'only', b'by', b'mississippi', b'and', b'arkansas', b'colleges', b'and', b'universities', b'harrison', b'plaza', b'at', b'the', b'university', b'of', b'north', b'alabama', b'in', b'florence', b'the', b'school', b'was', b'chartered', b'as', b'lagrange', b'college', b'by', b'the', b'alabama', b'legislature', b'in', b'alabama', b'programs', b'of', b'higher', b'education', b'include', b'four', b'year', b'public', b'universities', b'two', b'year', b'community', b'colleges', b'and', b'private', b'undergraduate', b'and', b'graduate', b'universities', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'are', b'four', b'medical', b'schools', b'as', b'of', b'fall', b'university', b'of', b'alabama', b'school', b'of', b'medicine', b'university', b'of', b'south', b'alabama', b'and', b'alabama', b'college', b'of', b'osteopathic', b'medicine', b'and', b'the', b'edward', b'via', b'college', b'of', b'osteopathic', b'medicine', b'auburn', b'campus', b'two', b'veterinary', b'colleges', b'auburn', b'university', b'and', b'tuskegee', b'university', b'dental', b'school', b'university', b'of', b'alabama', b'school', b'of', b'dentistry', b'an', b'optometry', b'college', b'university', b'of', b'alabama', b'at', b'birmingham', b'two', b'pharmacy', b'schools', b'auburn', b'university', b'and', b'samford', b'university', b'and', b'five', b'law', b'schools', b'university', b'of', b'alabama', b'school', b'of', b'law', b'birmingham', b'school', b'of', b'law', b'cumberland', b'school', b'of', b'law', b'miles', b'law', b'school', b'and', b'the', b'thomas', b'goode', b'jones', b'school', b'of', b'law', b'public', b'post', b'secondary', b'education', b'in', b'alabama', b'is', b'overseen', b'by', b'the', b'alabama', b'commission', b'on', b'higher', b'education', b'and', b'the', b'alabama', b'department', b'of', b'postsecondary', b'education', b'colleges', b'and', b'universities', b'in', b'alabama', b'offer', b'degree', b'programs', b'from', b'two', b'year', b'associate', b'degrees', b'to', b'multitude', b'of', b'doctoral', b'level', b'programs', b'william', b'samford', b'hall', b'at', b'auburn', b'university', b'in', b'auburn', b'the', b'largest', b'single', b'campus', b'is', b'the', b'university', b'of', b'alabama', b'located', b'in', b'tuscaloosa', b'with', b'enrolled', b'for', b'fall', b'troy', b'university', b'was', b'the', b'largest', b'institution', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'in', b'with', b'an', b'enrollment', b'of', b'students', b'across', b'four', b'alabama', b'campuses', b'troy', b'dothan', b'montgomery', b'and', b'phenix', b'city', b'as', b'well', b'as', b'sixty', b'learning', b'sites', b'in', b'seventeen', b'other', b'states', b'and', b'eleven', b'other', b'countries', b'the', b'oldest', b'institutions', b'are', b'the', b'public', b'university', b'of', b'north', b'alabama', b'in', b'florence', b'and', b'the', b'catholic', b'church', b'affiliated', b'spring', b'hill', b'college', b'in', b'mobile', b'both', b'founded', b'in', b'accreditation', b'of', b'academic', b'programs', b'is', b'through', b'the', b'southern', b'association', b'of', b'colleges', b'and', b'schools', b'sacs', b'as', b'well', b'as', b'other', b'subject', b'focused', b'national', b'and', b'international', b'accreditation', b'agencies', b'such', b'as', b'the', b'association', b'for', b'biblical', b'higher', b'education', b'abhe', b'the', b'council', b'on', b'occupational', b'education', b'coe', b'and', b'the', b'accrediting', b'council', b'for', b'independent', b'colleges', b'and', b'schools', b'acics', b'according', b'to', b'the', b'news', b'world', b'report', b'alabama', b'had', b'three', b'universities', b'ranked', b'in', b'the', b'top', b'public', b'schools', b'in', b'america', b'university', b'of', b'alabama', b'at', b'auburn', b'university', b'at', b'and', b'university', b'of', b'alabama', b'at', b'birmingham', b'at', b'according', b'to', b'the', b'news', b'world', b'report', b'alabama', b'had', b'four', b'tier', b'universities', b'university', b'of', b'alabama', b'auburn', b'university', b'university', b'of', b'alabama', b'at', b'birmingham', b'and', b'university', b'of', b'alabama', b'in', b'huntsville', b'media', b'major', b'newspapers', b'include', b'birmingham', b'news', b'birmingham', b'post', b'herald', b'mobile', b'press', b'register', b'and', b'montgomery', b'advertiser', b'television', b'news', b'channels', b'in', b'alabama', b'include', b'waay', b'abc', b'huntsville', b'al', b'whiq', b'pbs', b'huntsville', b'al', b'waff', b'nbc', b'huntsville', b'al', b'whnt', b'cbs', b'huntsville', b'al', b'waiq', b'pbs', b'montgomery', b'al', b'wiat', b'cbs', b'birmingham', b'al', b'waka', b'cbs', b'selma', b'al', b'wiiq', b'pbs', b'demopolis', b'al', b'wala', b'fox', b'mobile', b'al', b'wjsu', b'abc', b'anniston', b'al', b'wkrg', b'cbs', b'mobile', b'al', b'wbiq', b'pbs', b'birmingham', b'al', b'wbrc', b'fox', b'birmingham', b'al', b'wncf', b'abc', b'montgomery', b'al', b'wcft', b'abc', b'tuscaloosa', b'al', b'wpmi', b'nbc', b'mobile', b'al', b'wciq', b'pbs', b'mount', b'cheaha', b'al', b'wcov', b'fox', b'montgomery', b'al', b'wsfa', b'nbc', b'montgomery', b'al', b'wdfx', b'fox', b'ozark', b'al', b'wdhn', b'abc', b'dothan', b'al', b'wtvy', b'cbs', b'dothan', b'al', b'wdiq', b'pbs', b'dozier', b'al', b'wtvy', b'cbs', b'dothan', b'al', b'weiq', b'pbs', b'mobile', b'al', b'wvtm', b'nbc', b'birmingham', b'al', b'wfiq', b'pbs', b'florence', b'al', b'wzdx', b'fox', b'huntsville', b'al', b'and', b'wgiq', b'pbs', b'louisville', b'al', b'culture', b'literature', b'sports', b'college', b'bryant', b'denny', b'stadium', b'at', b'the', b'university', b'of', b'alabama', b'in', b'tuscaloosa', b'college', b'football', b'is', b'popular', b'in', b'alabama', b'particularly', b'the', b'university', b'of', b'alabama', b'crimson', b'tide', b'and', b'auburn', b'university', b'tigers', b'rivals', b'in', b'the', b'southeastern', b'conference', b'in', b'the', b'season', b'alabama', b'averaged', b'over', b'fans', b'per', b'game', b'and', b'auburn', b'averaged', b'over', b'fans', b'both', b'numbers', b'among', b'the', b'top', b'in', b'the', b'nation', b'in', b'average', b'attendance', b'bryant', b'denny', b'stadium', b'is', b'the', b'home', b'of', b'the', b'alabama', b'football', b'team', b'and', b'has', b'seating', b'capacity', b'of', b'and', b'is', b'the', b'fifth', b'largest', b'stadium', b'in', b'america', b'jordan', b'hare', b'stadium', b'is', b'the', b'home', b'field', b'of', b'the', b'auburn', b'football', b'team', b'and', b'seats', b'up', b'to', b'legion', b'field', b'is', b'home', b'for', b'the', b'uab', b'blazers', b'football', b'program', b'and', b'the', b'birmingham', b'bowl', b'it', b'seats', b'ladd', b'peebles', b'stadium', b'in', b'mobile', b'is', b'the', b'home', b'of', b'the', b'university', b'of', b'south', b'alabama', b'football', b'team', b'and', b'serves', b'as', b'the', b'home', b'of', b'the', b'ncaa', b'senior', b'bowl', b'dollar', b'general', b'bowl', b'formerly', b'godaddy', b'com', b'bowl', b'and', b'alabama', b'mississippi', b'all', b'star', b'classic', b'the', b'stadium', b'seats', b'in', b'bryant', b'denny', b'stadium', b'and', b'jordan', b'hare', b'stadium', b'became', b'the', b'homes', b'of', b'the', b'alabama', b'high', b'school', b'athletic', b'association', b'state', b'football', b'championship', b'games', b'after', b'previously', b'being', b'held', b'at', b'legion', b'field', b'in', b'birmingham', b'professional', b'regions', b'field', b'in', b'birmingham', b'hank', b'aaron', b'stadium', b'in', b'mobile', b'alabama', b'has', b'several', b'professional', b'and', b'semi', b'professional', b'sports', b'teams', b'including', b'three', b'minor', b'league', b'baseball', b'teams', b'club', b'city', b'sport', b'league', b'venue', b'birmingham', b'barons', b'birmingham', b'baseball', b'southern', b'league', b'aa', b'regions', b'field', b'huntsville', b'havoc', b'huntsville', b'ice', b'hockey', b'southern', b'professional', b'hockey', b'league', b'von', b'braun', b'center', b'mobile', b'baybears', b'mobile', b'baseball', b'southern', b'league', b'aa', b'hank', b'aaron', b'stadium', b'montgomery', b'biscuits', b'montgomery', b'baseball', b'southern', b'league', b'aa', b'montgomery', b'riverwalk', b'stadium', b'birmingham', b'hammers', b'birmingham', b'soccer', b'national', b'premier', b'soccer', b'league', b'sicard', b'hollow', b'athletic', b'complex', b'tennessee', b'valley', b'tigers', b'huntsville', b'football', b'independent', b'women', b'football', b'league', b'milton', b'frank', b'stadium', b'the', b'talladega', b'superspeedway', b'motorsports', b'complex', b'hosts', b'series', b'of', b'nascar', b'events', b'it', b'has', b'seating', b'capacity', b'of', b'and', b'is', b'the', b'thirteenth', b'largest', b'stadium', b'in', b'the', b'world', b'and', b'sixth', b'largest', b'stadium', b'in', b'america', b'also', b'the', b'barber', b'motorsports', b'park', b'has', b'hosted', b'indycar', b'series', b'and', b'rolex', b'sports', b'car', b'series', b'races', b'the', b'atp', b'birmingham', b'was', b'world', b'championship', b'tennis', b'tournament', b'held', b'from', b'to', b'alabama', b'has', b'hosted', b'several', b'professional', b'golf', b'tournaments', b'such', b'as', b'the', b'and', b'pga', b'championship', b'at', b'shoal', b'creek', b'the', b'barbasol', b'championship', b'pga', b'tour', b'the', b'mobile', b'lpga', b'tournament', b'of', b'champions', b'airbus', b'lpga', b'classic', b'and', b'yokohama', b'tire', b'lpga', b'classic', b'lpga', b'tour', b'and', b'the', b'tradition', b'champions', b'tour', b'transportation', b'terminal', b'at', b'the', b'montgomery', b'regional', b'airport', b'in', b'montgomery', b'interstate', b'co', b'signed', b'with', b'interstate', b'approaching', b'interstate', b'in', b'downtown', b'birmingham', b'aerial', b'view', b'of', b'the', b'port', b'of', b'mobile', b'aviation', b'major', b'airports', b'with', b'sustained', b'commercial', b'operations', b'in', b'alabama', b'include', b'birmingham', b'shuttlesworth', b'international', b'airport', b'bhm', b'huntsville', b'international', b'airport', b'hsv', b'dothan', b'regional', b'airport', b'dhn', b'mobile', b'regional', b'airport', b'mob', b'montgomery', b'regional', b'airport', b'mgm', b'and', b'muscle', b'shoals', b'northwest', b'alabama', b'regional', b'airport', b'msl', b'rail', b'for', b'rail', b'transport', b'amtrak', b'schedules', b'the', b'crescent', b'daily', b'passenger', b'train', b'running', b'from', b'new', b'york', b'to', b'new', b'orleans', b'with', b'station', b'stops', b'at', b'anniston', b'birmingham', b'and', b'tuscaloosa', b'roads', b'alabama', b'has', b'six', b'major', b'interstate', b'roads', b'that', b'cross', b'the', b'state', b'interstate', b'travels', b'north', b'south', b'roughly', b'through', b'the', b'middle', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'travel', b'from', b'the', b'central', b'west', b'mississippi', b'state', b'line', b'to', b'birmingham', b'where', b'continues', b'to', b'the', b'north', b'east', b'corner', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'and', b'continues', b'east', b'towards', b'atlanta', b'originates', b'in', b'montgomery', b'and', b'travels', b'east', b'northeast', b'to', b'the', b'georgia', b'state', b'line', b'providing', b'main', b'thoroughfare', b'to', b'atlanta', b'and', b'traverses', b'the', b'southernmost', b'portion', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'traveling', b'from', b'west', b'to', b'east', b'through', b'mobile', b'enters', b'the', b'state', b'from', b'mississippi', b'and', b'connects', b'birmingham', b'with', b'memphis', b'tennessee', b'in', b'addition', b'there', b'are', b'currently', b'five', b'auxiliary', b'interstate', b'routes', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'in', b'mobile', b'in', b'tuscaloosa', b'around', b'birmingham', b'in', b'decatur', b'and', b'huntsville', b'and', b'in', b'gadsden', b'sixth', b'route', b'will', b'be', b'formed', b'when', b'is', b'rerouted', b'along', b'new', b'southern', b'bypass', b'of', b'montgomery', b'proposed', b'northern', b'bypass', b'of', b'birmingham', b'will', b'be', b'designated', b'as', b'since', b'direct', b'connection', b'from', b'to', b'will', b'not', b'be', b'possible', b'has', b'been', b'proposed', b'as', b'well', b'several', b'highways', b'also', b'pass', b'through', b'the', b'state', b'such', b'as', b'route', b'us', b'us', b'us', b'us', b'us', b'us', b'us', b'us', b'us', b'us', b'us', b'us', b'us', b'us', b'us', b'us', b'us', b'and', b'us', b'there', b'are', b'four', b'toll', b'roads', b'in', b'the', b'state', b'montgomery', b'expressway', b'in', b'montgomery', b'tuscaloosa', b'bypass', b'in', b'tuscaloosa', b'emerald', b'mountain', b'expressway', b'in', b'wetumpka', b'and', b'beach', b'express', b'in', b'orange', b'beach', b'ports', b'the', b'port', b'of', b'mobile', b'alabama', b'only', b'saltwater', b'port', b'is', b'large', b'seaport', b'on', b'the', b'gulf', b'of', b'mexico', b'with', b'inland', b'waterway', b'access', b'to', b'the', b'midwest', b'by', b'way', b'of', b'the', b'tennessee', b'tombigbee', b'waterway', b'the', b'port', b'of', b'mobile', b'was', b'ranked', b'th', b'by', b'tons', b'of', b'traffic', b'in', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'during', b'the', b'newly', b'expanded', b'container', b'terminal', b'at', b'the', b'port', b'of', b'mobile', b'was', b'ranked', b'as', b'the', b'th', b'busiest', b'for', b'container', b'traffic', b'in', b'the', b'nation', b'during', b'the', b'state', b'other', b'ports', b'are', b'on', b'rivers', b'with', b'access', b'to', b'the', b'gulf', b'of', b'mexico', b'water', b'ports', b'of', b'alabama', b'listed', b'from', b'north', b'to', b'south', b'port', b'name', b'location', b'connected', b'to', b'port', b'of', b'florence', b'florence', b'muscle', b'shoals', b'on', b'pickwick', b'lake', b'tennessee', b'river', b'port', b'of', b'decatur', b'decatur', b'on', b'wheeler', b'lake', b'tennessee', b'river', b'port', b'of', b'guntersville', b'guntersville', b'on', b'lake', b'guntersville', b'tennessee', b'river', b'port', b'of', b'birmingham', b'birmingham', b'on', b'black', b'warrior', b'river', b'tenn', b'tom', b'waterway', b'port', b'of', b'tuscaloosa', b'tuscaloosa', b'on', b'black', b'warrior', b'river', b'tenn', b'tom', b'waterway', b'port', b'of', b'montgomery', b'montgomery', b'on', b'woodruff', b'lake', b'alabama', b'river', b'port', b'of', b'mobile', b'mobile', b'on', b'mobile', b'bay', b'gulf', b'of', b'mexico', b'see', b'also', b'outline', b'of', b'alabama', b'organized', b'list', b'of', b'topics', b'about', b'alabama', b'index', b'of', b'alabama', b'related', b'articles', b'gun', b'rights', b'in', b'alabama', b'right', b'to', b'work', b'in', b'alabama', b'references', b'alabama', b'history', b'and', b'culture', b'adventure', b'tourism', b'experiential', b'travel', b'guides', b'accessed', b'march', b'further', b'reading', b'for', b'detailed', b'bibliography', b'see', b'the', b'history', b'of', b'alabama', b'atkins', b'leah', b'rawls', b'wayne', b'flynt', b'william', b'warren', b'rogers', b'and', b'david', b'ward', b'alabama', b'the', b'history', b'of', b'deep', b'south', b'state', b'flynt', b'wayne', b'alabama', b'in', b'the', b'twentieth', b'century', b'owen', b'thomas', b'history', b'of', b'alabama', b'and', b'dictionary', b'of', b'alabama', b'biography', b'vols', b'jackson', b'harvey', b'inside', b'alabama', b'personal', b'history', b'of', b'my', b'state', b'mohl', b'raymond', b'latinization', b'in', b'the', b'heart', b'of', b'dixie', b'hispanics', b'in', b'late', b'twentieth', b'century', b'alabama', b'alabama', b'review', b'peirce', b'neal', b'the', b'deep', b'south', b'states', b'of', b'america', b'people', b'politics', b'and', b'power', b'in', b'the', b'seven', b'deep', b'south', b'states', b'information', b'on', b'politics', b'and', b'economics', b'williams', b'benjamin', b'buford', b'literary', b'history', b'of', b'alabama', b'the', b'nineteenth', b'century', b'wpa', b'guide', b'to', b'alabama', b'external', b'links', b'alabama', b'gov', b'official', b'state', b'government', b'web', b'site', b'alabama', b'state', b'guide', b'from', b'the', b'library', b'of', b'congress', b'all', b'about', b'alabama', b'at', b'the', b'alabama', b'department', b'of', b'archives', b'and', b'history', b'code', b'of', b'alabama', b'at', b'the', b'alabama', b'legislature', b'site', b'usgs', b'real', b'time', b'geographic', b'and', b'other', b'scientific', b'resources', b'of', b'alabama', b'alabama', b'quickfacts', b'from', b'the', b'census', b'bureau', b'alabama', b'state', b'fact', b'sheet', b'from', b'the', b'department', b'of', b'agriculture']
TaggedDocument(['alabama', 'is', 'state', 'in', 'the', 'southeastern', 'region', 'of', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'it', 'is', 'bordered', 'by', 'tennessee', 'to', 'the', 'north', 'georgia', 'to', 'the', 'east', 'florida', 'and', 'the', 'gulf', 'of', 'mexico', 'to', 'the', 'south', 'and', 'mississippi', 'to', 'the', 'west', 'alabama', 'is', 'the', 'th', 'most', 'extensive', 'and', 'the', 'th', 'most', 'populous', 'of', 'the', 'states', 'at', 'nearly', 'alabama', 'has', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'nation', 'longest', 'navigable', 'inland', 'waterways', 'alabama', 'is', 'nicknamed', 'the', 'yellowhammer', 'state', 'after', 'the', 'state', 'bird', 'alabama', 'is', 'also', 'known', 'as', 'the', 'heart', 'of', 'dixie', 'and', 'the', 'cotton', 'state', 'the', 'state', 'tree', 'is', 'the', 'longleaf', 'pine', 'and', 'the', 'state', 'flower', 'is', 'the', 'camellia', 'alabama', 'capital', 'is', 'montgomery', 'the', 'largest', 'city', 'by', 'population', 'is', 'birmingham', 'which', 'has', 'long', 'been', 'the', 'most', 'industrialized', 'city', 'the', 'largest', 'city', 'by', 'land', 'area', 'is', 'huntsville', 'the', 'oldest', 'city', 'is', 'mobile', 'founded', 'by', 'french', 'colonists', 'in', 'as', 'the', 'capital', 'of', 'french', 'louisiana', 'from', 'the', 'american', 'civil', 'war', 'until', 'world', 'war', 'ii', 'alabama', 'like', 'many', 'states', 'in', 'the', 'southern', 'suffered', 'economic', 'hardship', 'in', 'part', 'because', 'of', 'its', 'continued', 'dependence', 'on', 'agriculture', 'like', 'other', 'southern', 'states', 'alabama', 'legislators', 'disenfranchised', 'african', 'americans', 'and', 'many', 'poor', 'whites', 'at', 'the', 'turn', 'of', 'the', 'century', 'despite', 'the', 'growth', 'of', 'major', 'industries', 'and', 'urban', 'centers', 'white', 'rural', 'interests', 'dominated', 'the', 'state', 'legislature', 'from', 'to', 'the', 'urban', 'interests', 'and', 'african', 'americans', 'were', 'markedly', 'under', 'represented', 'following', 'world', 'war', 'ii', 'alabama', 'grew', 'as', 'the', 'state', 'economy', 'changed', 'from', 'one', 'primarily', 'based', 'on', 'agriculture', 'to', 'one', 'with', 'diversified', 'interests', 'the', 'state', 'economy', 'in', 'the', 'st', 'century', 'is', 'based', 'on', 'management', 'automotive', 'finance', 'manufacturing', 'aerospace', 'mineral', 'extraction', 'healthcare', 'education', 'retail', 'and', 'technology', 'etymology', 'russell', 'cave', 'in', 'jackson', 'county', 'charcoal', 'from', 'indigenous', 'camp', 'fires', 'in', 'the', 'cave', 'has', 'been', 'dated', 'as', 'early', 'as', 'to', 'bc', 'the', 'european', 'american', 'naming', 'of', 'the', 'alabama', 'river', 'and', 'state', 'was', 'derived', 'from', 'the', 'alabama', 'people', 'muskogean', 'speaking', 'tribe', 'whose', 'members', 'lived', 'just', 'below', 'the', 'confluence', 'of', 'the', 'coosa', 'and', 'tallapoosa', 'rivers', 'on', 'the', 'upper', 'reaches', 'of', 'the', 'river', 'in', 'the', 'alabama', 'language', 'the', 'word', 'for', 'person', 'of', 'alabama', 'lineage', 'is', 'albaamo', 'or', 'variously', 'albaama', 'or', 'albàamo', 'in', 'different', 'dialects', 'the', 'plural', 'form', 'is', 'albaamaha', 'the', 'word', 'alabama', 'is', 'believed', 'to', 'have', 'come', 'from', 'the', 'alabama', 'language', 'and', 'suggestion', 'the', 'name', 'was', 'borrowed', 'from', 'the', 'choctaw', 'language', 'is', 'unlikely', 'the', 'word', 'spelling', 'varies', 'significantly', 'among', 'historical', 'sources', 'the', 'first', 'usage', 'appears', 'in', 'three', 'accounts', 'of', 'the', 'hernando', 'de', 'soto', 'expedition', 'of', 'garcilaso', 'de', 'la', 'vega', 'used', 'alibamo', 'while', 'the', 'knight', 'of', 'elvas', 'and', 'rodrigo', 'ranjel', 'wrote', 'alibamu', 'and', 'limamu', 'respectively', 'in', 'of', 'the', 'term', 'as', 'early', 'as', 'the', 'french', 'called', 'the', 'tribe', 'the', 'alibamon', 'with', 'french', 'maps', 'identifying', 'the', 'river', 'as', 'rivière', 'des', 'alibamons', 'other', 'spellings', 'of', 'the', 'name', 'have', 'included', 'alibamu', 'alabamo', 'albama', 'alebamon', 'alibama', 'alibamou', 'alabamu', 'allibamou', 'sources', 'disagree', 'on', 'the', 'word', 'meaning', 'some', 'scholars', 'suggest', 'the', 'word', 'comes', 'from', 'the', 'choctaw', 'alba', 'meaning', 'plants', 'or', 'weeds', 'and', 'amo', 'meaning', 'to', 'cut', 'to', 'trim', 'or', 'to', 'gather', 'the', 'meaning', 'may', 'have', 'been', 'clearers', 'of', 'the', 'thicket', 'or', 'herb', 'gatherers', 'referring', 'to', 'clearing', 'land', 'for', 'cultivation', 'or', 'collecting', 'medicinal', 'plants', 'the', 'state', 'has', 'numerous', 'place', 'names', 'of', 'native', 'american', 'origin', 'however', 'there', 'are', 'no', 'correspondingly', 'similar', 'words', 'in', 'the', 'alabama', 'language', 'an', 'article', 'in', 'the', 'jacksonville', 'republican', 'proposed', 'it', 'meant', 'here', 'we', 'rest', 'this', 'notion', 'was', 'popularized', 'in', 'the', 'through', 'the', 'writings', 'of', 'alexander', 'beaufort', 'meek', 'experts', 'in', 'the', 'muskogean', 'languages', 'have', 'not', 'found', 'any', 'evidence', 'to', 'support', 'such', 'translation', 'history', 'pre', 'european', 'settlement', 'the', 'moundville', 'archaeological', 'site', 'in', 'hale', 'county', 'it', 'was', 'occupied', 'by', 'native', 'americans', 'of', 'the', 'mississippian', 'culture', 'from', 'to', 'ad', 'indigenous', 'peoples', 'of', 'varying', 'cultures', 'lived', 'in', 'the', 'area', 'for', 'thousands', 'of', 'years', 'before', 'the', 'advent', 'of', 'european', 'colonization', 'trade', 'with', 'the', 'northeastern', 'tribes', 'by', 'the', 'ohio', 'river', 'began', 'during', 'the', 'burial', 'mound', 'period', 'bc', 'ad', 'and', 'continued', 'until', 'european', 'contact', 'the', 'agrarian', 'mississippian', 'culture', 'covered', 'most', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'from', 'to', 'ad', 'with', 'one', 'of', 'its', 'major', 'centers', 'built', 'at', 'what', 'is', 'now', 'the', 'moundville', 'archaeological', 'site', 'in', 'moundville', 'alabama', 'this', 'is', 'the', 'second', 'largest', 'complex', 'of', 'the', 'classic', 'middle', 'mississippian', 'era', 'after', 'cahokia', 'in', 'present', 'day', 'illinois', 'which', 'was', 'the', 'center', 'of', 'the', 'culture', 'analysis', 'of', 'artifacts', 'from', 'archaeological', 'excavations', 'at', 'moundville', 'were', 'the', 'basis', 'of', 'scholars', 'formulating', 'the', 'characteristics', 'of', 'the', 'southeastern', 'ceremonial', 'complex', 'secc', 'contrary', 'to', 'popular', 'belief', 'the', 'secc', 'appears', 'to', 'have', 'no', 'direct', 'links', 'to', 'mesoamerican', 'culture', 'but', 'developed', 'independently', 'the', 'ceremonial', 'complex', 'represents', 'major', 'component', 'of', 'the', 'religion', 'of', 'the', 'mississippian', 'peoples', 'it', 'is', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'primary', 'means', 'by', 'which', 'their', 'religion', 'is', 'understood', 'among', 'the', 'historical', 'tribes', 'of', 'native', 'american', 'people', 'living', 'in', 'present', 'day', 'alabama', 'at', 'the', 'time', 'of', 'european', 'contact', 'were', 'the', 'cherokee', 'an', 'iroquoian', 'language', 'people', 'and', 'the', 'muskogean', 'speaking', 'alabama', 'alibamu', 'chickasaw', 'choctaw', 'creek', 'and', 'koasati', 'while', 'part', 'of', 'the', 'same', 'large', 'language', 'family', 'the', 'muskogee', 'tribes', 'developed', 'distinct', 'cultures', 'and', 'languages', 'european', 'settlement', 'with', 'exploration', 'in', 'the', 'th', 'century', 'the', 'spanish', 'were', 'the', 'first', 'europeans', 'to', 'reach', 'alabama', 'the', 'expedition', 'of', 'hernando', 'de', 'soto', 'passed', 'through', 'mabila', 'and', 'other', 'parts', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'in', 'more', 'than', 'years', 'later', 'the', 'french', 'founded', 'the', 'region', 'first', 'european', 'settlement', 'at', 'old', 'mobile', 'in', 'the', 'city', 'was', 'moved', 'to', 'the', 'current', 'site', 'of', 'mobile', 'in', 'this', 'area', 'was', 'claimed', 'by', 'the', 'french', 'from', 'to', 'as', 'part', 'of', 'la', 'louisiane', 'after', 'the', 'french', 'lost', 'to', 'the', 'british', 'in', 'the', 'seven', 'years', 'war', 'it', 'became', 'part', 'of', 'british', 'west', 'florida', 'from', 'to', 'after', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'victory', 'in', 'the', 'american', 'revolutionary', 'war', 'the', 'territory', 'was', 'divided', 'between', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'and', 'spain', 'the', 'latter', 'retained', 'control', 'of', 'this', 'western', 'territory', 'from', 'until', 'the', 'surrender', 'of', 'the', 'spanish', 'garrison', 'at', 'mobile', 'to', 'forces', 'on', 'april', 'thomas', 'bassett', 'loyalist', 'to', 'the', 'british', 'monarchy', 'during', 'the', 'revolutionary', 'era', 'was', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'earliest', 'white', 'settlers', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'outside', 'mobile', 'he', 'settled', 'in', 'the', 'tombigbee', 'district', 'during', 'the', 'early', 'the', 'district', 'boundaries', 'were', 'roughly', 'limited', 'to', 'the', 'area', 'within', 'few', 'miles', 'of', 'the', 'tombigbee', 'river', 'and', 'included', 'portions', 'of', 'what', 'is', 'today', 'southern', 'clarke', 'county', 'northernmost', 'mobile', 'county', 'and', 'most', 'of', 'washington', 'county', 'what', 'is', 'now', 'the', 'counties', 'of', 'baldwin', 'and', 'mobile', 'became', 'part', 'of', 'spanish', 'west', 'florida', 'in', 'part', 'of', 'the', 'independent', 'republic', 'of', 'west', 'florida', 'in', 'and', 'was', 'finally', 'added', 'to', 'the', 'mississippi', 'territory', 'in', 'most', 'of', 'what', 'is', 'now', 'the', 'northern', 'two', 'thirds', 'of', 'alabama', 'was', 'known', 'as', 'the', 'yazoo', 'lands', 'beginning', 'during', 'the', 'british', 'colonial', 'period', 'it', 'was', 'claimed', 'by', 'the', 'province', 'of', 'georgia', 'from', 'onwards', 'following', 'the', 'revolutionary', 'war', 'it', 'remained', 'part', 'of', 'georgia', 'although', 'heavily', 'disputed', 'map', 'showing', 'the', 'formation', 'of', 'the', 'mississippi', 'and', 'alabama', 'territories', 'with', 'the', 'exception', 'of', 'the', 'area', 'around', 'mobile', 'and', 'the', 'yazoo', 'lands', 'what', 'is', 'now', 'the', 'lower', 'one', 'third', 'alabama', 'was', 'made', 'part', 'of', 'the', 'mississippi', 'territory', 'when', 'it', 'was', 'organized', 'in', 'the', 'yazoo', 'lands', 'were', 'added', 'to', 'the', 'territory', 'in', 'following', 'the', 'yazoo', 'land', 'scandal', 'spain', 'kept', 'claim', 'on', 'its', 'former', 'spanish', 'west', 'florida', 'territory', 'in', 'what', 'would', 'become', 'the', 'coastal', 'counties', 'until', 'the', 'adams', 'onís', 'treaty', 'officially', 'ceded', 'it', 'to', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'in', 'th', 'century', 'before', 'mississippi', 'admission', 'to', 'statehood', 'on', 'december', 'the', 'more', 'sparsely', 'settled', 'eastern', 'half', 'of', 'the', 'territory', 'was', 'separated', 'and', 'named', 'the', 'alabama', 'territory', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'congress', 'created', 'the', 'alabama', 'territory', 'on', 'march', 'st', 'stephens', 'now', 'abandoned', 'served', 'as', 'the', 'territorial', 'capital', 'from', 'to', 'alabama', 'was', 'admitted', 'as', 'the', 'nd', 'state', 'on', 'december', 'with', 'congress', 'selecting', 'huntsville', 'as', 'the', 'site', 'for', 'the', 'first', 'constitutional', 'convention', 'from', 'july', 'to', 'august', 'delegates', 'met', 'to', 'prepare', 'the', 'new', 'state', 'constitution', 'huntsville', 'served', 'as', 'temporary', 'capital', 'from', 'to', 'when', 'the', 'seat', 'of', 'government', 'moved', 'to', 'cahaba', 'in', 'dallas', 'county', 'thornhill', 'in', 'greene', 'county', 'it', 'is', 'former', 'black', 'belt', 'plantation', 'cahaba', 'now', 'ghost', 'town', 'was', 'the', 'first', 'permanent', 'state', 'capital', 'from', 'to', 'alabama', 'fever', 'was', 'underway', 'when', 'the', 'state', 'was', 'admitted', 'to', 'the', 'union', 'with', 'settlers', 'and', 'land', 'speculators', 'pouring', 'into', 'the', 'state', 'to', 'take', 'advantage', 'of', 'fertile', 'land', 'suitable', 'for', 'cotton', 'cultivation', 'part', 'of', 'the', 'frontier', 'in', 'the', 'and', 'its', 'constitution', 'provided', 'for', 'universal', 'suffrage', 'for', 'white', 'men', 'southeastern', 'planters', 'and', 'traders', 'from', 'the', 'upper', 'south', 'brought', 'slaves', 'with', 'them', 'as', 'the', 'cotton', 'plantations', 'in', 'alabama', 'expanded', 'the', 'economy', 'of', 'the', 'central', 'black', 'belt', 'named', 'for', 'its', 'dark', 'productive', 'soil', 'was', 'built', 'around', 'large', 'cotton', 'plantations', 'whose', 'owners', 'wealth', 'grew', 'largely', 'from', 'slave', 'labor', 'the', 'area', 'also', 'drew', 'many', 'poor', 'disfranchised', 'people', 'who', 'became', 'subsistence', 'farmers', 'alabama', 'had', 'an', 'estimated', 'population', 'of', 'under', 'people', 'in', 'but', 'it', 'increased', 'to', 'more', 'than', 'people', 'by', 'most', 'native', 'american', 'tribes', 'were', 'completely', 'removed', 'from', 'the', 'state', 'within', 'few', 'years', 'of', 'the', 'passage', 'of', 'the', 'indian', 'removal', 'act', 'by', 'congress', 'in', 'william', 'nichols', 'it', 'was', 'built', 'from', 'to', 'and', 'was', 'destroyed', 'by', 'fire', 'in', 'from', 'to', 'tuscaloosa', 'served', 'as', 'alabama', 'capital', 'on', 'january', 'the', 'alabama', 'legislature', 'announced', 'it', 'had', 'voted', 'to', 'move', 'the', 'capital', 'city', 'from', 'tuscaloosa', 'to', 'montgomery', 'the', 'first', 'legislative', 'session', 'in', 'the', 'new', 'capital', 'met', 'in', 'december', 'new', 'capitol', 'building', 'was', 'erected', 'under', 'the', 'direction', 'of', 'stephen', 'decatur', 'button', 'of', 'philadelphia', 'the', 'first', 'structure', 'burned', 'down', 'in', 'but', 'was', 'rebuilt', 'on', 'the', 'same', 'site', 'in', 'this', 'second', 'capitol', 'building', 'in', 'montgomery', 'remains', 'to', 'the', 'present', 'day', 'it', 'was', 'designed', 'by', 'barachias', 'holt', 'of', 'exeter', 'maine', 'by', 'the', 'population', 'had', 'increased', 'to', 'people', 'of', 'which', 'nearly', 'half', 'were', 'enslaved', 'african', 'americans', 'and', 'were', 'free', 'people', 'of', 'color', 'on', 'january', 'alabama', 'declared', 'its', 'secession', 'from', 'the', 'union', 'after', 'remaining', 'an', 'independent', 'republic', 'for', 'few', 'days', 'it', 'joined', 'the', 'confederate', 'states', 'of', 'america', 'the', 'confederacy', 'capital', 'was', 'initially', 'at', 'montgomery', 'alabama', 'was', 'heavily', 'involved', 'in', 'the', 'american', 'civil', 'war', 'although', 'comparatively', 'few', 'battles', 'were', 'fought', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'alabama', 'contributed', 'about', 'soldiers', 'to', 'the', 'war', 'effort', 'union', 'army', 'troops', 'occupying', 'courthouse', 'square', 'in', 'huntsville', 'following', 'its', 'capture', 'and', 'occupation', 'by', 'federal', 'forces', 'in', 'company', 'of', 'cavalry', 'soldiers', 'from', 'huntsville', 'alabama', 'joined', 'nathan', 'bedford', 'forrest', 'battalion', 'in', 'hopkinsville', 'kentucky', 'the', 'company', 'wore', 'new', 'uniforms', 'with', 'yellow', 'trim', 'on', 'the', 'sleeves', 'collar', 'and', 'coat', 'tails', 'this', 'led', 'to', 'them', 'being', 'greeted', 'with', 'yellowhammer', 'and', 'the', 'name', 'later', 'was', 'applied', 'to', 'all', 'alabama', 'troops', 'in', 'the', 'confederate', 'army', 'alabama', 'slaves', 'were', 'freed', 'by', 'the', 'th', 'amendment', 'in', 'alabama', 'was', 'under', 'military', 'rule', 'from', 'the', 'end', 'of', 'the', 'war', 'in', 'may', 'until', 'its', 'official', 'restoration', 'to', 'the', 'union', 'in', 'from', 'to', 'with', 'most', 'white', 'citizens', 'barred', 'temporarily', 'from', 'voting', 'and', 'freedmen', 'enfranchised', 'many', 'african', 'americans', 'emerged', 'as', 'political', 'leaders', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'alabama', 'was', 'represented', 'in', 'congress', 'during', 'this', 'period', 'by', 'three', 'african', 'american', 'congressmen', 'jeremiah', 'haralson', 'benjamin', 'turner', 'and', 'james', 'rapier', 'following', 'the', 'war', 'the', 'state', 'remained', 'chiefly', 'agricultural', 'with', 'an', 'economy', 'tied', 'to', 'cotton', 'during', 'reconstruction', 'state', 'legislators', 'ratified', 'new', 'state', 'constitution', 'in', 'that', 'created', 'the', 'state', 'first', 'public', 'school', 'system', 'and', 'expanded', 'women', 'rights', 'legislators', 'funded', 'numerous', 'public', 'road', 'and', 'railroad', 'projects', 'although', 'these', 'were', 'plagued', 'with', 'allegations', 'of', 'fraud', 'and', 'organized', 'insurgent', 'resistance', 'groups', 'tried', 'to', 'suppress', 'the', 'freedmen', 'and', 'republicans', 'besides', 'the', 'short', 'lived', 'original', 'ku', 'klux', 'klan', 'these', 'included', 'the', 'pale', 'faces', 'knights', 'of', 'the', 'white', 'camellia', 'red', 'shirts', 'and', 'the', 'white', 'league', 'reconstruction', 'in', 'alabama', 'ended', 'in', 'when', 'the', 'democrats', 'regained', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'legislature', 'and', 'governor', 'office', 'through', 'an', 'election', 'dominated', 'by', 'fraud', 'and', 'violence', 'they', 'wrote', 'another', 'constitution', 'in', 'and', 'the', 'legislature', 'passed', 'the', 'blaine', 'amendment', 'prohibiting', 'public', 'money', 'from', 'being', 'used', 'to', 'finance', 'religious', 'affiliated', 'schools', 'the', 'same', 'year', 'legislation', 'was', 'approved', 'that', 'called', 'for', 'racially', 'segregated', 'schools', 'railroad', 'passenger', 'cars', 'were', 'segregated', 'in', 'after', 'disfranchising', 'most', 'african', 'americans', 'and', 'many', 'poor', 'whites', 'in', 'the', 'constitution', 'the', 'alabama', 'legislature', 'passed', 'more', 'jim', 'crow', 'laws', 'at', 'the', 'beginning', 'of', 'the', 'th', 'century', 'to', 'impose', 'segregation', 'in', 'everyday', 'life', 'th', 'century', 'the', 'developing', 'skyline', 'of', 'birmingham', 'in', 'the', 'new', 'constitution', 'of', 'alabama', 'included', 'provisions', 'for', 'voter', 'registration', 'that', 'effectively', 'disenfranchised', 'large', 'portions', 'of', 'the', 'population', 'including', 'nearly', 'all', 'african', 'americans', 'and', 'native', 'americans', 'and', 'tens', 'of', 'thousands', 'of', 'poor', 'whites', 'through', 'making', 'voter', 'registration', 'difficult', 'requiring', 'poll', 'tax', 'and', 'literacy', 'test', 'the', 'constitution', 'required', 'racial', 'segregation', 'of', 'public', 'schools', 'by', 'only', 'african', 'americans', 'were', 'registered', 'in', 'alabama', 'although', 'at', 'least', 'were', 'literate', 'this', 'compared', 'to', 'more', 'than', 'african', 'americans', 'eligible', 'to', 'vote', 'in', 'the', 'numbers', 'dropped', 'even', 'more', 'in', 'later', 'decades', 'the', 'state', 'legislature', 'passed', 'additional', 'racial', 'segregation', 'laws', 'related', 'to', 'public', 'facilities', 'into', 'the', 'jails', 'were', 'segregated', 'in', 'hospitals', 'in', 'toilets', 'hotels', 'and', 'restaurants', 'in', 'and', 'bus', 'stop', 'waiting', 'rooms', 'in', 'while', 'the', 'planter', 'class', 'had', 'persuaded', 'poor', 'whites', 'to', 'vote', 'for', 'this', 'legislative', 'effort', 'to', 'suppress', 'black', 'voting', 'the', 'new', 'restrictions', 'resulted', 'in', 'their', 'as', 'well', 'due', 'mostly', 'to', 'the', 'imposition', 'of', 'cumulative', 'poll', 'tax', 'by', 'whites', 'constituted', 'slight', 'majority', 'of', 'those', 'disenfranchised', 'by', 'these', 'laws', 'whites', 'vs', 'african', 'americans', 'nearly', 'all', 'african', 'americans', 'had', 'lost', 'the', 'ability', 'to', 'vote', 'despite', 'numerous', 'legal', 'challenges', 'that', 'succeeded', 'in', 'overturning', 'certain', 'provisions', 'the', 'state', 'legislature', 'would', 'create', 'new', 'ones', 'to', 'maintain', 'the', 'exclusion', 'of', 'blacks', 'from', 'the', 'political', 'system', 'persisted', 'until', 'after', 'passage', 'of', 'federal', 'civil', 'rights', 'legislation', 'in', 'the', 'to', 'enforce', 'their', 'constitutional', 'rights', 'as', 'citizens', 'the', 'rural', 'dominated', 'alabama', 'legislature', 'consistently', 'underfunded', 'schools', 'and', 'services', 'for', 'the', 'disenfranchised', 'african', 'americans', 'but', 'it', 'did', 'not', 'relieve', 'them', 'of', 'paying', 'taxes', 'partially', 'as', 'response', 'to', 'chronic', 'underfunding', 'of', 'education', 'for', 'african', 'americans', 'in', 'the', 'south', 'the', 'rosenwald', 'fund', 'began', 'funding', 'the', 'construction', 'of', 'what', 'came', 'to', 'be', 'known', 'as', 'rosenwald', 'schools', 'in', 'alabama', 'these', 'schools', 'were', 'designed', 'and', 'the', 'construction', 'partially', 'financed', 'with', 'rosenwald', 'funds', 'which', 'paid', 'one', 'third', 'of', 'the', 'construction', 'costs', 'the', 'fund', 'required', 'the', 'local', 'community', 'and', 'state', 'to', 'raise', 'matching', 'funds', 'to', 'pay', 'the', 'rest', 'black', 'residents', 'effectively', 'taxed', 'themselves', 'twice', 'by', 'raising', 'additional', 'monies', 'to', 'supply', 'matching', 'funds', 'for', 'such', 'schools', 'which', 'were', 'built', 'in', 'many', 'rural', 'areas', 'they', 'often', 'donated', 'land', 'and', 'labor', 'as', 'well', 'the', 'former', 'mount', 'sinai', 'school', 'in', 'rural', 'autauga', 'county', 'completed', 'in', 'it', 'was', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'rosenwald', 'schools', 'built', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'beginning', 'in', 'the', 'first', 'rosenwald', 'schools', 'were', 'built', 'in', 'alabama', 'for', 'african', 'american', 'children', 'total', 'of', 'schools', 'seven', 'teachers', 'houses', 'and', 'several', 'vocational', 'buildings', 'were', 'completed', 'by', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'several', 'of', 'the', 'surviving', 'school', 'buildings', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'are', 'now', 'listed', 'on', 'the', 'national', 'register', 'of', 'historic', 'places', 'continued', 'racial', 'discrimination', 'and', 'lynchings', 'agricultural', 'depression', 'and', 'the', 'failure', 'of', 'the', 'cotton', 'crops', 'due', 'to', 'boll', 'weevil', 'infestation', 'led', 'tens', 'of', 'thousands', 'of', 'african', 'americans', 'from', 'rural', 'alabama', 'and', 'other', 'states', 'to', 'seek', 'opportunities', 'in', 'northern', 'and', 'midwestern', 'cities', 'during', 'the', 'early', 'decades', 'of', 'the', 'th', 'century', 'as', 'part', 'of', 'the', 'great', 'migration', 'out', 'of', 'the', 'south', 'reflecting', 'this', 'emigration', 'the', 'population', 'growth', 'rate', 'in', 'alabama', 'see', 'historical', 'populations', 'table', 'below', 'dropped', 'by', 'nearly', 'half', 'from', 'to', 'at', 'the', 'same', 'time', 'many', 'rural', 'people', 'both', 'white', 'and', 'african', 'american', 'migrated', 'to', 'the', 'city', 'of', 'birmingham', 'to', 'work', 'in', 'new', 'industrial', 'jobs', 'birmingham', 'experienced', 'such', 'rapid', 'growth', 'that', 'it', 'was', 'called', 'the', 'magic', 'city', 'by', 'the', 'birmingham', 'was', 'the', 'th', 'largest', 'city', 'in', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'and', 'had', 'more', 'than', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'population', 'heavy', 'industry', 'and', 'mining', 'were', 'the', 'basis', 'of', 'its', 'economy', 'its', 'residents', 'were', 'under', 'represented', 'for', 'decades', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'legislature', 'which', 'refused', 'to', 'redistrict', 'after', 'each', 'decennial', 'census', 'according', 'to', 'population', 'changes', 'as', 'it', 'was', 'required', 'by', 'the', 'state', 'constitution', 'this', 'did', 'not', 'change', 'until', 'the', 'late', 'following', 'lawsuit', 'and', 'court', 'order', 'beginning', 'in', 'the', 'when', 'the', 'courts', 'started', 'taking', 'the', 'first', 'steps', 'to', 'recognize', 'the', 'voting', 'rights', 'of', 'black', 'voters', 'the', 'alabama', 'legislature', 'took', 'several', 'counter', 'steps', 'designed', 'to', 'disfranchise', 'black', 'voters', 'the', 'legislature', 'passed', 'and', 'the', 'voters', 'ratified', 'as', 'these', 'were', 'mostly', 'white', 'voters', 'state', 'constitutional', 'amendment', 'that', 'gave', 'local', 'registrars', 'greater', 'latitude', 'to', 'disqualify', 'voter', 'registration', 'applicants', 'black', 'citizens', 'in', 'mobile', 'successfully', 'challenged', 'this', 'amendment', 'as', 'violation', 'of', 'the', 'fifteenth', 'amendment', 'the', 'legislature', 'also', 'changed', 'the', 'boundaries', 'of', 'tuskegee', 'to', 'sided', 'figure', 'designed', 'to', 'fence', 'out', 'blacks', 'from', 'the', 'city', 'limits', 'the', 'supreme', 'court', 'unanimously', 'held', 'that', 'this', 'racial', 'gerrymandering', 'violated', 'the', 'constitution', 'in', 'the', 'alabama', 'legislature', 'also', 'intentionally', 'diluted', 'the', 'effect', 'of', 'the', 'black', 'vote', 'by', 'instituting', 'numbered', 'place', 'requirements', 'for', 'local', 'elections', 'industrial', 'development', 'related', 'to', 'the', 'demands', 'of', 'world', 'war', 'ii', 'brought', 'level', 'of', 'prosperity', 'to', 'the', 'state', 'not', 'seen', 'since', 'before', 'the', 'civil', 'war', 'rural', 'workers', 'poured', 'into', 'the', 'largest', 'cities', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'for', 'better', 'jobs', 'and', 'higher', 'standard', 'of', 'living', 'one', 'example', 'of', 'this', 'massive', 'influx', 'of', 'workers', 'occurred', 'in', 'mobile', 'between', 'and', 'more', 'than', 'people', 'moved', 'into', 'the', 'city', 'to', 'work', 'for', 'war', 'related', 'industries', 'cotton', 'and', 'other', 'cash', 'crops', 'faded', 'in', 'importance', 'as', 'the', 'state', 'developed', 'manufacturing', 'and', 'service', 'base', 'despite', 'massive', 'population', 'changes', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'from', 'to', 'the', 'rural', 'dominated', 'legislature', 'refused', 'to', 'reapportion', 'house', 'and', 'senate', 'seats', 'based', 'on', 'population', 'as', 'required', 'by', 'the', 'state', 'constitution', 'to', 'follow', 'the', 'results', 'of', 'decennial', 'censuses', 'they', 'held', 'on', 'to', 'old', 'representation', 'to', 'maintain', 'political', 'and', 'economic', 'power', 'in', 'agricultural', 'areas', 'in', 'addition', 'the', 'state', 'legislature', 'gerrymandered', 'the', 'few', 'birmingham', 'legislative', 'seats', 'to', 'ensure', 'election', 'by', 'persons', 'living', 'outside', 'birmingham', 'one', 'result', 'was', 'that', 'jefferson', 'county', 'containing', 'birmingham', 'industrial', 'and', 'economic', 'powerhouse', 'contributed', 'more', 'than', 'one', 'third', 'of', 'all', 'tax', 'revenue', 'to', 'the', 'state', 'but', 'did', 'not', 'receive', 'proportional', 'amount', 'in', 'services', 'urban', 'interests', 'were', 'consistently', 'in', 'the', 'legislature', 'study', 'noted', 'that', 'because', 'of', 'rural', 'domination', 'minority', 'of', 'about', 'per', 'cent', 'of', 'the', 'total', 'state', 'population', 'is', 'in', 'majority', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'alabama', 'legislature', 'class', 'action', 'suit', 'initiated', 'on', 'behalf', 'of', 'plaintiffs', 'in', 'lowndes', 'county', 'alabama', 'challenged', 'the', 'state', 'legislature', 'lack', 'of', 'redistricting', 'for', 'congressional', 'seats', 'in', 'white', 'crook', 'judge', 'frank', 'johnson', 'ordered', 'the', 'state', 'to', 'redistrict', 'united', 'states', 'supreme', 'court', 'cases', 'of', 'baker', 'carr', 'and', 'reynolds', 'sims', 'ruled', 'that', 'the', 'principle', 'of', 'one', 'man', 'one', 'vote', 'needed', 'to', 'be', 'the', 'basis', 'of', 'both', 'houses', 'of', 'state', 'legislatures', 'as', 'well', 'and', 'that', 'their', 'districts', 'had', 'to', 'be', 'based', 'on', 'population', 'rather', 'than', 'geographic', 'counties', 'as', 'alabama', 'had', 'used', 'for', 'its', 'senate', 'in', 'for', 'the', 'first', 'time', 'since', 'the', 'legislature', 'completed', 'the', 'first', 'congressional', 'redistricting', 'based', 'on', 'the', 'decennial', 'census', 'this', 'benefited', 'the', 'urban', 'areas', 'that', 'had', 'developed', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'all', 'in', 'the', 'population', 'who', 'had', 'been', 'for', 'more', 'than', 'years', 'other', 'changes', 'were', 'made', 'to', 'implement', 'representative', 'state', 'house', 'and', 'senate', 'districts', 'african', 'americans', 'continued', 'to', 'press', 'in', 'the', 'and', 'to', 'end', 'and', 'segregation', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'through', 'the', 'civil', 'rights', 'movement', 'including', 'legal', 'challenges', 'in', 'the', 'us', 'supreme', 'court', 'ruled', 'in', 'brown', 'board', 'of', 'education', 'that', 'public', 'schools', 'had', 'to', 'be', 'desegregated', 'but', 'alabama', 'was', 'slow', 'to', 'comply', 'during', 'the', 'under', 'governor', 'george', 'wallace', 'alabama', 'resisted', 'compliance', 'with', 'federal', 'demands', 'for', 'desegregation', 'the', 'civil', 'rights', 'movement', 'had', 'notable', 'events', 'in', 'alabama', 'including', 'the', 'montgomery', 'bus', 'boycott', 'freedom', 'rides', 'in', 'and', 'selma', 'to', 'montgomery', 'marches', 'these', 'contributed', 'to', 'congressional', 'passage', 'and', 'enactment', 'of', 'the', 'civil', 'rights', 'act', 'of', 'and', 'voting', 'rights', 'act', 'of', 'by', 'the', 'congress', 'legal', 'segregation', 'ended', 'in', 'the', 'states', 'in', 'but', 'jim', 'crow', 'customs', 'often', 'continued', 'until', 'specifically', 'challenged', 'in', 'court', 'despite', 'recommendations', 'of', 'alabama', 'constitutional', 'commission', 'the', 'state', 'legislature', 'did', 'not', 'approve', 'an', 'amendment', 'to', 'establish', 'home', 'rule', 'for', 'counties', 'there', 'is', 'very', 'limited', 'home', 'rule', 'but', 'the', 'legislature', 'is', 'deeply', 'involved', 'in', 'passing', 'legislation', 'that', 'applies', 'to', 'county', 'level', 'functions', 'and', 'policies', 'this', 'both', 'deprives', 'local', 'residents', 'of', 'the', 'ability', 'to', 'govern', 'themselves', 'and', 'distracts', 'the', 'legislature', 'from', 'statewide', 'issues', 'alabama', 'has', 'made', 'some', 'changes', 'since', 'the', 'late', 'th', 'century', 'and', 'has', 'used', 'new', 'types', 'of', 'voting', 'to', 'increase', 'representation', 'in', 'the', 'an', 'omnibus', 'redistricting', 'case', 'dillard', 'crenshaw', 'county', 'challenged', 'the', 'at', 'large', 'voting', 'for', 'representative', 'seats', 'of', 'alabama', 'jurisdictions', 'including', 'counties', 'and', 'school', 'boards', 'at', 'large', 'voting', 'had', 'diluted', 'the', 'votes', 'of', 'any', 'minority', 'in', 'county', 'as', 'the', 'majority', 'tended', 'to', 'take', 'all', 'seats', 'despite', 'african', 'americans', 'making', 'up', 'significant', 'minority', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'they', 'had', 'been', 'unable', 'to', 'elect', 'any', 'representatives', 'in', 'most', 'of', 'the', 'at', 'large', 'jurisdictions', 'as', 'part', 'of', 'settlement', 'of', 'this', 'case', 'five', 'alabama', 'cites', 'and', 'counties', 'including', 'chilton', 'county', 'adopted', 'system', 'of', 'cumulative', 'voting', 'for', 'election', 'of', 'representatives', 'in', 'multi', 'seat', 'jurisdictions', 'this', 'has', 'resulted', 'in', 'more', 'proportional', 'representation', 'for', 'voters', 'in', 'another', 'form', 'of', 'proportional', 'representation', 'jurisdictions', 'use', 'limited', 'voting', 'as', 'in', 'conecuh', 'county', 'in', 'limited', 'voting', 'was', 'first', 'tested', 'in', 'conecuh', 'county', 'together', 'use', 'of', 'these', 'systems', 'has', 'increased', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'african', 'americans', 'and', 'women', 'being', 'elected', 'to', 'local', 'offices', 'resulting', 'in', 'governments', 'that', 'are', 'more', 'representative', 'of', 'their', 'citizens', 'geography', 'general', 'map', 'of', 'alabama', 'alabama', 'is', 'the', 'thirtieth', 'largest', 'state', 'in', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'with', 'of', 'total', 'area', 'of', 'the', 'area', 'is', 'water', 'making', 'alabama', 'rd', 'in', 'the', 'amount', 'of', 'surface', 'water', 'also', 'giving', 'it', 'the', 'second', 'largest', 'inland', 'waterway', 'system', 'in', 'the', 'about', 'three', 'fifths', 'of', 'the', 'land', 'area', 'is', 'gentle', 'plain', 'with', 'general', 'descent', 'towards', 'the', 'mississippi', 'river', 'and', 'the', 'gulf', 'of', 'mexico', 'the', 'north', 'alabama', 'region', 'is', 'mostly', 'mountainous', 'with', 'the', 'tennessee', 'river', 'cutting', 'large', 'valley', 'and', 'creating', 'numerous', 'creeks', 'streams', 'rivers', 'mountains', 'and', 'lakes', 'alabama', 'is', 'bordered', 'by', 'the', 'states', 'of', 'tennessee', 'to', 'the', 'north', 'georgia', 'to', 'the', 'east', 'florida', 'to', 'the', 'south', 'and', 'mississippi', 'to', 'the', 'west', 'alabama', 'has', 'coastline', 'at', 'the', 'gulf', 'of', 'mexico', 'in', 'the', 'extreme', 'southern', 'edge', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'the', 'state', 'ranges', 'in', 'elevation', 'from', 'sea', 'level', 'at', 'mobile', 'bay', 'to', 'over', 'feet', 'in', 'the', 'appalachian', 'mountains', 'in', 'the', 'northeast', 'the', 'highest', 'point', 'is', 'mount', 'cheaha', 'at', 'height', 'of', 'alabama', 'land', 'consists', 'of', 'of', 'forest', 'or', 'of', 'total', 'land', 'area', 'suburban', 'baldwin', 'county', 'along', 'the', 'gulf', 'coast', 'is', 'the', 'largest', 'county', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'in', 'both', 'land', 'area', 'and', 'water', 'area', 'areas', 'in', 'alabama', 'administered', 'by', 'the', 'national', 'park', 'service', 'include', 'horseshoe', 'bend', 'national', 'military', 'park', 'near', 'alexander', 'city', 'little', 'river', 'canyon', 'national', 'preserve', 'near', 'fort', 'payne', 'russell', 'cave', 'national', 'monument', 'in', 'bridgeport', 'tuskegee', 'airmen', 'national', 'historic', 'site', 'in', 'tuskegee', 'and', 'tuskegee', 'institute', 'national', 'historic', 'site', 'near', 'tuskegee', 'additionally', 'alabama', 'has', 'four', 'national', 'forests', 'conecuh', 'talladega', 'tuskegee', 'and', 'william', 'bankhead', 'alabama', 'also', 'contains', 'the', 'natchez', 'trace', 'parkway', 'the', 'selma', 'to', 'montgomery', 'national', 'historic', 'trail', 'and', 'the', 'trail', 'of', 'tears', 'national', 'historic', 'trail', 'notable', 'natural', 'wonder', 'in', 'alabama', 'is', 'natural', 'bridge', 'rock', 'the', 'longest', 'natural', 'bridge', 'east', 'of', 'the', 'rockies', 'located', 'just', 'south', 'of', 'haleyville', 'wide', 'meteorite', 'impact', 'crater', 'is', 'located', 'in', 'elmore', 'county', 'just', 'north', 'of', 'montgomery', 'this', 'is', 'the', 'wetumpka', 'crater', 'the', 'site', 'of', 'alabama', 'greatest', 'natural', 'disaster', 'wide', 'meteorite', 'hit', 'the', 'area', 'about', 'million', 'years', 'ago', 'the', 'hills', 'just', 'east', 'of', 'downtown', 'wetumpka', 'showcase', 'the', 'eroded', 'remains', 'of', 'the', 'impact', 'crater', 'that', 'was', 'blasted', 'into', 'the', 'bedrock', 'with', 'the', 'area', 'labeled', 'the', 'wetumpka', 'crater', 'or', 'astrobleme', 'star', 'wound', 'because', 'of', 'the', 'concentric', 'rings', 'of', 'fractures', 'and', 'zones', 'of', 'shattered', 'rock', 'that', 'can', 'be', 'found', 'beneath', 'the', 'surface', 'in', 'christian', 'koeberl', 'with', 'the', 'institute', 'of', 'geochemistry', 'university', 'of', 'vienna', 'published', 'evidence', 'and', 'established', 'the', 'site', 'as', 'the', 'th', 'recognized', 'impact', 'crater', 'on', 'earth', 'climate', 'autumn', 'tree', 'in', 'birmingham', 'the', 'state', 'is', 'classified', 'as', 'humid', 'subtropical', 'cfa', 'under', 'the', 'koppen', 'climate', 'classification', 'the', 'average', 'annual', 'temperature', 'is', 'temperatures', 'tend', 'to', 'be', 'warmer', 'in', 'the', 'southern', 'part', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'with', 'its', 'proximity', 'to', 'the', 'gulf', 'of', 'mexico', 'while', 'the', 'northern', 'parts', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'especially', 'in', 'the', 'appalachian', 'mountains', 'in', 'the', 'northeast', 'tend', 'to', 'be', 'slightly', 'cooler', 'generally', 'alabama', 'has', 'very', 'hot', 'summers', 'and', 'mild', 'winters', 'with', 'copious', 'precipitation', 'throughout', 'the', 'year', 'alabama', 'receives', 'an', 'average', 'of', 'of', 'rainfall', 'annually', 'and', 'enjoys', 'lengthy', 'growing', 'season', 'of', 'up', 'to', 'days', 'in', 'the', 'southern', 'part', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'summers', 'in', 'alabama', 'are', 'among', 'the', 'hottest', 'in', 'the', 'with', 'high', 'temperatures', 'averaging', 'over', 'throughout', 'the', 'summer', 'in', 'some', 'parts', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'alabama', 'is', 'also', 'prone', 'to', 'tropical', 'storms', 'and', 'even', 'hurricanes', 'areas', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'far', 'away', 'from', 'the', 'gulf', 'are', 'not', 'immune', 'to', 'the', 'effects', 'of', 'the', 'storms', 'which', 'often', 'dump', 'tremendous', 'amounts', 'of', 'rain', 'as', 'they', 'move', 'inland', 'and', 'weaken', 'south', 'alabama', 'reports', 'many', 'thunderstorms', 'the', 'gulf', 'coast', 'around', 'mobile', 'bay', 'averages', 'between', 'and', 'days', 'per', 'year', 'with', 'thunder', 'reported', 'this', 'activity', 'decreases', 'somewhat', 'further', 'north', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'but', 'even', 'the', 'far', 'north', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'reports', 'thunder', 'on', 'about', 'days', 'per', 'year', 'occasionally', 'thunderstorms', 'are', 'severe', 'with', 'frequent', 'lightning', 'and', 'large', 'hail', 'the', 'central', 'and', 'northern', 'parts', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'are', 'most', 'vulnerable', 'to', 'this', 'type', 'of', 'storm', 'alabama', 'ranks', 'ninth', 'in', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'deaths', 'from', 'lightning', 'and', 'tenth', 'in', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'deaths', 'from', 'lightning', 'strikes', 'per', 'capita', 'phil', 'campbell', 'following', 'the', 'statewide', 'april', 'tornado', 'outbreak', 'alabama', 'along', 'with', 'oklahoma', 'has', 'the', 'most', 'reported', 'ef', 'tornadoes', 'of', 'any', 'state', 'according', 'to', 'statistics', 'from', 'the', 'national', 'climatic', 'data', 'center', 'for', 'the', 'period', 'january', 'to', 'june', 'several', 'long', 'tracked', 'ef', 'tornadoes', 'have', 'contributed', 'to', 'alabama', 'reporting', 'more', 'tornado', 'fatalities', 'than', 'any', 'other', 'state', 'the', 'state', 'was', 'affected', 'by', 'the', 'super', 'outbreak', 'and', 'was', 'devastated', 'tremendously', 'by', 'the', 'super', 'outbreak', 'the', 'super', 'outbreak', 'produced', 'record', 'amount', 'of', 'tornadoes', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'the', 'tally', 'reached', 'snowfall', 'outside', 'birmingham', 'city', 'hall', 'in', 'february', 'the', 'peak', 'season', 'for', 'tornadoes', 'varies', 'from', 'the', 'northern', 'to', 'southern', 'parts', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'alabama', 'is', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'few', 'places', 'in', 'the', 'world', 'that', 'has', 'secondary', 'tornado', 'season', 'in', 'november', 'and', 'december', 'along', 'with', 'the', 'spring', 'severe', 'weather', 'season', 'the', 'northern', 'part', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'along', 'the', 'tennessee', 'valley', 'is', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'areas', 'in', 'the', 'most', 'vulnerable', 'to', 'violent', 'tornadoes', 'the', 'area', 'of', 'alabama', 'and', 'mississippi', 'most', 'affected', 'by', 'tornadoes', 'is', 'sometimes', 'referred', 'to', 'as', 'dixie', 'alley', 'as', 'distinct', 'from', 'the', 'tornado', 'alley', 'of', 'the', 'southern', 'plains', 'winters', 'are', 'generally', 'mild', 'in', 'alabama', 'as', 'they', 'are', 'throughout', 'most', 'of', 'the', 'southeastern', 'with', 'average', 'january', 'low', 'temperatures', 'around', 'in', 'mobile', 'and', 'around', 'in', 'birmingham', 'although', 'snow', 'is', 'rare', 'event', 'in', 'much', 'of', 'alabama', 'areas', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'north', 'of', 'montgomery', 'may', 'receive', 'dusting', 'of', 'snow', 'few', 'times', 'every', 'winter', 'with', 'an', 'occasional', 'moderately', 'heavy', 'snowfall', 'every', 'few', 'years', 'historic', 'snowfall', 'events', 'include', 'new', 'year', 'eve', 'snowstorm', 'and', 'the', 'storm', 'of', 'the', 'century', 'the', 'annual', 'average', 'snowfall', 'for', 'the', 'birmingham', 'area', 'is', 'per', 'year', 'in', 'the', 'southern', 'gulf', 'coast', 'snowfall', 'is', 'less', 'frequent', 'sometimes', 'going', 'several', 'years', 'without', 'any', 'snowfall', 'alabama', 'highest', 'temperature', 'of', 'was', 'recorded', 'on', 'september', 'in', 'the', 'unincorporated', 'community', 'of', 'centerville', 'the', 'record', 'low', 'of', 'occurred', 'on', 'january', 'in', 'new', 'market', 'flora', 'and', 'fauna', 'cahaba', 'lilies', 'hymenocallis', 'coronaria', 'in', 'the', 'cahaba', 'river', 'within', 'the', 'cahaba', 'river', 'national', 'wildlife', 'refuge', 'alabama', 'is', 'home', 'to', 'diverse', 'array', 'of', 'flora', 'and', 'fauna', 'due', 'largely', 'to', 'variety', 'of', 'habitats', 'that', 'range', 'from', 'the', 'tennessee', 'valley', 'appalachian', 'plateau', 'and', 'ridge', 'and', 'valley', 'appalachians', 'of', 'the', 'north', 'to', 'the', 'piedmont', 'canebrake', 'and', 'black', 'belt', 'of', 'the', 'central', 'region', 'to', 'the', 'gulf', 'coastal', 'plain', 'and', 'beaches', 'along', 'the', 'gulf', 'of', 'mexico', 'in', 'the', 'south', 'the', 'state', 'is', 'usually', 'ranked', 'among', 'the', 'top', 'in', 'nation', 'for', 'its', 'range', 'of', 'overall', 'biodiversity', 'alabama', 'is', 'in', 'the', 'subtropical', 'coniferous', 'forest', 'biome', 'and', 'once', 'boasted', 'huge', 'expanses', 'of', 'pine', 'forest', 'which', 'still', 'form', 'the', 'largest', 'proportion', 'of', 'forests', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'it', 'currently', 'ranks', 'fifth', 'in', 'the', 'nation', 'for', 'the', 'diversity', 'of', 'its', 'flora', 'it', 'is', 'home', 'to', 'nearly', 'pteridophyte', 'and', 'spermatophyte', 'plant', 'species', 'indigenous', 'animal', 'species', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'include', 'mammal', 'species', 'reptile', 'species', 'amphibian', 'species', 'roughly', 'native', 'freshwater', 'fish', 'species', 'and', 'bird', 'species', 'that', 'spend', 'at', 'least', 'part', 'of', 'their', 'year', 'within', 'the', 'state', 'invertebrates', 'include', 'crayfish', 'species', 'and', 'mollusk', 'species', 'of', 'these', 'mollusk', 'species', 'have', 'never', 'been', 'collected', 'outside', 'the', 'state', 'demographics', 'alabama', 'population', 'density', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'census', 'bureau', 'estimates', 'that', 'the', 'population', 'of', 'alabama', 'was', 'on', 'july', 'which', 'represents', 'an', 'increase', 'of', 'or', 'since', 'the', 'census', 'this', 'includes', 'natural', 'increase', 'since', 'the', 'last', 'census', 'of', 'people', 'that', 'is', 'births', 'minus', 'deaths', 'and', 'an', 'increase', 'due', 'to', 'net', 'migration', 'of', 'people', 'into', 'the', 'state', 'immigration', 'from', 'outside', 'the', 'resulted', 'in', 'net', 'increase', 'of', 'people', 'and', 'migration', 'within', 'the', 'country', 'produced', 'net', 'gain', 'of', 'people', 'the', 'state', 'had', 'foreign', 'born', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'population', 'of', 'which', 'an', 'estimated', 'were', 'undocumented', 'the', 'center', 'of', 'population', 'of', 'alabama', 'is', 'located', 'in', 'chilton', 'county', 'outside', 'the', 'town', 'of', 'jemison', 'race', 'and', 'ancestry', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'census', 'alabama', 'had', 'population', 'of', 'the', 'racial', 'composition', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'was', 'white', 'non', 'hispanic', 'white', 'and', 'hispanic', 'white', 'black', 'or', 'african', 'american', 'hispanic', 'or', 'latino', 'of', 'any', 'race', 'asian', 'american', 'indian', 'and', 'alaska', 'native', 'native', 'hawaiian', 'and', 'other', 'pacific', 'islander', 'from', 'some', 'other', 'race', 'and', 'from', 'two', 'or', 'more', 'races', 'in', 'of', 'alabama', 'population', 'younger', 'than', 'age', 'were', 'minorities', 'the', 'largest', 'reported', 'ancestry', 'groups', 'in', 'alabama', 'are', 'african', 'english', 'irish', 'german', 'and', 'scots', 'irish', 'those', 'citing', 'american', 'ancestry', 'in', 'alabama', 'are', 'generally', 'of', 'english', 'or', 'british', 'ancestry', 'many', 'anglo', 'americans', 'identify', 'as', 'having', 'american', 'ancestry', 'because', 'their', 'roots', 'have', 'been', 'in', 'north', 'america', 'for', 'so', 'long', 'in', 'some', 'cases', 'since', 'the', 'demographers', 'estimate', 'that', 'minimum', 'of', 'of', 'people', 'in', 'alabama', 'are', 'of', 'predominantly', 'english', 'ancestry', 'and', 'that', 'the', 'figure', 'is', 'likely', 'higher', 'in', 'the', 'census', 'of', 'the', 'people', 'in', 'alabama', 'identified', 'as', 'being', 'of', 'english', 'ancestry', 'making', 'them', 'the', 'largest', 'ethnic', 'group', 'at', 'the', 'time', 'alabama', 'racial', 'breakdown', 'of', 'population', 'racial', 'composition', 'white', 'black', 'asian', 'native', 'native', 'hawaiian', 'andother', 'pacific', 'islander', 'other', 'race', 'two', 'or', 'more', 'races', 'based', 'on', 'historic', 'migration', 'and', 'settlement', 'patterns', 'in', 'the', 'southern', 'colonies', 'and', 'states', 'demographers', 'estimated', 'there', 'are', 'more', 'people', 'in', 'alabama', 'of', 'scots', 'irish', 'origins', 'than', 'self', 'reported', 'many', 'people', 'in', 'alabama', 'claim', 'irish', 'ancestry', 'because', 'of', 'the', 'term', 'scots', 'irish', 'but', 'based', 'on', 'historic', 'immigration', 'and', 'settlement', 'their', 'ancestors', 'were', 'more', 'likely', 'protestant', 'scots', 'irish', 'coming', 'from', 'northern', 'ireland', 'where', 'they', 'had', 'been', 'for', 'few', 'generations', 'as', 'part', 'of', 'the', 'english', 'colonization', 'the', 'scots', 'irish', 'were', 'the', 'largest', 'non', 'english', 'immigrant', 'group', 'from', 'the', 'british', 'isles', 'before', 'the', 'american', 'revolution', 'and', 'many', 'settled', 'in', 'the', 'south', 'later', 'moving', 'into', 'the', 'deep', 'south', 'as', 'it', 'was', 'developed', 'in', 'under', 'the', 'davis', 'strong', 'act', 'the', 'state', 'legislature', 'established', 'the', 'alabama', 'indian', 'affairs', 'commission', 'native', 'american', 'groups', 'within', 'the', 'state', 'had', 'increasingly', 'been', 'demanding', 'recognition', 'as', 'ethnic', 'groups', 'and', 'seeking', 'an', 'end', 'to', 'discrimination', 'given', 'the', 'long', 'history', 'of', 'slavery', 'and', 'associated', 'racial', 'segregation', 'the', 'native', 'american', 'peoples', 'who', 'have', 'sometimes', 'been', 'of', 'mixed', 'race', 'have', 'insisted', 'on', 'having', 'their', 'cultural', 'identification', 'respected', 'in', 'the', 'past', 'their', 'self', 'identification', 'was', 'often', 'overlooked', 'as', 'the', 'state', 'tried', 'to', 'impose', 'binary', 'breakdown', 'of', 'society', 'into', 'white', 'and', 'black', 'the', 'state', 'has', 'officially', 'recognized', 'nine', 'american', 'indian', 'tribes', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'descended', 'mostly', 'from', 'the', 'five', 'civilized', 'tribes', 'of', 'the', 'american', 'southeast', 'these', 'are', 'poarch', 'band', 'of', 'creek', 'indians', 'who', 'also', 'have', 'federal', 'recognition', 'mowa', 'band', 'of', 'choctaw', 'indians', 'star', 'clan', 'of', 'muscogee', 'creeks', 'echota', 'cherokee', 'tribe', 'of', 'alabama', 'cherokee', 'tribe', 'of', 'northeast', 'alabama', 'cher', 'creek', 'intra', 'tribal', 'indians', 'ma', 'chis', 'lower', 'creek', 'indian', 'tribe', 'piqua', 'shawnee', 'tribe', 'and', 'ani', 'yun', 'wiya', 'nation', 'the', 'state', 'government', 'has', 'promoted', 'recognition', 'of', 'native', 'american', 'contributions', 'to', 'the', 'state', 'including', 'the', 'designation', 'in', 'for', 'columbus', 'day', 'to', 'be', 'jointly', 'celebrated', 'as', 'american', 'indian', 'heritage', 'day', 'population', 'centers', 'birmingham', 'largest', 'city', 'and', 'metropolitan', 'area', 'huntsville', 'second', 'largest', 'metropolitan', 'area', 'mobile', 'third', 'largest', 'metropolitan', 'area', 'montgomery', 'fourth', 'largest', 'metropolitan', 'area', 'rank', 'metropolitan', 'area', 'population', 'census', 'estimate', 'counties', 'birmingham', 'hoover', 'bibb', 'blount', 'chilton', 'jefferson', 'st', 'clair', 'shelby', 'walker', 'huntsville', 'limestone', 'madison', 'mobile', 'mobile', 'montgomery', 'autauga', 'elmore', 'lowndes', 'montgomery', 'tuscaloosa', 'hale', 'pickens', 'tuscaloosa', 'daphne', 'fairhope', 'baldwin', 'auburn', 'opelika', 'lee', 'decatur', 'lawrence', 'morgan', 'dothan', 'geneva', 'henry', 'houston', 'florence', 'muscle', 'shoals', 'colbert', 'lauderdale', 'anniston', 'oxford', 'jacksonville', 'calhoun', 'gadsden', 'etowah', 'total', 'sources', 'census', 'gov', 'rank', 'city', 'population', 'census', 'estimates', 'county', 'birmingham', 'jefferson', 'montgomery', 'montgomery', 'mobile', 'mobile', 'huntsville', 'tuscaloosa', 'tuscaloosa', 'hoover', 'jeffersonshelby', 'dothan', 'houston', 'auburn', 'lee', 'decatur', 'morganlimestone', 'madison', 'florence', 'lauderdale', 'phenix', 'city', 'russell', 'gadsden', 'etowah', 'prattville', 'autauga', 'vestavia', 'hills', 'jefferson', 'sources', 'census', 'gov', 'language', 'of', 'all', 'alabama', 'residents', 'five', 'years', 'old', 'or', 'older', 'spoke', 'only', 'english', 'at', 'home', 'in', 'minor', 'decrease', 'from', 'in', 'alabama', 'english', 'is', 'predominantly', 'southern', 'and', 'is', 'related', 'to', 'south', 'midland', 'speech', 'which', 'was', 'taken', 'across', 'the', 'border', 'from', 'tennessee', 'in', 'the', 'major', 'southern', 'speech', 'region', 'there', 'is', 'the', 'decreasing', 'loss', 'of', 'the', 'final', 'for', 'example', 'the', 'boyd', 'pronunciation', 'of', 'bird', 'in', 'the', 'northern', 'third', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'there', 'is', 'south', 'midland', 'arm', 'and', 'barb', 'rhyming', 'with', 'form', 'and', 'orb', 'unique', 'words', 'in', 'alabama', 'english', 'include', 'redworm', 'earthworm', 'peckerwood', 'woodpecker', 'snake', 'doctor', 'and', 'snake', 'feeder', 'dragonfly', 'tow', 'sack', 'burlap', 'bag', 'plum', 'peach', 'clingstone', 'french', 'harp', 'harmonica', 'and', 'dog', 'irons', 'andirons', 'top', 'non', 'english', 'languages', 'spoken', 'in', 'alabama', 'language', 'percentage', 'of', 'population', 'spanish', 'german', 'french', 'incl', 'patois', 'cajun', 'chinese', 'vietnamese', 'korean', 'arabic', 'african', 'languages', 'japanese', 'and', 'italian', 'tied', 'religion', 'highlands', 'united', 'methodist', 'church', 'in', 'birmingham', 'part', 'of', 'the', 'five', 'points', 'south', 'historic', 'district', 'briarwood', 'presbyterian', 'church', 'in', 'birmingham', 'temple', 'nai', 'sholom', 'in', 'huntsville', 'established', 'in', 'it', 'is', 'the', 'oldest', 'synagogue', 'building', 'in', 'continuous', 'use', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'the', 'islamic', 'center', 'of', 'tuscaloosa', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'islamic', 'centers', 'that', 'contain', 'mosque', 'and', 'facilities', 'for', 'the', 'cultural', 'needs', 'of', 'muslims', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'in', 'the', 'american', 'religious', 'identification', 'survey', 'of', 'alabama', 'respondents', 'reported', 'their', 'religion', 'as', 'christian', 'including', 'catholic', 'and', 'as', 'having', 'no', 'religion', 'the', 'composition', 'of', 'other', 'traditions', 'is', 'mormon', 'jewish', 'muslim', 'buddhist', 'and', 'hindu', 'religious', 'affiliation', 'in', 'alabama', 'affiliation', 'of', 'population', 'christian', 'protestant', 'evangelical', 'protestant', 'mainline', 'protestant', 'black', 'church', 'catholic', 'mormon', 'jehovah', 'witnesses', 'eastern', 'orthodox', 'other', 'christian', 'unaffiliated', 'nothing', 'in', 'particular', 'agnostic', 'atheist', 'non', 'christian', 'faiths', 'jewish', 'muslim', 'buddhist', 'hindu', 'other', 'non', 'christian', 'faiths', 'don', 'know', 'refused', 'answer', 'total', 'christianity', 'alabama', 'is', 'located', 'in', 'the', 'middle', 'of', 'the', 'bible', 'belt', 'region', 'of', 'numerous', 'protestant', 'christians', 'alabama', 'has', 'been', 'identified', 'as', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'most', 'religious', 'states', 'in', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'with', 'about', 'of', 'the', 'population', 'attending', 'church', 'regularly', 'majority', 'of', 'people', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'identify', 'as', 'evangelical', 'protestant', 'the', 'three', 'largest', 'denominational', 'groups', 'in', 'alabama', 'are', 'the', 'southern', 'baptist', 'convention', 'the', 'united', 'methodist', 'church', 'and', 'non', 'denominational', 'evangelical', 'protestant', 'in', 'alabama', 'the', 'southern', 'baptist', 'convention', 'has', 'the', 'highest', 'number', 'of', 'adherents', 'with', 'this', 'is', 'followed', 'by', 'the', 'united', 'methodist', 'church', 'with', 'adherents', 'non', 'denominational', 'evangelical', 'protestant', 'with', 'adherents', 'and', 'the', 'catholic', 'church', 'with', 'adherents', 'many', 'baptist', 'and', 'methodist', 'congregations', 'became', 'established', 'in', 'the', 'great', 'awakening', 'of', 'the', 'early', 'th', 'century', 'when', 'preachers', 'proselytized', 'across', 'the', 'south', 'the', 'assemblies', 'of', 'god', 'had', 'almost', 'members', 'the', 'churches', 'of', 'christ', 'had', 'nearly', 'members', 'the', 'presbyterian', 'churches', 'strongly', 'associated', 'with', 'scots', 'irish', 'immigrants', 'of', 'the', 'th', 'century', 'and', 'their', 'descendants', 'had', 'combined', 'membership', 'around', 'pca', 'members', 'in', 'congregations', 'pc', 'usa', 'members', 'in', 'congregations', 'the', 'cumberland', 'presbyterian', 'church', 'members', 'in', 'congregations', 'the', 'cumberland', 'presbyterian', 'church', 'in', 'america', 'members', 'and', 'congregations', 'plus', 'the', 'epc', 'and', 'associate', 'reformed', 'presbyterians', 'with', 'members', 'and', 'congregations', 'in', 'survey', 'nearly', 'of', 'respondents', 'could', 'name', 'all', 'four', 'of', 'the', 'christian', 'gospels', 'of', 'those', 'who', 'indicated', 'religious', 'preference', 'said', 'they', 'possessed', 'full', 'understanding', 'of', 'their', 'faith', 'and', 'needed', 'no', 'further', 'learning', 'in', 'poll', 'of', 'alabamians', 'reported', 'having', 'at', 'least', 'some', 'confidence', 'in', 'churches', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'other', 'faiths', 'although', 'in', 'much', 'smaller', 'numbers', 'many', 'other', 'religious', 'faiths', 'are', 'represented', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'as', 'well', 'including', 'judaism', 'islam', 'hinduism', 'buddhism', 'sikhism', 'the', 'bahá', 'faith', 'and', 'unitarian', 'universalism', 'jews', 'have', 'been', 'present', 'in', 'what', 'is', 'now', 'alabama', 'since', 'during', 'the', 'colonial', 'era', 'of', 'mobile', 'when', 'sephardic', 'jews', 'immigrated', 'from', 'london', 'the', 'oldest', 'jewish', 'congregation', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'is', 'congregation', 'sha', 'arai', 'shomayim', 'in', 'mobile', 'it', 'was', 'formally', 'recognized', 'by', 'the', 'state', 'legislature', 'on', 'january', 'later', 'immigrants', 'in', 'the', 'nineteenth', 'and', 'twentieth', 'centuries', 'tended', 'to', 'be', 'ashkenazi', 'jews', 'from', 'eastern', 'europe', 'jewish', 'denominations', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'include', 'two', 'orthodox', 'four', 'conservative', 'ten', 'reform', 'and', 'one', 'humanistic', 'synagogue', 'muslims', 'have', 'been', 'increasing', 'in', 'alabama', 'with', 'mosques', 'built', 'by', 'many', 'by', 'african', 'american', 'converts', 'several', 'hindu', 'temples', 'and', 'cultural', 'centers', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'have', 'been', 'founded', 'by', 'indian', 'immigrants', 'and', 'their', 'descendants', 'the', 'best', 'known', 'being', 'the', 'shri', 'swaminarayan', 'mandir', 'in', 'birmingham', 'the', 'hindu', 'temple', 'and', 'cultural', 'center', 'of', 'birmingham', 'in', 'pelham', 'the', 'hindu', 'cultural', 'center', 'of', 'north', 'alabama', 'in', 'capshaw', 'and', 'the', 'hindu', 'mandir', 'and', 'cultural', 'center', 'in', 'tuscaloosa', 'there', 'are', 'six', 'dharma', 'centers', 'and', 'organizations', 'for', 'theravada', 'buddhists', 'most', 'monastic', 'buddhist', 'temples', 'are', 'concentrated', 'in', 'southern', 'mobile', 'county', 'near', 'bayou', 'la', 'batre', 'this', 'area', 'has', 'attracted', 'an', 'influx', 'of', 'refugees', 'from', 'cambodia', 'laos', 'and', 'vietnam', 'during', 'the', 'and', 'thereafter', 'the', 'four', 'temples', 'within', 'ten', 'mile', 'radius', 'of', 'bayou', 'la', 'batre', 'include', 'chua', 'chanh', 'giac', 'wat', 'buddharaksa', 'and', 'wat', 'lao', 'phoutthavihan', 'the', 'first', 'community', 'of', 'adherents', 'of', 'the', 'baha', 'faith', 'in', 'alabama', 'was', 'founded', 'in', 'by', 'paul', 'dealy', 'who', 'moved', 'from', 'chicago', 'to', 'fairhope', 'baha', 'centers', 'in', 'alabama', 'exist', 'in', 'birmingham', 'alabama', 'huntsville', 'alabama', 'and', 'florence', 'alabama', 'health', 'centers', 'for', 'disease', 'control', 'and', 'prevention', 'study', 'in', 'showed', 'that', 'obesity', 'in', 'alabama', 'was', 'problem', 'with', 'most', 'counties', 'having', 'over', 'of', 'adults', 'obese', 'except', 'for', 'ten', 'which', 'had', 'rate', 'between', 'and', 'residents', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'along', 'with', 'those', 'in', 'five', 'other', 'states', 'were', 'least', 'likely', 'in', 'the', 'nation', 'to', 'be', 'physically', 'active', 'during', 'leisure', 'time', 'alabama', 'and', 'the', 'southeastern', 'in', 'general', 'has', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'highest', 'incidences', 'of', 'adult', 'onset', 'diabetes', 'in', 'the', 'country', 'exceeding', 'of', 'adults', 'economy', 'the', 'state', 'has', 'invested', 'in', 'aerospace', 'education', 'health', 'care', 'banking', 'and', 'various', 'heavy', 'industries', 'including', 'automobile', 'manufacturing', 'mineral', 'extraction', 'steel', 'production', 'and', 'fabrication', 'by', 'crop', 'and', 'animal', 'production', 'in', 'alabama', 'was', 'valued', 'at', 'billion', 'in', 'contrast', 'to', 'the', 'primarily', 'agricultural', 'economy', 'of', 'the', 'previous', 'century', 'this', 'was', 'only', 'about', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'gross', 'domestic', 'product', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'private', 'farms', 'has', 'declined', 'at', 'steady', 'rate', 'since', 'the', 'as', 'land', 'has', 'been', 'sold', 'to', 'developers', 'timber', 'companies', 'and', 'large', 'farming', 'conglomerates', 'non', 'agricultural', 'employment', 'in', 'was', 'in', 'management', 'occupations', 'in', 'business', 'and', 'financial', 'operations', 'in', 'computer', 'related', 'and', 'mathematical', 'occupation', 'in', 'architecture', 'and', 'engineering', 'in', 'life', 'physical', 'and', 'social', 'sciences', 'in', 'community', 'and', 'social', 'services', 'in', 'legal', 'occupations', 'in', 'education', 'training', 'and', 'library', 'services', 'in', 'art', 'design', 'and', 'media', 'occupations', 'in', 'healthcare', 'in', 'fire', 'fighting', 'law', 'enforcement', 'and', 'security', 'in', 'food', 'preparation', 'and', 'serving', 'in', 'building', 'and', 'grounds', 'cleaning', 'and', 'maintenance', 'in', 'personal', 'care', 'and', 'services', 'in', 'sales', 'in', 'office', 'and', 'administration', 'support', 'in', 'farming', 'fishing', 'and', 'forestry', 'in', 'construction', 'and', 'mining', 'gas', 'and', 'oil', 'extraction', 'in', 'installation', 'maintenance', 'and', 'repair', 'in', 'production', 'and', 'in', 'transportation', 'and', 'material', 'moving', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'bureau', 'of', 'economic', 'analysis', 'the', 'total', 'gross', 'state', 'product', 'was', 'billion', 'or', 'per', 'capita', 'alabama', 'gdp', 'increased', 'from', 'the', 'previous', 'year', 'the', 'single', 'largest', 'increase', 'came', 'in', 'the', 'area', 'of', 'information', 'in', 'per', 'capita', 'income', 'for', 'the', 'state', 'was', 'the', 'state', 'seasonally', 'adjusted', 'unemployment', 'rate', 'was', 'in', 'april', 'this', 'compared', 'to', 'nationwide', 'seasonally', 'adjusted', 'rate', 'of', 'alabama', 'has', 'no', 'state', 'minimum', 'wage', 'and', 'uses', 'the', 'federal', 'minimum', 'wage', 'of', 'in', 'february', 'the', 'state', 'passed', 'legislation', 'that', 'prevents', 'alabama', 'municipalities', 'from', 'raising', 'the', 'minimum', 'wage', 'in', 'their', 'locality', 'the', 'legislation', 'voids', 'birmingham', 'city', 'ordinance', 'that', 'was', 'to', 'raise', 'the', 'city', 'minimum', 'wage', 'to', 'largest', 'employers', 'space', 'shuttle', 'enterprise', 'being', 'tested', 'at', 'marshall', 'space', 'flight', 'center', 'in', 'hyundai', 'motor', 'manufacturing', 'alabama', 'in', 'montgomery', 'in', 'shelby', 'hall', 'school', 'of', 'computing', 'at', 'the', 'university', 'of', 'south', 'alabama', 'in', 'mobile', 'the', 'five', 'employers', 'that', 'employed', 'the', 'most', 'employees', 'in', 'alabama', 'in', 'april', 'were', 'employer', 'employees', 'redstone', 'arsenal', 'university', 'of', 'alabama', 'at', 'birmingham', 'includes', 'uab', 'hospital', 'maxwell', 'air', 'force', 'base', 'state', 'of', 'alabama', 'mobile', 'county', 'public', 'school', 'system', 'the', 'next', 'twenty', 'largest', 'employers', 'included', 'employer', 'location', 'anniston', 'army', 'depot', 'anniston', 'at', 'multiple', 'auburn', 'university', 'auburn', 'baptist', 'medical', 'center', 'south', 'montgomery', 'birmingham', 'city', 'schools', 'birmingham', 'city', 'of', 'birmingham', 'birmingham', 'dch', 'health', 'system', 'tuscaloosa', 'huntsville', 'city', 'schools', 'huntsville', 'huntsville', 'hospital', 'system', 'huntsville', 'hyundai', 'motor', 'manufacturing', 'alabama', 'montgomery', 'infirmary', 'health', 'system', 'mobile', 'jefferson', 'county', 'board', 'of', 'education', 'birmingham', 'marshall', 'space', 'flight', 'center', 'huntsville', 'mercedes', 'benz', 'international', 'vance', 'montgomery', 'public', 'schools', 'montgomery', 'regions', 'financial', 'corporation', 'multiple', 'boeing', 'multiple', 'university', 'of', 'alabama', 'tuscaloosa', 'university', 'of', 'south', 'alabama', 'mobile', 'walmart', 'multiple', 'agriculture', 'alabama', 'agricultural', 'outputs', 'include', 'poultry', 'and', 'eggs', 'cattle', 'fish', 'plant', 'nursery', 'items', 'peanuts', 'cotton', 'grains', 'such', 'as', 'corn', 'and', 'sorghum', 'vegetables', 'milk', 'soybeans', 'and', 'peaches', 'although', 'known', 'as', 'the', 'cotton', 'state', 'alabama', 'ranks', 'between', 'eighth', 'and', 'tenth', 'in', 'national', 'cotton', 'production', 'according', 'to', 'various', 'reports', 'with', 'texas', 'georgia', 'and', 'mississippi', 'comprising', 'the', 'top', 'three', 'industry', 'alabama', 'industrial', 'outputs', 'include', 'iron', 'and', 'steel', 'products', 'including', 'cast', 'iron', 'and', 'steel', 'pipe', 'paper', 'lumber', 'and', 'wood', 'products', 'mining', 'mostly', 'coal', 'plastic', 'products', 'cars', 'and', 'trucks', 'and', 'apparel', 'in', 'addition', 'alabama', 'produces', 'aerospace', 'and', 'electronic', 'products', 'mostly', 'in', 'the', 'huntsville', 'area', 'the', 'location', 'of', 'nasa', 'george', 'marshall', 'space', 'flight', 'center', 'and', 'the', 'army', 'materiel', 'command', 'headquartered', 'at', 'redstone', 'arsenal', 'mercedes', 'benz', 'international', 'in', 'tuscaloosa', 'county', 'was', 'the', 'first', 'automotive', 'facility', 'to', 'locate', 'within', 'the', 'state', 'great', 'deal', 'of', 'alabama', 'economic', 'growth', 'since', 'the', 'has', 'been', 'due', 'to', 'the', 'state', 'expanding', 'automotive', 'manufacturing', 'industry', 'located', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'are', 'honda', 'manufacturing', 'of', 'alabama', 'hyundai', 'motor', 'manufacturing', 'alabama', 'mercedes', 'benz', 'international', 'and', 'toyota', 'motor', 'manufacturing', 'alabama', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'their', 'various', 'suppliers', 'since', 'the', 'automobile', 'industry', 'has', 'generated', 'more', 'than', 'new', 'jobs', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'alabama', 'currently', 'ranks', 'th', 'in', 'the', 'nation', 'for', 'vehicle', 'exports', 'automakers', 'accounted', 'for', 'approximately', 'third', 'of', 'the', 'industrial', 'expansion', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'in', 'the', 'eight', 'models', 'produced', 'at', 'the', 'state', 'auto', 'factories', 'totaled', 'combined', 'sales', 'of', 'vehicles', 'for', 'the', 'strongest', 'model', 'sales', 'during', 'this', 'period', 'were', 'the', 'hyundai', 'elantra', 'compact', 'car', 'the', 'mercedes', 'benz', 'gl', 'class', 'sport', 'utility', 'vehicle', 'and', 'the', 'honda', 'ridgeline', 'sport', 'utility', 'truck', 'airbus', 'mobile', 'engineering', 'center', 'at', 'the', 'brookley', 'aeroplex', 'in', 'mobile', 'steel', 'producers', 'outokumpu', 'nucor', 'ssab', 'thyssenkrupp', 'and', 'steel', 'have', 'facilities', 'in', 'alabama', 'and', 'employ', 'over', 'people', 'in', 'may', 'german', 'steelmaker', 'thyssenkrupp', 'selected', 'calvert', 'in', 'mobile', 'county', 'for', 'billion', 'combined', 'stainless', 'and', 'carbon', 'steel', 'processing', 'facility', 'thyssenkrupp', 'stainless', 'steel', 'division', 'inoxum', 'including', 'the', 'stainless', 'portion', 'of', 'the', 'calvert', 'plant', 'was', 'sold', 'to', 'finnish', 'stainless', 'steel', 'company', 'outokumpu', 'in', 'the', 'remaining', 'portion', 'of', 'the', 'thyssenkrupp', 'plant', 'had', 'final', 'bids', 'submitted', 'by', 'arcelormittal', 'and', 'nippon', 'steel', 'for', 'billion', 'in', 'march', 'companhia', 'siderúrgica', 'nacional', 'submitted', 'combined', 'bid', 'for', 'the', 'mill', 'at', 'calvert', 'plus', 'majority', 'stake', 'in', 'the', 'thyssenkrupp', 'mill', 'in', 'brazil', 'for', 'billion', 'in', 'july', 'the', 'plant', 'was', 'sold', 'to', 'arcelormittal', 'and', 'nippon', 'steel', 'the', 'hunt', 'refining', 'company', 'subsidiary', 'of', 'hunt', 'consolidated', 'inc', 'is', 'based', 'in', 'tuscaloosa', 'and', 'operates', 'refinery', 'there', 'the', 'company', 'also', 'operates', 'terminals', 'in', 'mobile', 'melvin', 'and', 'moundville', 'jvc', 'america', 'inc', 'operates', 'an', 'optical', 'disc', 'replication', 'and', 'packaging', 'plant', 'in', 'tuscaloosa', 'the', 'goodyear', 'tire', 'and', 'rubber', 'company', 'operates', 'large', 'plant', 'in', 'gadsden', 'that', 'employs', 'about', 'people', 'it', 'has', 'been', 'in', 'operation', 'since', 'construction', 'of', 'an', 'airbus', 'family', 'aircraft', 'assembly', 'plant', 'in', 'mobile', 'was', 'formally', 'announced', 'by', 'airbus', 'ceo', 'fabrice', 'brégier', 'from', 'the', 'mobile', 'convention', 'center', 'on', 'july', 'the', 'plans', 'include', 'million', 'factory', 'at', 'the', 'brookley', 'aeroplex', 'for', 'the', 'assembly', 'of', 'the', 'and', 'aircraft', 'construction', 'began', 'in', 'with', 'plans', 'for', 'it', 'to', 'become', 'operable', 'by', 'and', 'produce', 'up', 'to', 'aircraft', 'per', 'year', 'by', 'the', 'assembly', 'plant', 'is', 'the', 'company', 'first', 'factory', 'to', 'be', 'built', 'within', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'it', 'was', 'announced', 'on', 'february', 'that', 'airbus', 'had', 'hired', 'alabama', 'based', 'hoar', 'construction', 'to', 'oversee', 'construction', 'of', 'the', 'facility', 'tourism', 'alabama', 'beaches', 'are', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'major', 'tourist', 'destinations', 'an', 'estimated', 'million', 'tourists', 'visit', 'the', 'state', 'each', 'year', 'over', 'of', 'these', 'are', 'from', 'other', 'countries', 'including', 'from', 'canada', 'the', 'united', 'kingdom', 'germany', 'and', 'japan', 'in', 'million', 'tourists', 'spent', 'billion', 'providing', 'an', 'estimated', 'jobs', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'some', 'of', 'the', 'most', 'popular', 'areas', 'include', 'the', 'rocket', 'city', 'of', 'huntsville', 'the', 'beaches', 'along', 'the', 'gulf', 'and', 'the', 'state', 'capitol', 'in', 'montgomery', 'healthcare', 'uab', 'hospital', 'is', 'the', 'only', 'level', 'trauma', 'center', 'in', 'alabama', 'uab', 'is', 'the', 'largest', 'state', 'government', 'employer', 'in', 'alabama', 'with', 'workforce', 'of', 'about', 'banking', 'regions', 'harbert', 'plaza', 'regions', 'center', 'and', 'wells', 'fargo', 'tower', 'in', 'birmingham', 'financial', 'district', 'alabama', 'has', 'the', 'headquarters', 'of', 'regions', 'financial', 'corporation', 'bbva', 'compass', 'superior', 'bancorp', 'and', 'the', 'former', 'colonial', 'bancgroup', 'birmingham', 'based', 'compass', 'banchshares', 'was', 'acquired', 'by', 'spanish', 'based', 'bbva', 'in', 'september', 'although', 'the', 'headquarters', 'of', 'bbva', 'compass', 'remains', 'in', 'birmingham', 'in', 'november', 'regions', 'financial', 'completed', 'its', 'merger', 'with', 'amsouth', 'bancorporation', 'which', 'was', 'also', 'headquartered', 'in', 'birmingham', 'southtrust', 'corporation', 'another', 'large', 'bank', 'headquartered', 'in', 'birmingham', 'was', 'acquired', 'by', 'wachovia', 'in', 'for', 'billion', 'the', 'city', 'still', 'has', 'major', 'operations', 'for', 'wachovia', 'and', 'its', 'now', 'post', 'operating', 'bank', 'wells', 'fargo', 'which', 'includes', 'regional', 'headquarters', 'an', 'operations', 'center', 'campus', 'and', 'million', 'data', 'center', 'nearly', 'dozen', 'smaller', 'banks', 'are', 'also', 'headquartered', 'in', 'the', 'birmingham', 'such', 'as', 'superior', 'bancorp', 'servisfirst', 'and', 'new', 'south', 'federal', 'savings', 'bank', 'birmingham', 'also', 'serves', 'as', 'the', 'headquarters', 'for', 'several', 'large', 'investment', 'management', 'companies', 'including', 'harbert', 'management', 'corporation', 'electronics', 'provider', 'at', 'formerly', 'bellsouth', 'has', 'major', 'presence', 'in', 'alabama', 'with', 'several', 'large', 'offices', 'in', 'birmingham', 'the', 'company', 'has', 'over', 'employees', 'and', 'more', 'than', 'contract', 'employees', 'many', 'commercial', 'technology', 'companies', 'are', 'headquartered', 'in', 'huntsville', 'such', 'as', 'the', 'network', 'access', 'company', 'adtran', 'computer', 'graphics', 'company', 'intergraph', 'design', 'and', 'manufacturer', 'of', 'it', 'infrastructure', 'avocent', 'and', 'provider', 'deltacom', 'cinram', 'manufactures', 'and', 'distributes', 'th', 'century', 'fox', 'dvds', 'and', 'blu', 'ray', 'discs', 'out', 'of', 'their', 'huntsville', 'plant', 'construction', 'rust', 'international', 'has', 'grown', 'to', 'include', 'brasfield', 'gorrie', 'be', 'hoar', 'construction', 'and', 'harbert', 'international', 'which', 'all', 'routinely', 'are', 'included', 'in', 'the', 'engineering', 'news', 'record', 'lists', 'of', 'top', 'design', 'international', 'construction', 'and', 'engineering', 'firms', 'rust', 'international', 'was', 'acquired', 'in', 'by', 'washington', 'group', 'international', 'which', 'was', 'in', 'turn', 'acquired', 'by', 'san', 'francisco', 'based', 'urs', 'corporation', 'in', 'law', 'and', 'government', 'state', 'government', 'state', 'capitol', 'building', 'in', 'montgomery', 'completed', 'in', 'the', 'foundational', 'document', 'for', 'alabama', 'government', 'is', 'the', 'alabama', 'constitution', 'which', 'was', 'ratified', 'in', 'at', 'almost', 'amendments', 'and', 'words', 'it', 'is', 'by', 'some', 'accounts', 'the', 'world', 'longest', 'constitution', 'and', 'is', 'roughly', 'forty', 'times', 'the', 'length', 'of', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'constitution', 'there', 'has', 'been', 'significant', 'movement', 'to', 'rewrite', 'and', 'modernize', 'alabama', 'constitution', 'critics', 'argue', 'that', 'alabama', 'constitution', 'maintains', 'highly', 'centralized', 'power', 'with', 'the', 'state', 'legislature', 'leaving', 'practically', 'no', 'power', 'in', 'local', 'hands', 'most', 'counties', 'do', 'not', 'have', 'home', 'rule', 'any', 'policy', 'changes', 'proposed', 'in', 'different', 'areas', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'must', 'be', 'approved', 'by', 'the', 'entire', 'alabama', 'legislature', 'and', 'frequently', 'by', 'state', 'referendum', 'one', 'criticism', 'of', 'the', 'current', 'constitution', 'claims', 'that', 'its', 'complexity', 'and', 'length', 'intentionally', 'codify', 'segregation', 'and', 'racism', 'the', 'alabama', 'judicial', 'building', 'in', 'montgomery', 'it', 'houses', 'the', 'alabama', 'supreme', 'court', 'alabama', 'court', 'of', 'civil', 'appeals', 'and', 'alabama', 'court', 'of', 'criminal', 'appeals', 'alabama', 'government', 'is', 'divided', 'into', 'three', 'coequal', 'branches', 'the', 'legislative', 'branch', 'is', 'the', 'alabama', 'legislature', 'bicameral', 'assembly', 'composed', 'of', 'the', 'alabama', 'house', 'of', 'representatives', 'with', 'members', 'and', 'the', 'alabama', 'senate', 'with', 'members', 'the', 'legislature', 'is', 'responsible', 'for', 'writing', 'debating', 'passing', 'or', 'defeating', 'state', 'legislation', 'the', 'republican', 'party', 'currently', 'holds', 'majority', 'in', 'both', 'houses', 'of', 'the', 'legislature', 'the', 'legislature', 'has', 'the', 'power', 'to', 'override', 'gubernatorial', 'veto', 'by', 'simple', 'majority', 'most', 'state', 'legislatures', 'require', 'two', 'thirds', 'majority', 'to', 'override', 'veto', 'until', 'the', 'state', 'elected', 'state', 'senators', 'on', 'geographic', 'basis', 'by', 'county', 'with', 'one', 'per', 'county', 'it', 'had', 'not', 'redistricted', 'congressional', 'districts', 'since', 'passage', 'of', 'its', 'constitution', 'in', 'as', 'result', 'urbanized', 'areas', 'were', 'grossly', 'it', 'had', 'not', 'changed', 'legislative', 'districts', 'to', 'reflect', 'the', 'decennial', 'censuses', 'either', 'in', 'reynolds', 'sims', 'the', 'us', 'supreme', 'court', 'implemented', 'the', 'principle', 'of', 'one', 'man', 'one', 'vote', 'ruling', 'that', 'congressional', 'districts', 'had', 'to', 'be', 'reapportioned', 'based', 'on', 'censuses', 'as', 'the', 'state', 'already', 'included', 'in', 'its', 'constitution', 'but', 'had', 'not', 'implemented', 'further', 'the', 'court', 'ruled', 'that', 'both', 'houses', 'of', 'bicameral', 'state', 'legislatures', 'had', 'to', 'be', 'apportioned', 'by', 'population', 'as', 'there', 'was', 'no', 'constitutional', 'basis', 'for', 'states', 'to', 'have', 'geographically', 'based', 'systems', 'at', 'that', 'time', 'alabama', 'and', 'many', 'other', 'states', 'had', 'to', 'change', 'their', 'legislative', 'districting', 'as', 'many', 'across', 'the', 'country', 'had', 'systems', 'that', 'urban', 'areas', 'and', 'districts', 'this', 'had', 'caused', 'decades', 'of', 'underinvestment', 'in', 'such', 'areas', 'for', 'instance', 'birmingham', 'and', 'jefferson', 'county', 'taxes', 'had', 'supplied', 'one', 'third', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'budget', 'but', 'jefferson', 'county', 'received', 'only', 'th', 'of', 'state', 'services', 'in', 'funding', 'through', 'the', 'legislative', 'delegations', 'the', 'alabama', 'legislature', 'kept', 'control', 'of', 'county', 'governments', 'the', 'executive', 'branch', 'is', 'responsible', 'for', 'the', 'execution', 'and', 'oversight', 'of', 'laws', 'it', 'is', 'headed', 'by', 'the', 'governor', 'of', 'alabama', 'other', 'members', 'of', 'executive', 'branch', 'include', 'the', 'cabinet', 'the', 'attorney', 'general', 'of', 'alabama', 'the', 'alabama', 'secretary', 'of', 'state', 'the', 'alabama', 'state', 'treasurer', 'and', 'the', 'state', 'auditor', 'of', 'alabama', 'the', 'current', 'governor', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'is', 'republican', 'kay', 'ivey', 'the', 'office', 'of', 'lieutenant', 'governor', 'is', 'currently', 'vacant', 'the', 'members', 'of', 'the', 'legislature', 'take', 'office', 'immediately', 'after', 'the', 'november', 'elections', 'statewide', 'officials', 'such', 'as', 'the', 'governor', 'lieutenant', 'governor', 'attorney', 'general', 'and', 'other', 'constitutional', 'officers', 'take', 'office', 'the', 'following', 'january', 'the', 'judicial', 'branch', 'is', 'responsible', 'for', 'interpreting', 'the', 'constitution', 'and', 'applying', 'the', 'law', 'in', 'state', 'criminal', 'and', 'civil', 'cases', 'the', 'state', 'highest', 'court', 'is', 'the', 'supreme', 'court', 'of', 'alabama', 'alabama', 'uses', 'partisan', 'elections', 'to', 'select', 'judges', 'since', 'the', 'judicial', 'campaigns', 'have', 'become', 'increasingly', 'politicized', 'the', 'current', 'chief', 'justice', 'of', 'the', 'alabama', 'supreme', 'court', 'is', 'republican', 'roy', 'moore', 'all', 'sitting', 'justices', 'on', 'the', 'alabama', 'supreme', 'court', 'are', 'members', 'of', 'the', 'republican', 'party', 'there', 'are', 'two', 'intermediate', 'appellate', 'courts', 'the', 'court', 'of', 'civil', 'appeals', 'and', 'the', 'court', 'of', 'criminal', 'appeals', 'and', 'four', 'trial', 'courts', 'the', 'circuit', 'court', 'trial', 'court', 'of', 'general', 'jurisdiction', 'and', 'the', 'district', 'probate', 'and', 'municipal', 'courts', 'some', 'critics', 'believe', 'that', 'the', 'election', 'of', 'judges', 'has', 'contributed', 'to', 'an', 'exceedingly', 'high', 'rate', 'of', 'executions', 'alabama', 'has', 'the', 'highest', 'per', 'capita', 'death', 'penalty', 'rate', 'in', 'the', 'country', 'in', 'some', 'years', 'it', 'imposes', 'more', 'death', 'sentences', 'than', 'does', 'texas', 'state', 'which', 'has', 'population', 'five', 'times', 'larger', 'some', 'of', 'its', 'cases', 'have', 'been', 'highly', 'controversial', 'the', 'supreme', 'court', 'has', 'overturned', 'convictions', 'in', 'death', 'penalty', 'cases', 'it', 'is', 'the', 'only', 'state', 'that', 'still', 'allows', 'judges', 'to', 'override', 'jury', 'decisions', 'in', 'whether', 'or', 'not', 'to', 'use', 'death', 'sentence', 'in', 'cases', 'judges', 'overturned', 'sentences', 'of', 'life', 'imprisonment', 'without', 'parole', 'lwop', 'that', 'were', 'voted', 'unanimously', 'by', 'juries', 'taxes', 'alabama', 'levies', 'or', 'percent', 'personal', 'income', 'tax', 'depending', 'upon', 'the', 'amount', 'earned', 'and', 'filing', 'status', 'taxpayers', 'are', 'allowed', 'to', 'deduct', 'their', 'federal', 'income', 'tax', 'from', 'their', 'alabama', 'state', 'tax', 'and', 'can', 'do', 'so', 'even', 'if', 'taking', 'the', 'standard', 'deduction', 'taxpayers', 'who', 'file', 'itemized', 'deductions', 'are', 'also', 'allowed', 'to', 'deduct', 'the', 'federal', 'insurance', 'contributions', 'act', 'tax', 'social', 'security', 'and', 'medicare', 'tax', 'the', 'state', 'general', 'sales', 'tax', 'rate', 'is', 'sales', 'tax', 'rates', 'for', 'cities', 'and', 'counties', 'are', 'also', 'added', 'to', 'purchases', 'for', 'example', 'the', 'total', 'sales', 'tax', 'rate', 'in', 'mobile', 'is', 'and', 'there', 'is', 'an', 'additional', 'restaurant', 'tax', 'of', 'which', 'means', 'that', 'diner', 'in', 'mobile', 'would', 'pay', 'an', 'tax', 'on', 'meal', 'sales', 'and', 'excise', 'taxes', 'in', 'alabama', 'account', 'for', 'of', 'all', 'state', 'and', 'local', 'revenue', 'compared', 'with', 'an', 'average', 'of', 'about', 'nationwide', 'alabama', 'is', 'one', 'of', 'seven', 'states', 'that', 'levy', 'tax', 'on', 'food', 'at', 'the', 'same', 'rate', 'as', 'other', 'goods', 'and', 'one', 'of', 'two', 'states', 'the', 'other', 'being', 'neighboring', 'mississippi', 'which', 'fully', 'taxes', 'groceries', 'without', 'any', 'offsetting', 'relief', 'for', 'low', 'income', 'families', 'most', 'states', 'exempt', 'groceries', 'from', 'sales', 'tax', 'or', 'apply', 'lower', 'tax', 'rate', 'alabama', 'income', 'tax', 'on', 'poor', 'working', 'families', 'is', 'among', 'the', 'highest', 'in', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'alabama', 'is', 'the', 'only', 'state', 'that', 'levies', 'income', 'tax', 'on', 'family', 'of', 'four', 'with', 'income', 'as', 'low', 'as', 'which', 'is', 'barely', 'one', 'quarter', 'of', 'the', 'federal', 'poverty', 'line', 'alabama', 'threshold', 'is', 'the', 'lowest', 'among', 'the', 'states', 'and', 'the', 'district', 'of', 'columbia', 'with', 'income', 'taxes', 'the', 'corporate', 'income', 'tax', 'rate', 'is', 'currently', 'the', 'overall', 'federal', 'state', 'and', 'local', 'tax', 'burden', 'in', 'alabama', 'ranks', 'the', 'state', 'as', 'the', 'second', 'least', 'tax', 'burdened', 'state', 'in', 'the', 'country', 'property', 'taxes', 'are', 'the', 'lowest', 'in', 'the', 'the', 'current', 'state', 'constitution', 'requires', 'voter', 'referendum', 'to', 'raise', 'property', 'taxes', 'since', 'alabama', 'tax', 'structure', 'largely', 'depends', 'on', 'consumer', 'spending', 'it', 'is', 'subject', 'to', 'high', 'variable', 'budget', 'structure', 'for', 'example', 'in', 'alabama', 'had', 'an', 'annual', 'budget', 'deficit', 'as', 'high', 'as', 'million', 'county', 'and', 'local', 'governments', 'treemap', 'of', 'the', 'popular', 'vote', 'by', 'county', 'presidential', 'election', 'alabama', 'has', 'counties', 'each', 'county', 'has', 'its', 'own', 'elected', 'legislative', 'branch', 'usually', 'called', 'the', 'county', 'commission', 'it', 'also', 'has', 'limited', 'executive', 'authority', 'in', 'the', 'county', 'because', 'of', 'the', 'constraints', 'of', 'the', 'alabama', 'constitution', 'which', 'centralizes', 'power', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'legislature', 'only', 'seven', 'counties', 'jefferson', 'lee', 'mobile', 'madison', 'montgomery', 'shelby', 'and', 'tuscaloosa', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'have', 'limited', 'home', 'rule', 'instead', 'most', 'counties', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'must', 'lobby', 'the', 'local', 'legislation', 'committee', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'legislature', 'to', 'get', 'simple', 'local', 'policies', 'approved', 'ranging', 'from', 'waste', 'disposal', 'to', 'land', 'use', 'zoning', 'the', 'cumbersome', 'process', 'results', 'in', 'local', 'jurisdictions', 'being', 'unable', 'to', 'manage', 'their', 'problems', 'and', 'the', 'state', 'legislators', 'being', 'buried', 'in', 'local', 'county', 'issues', 'the', 'state', 'legislature', 'has', 'retained', 'power', 'over', 'local', 'governments', 'by', 'refusing', 'to', 'pass', 'constitutional', 'amendment', 'establishing', 'home', 'rule', 'for', 'counties', 'as', 'recommended', 'by', 'the', 'alabama', 'constitutional', 'commission', 'legislative', 'delegations', 'retain', 'certain', 'powers', 'over', 'each', 'county', 'united', 'states', 'supreme', 'court', 'decisions', 'in', 'baker', 'carr', 'required', 'that', 'both', 'houses', 'have', 'districts', 'established', 'on', 'the', 'basis', 'of', 'population', 'and', 'redistricted', 'after', 'each', 'census', 'in', 'order', 'to', 'implement', 'the', 'principle', 'of', 'one', 'man', 'one', 'vote', 'before', 'that', 'each', 'county', 'was', 'represented', 'by', 'one', 'state', 'senator', 'leading', 'to', 'under', 'representation', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'senate', 'for', 'more', 'urbanized', 'populous', 'counties', 'the', 'rural', 'bias', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'legislature', 'which', 'had', 'also', 'failed', 'to', 'redistrict', 'seats', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'house', 'affected', 'politics', 'well', 'into', 'the', 'th', 'century', 'failing', 'to', 'recognize', 'the', 'rise', 'of', 'industrial', 'cities', 'and', 'urbanized', 'areas', 'the', 'lack', 'of', 'home', 'rule', 'for', 'counties', 'in', 'alabama', 'has', 'resulted', 'in', 'the', 'proliferation', 'of', 'local', 'legislation', 'permitting', 'counties', 'to', 'do', 'things', 'not', 'authorized', 'by', 'the', 'state', 'constitution', 'alabama', 'constitution', 'has', 'been', 'amended', 'more', 'than', 'times', 'and', 'almost', 'one', 'third', 'of', 'the', 'amendments', 'are', 'local', 'in', 'nature', 'applying', 'to', 'only', 'one', 'county', 'or', 'city', 'significant', 'part', 'of', 'each', 'legislative', 'session', 'is', 'spent', 'on', 'local', 'legislation', 'taking', 'away', 'time', 'and', 'attention', 'of', 'legislators', 'from', 'issues', 'of', 'statewide', 'importance', 'alabama', 'is', 'an', 'alcoholic', 'beverage', 'control', 'state', 'meaning', 'that', 'the', 'state', 'government', 'holds', 'monopoly', 'on', 'the', 'sale', 'of', 'alcohol', 'the', 'alabama', 'alcoholic', 'beverage', 'control', 'board', 'controls', 'the', 'sale', 'and', 'distribution', 'of', 'alcoholic', 'beverages', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'twenty', 'five', 'of', 'the', 'counties', 'are', 'dry', 'counties', 'which', 'ban', 'the', 'sale', 'of', 'alcohol', 'and', 'there', 'are', 'many', 'dry', 'municipalities', 'even', 'in', 'counties', 'which', 'permit', 'alcohol', 'sales', 'rank', 'county', 'population', 'census', 'seat', 'largest', 'city', 'jefferson', 'birmingham', 'birmingham', 'mobile', 'mobile', 'mobile', 'madison', 'huntsville', 'huntsville', 'montgomery', 'montgomery', 'montgomery', 'shelby', 'columbiana', 'hoover', 'part', 'alabaster', 'tuscaloosa', 'tuscaloosa', 'tuscaloosa', 'baldwin', 'bay', 'minette', 'daphne', 'lee', 'opelika', 'auburn', 'morgan', 'decatur', 'decatur', 'calhoun', 'anniston', 'anniston', 'etowah', 'gadsden', 'gadsden', 'houston', 'dothan', 'dothan', 'marshall', 'guntersville', 'albertville', 'lauderdale', 'florence', 'florence', 'st', 'clair', 'ashville', 'pell', 'city', 'pell', 'city', 'politics', 'kay', 'ivey', 'governor', 'since', 'april', 'during', 'reconstruction', 'following', 'the', 'american', 'civil', 'war', 'alabama', 'was', 'occupied', 'by', 'federal', 'troops', 'of', 'the', 'third', 'military', 'district', 'under', 'general', 'john', 'pope', 'in', 'the', 'political', 'coalition', 'of', 'white', 'democrats', 'known', 'as', 'the', 'redeemers', 'took', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'government', 'from', 'the', 'republicans', 'in', 'part', 'by', 'suppressing', 'the', 'african', 'american', 'vote', 'through', 'violence', 'fraud', 'and', 'intimidation', 'after', 'coalition', 'of', 'white', 'democratic', 'politicians', 'passed', 'laws', 'to', 'segregate', 'and', 'disenfranchise', 'african', 'american', 'residents', 'process', 'completed', 'in', 'provisions', 'of', 'the', 'constitution', 'provisions', 'which', 'disenfranchised', 'african', 'americans', 'resulted', 'in', 'excluding', 'many', 'poor', 'whites', 'by', 'more', 'whites', 'than', 'african', 'americans', 'had', 'been', 'disenfranchised', 'to', 'the', 'total', 'effects', 'were', 'greater', 'on', 'the', 'african', 'american', 'community', 'as', 'almost', 'all', 'of', 'its', 'citizens', 'were', 'disfranchised', 'and', 'relegated', 'to', 'separate', 'and', 'unequal', 'treatment', 'under', 'the', 'law', 'from', 'through', 'the', 'the', 'state', 'did', 'not', 'redraw', 'election', 'districts', 'as', 'population', 'grew', 'and', 'shifted', 'within', 'the', 'state', 'during', 'urbanization', 'and', 'of', 'certain', 'areas', 'as', 'counties', 'were', 'the', 'basis', 'of', 'election', 'districts', 'the', 'result', 'was', 'rural', 'minority', 'that', 'dominated', 'state', 'politics', 'through', 'nearly', 'three', 'quarters', 'of', 'the', 'century', 'until', 'series', 'of', 'federal', 'court', 'cases', 'required', 'redistricting', 'in', 'to', 'meet', 'equal', 'representation', 'alabama', 'state', 'politics', 'gained', 'nationwide', 'and', 'international', 'attention', 'in', 'the', 'and', 'during', 'the', 'civil', 'rights', 'movement', 'when', 'whites', 'and', 'at', 'times', 'violently', 'resisted', 'protests', 'for', 'electoral', 'and', 'social', 'reform', 'governor', 'george', 'wallace', 'the', 'state', 'only', 'four', 'term', 'governor', 'was', 'controversial', 'figure', 'who', 'vowed', 'to', 'maintain', 'segregation', 'only', 'after', 'passage', 'of', 'the', 'federal', 'civil', 'rights', 'act', 'of', 'and', 'voting', 'rights', 'act', 'of', 'did', 'african', 'americans', 'regain', 'the', 'ability', 'to', 'exercise', 'suffrage', 'among', 'other', 'civil', 'rights', 'in', 'many', 'jurisdictions', 'they', 'continued', 'to', 'be', 'excluded', 'from', 'representation', 'by', 'at', 'large', 'electoral', 'systems', 'which', 'allowed', 'the', 'majority', 'of', 'the', 'population', 'to', 'dominate', 'elections', 'some', 'changes', 'at', 'the', 'county', 'level', 'have', 'occurred', 'following', 'court', 'challenges', 'to', 'establish', 'single', 'member', 'districts', 'that', 'enable', 'more', 'diverse', 'representation', 'among', 'county', 'boards', 'in', 'the', 'alabama', 'legislature', 'passed', 'and', 'republican', 'governor', 'bob', 'riley', 'signed', 'resolution', 'expressing', 'profound', 'regret', 'over', 'slavery', 'and', 'its', 'lingering', 'impact', 'in', 'symbolic', 'ceremony', 'the', 'bill', 'was', 'signed', 'in', 'the', 'alabama', 'state', 'capitol', 'which', 'housed', 'congress', 'of', 'the', 'confederate', 'states', 'of', 'america', 'in', 'republicans', 'won', 'control', 'of', 'both', 'houses', 'of', 'the', 'legislature', 'for', 'the', 'first', 'time', 'in', 'years', 'after', 'nearly', 'complete', 'realignment', 'of', 'political', 'parties', 'who', 'represent', 'different', 'visions', 'in', 'the', 'st', 'century', 'elections', 'state', 'elections', 'with', 'the', 'of', 'african', 'americans', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'became', 'part', 'of', 'the', 'solid', 'south', 'system', 'in', 'which', 'the', 'democratic', 'party', 'operated', 'as', 'effectively', 'the', 'only', 'viable', 'political', 'party', 'in', 'every', 'southern', 'state', 'for', 'nearly', 'years', 'local', 'and', 'state', 'elections', 'in', 'alabama', 'were', 'decided', 'in', 'the', 'democratic', 'party', 'primary', 'with', 'generally', 'only', 'token', 'republican', 'challengers', 'running', 'in', 'the', 'general', 'election', 'since', 'the', 'mid', 'to', 'late', 'th', 'century', 'however', 'there', 'has', 'been', 'realignment', 'among', 'the', 'two', 'major', 'political', 'parties', 'and', 'white', 'conservatives', 'started', 'shifting', 'to', 'the', 'republican', 'party', 'in', 'alabama', 'majority', 'white', 'districts', 'are', 'now', 'expected', 'to', 'regularly', 'elect', 'republican', 'candidates', 'to', 'federal', 'state', 'and', 'local', 'office', 'members', 'of', 'the', 'nine', 'seats', 'on', 'the', 'alabama', 'supreme', 'court', 'and', 'all', 'ten', 'seats', 'on', 'the', 'state', 'appellate', 'courts', 'are', 'elected', 'to', 'office', 'until', 'no', 'republicans', 'held', 'any', 'of', 'the', 'court', 'seats', 'in', 'that', 'general', 'election', 'the', 'then', 'incumbent', 'chief', 'justice', 'of', 'alabama', 'ernest', 'hornsby', 'refused', 'to', 'leave', 'office', 'after', 'losing', 'the', 'election', 'by', 'approximately', 'votes', 'to', 'republican', 'perry', 'hooper', 'sr', 'hornsby', 'sued', 'alabama', 'and', 'defiantly', 'remained', 'in', 'office', 'for', 'nearly', 'year', 'before', 'finally', 'giving', 'up', 'the', 'seat', 'after', 'losing', 'in', 'court', 'this', 'ultimately', 'led', 'to', 'collapse', 'of', 'support', 'for', 'democrats', 'at', 'the', 'ballot', 'box', 'in', 'the', 'next', 'three', 'or', 'four', 'election', 'cycles', 'the', 'democrats', 'lost', 'the', 'last', 'of', 'the', 'nineteen', 'court', 'seats', 'in', 'august', 'with', 'the', 'resignation', 'of', 'the', 'last', 'democrat', 'on', 'the', 'bench', 'in', 'the', 'early', 'st', 'century', 'republicans', 'hold', 'all', 'seven', 'of', 'the', 'statewide', 'elected', 'executive', 'branch', 'offices', 'republicans', 'hold', 'six', 'of', 'the', 'eight', 'elected', 'seats', 'on', 'the', 'alabama', 'state', 'board', 'of', 'education', 'in', 'republicans', 'took', 'large', 'majorities', 'of', 'both', 'chambers', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'legislature', 'giving', 'them', 'control', 'of', 'that', 'body', 'for', 'the', 'first', 'time', 'in', 'years', 'the', 'last', 'remaining', 'statewide', 'democrat', 'who', 'served', 'on', 'the', 'alabama', 'public', 'service', 'commission', 'was', 'defeated', 'in', 'only', 'two', 'republican', 'lieutenant', 'governors', 'have', 'been', 'elected', 'since', 'the', 'end', 'of', 'reconstruction', 'when', 'republicans', 'generally', 'represented', 'reconstruction', 'government', 'including', 'the', 'newly', 'emancipated', 'freedmen', 'who', 'had', 'gained', 'the', 'franchise', 'the', 'two', 'gop', 'lt', 'governors', 'were', 'steve', 'windom', 'and', 'the', 'current', 'lt', 'governor', 'kay', 'ivey', 'who', 'was', 'elected', 'in', 'and', 're', 'elected', 'in', 'local', 'elections', 'many', 'local', 'offices', 'county', 'commissioners', 'boards', 'of', 'education', 'tax', 'assessors', 'tax', 'collectors', 'etc', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'are', 'still', 'held', 'by', 'democrats', 'many', 'rural', 'counties', 'have', 'voters', 'who', 'are', 'majority', 'democrats', 'resulting', 'in', 'local', 'elections', 'being', 'decided', 'in', 'the', 'democratic', 'primary', 'similarly', 'many', 'metropolitan', 'and', 'suburban', 'counties', 'are', 'majority', 'republican', 'and', 'elections', 'are', 'effectively', 'decided', 'in', 'the', 'republican', 'primary', 'although', 'there', 'are', 'exceptions', 'alabama', 'county', 'sheriffs', 'are', 'elected', 'in', 'partisan', 'at', 'large', 'races', 'and', 'democrats', 'still', 'retain', 'the', 'narrow', 'majority', 'of', 'those', 'posts', 'the', 'current', 'split', 'is', 'democrats', 'republicans', 'and', 'one', 'independent', 'fayette', 'however', 'most', 'of', 'the', 'democratic', 'sheriffs', 'preside', 'over', 'rural', 'and', 'less', 'populated', 'counties', 'the', 'majority', 'of', 'republican', 'sheriffs', 'have', 'been', 'elected', 'in', 'the', 'more', 'urban', 'suburban', 'and', 'heavily', 'populated', 'counties', 'the', 'state', 'of', 'alabama', 'has', 'one', 'female', 'sheriff', 'in', 'morgan', 'county', 'alabama', 'and', 'ten', 'african', 'american', 'sheriffs', 'federal', 'elections', 'presidential', 'elections', 'results', 'year', 'republican', 'democratic', 'state', 'won', 'by', 'george', 'wallaceof', 'the', 'american', 'independent', 'party', 'at', 'or', 'votes', 'the', 'state', 'two', 'senators', 'are', 'luther', 'strange', 'and', 'richard', 'shelby', 'both', 'republicans', 'shelby', 'was', 'originally', 'elected', 'to', 'the', 'senate', 'as', 'democrat', 'in', 'and', 're', 'elected', 'in', 'but', 'switched', 'parties', 'immediately', 'following', 'the', 'november', 'general', 'election', 'in', 'the', 'house', 'of', 'representatives', 'the', 'state', 'is', 'represented', 'by', 'seven', 'members', 'six', 'of', 'whom', 'are', 'republicans', 'bradley', 'byrne', 'mike', 'rogers', 'robert', 'aderholt', 'morris', 'brooks', 'martha', 'roby', 'and', 'gary', 'palmer', 'and', 'one', 'democrat', 'terri', 'sewell', 'who', 'represents', 'the', 'black', 'belt', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'most', 'of', 'the', 'predominantly', 'black', 'portions', 'of', 'birmingham', 'tuscaloosa', 'and', 'montgomery', 'education', 'primary', 'and', 'secondary', 'education', 'vestavia', 'hills', 'high', 'school', 'in', 'the', 'suburbs', 'of', 'birmingham', 'public', 'primary', 'and', 'secondary', 'education', 'in', 'alabama', 'is', 'under', 'the', 'purview', 'of', 'the', 'alabama', 'state', 'board', 'of', 'education', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'local', 'oversight', 'by', 'county', 'school', 'boards', 'and', 'city', 'boards', 'of', 'education', 'together', 'individual', 'schools', 'provide', 'education', 'for', 'elementary', 'and', 'secondary', 'students', 'public', 'school', 'funding', 'is', 'appropriated', 'through', 'the', 'alabama', 'legislature', 'through', 'the', 'education', 'trust', 'fund', 'in', 'fy', 'alabama', 'appropriated', 'for', 'primary', 'and', 'secondary', 'education', 'that', 'represented', 'an', 'increase', 'of', 'over', 'the', 'previous', 'fiscal', 'year', 'in', 'over', 'percent', 'of', 'schools', 'made', 'adequate', 'yearly', 'progress', 'ayp', 'toward', 'student', 'proficiency', 'under', 'the', 'national', 'no', 'child', 'left', 'behind', 'law', 'using', 'measures', 'determined', 'by', 'the', 'state', 'of', 'alabama', 'while', 'alabama', 'public', 'education', 'system', 'has', 'improved', 'in', 'recent', 'decades', 'it', 'lags', 'behind', 'in', 'achievement', 'compared', 'to', 'other', 'states', 'according', 'to', 'census', 'data', 'alabama', 'high', 'school', 'graduation', 'rate', 'is', 'the', 'fourth', 'lowest', 'in', 'the', 'after', 'kentucky', 'louisiana', 'and', 'mississippi', 'the', 'largest', 'educational', 'gains', 'were', 'among', 'people', 'with', 'some', 'college', 'education', 'but', 'without', 'degrees', 'although', 'unusual', 'in', 'the', 'west', 'school', 'corporal', 'punishment', 'is', 'not', 'uncommon', 'in', 'alabama', 'with', 'public', 'school', 'students', 'paddled', 'at', 'least', 'one', 'time', 'according', 'to', 'government', 'data', 'for', 'the', 'school', 'year', 'the', 'rate', 'of', 'school', 'corporal', 'punishment', 'in', 'alabama', 'is', 'surpassed', 'only', 'by', 'mississippi', 'and', 'arkansas', 'colleges', 'and', 'universities', 'harrison', 'plaza', 'at', 'the', 'university', 'of', 'north', 'alabama', 'in', 'florence', 'the', 'school', 'was', 'chartered', 'as', 'lagrange', 'college', 'by', 'the', 'alabama', 'legislature', 'in', 'alabama', 'programs', 'of', 'higher', 'education', 'include', 'four', 'year', 'public', 'universities', 'two', 'year', 'community', 'colleges', 'and', 'private', 'undergraduate', 'and', 'graduate', 'universities', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'are', 'four', 'medical', 'schools', 'as', 'of', 'fall', 'university', 'of', 'alabama', 'school', 'of', 'medicine', 'university', 'of', 'south', 'alabama', 'and', 'alabama', 'college', 'of', 'osteopathic', 'medicine', 'and', 'the', 'edward', 'via', 'college', 'of', 'osteopathic', 'medicine', 'auburn', 'campus', 'two', 'veterinary', 'colleges', 'auburn', 'university', 'and', 'tuskegee', 'university', 'dental', 'school', 'university', 'of', 'alabama', 'school', 'of', 'dentistry', 'an', 'optometry', 'college', 'university', 'of', 'alabama', 'at', 'birmingham', 'two', 'pharmacy', 'schools', 'auburn', 'university', 'and', 'samford', 'university', 'and', 'five', 'law', 'schools', 'university', 'of', 'alabama', 'school', 'of', 'law', 'birmingham', 'school', 'of', 'law', 'cumberland', 'school', 'of', 'law', 'miles', 'law', 'school', 'and', 'the', 'thomas', 'goode', 'jones', 'school', 'of', 'law', 'public', 'post', 'secondary', 'education', 'in', 'alabama', 'is', 'overseen', 'by', 'the', 'alabama', 'commission', 'on', 'higher', 'education', 'and', 'the', 'alabama', 'department', 'of', 'postsecondary', 'education', 'colleges', 'and', 'universities', 'in', 'alabama', 'offer', 'degree', 'programs', 'from', 'two', 'year', 'associate', 'degrees', 'to', 'multitude', 'of', 'doctoral', 'level', 'programs', 'william', 'samford', 'hall', 'at', 'auburn', 'university', 'in', 'auburn', 'the', 'largest', 'single', 'campus', 'is', 'the', 'university', 'of', 'alabama', 'located', 'in', 'tuscaloosa', 'with', 'enrolled', 'for', 'fall', 'troy', 'university', 'was', 'the', 'largest', 'institution', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'in', 'with', 'an', 'enrollment', 'of', 'students', 'across', 'four', 'alabama', 'campuses', 'troy', 'dothan', 'montgomery', 'and', 'phenix', 'city', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'sixty', 'learning', 'sites', 'in', 'seventeen', 'other', 'states', 'and', 'eleven', 'other', 'countries', 'the', 'oldest', 'institutions', 'are', 'the', 'public', 'university', 'of', 'north', 'alabama', 'in', 'florence', 'and', 'the', 'catholic', 'church', 'affiliated', 'spring', 'hill', 'college', 'in', 'mobile', 'both', 'founded', 'in', 'accreditation', 'of', 'academic', 'programs', 'is', 'through', 'the', 'southern', 'association', 'of', 'colleges', 'and', 'schools', 'sacs', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'other', 'subject', 'focused', 'national', 'and', 'international', 'accreditation', 'agencies', 'such', 'as', 'the', 'association', 'for', 'biblical', 'higher', 'education', 'abhe', 'the', 'council', 'on', 'occupational', 'education', 'coe', 'and', 'the', 'accrediting', 'council', 'for', 'independent', 'colleges', 'and', 'schools', 'acics', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'news', 'world', 'report', 'alabama', 'had', 'three', 'universities', 'ranked', 'in', 'the', 'top', 'public', 'schools', 'in', 'america', 'university', 'of', 'alabama', 'at', 'auburn', 'university', 'at', 'and', 'university', 'of', 'alabama', 'at', 'birmingham', 'at', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'news', 'world', 'report', 'alabama', 'had', 'four', 'tier', 'universities', 'university', 'of', 'alabama', 'auburn', 'university', 'university', 'of', 'alabama', 'at', 'birmingham', 'and', 'university', 'of', 'alabama', 'in', 'huntsville', 'media', 'major', 'newspapers', 'include', 'birmingham', 'news', 'birmingham', 'post', 'herald', 'mobile', 'press', 'register', 'and', 'montgomery', 'advertiser', 'television', 'news', 'channels', 'in', 'alabama', 'include', 'waay', 'abc', 'huntsville', 'al', 'whiq', 'pbs', 'huntsville', 'al', 'waff', 'nbc', 'huntsville', 'al', 'whnt', 'cbs', 'huntsville', 'al', 'waiq', 'pbs', 'montgomery', 'al', 'wiat', 'cbs', 'birmingham', 'al', 'waka', 'cbs', 'selma', 'al', 'wiiq', 'pbs', 'demopolis', 'al', 'wala', 'fox', 'mobile', 'al', 'wjsu', 'abc', 'anniston', 'al', 'wkrg', 'cbs', 'mobile', 'al', 'wbiq', 'pbs', 'birmingham', 'al', 'wbrc', 'fox', 'birmingham', 'al', 'wncf', 'abc', 'montgomery', 'al', 'wcft', 'abc', 'tuscaloosa', 'al', 'wpmi', 'nbc', 'mobile', 'al', 'wciq', 'pbs', 'mount', 'cheaha', 'al', 'wcov', 'fox', 'montgomery', 'al', 'wsfa', 'nbc', 'montgomery', 'al', 'wdfx', 'fox', 'ozark', 'al', 'wdhn', 'abc', 'dothan', 'al', 'wtvy', 'cbs', 'dothan', 'al', 'wdiq', 'pbs', 'dozier', 'al', 'wtvy', 'cbs', 'dothan', 'al', 'weiq', 'pbs', 'mobile', 'al', 'wvtm', 'nbc', 'birmingham', 'al', 'wfiq', 'pbs', 'florence', 'al', 'wzdx', 'fox', 'huntsville', 'al', 'and', 'wgiq', 'pbs', 'louisville', 'al', 'culture', 'literature', 'sports', 'college', 'bryant', 'denny', 'stadium', 'at', 'the', 'university', 'of', 'alabama', 'in', 'tuscaloosa', 'college', 'football', 'is', 'popular', 'in', 'alabama', 'particularly', 'the', 'university', 'of', 'alabama', 'crimson', 'tide', 'and', 'auburn', 'university', 'tigers', 'rivals', 'in', 'the', 'southeastern', 'conference', 'in', 'the', 'season', 'alabama', 'averaged', 'over', 'fans', 'per', 'game', 'and', 'auburn', 'averaged', 'over', 'fans', 'both', 'numbers', 'among', 'the', 'top', 'in', 'the', 'nation', 'in', 'average', 'attendance', 'bryant', 'denny', 'stadium', 'is', 'the', 'home', 'of', 'the', 'alabama', 'football', 'team', 'and', 'has', 'seating', 'capacity', 'of', 'and', 'is', 'the', 'fifth', 'largest', 'stadium', 'in', 'america', 'jordan', 'hare', 'stadium', 'is', 'the', 'home', 'field', 'of', 'the', 'auburn', 'football', 'team', 'and', 'seats', 'up', 'to', 'legion', 'field', 'is', 'home', 'for', 'the', 'uab', 'blazers', 'football', 'program', 'and', 'the', 'birmingham', 'bowl', 'it', 'seats', 'ladd', 'peebles', 'stadium', 'in', 'mobile', 'is', 'the', 'home', 'of', 'the', 'university', 'of', 'south', 'alabama', 'football', 'team', 'and', 'serves', 'as', 'the', 'home', 'of', 'the', 'ncaa', 'senior', 'bowl', 'dollar', 'general', 'bowl', 'formerly', 'godaddy', 'com', 'bowl', 'and', 'alabama', 'mississippi', 'all', 'star', 'classic', 'the', 'stadium', 'seats', 'in', 'bryant', 'denny', 'stadium', 'and', 'jordan', 'hare', 'stadium', 'became', 'the', 'homes', 'of', 'the', 'alabama', 'high', 'school', 'athletic', 'association', 'state', 'football', 'championship', 'games', 'after', 'previously', 'being', 'held', 'at', 'legion', 'field', 'in', 'birmingham', 'professional', 'regions', 'field', 'in', 'birmingham', 'hank', 'aaron', 'stadium', 'in', 'mobile', 'alabama', 'has', 'several', 'professional', 'and', 'semi', 'professional', 'sports', 'teams', 'including', 'three', 'minor', 'league', 'baseball', 'teams', 'club', 'city', 'sport', 'league', 'venue', 'birmingham', 'barons', 'birmingham', 'baseball', 'southern', 'league', 'aa', 'regions', 'field', 'huntsville', 'havoc', 'huntsville', 'ice', 'hockey', 'southern', 'professional', 'hockey', 'league', 'von', 'braun', 'center', 'mobile', 'baybears', 'mobile', 'baseball', 'southern', 'league', 'aa', 'hank', 'aaron', 'stadium', 'montgomery', 'biscuits', 'montgomery', 'baseball', 'southern', 'league', 'aa', 'montgomery', 'riverwalk', 'stadium', 'birmingham', 'hammers', 'birmingham', 'soccer', 'national', 'premier', 'soccer', 'league', 'sicard', 'hollow', 'athletic', 'complex', 'tennessee', 'valley', 'tigers', 'huntsville', 'football', 'independent', 'women', 'football', 'league', 'milton', 'frank', 'stadium', 'the', 'talladega', 'superspeedway', 'motorsports', 'complex', 'hosts', 'series', 'of', 'nascar', 'events', 'it', 'has', 'seating', 'capacity', 'of', 'and', 'is', 'the', 'thirteenth', 'largest', 'stadium', 'in', 'the', 'world', 'and', 'sixth', 'largest', 'stadium', 'in', 'america', 'also', 'the', 'barber', 'motorsports', 'park', 'has', 'hosted', 'indycar', 'series', 'and', 'rolex', 'sports', 'car', 'series', 'races', 'the', 'atp', 'birmingham', 'was', 'world', 'championship', 'tennis', 'tournament', 'held', 'from', 'to', 'alabama', 'has', 'hosted', 'several', 'professional', 'golf', 'tournaments', 'such', 'as', 'the', 'and', 'pga', 'championship', 'at', 'shoal', 'creek', 'the', 'barbasol', 'championship', 'pga', 'tour', 'the', 'mobile', 'lpga', 'tournament', 'of', 'champions', 'airbus', 'lpga', 'classic', 'and', 'yokohama', 'tire', 'lpga', 'classic', 'lpga', 'tour', 'and', 'the', 'tradition', 'champions', 'tour', 'transportation', 'terminal', 'at', 'the', 'montgomery', 'regional', 'airport', 'in', 'montgomery', 'interstate', 'co', 'signed', 'with', 'interstate', 'approaching', 'interstate', 'in', 'downtown', 'birmingham', 'aerial', 'view', 'of', 'the', 'port', 'of', 'mobile', 'aviation', 'major', 'airports', 'with', 'sustained', 'commercial', 'operations', 'in', 'alabama', 'include', 'birmingham', 'shuttlesworth', 'international', 'airport', 'bhm', 'huntsville', 'international', 'airport', 'hsv', 'dothan', 'regional', 'airport', 'dhn', 'mobile', 'regional', 'airport', 'mob', 'montgomery', 'regional', 'airport', 'mgm', 'and', 'muscle', 'shoals', 'northwest', 'alabama', 'regional', 'airport', 'msl', 'rail', 'for', 'rail', 'transport', 'amtrak', 'schedules', 'the', 'crescent', 'daily', 'passenger', 'train', 'running', 'from', 'new', 'york', 'to', 'new', 'orleans', 'with', 'station', 'stops', 'at', 'anniston', 'birmingham', 'and', 'tuscaloosa', 'roads', 'alabama', 'has', 'six', 'major', 'interstate', 'roads', 'that', 'cross', 'the', 'state', 'interstate', 'travels', 'north', 'south', 'roughly', 'through', 'the', 'middle', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'travel', 'from', 'the', 'central', 'west', 'mississippi', 'state', 'line', 'to', 'birmingham', 'where', 'continues', 'to', 'the', 'north', 'east', 'corner', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'and', 'continues', 'east', 'towards', 'atlanta', 'originates', 'in', 'montgomery', 'and', 'travels', 'east', 'northeast', 'to', 'the', 'georgia', 'state', 'line', 'providing', 'main', 'thoroughfare', 'to', 'atlanta', 'and', 'traverses', 'the', 'southernmost', 'portion', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'traveling', 'from', 'west', 'to', 'east', 'through', 'mobile', 'enters', 'the', 'state', 'from', 'mississippi', 'and', 'connects', 'birmingham', 'with', 'memphis', 'tennessee', 'in', 'addition', 'there', 'are', 'currently', 'five', 'auxiliary', 'interstate', 'routes', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'in', 'mobile', 'in', 'tuscaloosa', 'around', 'birmingham', 'in', 'decatur', 'and', 'huntsville', 'and', 'in', 'gadsden', 'sixth', 'route', 'will', 'be', 'formed', 'when', 'is', 'rerouted', 'along', 'new', 'southern', 'bypass', 'of', 'montgomery', 'proposed', 'northern', 'bypass', 'of', 'birmingham', 'will', 'be', 'designated', 'as', 'since', 'direct', 'connection', 'from', 'to', 'will', 'not', 'be', 'possible', 'has', 'been', 'proposed', 'as', 'well', 'several', 'highways', 'also', 'pass', 'through', 'the', 'state', 'such', 'as', 'route', 'us', 'us', 'us', 'us', 'us', 'us', 'us', 'us', 'us', 'us', 'us', 'us', 'us', 'us', 'us', 'us', 'us', 'and', 'us', 'there', 'are', 'four', 'toll', 'roads', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'montgomery', 'expressway', 'in', 'montgomery', 'tuscaloosa', 'bypass', 'in', 'tuscaloosa', 'emerald', 'mountain', 'expressway', 'in', 'wetumpka', 'and', 'beach', 'express', 'in', 'orange', 'beach', 'ports', 'the', 'port', 'of', 'mobile', 'alabama', 'only', 'saltwater', 'port', 'is', 'large', 'seaport', 'on', 'the', 'gulf', 'of', 'mexico', 'with', 'inland', 'waterway', 'access', 'to', 'the', 'midwest', 'by', 'way', 'of', 'the', 'tennessee', 'tombigbee', 'waterway', 'the', 'port', 'of', 'mobile', 'was', 'ranked', 'th', 'by', 'tons', 'of', 'traffic', 'in', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'during', 'the', 'newly', 'expanded', 'container', 'terminal', 'at', 'the', 'port', 'of', 'mobile', 'was', 'ranked', 'as', 'the', 'th', 'busiest', 'for', 'container', 'traffic', 'in', 'the', 'nation', 'during', 'the', 'state', 'other', 'ports', 'are', 'on', 'rivers', 'with', 'access', 'to', 'the', 'gulf', 'of', 'mexico', 'water', 'ports', 'of', 'alabama', 'listed', 'from', 'north', 'to', 'south', 'port', 'name', 'location', 'connected', 'to', 'port', 'of', 'florence', 'florence', 'muscle', 'shoals', 'on', 'pickwick', 'lake', 'tennessee', 'river', 'port', 'of', 'decatur', 'decatur', 'on', 'wheeler', 'lake', 'tennessee', 'river', 'port', 'of', 'guntersville', 'guntersville', 'on', 'lake', 'guntersville', 'tennessee', 'river', 'port', 'of', 'birmingham', 'birmingham', 'on', 'black', 'warrior', 'river', 'tenn', 'tom', 'waterway', 'port', 'of', 'tuscaloosa', 'tuscaloosa', 'on', 'black', 'warrior', 'river', 'tenn', 'tom', 'waterway', 'port', 'of', 'montgomery', 'montgomery', 'on', 'woodruff', 'lake', 'alabama', 'river', 'port', 'of', 'mobile', 'mobile', 'on', 'mobile', 'bay', 'gulf', 'of', 'mexico', 'see', 'also', 'outline', 'of', 'alabama', 'organized', 'list', 'of', 'topics', 'about', 'alabama', 'index', 'of', 'alabama', 'related', 'articles', 'gun', 'rights', 'in', 'alabama', 'right', 'to', 'work', 'in', 'alabama', 'references', 'alabama', 'history', 'and', 'culture', 'adventure', 'tourism', 'experiential', 'travel', 'guides', 'accessed', 'march', 'further', 'reading', 'for', 'detailed', 'bibliography', 'see', 'the', 'history', 'of', 'alabama', 'atkins', 'leah', 'rawls', 'wayne', 'flynt', 'william', 'warren', 'rogers', 'and', 'david', 'ward', 'alabama', 'the', 'history', 'of', 'deep', 'south', 'state', 'flynt', 'wayne', 'alabama', 'in', 'the', 'twentieth', 'century', 'owen', 'thomas', 'history', 'of', 'alabama', 'and', 'dictionary', 'of', 'alabama', 'biography', 'vols', 'jackson', 'harvey', 'inside', 'alabama', 'personal', 'history', 'of', 'my', 'state', 'mohl', 'raymond', 'latinization', 'in', 'the', 'heart', 'of', 'dixie', 'hispanics', 'in', 'late', 'twentieth', 'century', 'alabama', 'alabama', 'review', 'peirce', 'neal', 'the', 'deep', 'south', 'states', 'of', 'america', 'people', 'politics', 'and', 'power', 'in', 'the', 'seven', 'deep', 'south', 'states', 'information', 'on', 'politics', 'and', 'economics', 'williams', 'benjamin', 'buford', 'literary', 'history', 'of', 'alabama', 'the', 'nineteenth', 'century', 'wpa', 'guide', 'to', 'alabama', 'external', 'links', 'alabama', 'gov', 'official', 'state', 'government', 'web', 'site', 'alabama', 'state', 'guide', 'from', 'the', 'library', 'of', 'congress', 'all', 'about', 'alabama', 'at', 'the', 'alabama', 'department', 'of', 'archives', 'and', 'history', 'code', 'of', 'alabama', 'at', 'the', 'alabama', 'legislature', 'site', 'usgs', 'real', 'time', 'geographic', 'and', 'other', 'scientific', 'resources', 'of', 'alabama', 'alabama', 'quickfacts', 'from', 'the', 'census', 'bureau', 'alabama', 'state', 'fact', 'sheet', 'from', 'the', 'department', 'of', 'agriculture'], ['Alabama'])
305
Achilles
[b'achilles', b'and', b'the', b'nereid', b'cymothoe', b'attic', b'red', b'figure', b'kantharos', b'from', b'volci', b'cabinet', b'des', b'm\xc3\xa9dailles', b'biblioth\xc3\xa8que', b'nationale', b'paris', b'kremaste', b'phthia', b'reverse', b'thetis', b'wearing', b'and', b'holding', b'the', b'shield', b'of', b'achilles', b'with', b'his', b'ax', b'monogram', b'in', b'greek', b'mythology', b'achilles', b'was', b'greek', b'hero', b'of', b'the', b'trojan', b'war', b'and', b'the', b'central', b'character', b'and', b'greatest', b'warrior', b'of', b'homer', b'iliad', b'his', b'mother', b'was', b'the', b'immortal', b'nymph', b'thetis', b'and', b'his', b'father', b'the', b'mortal', b'peleus', b'was', b'the', b'king', b'of', b'the', b'myrmidons', b'achilles', b'most', b'notable', b'feat', b'during', b'the', b'trojan', b'war', b'was', b'the', b'slaying', b'of', b'the', b'trojan', b'hero', b'hector', b'outside', b'the', b'gates', b'of', b'troy', b'although', b'the', b'death', b'of', b'achilles', b'is', b'not', b'presented', b'in', b'the', b'iliad', b'other', b'sources', b'concur', b'that', b'he', b'was', b'killed', b'near', b'the', b'end', b'of', b'the', b'trojan', b'war', b'by', b'paris', b'who', b'shot', b'him', b'in', b'the', b'heel', b'with', b'an', b'arrow', b'later', b'legends', b'beginning', b'with', b'poem', b'by', b'statius', b'in', b'the', b'st', b'century', b'ad', b'state', b'that', b'achilles', b'was', b'invulnerable', b'in', b'all', b'of', b'his', b'body', b'except', b'for', b'his', b'heel', b'alluding', b'to', b'these', b'legends', b'the', b'term', b'achilles', b'heel', b'has', b'come', b'to', b'mean', b'point', b'of', b'weakness', b'especially', b'in', b'someone', b'or', b'something', b'with', b'strong', b'constitution', b'etymology', b'linear', b'tablets', b'attest', b'to', b'the', b'personal', b'name', b'achilleus', b'in', b'the', b'forms', b'ki', b're', b'and', b'ki', b're', b'we', b'the', b'latter', b'being', b'the', b'dative', b'of', b'the', b'former', b'the', b'name', b'grew', b'more', b'popular', b'even', b'becoming', b'common', b'soon', b'after', b'the', b'seventh', b'century', b'bc', b'and', b'was', b'also', b'turned', b'into', b'the', b'female', b'form', b'\xe1\xbc\x80\xcf\x87\xce\xb9\xce\xbb\xce\xbb\xce\xb5\xce\xaf\xce\xb1', b'achille\xc3\xada', b'attested', b'in', b'attica', b'in', b'the', b'fourth', b'century', b'bc', b'ig', b'ii\xc2\xb2', b'and', b'in', b'the', b'form', b'achillia', b'on', b'stele', b'in', b'halicarnassus', b'as', b'the', b'name', b'of', b'female', b'gladiator', b'fighting', b'an', b'amazon', b'achilles', b'name', b'can', b'be', b'analyzed', b'as', b'combination', b'of', b'distress', b'pain', b'sorrow', b'grief', b'and', b'people', b'soldiers', b'nation', b'resulting', b'in', b'proto', b'form', b'akh\xc3\xad', b'l\xc4\x81u', b'os', b'he', b'who', b'has', b'the', b'people', b'distressed', b'or', b'he', b'whose', b'people', b'have', b'distress', b'the', b'grief', b'or', b'distress', b'of', b'the', b'people', b'is', b'theme', b'raised', b'numerous', b'times', b'in', b'the', b'iliad', b'and', b'frequently', b'by', b'achilles', b'himself', b'achilles', b'role', b'as', b'the', b'hero', b'of', b'grief', b'or', b'distress', b'forms', b'an', b'ironic', b'juxtaposition', b'with', b'the', b'conventional', b'view', b'of', b'him', b'as', b'the', b'hero', b'of', b'glory', b'usually', b'in', b'war', b'furthermore', b'la\xc3\xb3s', b'has', b'been', b'construed', b'by', b'gregory', b'nagy', b'following', b'leonard', b'palmer', b'to', b'mean', b'corps', b'of', b'soldiers', b'muster', b'with', b'this', b'derivation', b'the', b'name', b'obtains', b'double', b'meaning', b'in', b'the', b'poem', b'when', b'the', b'hero', b'is', b'functioning', b'rightly', b'his', b'men', b'bring', b'distress', b'to', b'the', b'enemy', b'but', b'when', b'wrongly', b'his', b'men', b'get', b'the', b'grief', b'of', b'war', b'the', b'poem', b'is', b'in', b'part', b'about', b'the', b'misdirection', b'of', b'anger', b'on', b'the', b'part', b'of', b'leadership', b'another', b'etymology', b'relates', b'the', b'name', b'to', b'proto', b'indo', b'european', b'compound', b'h\xe2\x82\x82e\xe1\xb8\xb1', b'p\xe1\xb9\x93ds', b'sharp', b'foot', b'which', b'first', b'gave', b'an', b'illyrian', b'\xc4\x81k', b'pedi\xc3\xb3s', b'evolving', b'through', b'time', b'into', b'\xc4\x81khpde\xc3\xb3s', b'and', b'then', b'akhidde\xc3\xbas', b'the', b'shift', b'from', b'dd', b'to', b'll', b'is', b'then', b'ascribed', b'to', b'the', b'passing', b'of', b'the', b'name', b'into', b'greek', b'via', b'pre', b'greek', b'source', b'the', b'first', b'root', b'part', b'h\xe2\x82\x82e\xe1\xb8\xb1', b'sharp', b'pointed', b'also', b'gave', b'greek', b'\xe1\xbc\x80\xce\xba\xce\xae', b'ak\xe1\xb8\x97', b'point', b'silence', b'healing', b'\xe1\xbc\x80\xce\xba\xce\xbc\xce\xae', b'akm\xe1\xb8\x97', b'point', b'edge', b'zenith', b'and', b'\xe1\xbd\x80\xce\xbe\xcf\x8d\xcf\x82', b'ox\xc3\xbas', b'sharp', b'pointed', b'keen', b'quick', b'clever', b'whereas', b'\xe1\xbc\x84\xcf\x87\xce\xbf\xcf\x82', b'stems', b'from', b'the', b'root', b'h\xe2\x82\x82eg\xca\xb0', b'to', b'be', b'upset', b'afraid', b'the', b'whole', b'expression', b'would', b'be', b'comparable', b'to', b'the', b'latin', b'acupedius', b'swift', b'of', b'foot', b'compare', b'also', b'the', b'latin', b'word', b'family', b'of', b'aci\xc4\x93s', b'sharp', b'edge', b'or', b'point', b'battle', b'line', b'battle', b'engagement', b'acus', b'needle', b'pin', b'bodkin', b'and', b'acu\xc5\x8d', b'to', b'make', b'pointed', b'sharpen', b'whet', b'to', b'exercise', b'to', b'arouse', b'whence', b'acute', b'some', b'topical', b'epitheta', b'of', b'achilles', b'in', b'the', b'iliad', b'point', b'to', b'this', b'swift', b'footedness', b'namely', b'\xcf\x80\xce\xbf\xce\xb4\xce\xac\xcf\x81\xce\xba\xce\xb7\xcf\x82', b'\xce\xb4\xe1\xbf\x96\xce\xbf\xcf\x82', b'\xe1\xbc\x80\xcf\x87\xce\xb9\xce\xbb\xce\xbb\xce\xb5\xe1\xbd\xba\xcf\x82', b'pod\xc3\xa1rk\xc4\x93s', b'd\xc4\xa9os', b'achille\xc3\xbas', b'swift', b'footed', b'divine', b'achilles', b'or', b'even', b'more', b'frequently', b'\xcf\x80\xcf\x8c\xce\xb4\xce\xb1\xcf\x82', b'\xe1\xbd\xa0\xce\xba\xe1\xbd\xba\xcf\x82', b'\xe1\xbc\x80\xcf\x87\xce\xb9\xce\xbb\xce\xbb\xce\xb5\xcf\x8d\xcf\x82', b'p\xc3\xb3das', b'\xc5\x8dk\xc3\xbas', b'achille\xc3\xbas', b'quick', b'footed', b'achilles', b'some', b'researchers', b'deem', b'the', b'name', b'loan', b'word', b'possibly', b'from', b'pre', b'greek', b'language', b'achilles', b'descent', b'from', b'the', b'nereid', b'thetis', b'and', b'similarity', b'of', b'his', b'name', b'with', b'those', b'of', b'river', b'deities', b'such', b'as', b'acheron', b'and', b'achelous', b'have', b'led', b'to', b'speculations', b'about', b'him', b'being', b'an', b'old', b'water', b'divinity', b'see', b'below', b'worship', b'robert', b'beekes', b'has', b'suggested', b'pre', b'greek', b'origin', b'of', b'the', b'name', b'based', b'among', b'other', b'things', b'on', b'the', b'coexistence', b'of', b'\xce\xbb\xce\xbb', b'and', b'in', b'epic', b'language', b'which', b'may', b'account', b'for', b'palatalized', b'phoneme', b'ly', b'in', b'the', b'original', b'language', b'birth', b'and', b'early', b'years', b'chiron', b'teaching', b'achilles', b'how', b'to', b'play', b'the', b'lyre', b'roman', b'fresco', b'from', b'herculaneum', b'st', b'century', b'ad', b'achilles', b'was', b'the', b'son', b'of', b'the', b'nereid', b'thetis', b'and', b'of', b'peleus', b'the', b'king', b'of', b'the', b'myrmidons', b'zeus', b'and', b'poseidon', b'had', b'been', b'rivals', b'for', b'the', b'hand', b'of', b'thetis', b'until', b'prometheus', b'the', b'fore', b'thinker', b'warned', b'zeus', b'of', b'prophecy', b'originally', b'uttered', b'by', b'themis', b'goddess', b'of', b'divine', b'law', b'that', b'thetis', b'would', b'bear', b'son', b'greater', b'than', b'his', b'father', b'for', b'this', b'reason', b'the', b'two', b'gods', b'withdrew', b'their', b'pursuit', b'and', b'had', b'her', b'wed', b'peleus', b'peter', b'paul', b'rubens', b'thetis', b'dipping', b'the', b'infant', b'achilles', b'into', b'the', b'river', b'styx', b'museum', b'boijmans', b'van', b'beuningen', b'rotterdam', b'there', b'is', b'tale', b'which', b'offers', b'an', b'alternative', b'version', b'of', b'these', b'events', b'in', b'the', b'argonautica', b'zeus', b'sister', b'and', b'wife', b'hera', b'alludes', b'to', b'thetis', b'chaste', b'resistance', b'to', b'the', b'advances', b'of', b'zeus', b'pointing', b'out', b'that', b'thetis', b'was', b'so', b'loyal', b'to', b'hera', b'marriage', b'bond', b'that', b'she', b'coolly', b'rejected', b'the', b'father', b'of', b'gods', b'thetis', b'although', b'daughter', b'of', b'the', b'sea', b'god', b'nereus', b'was', b'also', b'brought', b'up', b'by', b'hera', b'further', b'explaining', b'her', b'resistance', b'to', b'the', b'advances', b'of', b'zeus', b'zeus', b'was', b'furious', b'and', b'decreed', b'that', b'she', b'would', b'never', b'marry', b'an', b'immortal', b'according', b'to', b'the', b'achilleid', b'written', b'by', b'statius', b'in', b'the', b'st', b'century', b'ad', b'and', b'to', b'non', b'surviving', b'previous', b'sources', b'when', b'achilles', b'was', b'born', b'thetis', b'tried', b'to', b'make', b'him', b'immortal', b'by', b'dipping', b'him', b'in', b'the', b'river', b'styx', b'however', b'he', b'was', b'left', b'vulnerable', b'at', b'the', b'part', b'of', b'the', b'body', b'by', b'which', b'she', b'held', b'him', b'his', b'left', b'heel', b'see', b'achilles', b'heel', b'achilles', b'tendon', b'it', b'is', b'not', b'clear', b'if', b'this', b'version', b'of', b'events', b'was', b'known', b'earlier', b'in', b'another', b'version', b'of', b'this', b'story', b'thetis', b'anointed', b'the', b'boy', b'in', b'ambrosia', b'and', b'put', b'him', b'on', b'top', b'of', b'fire', b'to', b'burn', b'away', b'the', b'mortal', b'parts', b'of', b'his', b'body', b'she', b'was', b'interrupted', b'by', b'peleus', b'and', b'abandoned', b'both', b'father', b'and', b'son', b'in', b'rage', b'however', b'none', b'of', b'the', b'sources', b'before', b'statius', b'makes', b'any', b'reference', b'to', b'this', b'general', b'invulnerability', b'to', b'the', b'contrary', b'in', b'the', b'iliad', b'homer', b'mentions', b'achilles', b'being', b'wounded', b'in', b'book', b'the', b'paeonian', b'hero', b'asteropaeus', b'son', b'of', b'pelagon', b'challenged', b'achilles', b'by', b'the', b'river', b'scamander', b'he', b'cast', b'two', b'spears', b'at', b'once', b'one', b'grazed', b'achilles', b'elbow', b'drawing', b'spurt', b'of', b'blood', b'also', b'in', b'the', b'fragmentary', b'poems', b'of', b'the', b'epic', b'cycle', b'in', b'which', b'we', b'can', b'find', b'description', b'of', b'the', b'hero', b'death', b'the', b'cypria', b'the', b'little', b'iliad', b'by', b'lesches', b'of', b'pyrrha', b'the', b'aithiopis', b'and', b'iliou', b'persis', b'by', b'arctinus', b'of', b'miletus', b'there', b'is', b'no', b'trace', b'of', b'any', b'reference', b'to', b'his', b'general', b'invulnerability', b'or', b'his', b'famous', b'weakness', b'at', b'the', b'heel', b'in', b'the', b'later', b'vase', b'paintings', b'presenting', b'achilles', b'death', b'the', b'arrow', b'or', b'in', b'many', b'cases', b'arrows', b'hit', b'his', b'body', b'peleus', b'entrusted', b'achilles', b'to', b'chiron', b'the', b'centaur', b'on', b'mount', b'pelion', b'to', b'be', b'reared', b'thetis', b'foretold', b'that', b'her', b'son', b'fate', b'was', b'either', b'to', b'gain', b'glory', b'and', b'die', b'young', b'or', b'to', b'live', b'long', b'but', b'uneventful', b'life', b'in', b'obscurity', b'achilles', b'chose', b'the', b'former', b'and', b'decided', b'to', b'take', b'part', b'in', b'the', b'trojan', b'war', b'according', b'to', b'homer', b'achilles', b'grew', b'up', b'in', b'phthia', b'together', b'with', b'his', b'companion', b'patroclus', b'hidden', b'on', b'skyros', b'some', b'post', b'homeric', b'sources', b'claim', b'that', b'in', b'order', b'to', b'keep', b'achilles', b'safe', b'from', b'the', b'war', b'thetis', b'or', b'in', b'some', b'versions', b'peleus', b'hid', b'the', b'young', b'man', b'at', b'the', b'court', b'of', b'lycomedes', b'king', b'of', b'skyros', b'there', b'achilles', b'is', b'disguised', b'as', b'girl', b'and', b'lives', b'among', b'lycomedes', b'daughters', b'perhaps', b'under', b'the', b'name', b'pyrrha', b'the', b'red', b'haired', b'girl', b'with', b'lycomedes', b'daughter', b'deidamia', b'whom', b'in', b'the', b'account', b'of', b'statius', b'he', b'rapes', b'achilles', b'there', b'fathers', b'son', b'neoptolemus', b'also', b'called', b'pyrrhus', b'after', b'his', b'father', b'possible', b'alias', b'according', b'to', b'this', b'story', b'odysseus', b'learns', b'from', b'the', b'prophet', b'calchas', b'that', b'the', b'achaeans', b'would', b'be', b'unable', b'to', b'capture', b'troy', b'without', b'achilles', b'aid', b'odysseus', b'goes', b'to', b'skyros', b'in', b'the', b'guise', b'of', b'peddler', b'selling', b'women', b'clothes', b'and', b'jewelry', b'and', b'places', b'shield', b'and', b'spear', b'among', b'his', b'goods', b'when', b'achilles', b'instantly', b'takes', b'up', b'the', b'spear', b'odysseus', b'sees', b'through', b'his', b'disguise', b'and', b'convinces', b'him', b'to', b'join', b'the', b'greek', b'campaign', b'in', b'another', b'version', b'of', b'the', b'story', b'odysseus', b'arranges', b'for', b'trumpet', b'alarm', b'to', b'be', b'sounded', b'while', b'he', b'was', b'with', b'lycomedes', b'women', b'while', b'the', b'women', b'flee', b'in', b'panic', b'achilles', b'prepares', b'to', b'defend', b'the', b'court', b'thus', b'giving', b'his', b'identity', b'away', b'achilles', b'in', b'the', b'trojan', b'war', b'according', b'to', b'the', b'iliad', b'achilles', b'arrived', b'at', b'troy', b'with', b'ships', b'each', b'carrying', b'myrmidons', b'he', b'appointed', b'five', b'leaders', b'each', b'leader', b'commanding', b'myrmidons', b'menesthius', b'eudorus', b'peisander', b'phoenix', b'and', b'alcimedon', b'telephus', b'when', b'the', b'greeks', b'left', b'for', b'the', b'trojan', b'war', b'they', b'accidentally', b'stopped', b'in', b'mysia', b'ruled', b'by', b'king', b'telephus', b'in', b'the', b'resulting', b'battle', b'achilles', b'gave', b'telephus', b'wound', b'that', b'would', b'not', b'heal', b'telephus', b'consulted', b'an', b'oracle', b'who', b'stated', b'that', b'he', b'that', b'wounded', b'shall', b'heal', b'guided', b'by', b'the', b'oracle', b'he', b'arrived', b'at', b'argos', b'where', b'achilles', b'healed', b'him', b'in', b'order', b'that', b'he', b'might', b'become', b'their', b'guide', b'for', b'the', b'voyage', b'to', b'troy', b'according', b'to', b'other', b'reports', b'in', b'euripides', b'lost', b'play', b'about', b'telephus', b'he', b'went', b'to', b'aulis', b'pretending', b'to', b'be', b'beggar', b'and', b'asked', b'achilles', b'to', b'heal', b'his', b'wound', b'achilles', b'refused', b'claiming', b'to', b'have', b'no', b'medical', b'knowledge', b'alternatively', b'telephus', b'held', b'orestes', b'for', b'ransom', b'the', b'ransom', b'being', b'achilles', b'aid', b'in', b'healing', b'the', b'wound', b'odysseus', b'reasoned', b'that', b'the', b'spear', b'had', b'inflicted', b'the', b'wound', b'therefore', b'the', b'spear', b'must', b'be', b'able', b'to', b'heal', b'it', b'pieces', b'of', b'the', b'spear', b'were', b'scraped', b'off', b'onto', b'the', b'wound', b'and', b'telephus', b'was', b'healed', b'troilus', b'achilles', b'slaying', b'troilus', b'red', b'figure', b'kylix', b'signed', b'by', b'euphronios', b'according', b'to', b'the', b'cypria', b'the', b'part', b'of', b'the', b'epic', b'cycle', b'that', b'tells', b'the', b'events', b'of', b'the', b'trojan', b'war', b'before', b'achilles', b'wrath', b'when', b'the', b'achaeans', b'desired', b'to', b'return', b'home', b'they', b'were', b'restrained', b'by', b'achilles', b'who', b'afterwards', b'attacked', b'the', b'cattle', b'of', b'aeneas', b'sacked', b'neighbouring', b'cities', b'like', b'pedasus', b'and', b'lyrnessus', b'where', b'the', b'greeks', b'capture', b'the', b'queen', b'briseis', b'and', b'killed', b'tenes', b'son', b'of', b'apollo', b'as', b'well', b'as', b'priam', b'son', b'troilus', b'in', b'the', b'sanctuary', b'of', b'apollo', b'thymbraios', b'however', b'the', b'romance', b'between', b'troilus', b'and', b'chryseis', b'described', b'in', b'geoffrey', b'chaucer', b'troilus', b'and', b'criseyde', b'and', b'in', b'william', b'shakespeare', b'troilus', b'and', b'cressida', b'is', b'medieval', b'invention', b'in', b'dares', b'phrygius', b'account', b'of', b'the', b'destruction', b'of', b'troy', b'the', b'latin', b'summary', b'through', b'which', b'the', b'story', b'of', b'achilles', b'was', b'transmitted', b'to', b'medieval', b'europe', b'as', b'well', b'as', b'in', b'older', b'accounts', b'troilus', b'was', b'young', b'trojan', b'prince', b'the', b'youngest', b'of', b'king', b'priam', b'and', b'hecuba', b'five', b'legitimate', b'sons', b'or', b'according', b'other', b'sources', b'another', b'son', b'of', b'apollo', b'despite', b'his', b'youth', b'he', b'was', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'main', b'trojan', b'war', b'leaders', b'horse', b'fighter', b'or', b'chariot', b'fighter', b'according', b'to', b'homer', b'prophecies', b'linked', b'troilus', b'fate', b'to', b'that', b'of', b'troy', b'and', b'so', b'he', b'was', b'ambushed', b'in', b'an', b'attempt', b'to', b'capture', b'him', b'yet', b'achilles', b'struck', b'by', b'the', b'beauty', b'of', b'both', b'troilus', b'and', b'his', b'sister', b'polyxena', b'and', b'overcome', b'with', b'lust', b'directed', b'his', b'sexual', b'attentions', b'on', b'the', b'youth', b'who', b'refusing', b'to', b'yield', b'instead', b'found', b'himself', b'decapitated', b'upon', b'an', b'altar', b'omphalos', b'of', b'apollo', b'thymbraios', b'later', b'versions', b'of', b'the', b'story', b'suggested', b'troilus', b'was', b'accidentally', b'killed', b'by', b'achilles', b'in', b'an', b'over', b'ardent', b'lovers', b'embrace', b'in', b'this', b'version', b'of', b'the', b'myth', b'achilles', b'death', b'therefore', b'came', b'in', b'retribution', b'for', b'this', b'sacrilege', b'ancient', b'writers', b'treated', b'troilus', b'as', b'the', b'epitome', b'of', b'dead', b'child', b'mourned', b'by', b'his', b'parents', b'had', b'troilus', b'lived', b'to', b'adulthood', b'the', b'first', b'vatican', b'mythographer', b'claimed', b'troy', b'would', b'have', b'been', b'invincible', b'achilles', b'in', b'the', b'iliad', b'achilles', b'cedes', b'briseis', b'to', b'agamemnon', b'from', b'the', b'house', b'of', b'the', b'tragic', b'poet', b'in', b'pompeii', b'fresco', b'st', b'century', b'ad', b'naples', b'national', b'archaeological', b'museum', b'homer', b'iliad', b'is', b'the', b'most', b'famous', b'narrative', b'of', b'achilles', b'deeds', b'in', b'the', b'trojan', b'war', b'achilles', b'wrath', b'\xce\xbc\xe1\xbf\x86\xce\xbd\xce\xb9\xcf\x82', b'\xe1\xbc\x80\xcf\x87\xce\xb9\xce\xbb\xce\xbb\xce\xad\xcf\x89\xcf\x82', b'm\xc3\xaanis', b'achill\xc3\xa9\xc5\x8ds', b'is', b'the', b'central', b'theme', b'of', b'the', b'poem', b'the', b'first', b'two', b'lines', b'of', b'the', b'iliad', b'read', b'sing', b'goddess', b'of', b'the', b'rage', b'of', b'peleus', b'son', b'achilles', b'the', b'accursed', b'rage', b'that', b'brought', b'great', b'suffering', b'to', b'the', b'achaeans', b'the', b'homeric', b'epic', b'only', b'covers', b'few', b'weeks', b'of', b'the', b'decade', b'long', b'war', b'and', b'does', b'not', b'narrate', b'achilles', b'death', b'it', b'begins', b'with', b'achilles', b'withdrawal', b'from', b'battle', b'after', b'being', b'dishonoured', b'by', b'agamemnon', b'the', b'commander', b'of', b'the', b'achaean', b'forces', b'agamemnon', b'has', b'taken', b'woman', b'named', b'chryseis', b'as', b'his', b'slave', b'her', b'father', b'chryses', b'priest', b'of', b'apollo', b'begs', b'agamemnon', b'to', b'return', b'her', b'to', b'him', b'agamemnon', b'refuses', b'and', b'apollo', b'sends', b'plague', b'amongst', b'the', b'greeks', b'the', b'prophet', b'calchas', b'correctly', b'determines', b'the', b'source', b'of', b'the', b'troubles', b'but', b'will', b'not', b'speak', b'unless', b'achilles', b'vows', b'to', b'protect', b'him', b'achilles', b'does', b'so', b'and', b'calchas', b'declares', b'that', b'chryseis', b'must', b'be', b'returned', b'to', b'her', b'father', b'agamemnon', b'consents', b'but', b'then', b'commands', b'that', b'achilles', b'battle', b'prize', b'briseis', b'the', b'daughter', b'of', b'briseus', b'be', b'brought', b'to', b'him', b'to', b'replace', b'chryseis', b'angry', b'at', b'the', b'dishonour', b'of', b'having', b'his', b'plunder', b'and', b'glory', b'taken', b'away', b'and', b'as', b'he', b'says', b'later', b'because', b'he', b'loves', b'briseis', b'with', b'the', b'urging', b'of', b'his', b'mother', b'thetis', b'achilles', b'refuses', b'to', b'fight', b'or', b'lead', b'his', b'troops', b'alongside', b'the', b'other', b'greek', b'forces', b'at', b'the', b'same', b'time', b'burning', b'with', b'rage', b'over', b'agamemnon', b'theft', b'achilles', b'prays', b'to', b'thetis', b'to', b'convince', b'zeus', b'to', b'help', b'the', b'trojans', b'gain', b'ground', b'in', b'the', b'war', b'so', b'that', b'he', b'may', b'regain', b'his', b'honour', b'the', b'embassy', b'to', b'achilles', b'attic', b'red', b'figure', b'hydria', b'bc', b'staatliche', b'berlin', b'achilles', b'and', b'agamemnon', b'from', b'fresco', b'of', b'pompeii', b'st', b'century', b'ad', b'as', b'the', b'battle', b'turns', b'against', b'the', b'greeks', b'thanks', b'to', b'the', b'influence', b'of', b'zeus', b'nestor', b'declares', b'that', b'the', b'trojans', b'are', b'winning', b'because', b'agamemnon', b'has', b'angered', b'achilles', b'and', b'urges', b'the', b'king', b'to', b'appease', b'the', b'warrior', b'agamemnon', b'agrees', b'and', b'sends', b'odysseus', b'and', b'two', b'other', b'chieftains', b'ajax', b'and', b'phoenix', b'to', b'achilles', b'with', b'the', b'offer', b'of', b'the', b'return', b'of', b'briseis', b'and', b'other', b'gifts', b'achilles', b'rejects', b'all', b'agamemnon', b'offers', b'him', b'and', b'simply', b'urges', b'the', b'greeks', b'to', b'sail', b'home', b'as', b'he', b'was', b'planning', b'to', b'do', b'achilles', b'sacrificing', b'to', b'zeus', b'for', b'patroclus', b'safe', b'return', b'from', b'the', b'ambrosian', b'iliad', b'th', b'century', b'illuminated', b'manuscript', b'the', b'rage', b'of', b'achilles', b'fresco', b'by', b'giovanni', b'battista', b'tiepolo', b'villa', b'valmarana', b'ai', b'nani', b'vicenza', b'triumphant', b'achilles', b'dragging', b'hector', b'lifeless', b'body', b'in', b'front', b'of', b'the', b'gates', b'of', b'troy', b'from', b'panoramic', b'fresco', b'on', b'the', b'upper', b'level', b'of', b'the', b'main', b'hall', b'of', b'the', b'achilleion', b'the', b'trojans', b'led', b'by', b'hector', b'subsequently', b'push', b'the', b'greek', b'army', b'back', b'toward', b'the', b'beaches', b'and', b'assault', b'the', b'greek', b'ships', b'with', b'the', b'greek', b'forces', b'on', b'the', b'verge', b'of', b'absolute', b'destruction', b'patroclus', b'leads', b'the', b'myrmidons', b'into', b'battle', b'wearing', b'achilles', b'armour', b'though', b'achilles', b'remains', b'at', b'his', b'camp', b'patroclus', b'succeeds', b'in', b'pushing', b'the', b'trojans', b'back', b'from', b'the', b'beaches', b'but', b'is', b'killed', b'by', b'hector', b'before', b'he', b'can', b'lead', b'proper', b'assault', b'on', b'the', b'city', b'of', b'troy', b'after', b'receiving', b'the', b'news', b'of', b'the', b'death', b'of', b'patroclus', b'from', b'antilochus', b'the', b'son', b'of', b'nestor', b'achilles', b'grieves', b'over', b'his', b'beloved', b'companion', b'death', b'his', b'mother', b'thetis', b'comes', b'to', b'comfort', b'the', b'distraught', b'achilles', b'she', b'persuades', b'hephaestus', b'to', b'make', b'new', b'armour', b'for', b'him', b'in', b'place', b'of', b'the', b'armour', b'that', b'patroclus', b'had', b'been', b'wearing', b'which', b'was', b'taken', b'by', b'hector', b'the', b'new', b'armour', b'includes', b'the', b'shield', b'of', b'achilles', b'described', b'in', b'great', b'detail', b'in', b'the', b'poem', b'enraged', b'over', b'the', b'death', b'of', b'patroclus', b'achilles', b'ends', b'his', b'refusal', b'to', b'fight', b'and', b'takes', b'the', b'field', b'killing', b'many', b'men', b'in', b'his', b'rage', b'but', b'always', b'seeking', b'out', b'hector', b'achilles', b'even', b'engages', b'in', b'battle', b'with', b'the', b'river', b'god', b'scamander', b'who', b'has', b'become', b'angry', b'that', b'achilles', b'is', b'choking', b'his', b'waters', b'with', b'all', b'the', b'men', b'he', b'has', b'killed', b'the', b'god', b'tries', b'to', b'drown', b'achilles', b'but', b'is', b'stopped', b'by', b'hera', b'and', b'hephaestus', b'zeus', b'himself', b'takes', b'note', b'of', b'achilles', b'rage', b'and', b'sends', b'the', b'gods', b'to', b'restrain', b'him', b'so', b'that', b'he', b'will', b'not', b'go', b'on', b'to', b'sack', b'troy', b'itself', b'before', b'the', b'time', b'allotted', b'for', b'its', b'destruction', b'seeming', b'to', b'show', b'that', b'the', b'unhindered', b'rage', b'of', b'achilles', b'can', b'defy', b'fate', b'itself', b'finally', b'achilles', b'finds', b'his', b'prey', b'achilles', b'chases', b'hector', b'around', b'the', b'wall', b'of', b'troy', b'three', b'times', b'before', b'athena', b'in', b'the', b'form', b'of', b'hector', b'favorite', b'and', b'dearest', b'brother', b'deiphobus', b'persuades', b'hector', b'to', b'stop', b'running', b'and', b'fight', b'achilles', b'face', b'to', b'face', b'after', b'hector', b'realizes', b'the', b'trick', b'he', b'knows', b'the', b'battle', b'is', b'inevitable', b'wanting', b'to', b'go', b'down', b'fighting', b'he', b'charges', b'at', b'achilles', b'with', b'his', b'only', b'weapon', b'his', b'sword', b'but', b'misses', b'accepting', b'his', b'fate', b'hector', b'begs', b'achilles', b'not', b'to', b'spare', b'his', b'life', b'but', b'to', b'treat', b'his', b'body', b'with', b'respect', b'after', b'killing', b'him', b'achilles', b'tells', b'hector', b'it', b'is', b'hopeless', b'to', b'expect', b'that', b'of', b'him', b'declaring', b'that', b'my', b'rage', b'my', b'fury', b'would', b'drive', b'me', b'now', b'to', b'hack', b'your', b'flesh', b'away', b'and', b'eat', b'you', b'raw', b'such', b'agonies', b'you', b'have', b'caused', b'me', b'achilles', b'then', b'kills', b'hector', b'and', b'drags', b'his', b'corpse', b'by', b'its', b'heels', b'behind', b'his', b'chariot', b'after', b'having', b'dream', b'where', b'patroclus', b'begs', b'achilles', b'to', b'hold', b'his', b'funeral', b'achilles', b'hosts', b'series', b'of', b'funeral', b'games', b'in', b'his', b'honour', b'tondo', b'of', b'an', b'attic', b'red', b'figure', b'kylix', b'bc', b'from', b'vulci', b'with', b'the', b'assistance', b'of', b'the', b'god', b'hermes', b'hector', b'father', b'priam', b'goes', b'to', b'achilles', b'tent', b'to', b'plead', b'with', b'achilles', b'for', b'the', b'return', b'of', b'hector', b'body', b'so', b'that', b'he', b'can', b'be', b'buried', b'achilles', b'relents', b'and', b'promises', b'truce', b'for', b'the', b'duration', b'of', b'the', b'funeral', b'the', b'poem', b'ends', b'with', b'description', b'of', b'hector', b'funeral', b'with', b'the', b'doom', b'of', b'troy', b'and', b'achilles', b'himself', b'still', b'to', b'come', b'later', b'epic', b'accounts', b'fighting', b'penthesilea', b'and', b'memnon', b'achilles', b'and', b'penthesilea', b'fighting', b'lucanian', b'red', b'figure', b'bell', b'krater', b'late', b'th', b'century', b'bc', b'achilles', b'and', b'memnon', b'fighting', b'between', b'thetis', b'and', b'eos', b'attic', b'black', b'figure', b'amphora', b'ca', b'bc', b'from', b'vulci', b'the', b'aethiopis', b'th', b'century', b'bc', b'and', b'work', b'named', b'posthomerica', b'composed', b'by', b'quintus', b'of', b'smyrna', b'in', b'the', b'fourth', b'century', b'ad', b'relate', b'further', b'events', b'from', b'the', b'trojan', b'war', b'when', b'penthesilea', b'queen', b'of', b'the', b'amazons', b'and', b'daughter', b'of', b'ares', b'arrives', b'in', b'troy', b'priam', b'hopes', b'that', b'she', b'defeat', b'achilles', b'after', b'his', b'temporary', b'truce', b'with', b'priam', b'achilles', b'fights', b'and', b'kills', b'the', b'warrior', b'queen', b'only', b'to', b'grieve', b'over', b'her', b'death', b'later', b'at', b'first', b'he', b'was', b'so', b'distracted', b'by', b'her', b'beauty', b'he', b'did', b'not', b'fight', b'as', b'intensely', b'as', b'usual', b'once', b'he', b'realized', b'that', b'his', b'distraction', b'was', b'endangering', b'his', b'life', b'he', b'refocused', b'and', b'killed', b'her', b'following', b'the', b'death', b'of', b'patroclus', b'nestor', b'son', b'antilochus', b'becomes', b'achilles', b'closest', b'companion', b'when', b'memnon', b'son', b'of', b'the', b'dawn', b'goddess', b'eos', b'and', b'king', b'of', b'ethiopia', b'slays', b'antilochus', b'achilles', b'once', b'more', b'obtains', b'revenge', b'on', b'the', b'battlefield', b'killing', b'memnon', b'consequently', b'eos', b'will', b'not', b'let', b'the', b'sun', b'rise', b'until', b'zeus', b'persuades', b'her', b'the', b'fight', b'between', b'achilles', b'and', b'memnon', b'over', b'antilochus', b'echoes', b'that', b'of', b'achilles', b'and', b'hector', b'over', b'patroclus', b'except', b'that', b'memnon', b'unlike', b'hector', b'was', b'also', b'the', b'son', b'of', b'goddess', b'many', b'homeric', b'scholars', b'argued', b'that', b'episode', b'inspired', b'many', b'details', b'in', b'the', b'iliad', b'description', b'of', b'the', b'death', b'of', b'patroclus', b'and', b'achilles', b'reaction', b'to', b'it', b'the', b'episode', b'then', b'formed', b'the', b'basis', b'of', b'the', b'cyclic', b'epic', b'aethiopis', b'which', b'was', b'composed', b'after', b'the', b'iliad', b'possibly', b'in', b'the', b'th', b'century', b'bc', b'the', b'aethiopis', b'is', b'now', b'lost', b'except', b'for', b'scattered', b'fragments', b'quoted', b'by', b'later', b'authors', b'achilles', b'death', b'attic', b'black', b'figure', b'lekythos', b'bc', b'from', b'sicily', b'staatliche', b'munich', b'the', b'death', b'of', b'achilles', b'as', b'predicted', b'by', b'hector', b'with', b'his', b'dying', b'breath', b'was', b'brought', b'about', b'by', b'paris', b'with', b'an', b'arrow', b'to', b'the', b'heel', b'according', b'to', b'statius', b'in', b'some', b'versions', b'the', b'god', b'apollo', b'guided', b'paris', b'arrow', b'some', b'retellings', b'also', b'state', b'that', b'achilles', b'was', b'scaling', b'the', b'gates', b'of', b'troy', b'and', b'was', b'hit', b'with', b'poisoned', b'arrow', b'all', b'of', b'these', b'versions', b'deny', b'paris', b'any', b'sort', b'of', b'valour', b'owing', b'to', b'the', b'common', b'conception', b'that', b'paris', b'was', b'coward', b'and', b'not', b'the', b'man', b'his', b'brother', b'hector', b'was', b'and', b'achilles', b'remained', b'undefeated', b'on', b'the', b'battlefield', b'his', b'bones', b'were', b'mingled', b'with', b'those', b'of', b'patroclus', b'and', b'funeral', b'games', b'were', b'held', b'he', b'was', b'represented', b'in', b'the', b'aethiopis', b'as', b'living', b'after', b'his', b'death', b'in', b'the', b'island', b'of', b'leuke', b'at', b'the', b'mouth', b'of', b'the', b'river', b'danube', b'another', b'version', b'of', b'achilles', b'death', b'is', b'that', b'he', b'fell', b'deeply', b'in', b'love', b'with', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'trojan', b'princesses', b'polyxena', b'achilles', b'asks', b'priam', b'for', b'polyxena', b'hand', b'in', b'marriage', b'priam', b'is', b'willing', b'because', b'it', b'would', b'mean', b'the', b'end', b'of', b'the', b'war', b'and', b'an', b'alliance', b'with', b'the', b'world', b'greatest', b'warrior', b'but', b'while', b'priam', b'is', b'overseeing', b'the', b'private', b'marriage', b'of', b'polyxena', b'and', b'achilles', b'paris', b'who', b'would', b'have', b'to', b'give', b'up', b'helen', b'if', b'achilles', b'married', b'his', b'sister', b'hides', b'in', b'the', b'bushes', b'and', b'shoots', b'achilles', b'with', b'divine', b'arrow', b'killing', b'him', b'in', b'the', b'odyssey', b'agamemnon', b'informs', b'achilles', b'of', b'his', b'pompous', b'burial', b'and', b'the', b'erection', b'of', b'his', b'mound', b'at', b'the', b'hellespont', b'while', b'they', b'are', b'receiving', b'the', b'dead', b'suitors', b'in', b'hades', b'he', b'claims', b'they', b'built', b'massive', b'burial', b'mound', b'on', b'the', b'beach', b'of', b'ilion', b'that', b'could', b'be', b'seen', b'by', b'anyone', b'approaching', b'from', b'the', b'ocean', b'achilles', b'was', b'cremated', b'and', b'his', b'ashes', b'buried', b'in', b'the', b'same', b'urn', b'as', b'those', b'of', b'patroclus', b'paris', b'was', b'later', b'killed', b'by', b'philoctetes', b'using', b'the', b'enormous', b'bow', b'of', b'heracles', b'in', b'book', b'of', b'homer', b'odyssey', b'odysseus', b'sails', b'to', b'the', b'underworld', b'and', b'converses', b'with', b'the', b'shades', b'one', b'of', b'these', b'is', b'achilles', b'who', b'when', b'greeted', b'as', b'blessed', b'in', b'life', b'blessed', b'in', b'death', b'responds', b'that', b'he', b'would', b'rather', b'be', b'slave', b'to', b'the', b'worst', b'of', b'masters', b'than', b'be', b'king', b'of', b'all', b'the', b'dead', b'but', b'achilles', b'then', b'asks', b'odysseus', b'of', b'his', b'son', b'exploits', b'in', b'the', b'trojan', b'war', b'and', b'when', b'odysseus', b'tells', b'of', b'neoptolemus', b'heroic', b'actions', b'achilles', b'is', b'filled', b'with', b'satisfaction', b'this', b'leaves', b'the', b'reader', b'with', b'an', b'ambiguous', b'understanding', b'of', b'how', b'achilles', b'felt', b'about', b'the', b'heroic', b'life', b'according', b'to', b'some', b'accounts', b'he', b'had', b'married', b'medea', b'in', b'life', b'so', b'that', b'after', b'both', b'their', b'deaths', b'they', b'were', b'united', b'in', b'the', b'elysian', b'fields', b'of', b'hades', b'as', b'hera', b'promised', b'thetis', b'in', b'apollonius', b'argonautica', b'rd', b'century', b'bc', b'achilles', b'tending', b'patroclus', b'wounded', b'by', b'an', b'arrow', b'attic', b'red', b'figure', b'kylix', b'bc', b'altes', b'museum', b'berlin', b'achilles', b'and', b'patroclus', b'the', b'exact', b'nature', b'of', b'achilles', b'relationship', b'with', b'patroclus', b'has', b'been', b'subject', b'of', b'dispute', b'in', b'both', b'the', b'classical', b'period', b'and', b'modern', b'times', b'in', b'the', b'iliad', b'it', b'appears', b'to', b'be', b'the', b'model', b'of', b'deep', b'and', b'loyal', b'friendship', b'homer', b'does', b'not', b'suggest', b'that', b'achilles', b'and', b'his', b'close', b'friend', b'patroclus', b'were', b'lovers', b'despite', b'there', b'being', b'no', b'direct', b'evidence', b'in', b'the', b'text', b'of', b'the', b'iliad', b'that', b'achilles', b'and', b'patroclus', b'were', b'lovers', b'this', b'theory', b'was', b'expressed', b'by', b'some', b'later', b'authors', b'commentators', b'from', b'classical', b'antiquity', b'to', b'the', b'present', b'have', b'often', b'interpreted', b'the', b'relationship', b'through', b'the', b'lens', b'of', b'their', b'own', b'cultures', b'in', b'th', b'century', b'bc', b'athens', b'the', b'intense', b'bond', b'was', b'often', b'viewed', b'in', b'light', b'of', b'the', b'greek', b'custom', b'of', b'paiderasteia', b'in', b'plato', b'symposium', b'the', b'participants', b'in', b'dialogue', b'about', b'love', b'assume', b'that', b'achilles', b'and', b'patroclus', b'were', b'couple', b'phaedrus', b'argues', b'that', b'achilles', b'was', b'the', b'younger', b'and', b'more', b'beautiful', b'one', b'so', b'he', b'was', b'the', b'beloved', b'and', b'patroclus', b'was', b'the', b'lover', b'but', b'ancient', b'greek', b'had', b'no', b'words', b'to', b'distinguish', b'heterosexual', b'and', b'homosexual', b'and', b'it', b'was', b'assumed', b'that', b'man', b'could', b'both', b'desire', b'handsome', b'young', b'men', b'and', b'have', b'sex', b'with', b'women', b'the', b'fate', b'of', b'achilles', b'armour', b'achilles', b'and', b'ajax', b'playing', b'the', b'board', b'game', b'petteia', b'black', b'figure', b'oinochoe', b'bc', b'capitoline', b'museums', b'rome', b'achilles', b'armour', b'was', b'the', b'object', b'of', b'feud', b'between', b'odysseus', b'and', b'telamonian', b'ajax', b'ajax', b'the', b'greater', b'they', b'competed', b'for', b'it', b'by', b'giving', b'speeches', b'on', b'why', b'they', b'were', b'the', b'bravest', b'after', b'achilles', b'to', b'their', b'trojan', b'prisoners', b'who', b'after', b'considering', b'both', b'men', b'came', b'to', b'consensus', b'in', b'favor', b'of', b'odysseus', b'furious', b'ajax', b'cursed', b'odysseus', b'which', b'earned', b'the', b'ire', b'of', b'athena', b'athena', b'temporarily', b'made', b'ajax', b'so', b'mad', b'with', b'grief', b'and', b'anguish', b'that', b'he', b'began', b'killing', b'sheep', b'thinking', b'them', b'his', b'comrades', b'after', b'while', b'when', b'athena', b'lifted', b'his', b'madness', b'and', b'ajax', b'realized', b'that', b'he', b'had', b'actually', b'been', b'killing', b'sheep', b'ajax', b'was', b'left', b'so', b'ashamed', b'that', b'he', b'committed', b'suicide', b'odysseus', b'eventually', b'gave', b'the', b'armour', b'to', b'neoptolemus', b'the', b'son', b'of', b'achilles', b'relic', b'claimed', b'to', b'be', b'achilles', b'bronze', b'headed', b'spear', b'was', b'for', b'centuries', b'preserved', b'in', b'the', b'temple', b'of', b'athena', b'on', b'the', b'acropolis', b'of', b'phaselis', b'lycia', b'port', b'on', b'the', b'pamphylian', b'gulf', b'the', b'city', b'was', b'visited', b'in', b'bc', b'by', b'alexander', b'the', b'great', b'who', b'envisioned', b'himself', b'as', b'the', b'new', b'achilles', b'and', b'carried', b'the', b'iliad', b'with', b'him', b'but', b'his', b'court', b'biographers', b'do', b'not', b'mention', b'the', b'spear', b'however', b'it', b'was', b'shown', b'in', b'the', b'time', b'of', b'pausanias', b'in', b'the', b'nd', b'century', b'ad', b'achilles', b'ajax', b'and', b'game', b'of', b'petteia', b'numerous', b'paintings', b'on', b'pottery', b'have', b'suggested', b'tale', b'not', b'mentioned', b'in', b'the', b'literary', b'traditions', b'at', b'some', b'point', b'in', b'the', b'war', b'achilles', b'and', b'ajax', b'were', b'playing', b'board', b'game', b'petteia', b'they', b'were', b'absorbed', b'in', b'the', b'game', b'and', b'oblivious', b'to', b'the', b'surrounding', b'battle', b'the', b'trojans', b'attacked', b'and', b'reached', b'the', b'heroes', b'who', b'were', b'saved', b'only', b'by', b'an', b'intervention', b'of', b'athena', b'worship', b'and', b'heroic', b'cult', b'the', b'tomb', b'of', b'achilles', b'extant', b'throughout', b'antiquity', b'in', b'troad', b'was', b'venerated', b'by', b'thessalians', b'but', b'also', b'by', b'persian', b'expeditionary', b'forces', b'as', b'well', b'as', b'by', b'alexander', b'the', b'great', b'and', b'the', b'roman', b'emperor', b'caracalla', b'achilles', b'cult', b'was', b'also', b'to', b'be', b'found', b'at', b'other', b'places', b'on', b'the', b'island', b'of', b'astypalaea', b'in', b'the', b'sporades', b'in', b'sparta', b'which', b'had', b'sanctuary', b'in', b'elis', b'and', b'in', b'achill', b'homeland', b'thessaly', b'as', b'well', b'as', b'in', b'the', b'magna', b'graecia', b'cities', b'of', b'tarentum', b'locri', b'and', b'croton', b'accounting', b'for', b'an', b'almost', b'panhellenic', b'cult', b'to', b'the', b'hero', b'the', b'spread', b'and', b'intensity', b'of', b'the', b'hero', b'veneration', b'among', b'the', b'greeks', b'that', b'had', b'settled', b'on', b'the', b'northern', b'coast', b'of', b'the', b'pontus', b'euxinus', b'today', b'black', b'sea', b'appears', b'to', b'have', b'been', b'remarkable', b'an', b'archaic', b'cult', b'is', b'attested', b'for', b'the', b'milesian', b'colony', b'of', b'olbia', b'as', b'well', b'as', b'for', b'an', b'island', b'in', b'the', b'middle', b'of', b'the', b'black', b'sea', b'today', b'identified', b'with', b'snake', b'island', b'ukrainian', b'\xd0\xb7\xd0\xbc\xd1\x96\xd1\x97\xd0\xbd\xd0\xb8\xd0\xb9', b'zmiinyi', b'near', b'kiliya', b'ukraine', b'early', b'dedicatory', b'inscriptions', b'from', b'the', b'greek', b'colonies', b'on', b'the', b'black', b'sea', b'graffiti', b'and', b'inscribed', b'clay', b'disks', b'these', b'possibly', b'being', b'votive', b'offerings', b'from', b'olbia', b'the', b'area', b'of', b'berezan', b'island', b'and', b'the', b'tauric', b'chersonese', b'attest', b'the', b'existence', b'of', b'heroic', b'cult', b'of', b'achilles', b'from', b'the', b'sixth', b'century', b'bc', b'onwards', b'the', b'cult', b'was', b'still', b'thriving', b'in', b'the', b'third', b'century', b'ad', b'when', b'dedicatory', b'stelae', b'from', b'olbia', b'refer', b'to', b'an', b'achilles', b'pont\xc3\xa1rch\xc4\x93s', b'\xcf\x80\xce\xbf\xce\xbd\xcf\x84\xce\xac\xcf\x81\xcf\x87\xce\xb7\xcf\x82', b'roughly', b'lord', b'of', b'the', b'sea', b'or', b'of', b'the', b'pontus', b'euxinus', b'who', b'was', b'invoked', b'as', b'protector', b'of', b'the', b'city', b'of', b'olbia', b'venerated', b'on', b'par', b'with', b'olympian', b'gods', b'such', b'as', b'the', b'local', b'apollo', b'prostates', b'hermes', b'agoraeus', b'or', b'poseidon', b'pliny', b'the', b'elder', b'ad', b'in', b'his', b'natural', b'history', b'mentions', b'port', b'of', b'the', b'ach\xc3\xa6i', b'and', b'an', b'island', b'of', b'achilles', b'famous', b'for', b'the', b'tomb', b'of', b'that', b'man', b'portus', b'achaeorum', b'insula', b'achillis', b'tumulo', b'eius', b'viri', b'clara', b'situated', b'somewhat', b'nearby', b'olbia', b'and', b'the', b'dnieper', b'bug', b'estuary', b'furthermore', b'at', b'roman', b'miles', b'from', b'this', b'island', b'he', b'places', b'peninsula', b'which', b'stretches', b'forth', b'in', b'the', b'shape', b'of', b'sword', b'obliquely', b'called', b'dromos', b'achilleos', b'\xe1\xbc\x80\xcf\x87\xce\xb9\xce\xbb\xce\xbb\xce\xad\xcf\x89\xcf\x82', b'\xce\xb4\xcf\x81\xcf\x8c\xce\xbc\xce\xbf\xcf\x82', b'achill\xc3\xa9\xc5\x8ds', b'dr\xc3\xb3mos', b'the', b'race', b'course', b'of', b'achilles', b'and', b'considered', b'the', b'place', b'of', b'the', b'hero', b'exercise', b'or', b'of', b'games', b'instituted', b'by', b'him', b'this', b'last', b'feature', b'of', b'pliny', b'account', b'is', b'considered', b'to', b'be', b'the', b'iconic', b'spit', b'called', b'today', b'tendra', b'or', b'kosa', b'tendra', b'and', b'kosa', b'djarilgatch', b'situated', b'between', b'the', b'mouth', b'of', b'the', b'dnieper', b'and', b'karkinit', b'bay', b'but', b'which', b'is', b'hardly', b'roman', b'miles', b'km', b'away', b'from', b'the', b'dnieper', b'bug', b'estuary', b'as', b'pliny', b'states', b'to', b'the', b'race', b'course', b'he', b'gives', b'length', b'of', b'miles', b'km', b'whereas', b'the', b'spit', b'measures', b'km', b'today', b'thetis', b'and', b'the', b'nereids', b'mourning', b'achilles', b'corinthian', b'black', b'figure', b'hydria', b'bc', b'louvre', b'paris', b'roman', b'statue', b'of', b'man', b'with', b'the', b'dead', b'body', b'of', b'boy', b'identified', b'as', b'achilles', b'and', b'troilus', b'nd', b'century', b'ad', b'naples', b'national', b'archaeological', b'museum', b'in', b'the', b'following', b'chapter', b'of', b'his', b'book', b'pliny', b'refers', b'to', b'the', b'same', b'island', b'as', b'achillea', b'and', b'introduces', b'two', b'further', b'names', b'for', b'it', b'leuce', b'or', b'macaron', b'from', b'greek', b'\xce\xbd\xe1\xbf\x86\xcf\x83\xce\xbf\xcf\x82', b'\xce\xbc\xce\xb1\xce\xba\xce\xb1\xcf\x81\xe1\xbf\xb6\xce\xbd', b'island', b'of', b'the', b'blest', b'the', b'present', b'day', b'measures', b'he', b'gives', b'at', b'this', b'point', b'seem', b'to', b'account', b'for', b'an', b'identification', b'of', b'achillea', b'or', b'leuce', b'with', b'today', b'snake', b'island', b'pliny', b'contemporary', b'pomponius', b'mela', b'ad', b'tells', b'that', b'achilles', b'was', b'buried', b'on', b'an', b'island', b'named', b'achillea', b'situated', b'between', b'the', b'borysthenes', b'and', b'the', b'ister', b'adding', b'to', b'the', b'geographical', b'confusion', b'ruins', b'of', b'square', b'temple', b'measuring', b'meters', b'to', b'side', b'possibly', b'that', b'dedicated', b'to', b'achilles', b'were', b'discovered', b'by', b'captain', b'kritzikly', b'in', b'on', b'snake', b'island', b'second', b'exploration', b'in', b'showed', b'that', b'the', b'construction', b'of', b'lighthouse', b'had', b'destroyed', b'all', b'traces', b'of', b'this', b'temple', b'fifth', b'century', b'bc', b'black', b'glazed', b'lekythos', b'inscription', b'found', b'on', b'the', b'island', b'in', b'reads', b'glaukos', b'son', b'of', b'poseidon', b'dedicated', b'me', b'to', b'achilles', b'lord', b'of', b'leuke', b'in', b'another', b'inscription', b'from', b'the', b'fifth', b'or', b'fourth', b'century', b'bc', b'statue', b'is', b'dedicated', b'to', b'achilles', b'lord', b'of', b'leuke', b'by', b'citizen', b'of', b'olbia', b'while', b'in', b'further', b'dedication', b'the', b'city', b'of', b'olbia', b'confirms', b'its', b'continuous', b'maintenance', b'of', b'the', b'island', b'cult', b'again', b'suggesting', b'its', b'quality', b'as', b'place', b'of', b'supra', b'regional', b'hero', b'veneration', b'the', b'heroic', b'cult', b'dedicated', b'to', b'achilles', b'on', b'leuce', b'seems', b'to', b'go', b'back', b'to', b'an', b'account', b'from', b'the', b'lost', b'epic', b'aethiopis', b'according', b'to', b'which', b'after', b'his', b'untimely', b'death', b'thetis', b'had', b'snatched', b'her', b'son', b'from', b'the', b'funeral', b'pyre', b'and', b'removed', b'him', b'to', b'mythical', b'\xce\xbb\xce\xb5\xcf\x8d\xce\xba\xce\xb7', b'\xce\xbd\xe1\xbf\x86\xcf\x83\xce\xbf\xcf\x82', b'le\xc3\xbak\xc4\x93', b'n\xc3\xaasos', b'white', b'island', b'already', b'in', b'the', b'fifth', b'century', b'bc', b'pindar', b'had', b'mentioned', b'cult', b'of', b'achilles', b'on', b'bright', b'island', b'\xcf\x86\xce\xb1\xce\xb5\xce\xbd\xce\xbd\xce\xac', b'\xce\xbd\xe1\xbe\xb6\xcf\x83\xce\xbf\xcf\x82', b'phaenn\xc3\xa1', b'n\xc3\xa2sos', b'of', b'the', b'black', b'sea', b'while', b'in', b'another', b'of', b'his', b'works', b'pindar', b'would', b'retell', b'the', b'story', b'of', b'the', b'immortalized', b'achilles', b'living', b'on', b'geographically', b'indefinite', b'island', b'of', b'the', b'blest', b'together', b'with', b'other', b'heroes', b'such', b'as', b'his', b'father', b'peleus', b'and', b'cadmus', b'well', b'known', b'is', b'the', b'connection', b'of', b'these', b'mythological', b'fortunate', b'isles', b'\xce\xbc\xce\xb1\xce\xba\xce\xb1\xcf\x81\xe1\xbf\xb6\xce\xbd', b'\xce\xbd\xe1\xbf\x86\xcf\x83\xce\xbf\xce\xb9', b'mak\xc3\xa1r\xc3\xb4n', b'n\xc3\xaasoi', b'or', b'the', b'homeric', b'elysium', b'with', b'the', b'stream', b'oceanus', b'which', b'according', b'to', b'greek', b'mythology', b'surrounds', b'the', b'inhabited', b'world', b'which', b'should', b'have', b'accounted', b'for', b'the', b'identification', b'of', b'the', b'northern', b'strands', b'of', b'the', b'euxine', b'with', b'it', b'guy', b'hedreen', b'has', b'found', b'further', b'evidence', b'for', b'this', b'connection', b'of', b'achilles', b'with', b'the', b'northern', b'margin', b'of', b'the', b'inhabited', b'world', b'in', b'poem', b'by', b'alcaeus', b'speaking', b'of', b'achilles', b'lord', b'of', b'scythia', b'and', b'the', b'opposition', b'of', b'north', b'and', b'south', b'as', b'evoked', b'by', b'achilles', b'fight', b'against', b'the', b'aethiopian', b'prince', b'memnon', b'who', b'in', b'his', b'turn', b'would', b'be', b'removed', b'to', b'his', b'homeland', b'by', b'his', b'mother', b'eos', b'after', b'his', b'death', b'the', b'periplus', b'of', b'the', b'euxine', b'sea', b'ad', b'gives', b'the', b'following', b'details', b'the', b'greek', b'geographer', b'dionysius', b'periegetes', b'who', b'lived', b'probably', b'during', b'the', b'first', b'century', b'ad', b'wrote', b'that', b'the', b'island', b'was', b'called', b'leuce', b'because', b'the', b'wild', b'animals', b'which', b'live', b'there', b'are', b'white', b'it', b'is', b'said', b'that', b'there', b'in', b'leuce', b'island', b'reside', b'the', b'souls', b'of', b'achilles', b'and', b'other', b'heroes', b'and', b'that', b'they', b'wander', b'through', b'the', b'uninhabited', b'valleys', b'of', b'this', b'island', b'this', b'is', b'how', b'jove', b'rewarded', b'the', b'men', b'who', b'had', b'distinguished', b'themselves', b'through', b'their', b'virtues', b'because', b'through', b'virtue', b'they', b'had', b'acquired', b'everlasting', b'honour', b'similarly', b'others', b'relate', b'the', b'island', b'name', b'to', b'its', b'white', b'cliffs', b'snakes', b'or', b'birds', b'dwelling', b'there', b'pausanias', b'has', b'been', b'told', b'that', b'the', b'island', b'is', b'covered', b'with', b'forests', b'and', b'full', b'of', b'animals', b'some', b'wild', b'some', b'tame', b'in', b'this', b'island', b'there', b'is', b'also', b'achilles', b'temple', b'and', b'his', b'statue', b'leuce', b'had', b'also', b'reputation', b'as', b'place', b'of', b'healing', b'pausanias', b'reports', b'that', b'the', b'delphic', b'pythia', b'sent', b'lord', b'of', b'croton', b'to', b'be', b'cured', b'of', b'chest', b'wound', b'ammianus', b'marcellinus', b'attributes', b'the', b'healing', b'to', b'waters', b'aquae', b'on', b'the', b'island', b'number', b'of', b'important', b'commercial', b'port', b'cities', b'of', b'the', b'greek', b'waters', b'were', b'dedicated', b'to', b'achilles', b'herodotus', b'pliny', b'the', b'elder', b'and', b'strabo', b'reported', b'on', b'the', b'existence', b'of', b'town', b'ach\xc3\xadlleion', b'\xe1\xbc\x80\xcf\x87\xce\xaf\xce\xbb\xce\xbb\xce\xb5\xce\xb9\xce\xbf\xce\xbd', b'built', b'by', b'settlers', b'from', b'mytilene', b'in', b'the', b'sixth', b'century', b'bc', b'close', b'to', b'the', b'hero', b'presumed', b'burial', b'mound', b'in', b'the', b'troad', b'later', b'attestations', b'point', b'to', b'an', b'ach\xc3\xadlleion', b'in', b'messenia', b'according', b'to', b'stephanus', b'byzantinus', b'and', b'an', b'ach\xc3\xadlleios', b'\xe1\xbc\x80\xcf\x87\xce\xaf\xce\xbb\xce\xbb\xce\xb5\xce\xb9\xce\xbf\xcf\x82', b'in', b'laconia', b'nicolae', b'densu\xc5\x9fianu', b'recognized', b'connection', b'to', b'achilles', b'in', b'the', b'names', b'of', b'aquileia', b'and', b'of', b'the', b'northern', b'arm', b'of', b'the', b'danube', b'delta', b'called', b'chilia', b'presumably', b'from', b'an', b'older', b'achileii', b'though', b'his', b'conclusion', b'that', b'leuce', b'had', b'sovereign', b'rights', b'over', b'the', b'black', b'sea', b'evokes', b'modern', b'rather', b'than', b'archaic', b'sea', b'law', b'the', b'kings', b'of', b'epirus', b'claimed', b'to', b'be', b'descended', b'from', b'achilles', b'through', b'his', b'son', b'neoptolemus', b'alexander', b'the', b'great', b'son', b'of', b'the', b'epirote', b'princess', b'olympias', b'could', b'therefore', b'also', b'claim', b'this', b'descent', b'and', b'in', b'many', b'ways', b'strove', b'to', b'be', b'like', b'his', b'great', b'ancestor', b'he', b'is', b'said', b'to', b'have', b'visited', b'the', b'tomb', b'of', b'achilles', b'at', b'achilleion', b'while', b'passing', b'troy', b'in', b'ad', b'the', b'roman', b'emperor', b'caracalla', b'while', b'on', b'his', b'way', b'to', b'war', b'against', b'parthia', b'emulated', b'alexander', b'by', b'holding', b'games', b'around', b'achilles', b'tumulus', b'reception', b'during', b'antiquity', b'achilles', b'in', b'greek', b'tragedy', b'the', b'greek', b'tragedian', b'aeschylus', b'wrote', b'trilogy', b'of', b'plays', b'about', b'achilles', b'given', b'the', b'title', b'achilleis', b'by', b'modern', b'scholars', b'the', b'tragedies', b'relate', b'the', b'deeds', b'of', b'achilles', b'during', b'the', b'trojan', b'war', b'including', b'his', b'defeat', b'of', b'hector', b'and', b'eventual', b'death', b'when', b'an', b'arrow', b'shot', b'by', b'paris', b'and', b'guided', b'by', b'apollo', b'punctures', b'his', b'heel', b'extant', b'fragments', b'of', b'the', b'achilleis', b'and', b'other', b'aeschylean', b'fragments', b'have', b'been', b'assembled', b'to', b'produce', b'workable', b'modern', b'play', b'the', b'first', b'part', b'of', b'the', b'achilleis', b'trilogy', b'the', b'myrmidons', b'focused', b'on', b'the', b'relationship', b'between', b'achilles', b'and', b'chorus', b'who', b'represent', b'the', b'achaean', b'army', b'and', b'try', b'to', b'convince', b'achilles', b'to', b'give', b'up', b'his', b'quarrel', b'with', b'agamemnon', b'only', b'few', b'lines', b'survive', b'today', b'in', b'plato', b'symposium', b'phaedrus', b'points', b'out', b'that', b'aeschylus', b'portrayed', b'achilles', b'as', b'the', b'lover', b'and', b'patroclus', b'as', b'the', b'beloved', b'phaedrus', b'argues', b'that', b'this', b'is', b'incorrect', b'because', b'achilles', b'being', b'the', b'younger', b'and', b'more', b'beautiful', b'of', b'the', b'two', b'was', b'the', b'beloved', b'who', b'loved', b'his', b'lover', b'so', b'much', b'that', b'he', b'chose', b'to', b'die', b'to', b'revenge', b'him', b'the', b'tragedian', b'sophocles', b'also', b'wrote', b'the', b'lovers', b'of', b'achilles', b'play', b'with', b'achilles', b'as', b'the', b'main', b'character', b'only', b'few', b'fragments', b'survive', b'towards', b'the', b'end', b'of', b'the', b'th', b'century', b'bc', b'more', b'negative', b'view', b'of', b'achilles', b'emerges', b'in', b'greek', b'drama', b'euripides', b'refers', b'to', b'achilles', b'in', b'bitter', b'or', b'ironic', b'tone', b'in', b'hecuba', b'electra', b'and', b'iphigenia', b'in', b'aulis', b'achilles', b'in', b'greek', b'philosophy', b'the', b'philosopher', b'zeno', b'of', b'elea', b'centered', b'one', b'of', b'his', b'paradoxes', b'on', b'an', b'imaginary', b'footrace', b'between', b'swift', b'footed', b'achilles', b'and', b'tortoise', b'by', b'which', b'he', b'attempted', b'to', b'show', b'that', b'achilles', b'could', b'not', b'catch', b'up', b'to', b'tortoise', b'with', b'head', b'start', b'and', b'therefore', b'that', b'motion', b'and', b'change', b'were', b'impossible', b'as', b'student', b'of', b'the', b'monist', b'parmenides', b'and', b'member', b'of', b'the', b'eleatic', b'school', b'zeno', b'believed', b'time', b'and', b'motion', b'to', b'be', b'illusions', b'achilles', b'in', b'roman', b'and', b'medieval', b'literature', b'the', b'romans', b'who', b'traditionally', b'traced', b'their', b'lineage', b'to', b'troy', b'took', b'highly', b'negative', b'view', b'of', b'achilles', b'virgil', b'refers', b'to', b'achilles', b'as', b'savage', b'and', b'merciless', b'butcher', b'of', b'men', b'while', b'horace', b'portrays', b'achilles', b'ruthlessly', b'slaying', b'women', b'and', b'children', b'other', b'writers', b'such', b'as', b'catullus', b'propertius', b'and', b'ovid', b'represent', b'second', b'strand', b'of', b'disparagement', b'with', b'an', b'emphasis', b'on', b'achilles', b'erotic', b'career', b'this', b'strand', b'continues', b'in', b'latin', b'accounts', b'of', b'the', b'trojan', b'war', b'by', b'writers', b'such', b'as', b'dictys', b'cretensis', b'and', b'dares', b'phrygius', b'and', b'in', b'beno\xc3\xaet', b'de', b'sainte', b'maure', b'roman', b'de', b'troie', b'and', b'guido', b'delle', b'colonne', b'historia', b'destructionis', b'troiae', b'which', b'remained', b'the', b'most', b'widely', b'read', b'and', b'retold', b'versions', b'of', b'the', b'matter', b'of', b'troy', b'until', b'the', b'th', b'century', b'achilles', b'was', b'described', b'by', b'the', b'byzantine', b'chronicler', b'leo', b'the', b'deacon', b'not', b'as', b'hellene', b'but', b'as', b'scythian', b'while', b'according', b'to', b'the', b'byzantine', b'author', b'john', b'malalas', b'his', b'army', b'was', b'made', b'up', b'of', b'tribe', b'previously', b'known', b'as', b'myrmidons', b'and', b'later', b'as', b'bulgars', b'achilles', b'in', b'modern', b'literature', b'and', b'arts', b'briseis', b'and', b'achilles', b'engraving', b'by', b'wenceslaus', b'hollar', b'the', b'wrath', b'of', b'achilles', b'painting', b'by', b'peter', b'paul', b'rubens', b'the', b'death', b'of', b'hector', b'unfinished', b'oil', b'painting', b'by', b'peter', b'paul', b'rubens', b'james', b'barry', b'yale', b'center', b'for', b'british', b'art', b'the', b'wrath', b'of', b'achilles', b'by', b'fran\xc3\xa7ois', b'l\xc3\xa9on', b'benouville', b'mus\xc3\xa9e', b'fabre', b'the', b'education', b'of', b'achilles', b'by', b'eug\xc3\xa8ne', b'delacroix', b'pastel', b'on', b'paper', b'getty', b'center', b'los', b'angeles', b'literature', b'achilles', b'appears', b'in', b'dante', b'inferno', b'composed', b'he', b'is', b'seen', b'in', b'hell', b'second', b'circle', b'of', b'lust', b'achilles', b'is', b'portrayed', b'as', b'former', b'hero', b'who', b'has', b'become', b'lazy', b'and', b'devoted', b'to', b'the', b'love', b'of', b'patroclus', b'in', b'william', b'shakespeare', b'troilus', b'and', b'cressida', b'the', b'french', b'dramatist', b'thomas', b'corneille', b'wrote', b'tragedy', b'la', b'mort', b'achille', b'achilles', b'is', b'the', b'subject', b'of', b'the', b'poem', b'achilleis', b'fragment', b'by', b'johann', b'wolfgang', b'von', b'goethe', b'achilles', b'is', b'mentioned', b'in', b'tennyson', b'poem', b'ulysses', b'published', b'in', b'we', b'shall', b'touch', b'the', b'happy', b'isles', b'and', b'meet', b'there', b'the', b'great', b'achilles', b'whom', b'we', b'knew', b'in', b'the', b'polish', b'playwright', b'painter', b'and', b'poet', b'stanis\xc5\x82aw', b'wyspia\xc5\x84ski', b'published', b'national', b'drama', b'based', b'on', b'polish', b'history', b'named', b'achilles', b'in', b'edward', b'shanks', b'published', b'the', b'the', b'island', b'of', b'youth', b'and', b'other', b'poems', b'concerned', b'among', b'others', b'with', b'achilles', b'the', b'novel', b'kassandra', b'by', b'christa', b'wolf', b'also', b'treats', b'the', b'death', b'of', b'achilles', b'achilles', b'akhilles', b'is', b'killed', b'by', b'poisoned', b'kentaur', b'arrow', b'shot', b'by', b'kassandra', b'in', b'marion', b'zimmer', b'bradley', b'novel', b'the', b'firebrand', b'achilles', b'is', b'one', b'of', b'various', b'narrators', b'in', b'colleen', b'mccullough', b'novel', b'the', b'song', b'of', b'troy', b'the', b'death', b'of', b'achilles', b'\xd1\x81\xd0\xbc\xd0\xb5\xd1\x80\xd1\x82\xd1\x8c', b'\xd0\xb0\xd1\x85\xd0\xb8\xd0\xbb\xd0\xbb\xd0\xb5\xd1\x81\xd0\xb0', b'is', b'an', b'historical', b'detective', b'novel', b'by', b'russian', b'writer', b'boris', b'akunin', b'that', b'alludes', b'to', b'various', b'figures', b'and', b'motifs', b'from', b'the', b'iliad', b'the', b'character', b'achilles', b'in', b'ender', b'shadow', b'by', b'orson', b'scott', b'card', b'shares', b'his', b'namesake', b'cunning', b'mind', b'and', b'ruthless', b'attitude', b'achilles', b'is', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'main', b'characters', b'in', b'dan', b'simmons', b'novels', b'ilium', b'and', b'olympos', b'achilles', b'is', b'the', b'main', b'character', b'in', b'david', b'malouf', b'novel', b'ransom', b'the', b'ghost', b'of', b'achilles', b'appears', b'in', b'rick', b'riordan', b'the', b'last', b'olympian', b'he', b'warns', b'percy', b'jackson', b'about', b'the', b'curse', b'of', b'achilles', b'and', b'its', b'side', b'effects', b'achilles', b'is', b'main', b'character', b'in', b'terence', b'hawkins', b'novel', b'the', b'rage', b'of', b'achilles', b'achilles', b'is', b'major', b'character', b'in', b'madeline', b'miller', b'debut', b'novel', b'the', b'song', b'of', b'achilles', b'which', b'won', b'the', b'orange', b'prize', b'for', b'fiction', b'the', b'novel', b'explores', b'the', b'relationship', b'between', b'patroclus', b'and', b'achilles', b'from', b'boyhood', b'to', b'the', b'fateful', b'events', b'of', b'the', b'iliad', b'achilles', b'appears', b'in', b'the', b'light', b'novel', b'series', b'fate', b'apocrypha', b'as', b'the', b'rider', b'of', b'red', b'visual', b'arts', b'achilles', b'with', b'the', b'daughters', b'of', b'lycomedes', b'is', b'subject', b'treated', b'in', b'paintings', b'by', b'anthony', b'van', b'dyck', b'before', b'museo', b'del', b'prado', b'madrid', b'and', b'nicolas', b'poussin', b'museum', b'of', b'fine', b'arts', b'boston', b'among', b'others', b'peter', b'paul', b'rubens', b'has', b'authored', b'series', b'of', b'works', b'on', b'the', b'life', b'of', b'achilles', b'comprising', b'the', b'titles', b'thetis', b'dipping', b'the', b'infant', b'achilles', b'into', b'the', b'river', b'styx', b'achilles', b'educated', b'by', b'the', b'centaur', b'chiron', b'achilles', b'recognized', b'among', b'the', b'daughters', b'of', b'lycomedes', b'the', b'wrath', b'of', b'achilles', b'the', b'death', b'of', b'hector', b'thetis', b'receiving', b'the', b'arms', b'of', b'achilles', b'from', b'vulcanus', b'the', b'death', b'of', b'achilles', b'museum', b'boijmans', b'van', b'beuningen', b'rotterdam', b'and', b'briseis', b'restored', b'to', b'achilles', b'detroit', b'institute', b'of', b'arts', b'all', b'dying', b'achilles', b'is', b'sculpture', b'created', b'by', b'christophe', b'veyrier', b'victoria', b'and', b'albert', b'museum', b'london', b'the', b'rage', b'of', b'achilles', b'is', b'fresco', b'by', b'giovanni', b'battista', b'tiepolo', b'villa', b'valmarana', b'ai', b'nani', b'vicenza', b'eug\xc3\xa8ne', b'delacroix', b'painted', b'version', b'of', b'the', b'education', b'of', b'achilles', b'for', b'the', b'ceiling', b'of', b'the', b'paris', b'palais', b'bourbon', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'seats', b'of', b'the', b'french', b'parliament', b'arthur', b'kaan', b'created', b'statue', b'group', b'achilles', b'and', b'penthesilea', b'vienna', b'achilleus', b'is', b'lithography', b'by', b'max', b'slevogt', b'music', b'achilles', b'has', b'been', b'frequently', b'the', b'subject', b'of', b'operas', b'ballets', b'and', b'related', b'genres', b'operas', b'titled', b'deidamia', b'were', b'composed', b'by', b'francesco', b'cavalli', b'and', b'george', b'frideric', b'handel', b'achille', b'et', b'polyx\xc3\xa8ne', b'paris', b'is', b'an', b'opera', b'begun', b'by', b'jean', b'baptiste', b'lully', b'and', b'finished', b'by', b'pascal', b'collasse', b'achille', b'deidamia', b'naples', b'is', b'an', b'opera', b'composed', b'by', b'alessandro', b'scarlatti', b'achilles', b'london', b'is', b'ballad', b'opera', b'written', b'by', b'john', b'gay', b'parodied', b'by', b'thomas', b'arne', b'as', b'achilles', b'in', b'petticoats', b'in', b'achille', b'in', b'sciro', b'is', b'libretto', b'by', b'metastasio', b'composed', b'by', b'domenico', b'sarro', b'for', b'the', b'inauguration', b'of', b'the', b'teatro', b'di', b'san', b'carlo', b'naples', b'november', b'an', b'even', b'earlier', b'composition', b'is', b'from', b'antonio', b'caldara', b'vienna', b'later', b'operas', b'on', b'the', b'same', b'libretto', b'were', b'composed', b'by', b'leonardo', b'leo', b'turin', b'niccol\xc3\xb2', b'jommelli', b'vienna', b'and', b'rome', b'giuseppe', b'sarti', b'copenhagen', b'and', b'florence', b'johann', b'adolph', b'hasse', b'naples', b'giovanni', b'paisiello', b'st', b'petersburg', b'giuseppe', b'gazzaniga', b'palermo', b'and', b'many', b'others', b'it', b'has', b'also', b'been', b'set', b'to', b'music', b'as', b'il', b'trionfo', b'della', b'gloria', b'achille', b'vienna', b'is', b'an', b'opera', b'by', b'ferdinando', b'pa\xc3\xabr', b'on', b'libretto', b'by', b'giovanni', b'de', b'gamerra', b'achille', b'scyros', b'paris', b'is', b'ballet', b'by', b'pierre', b'gardel', b'composed', b'by', b'luigi', b'cherubini', b'achilles', b'oder', b'das', b'zerst\xc3\xb6rte', b'troja', b'achilles', b'or', b'troy', b'destroyed', b'bonn', b'is', b'an', b'oratorio', b'by', b'the', b'german', b'composer', b'max', b'bruch', b'achilles', b'auf', b'skyros', b'stuttgart', b'is', b'ballet', b'by', b'the', b'austrian', b'british', b'composer', b'and', b'musicologist', b'egon', b'wellesz', b'achilles', b'wrath', b'is', b'concert', b'piece', b'by', b'sean', b'loughlin', b'architecture', b'in', b'elisabeth', b'of', b'bavaria', b'empress', b'of', b'austria', b'had', b'summer', b'palace', b'built', b'in', b'corfu', b'the', b'building', b'is', b'named', b'the', b'achilleion', b'after', b'achilles', b'its', b'paintings', b'and', b'statuary', b'depict', b'scenes', b'from', b'the', b'trojan', b'war', b'with', b'particular', b'focus', b'on', b'achilles', b'achilles', b'in', b'popular', b'culture', b'film', b'tv', b'and', b'web', b'series', b'the', b'role', b'of', b'achilles', b'has', b'been', b'played', b'in', b'film', b'by', b'piero', b'lulli', b'in', b'the', b'italian', b'american', b'film', b'ulysses', b'stanley', b'baker', b'in', b'helen', b'of', b'troy', b'riley', b'ottenhof', b'in', b'something', b'about', b'zeus', b'arturo', b'dominici', b'in', b'la', b'guerra', b'di', b'troia', b'gordon', b'mitchell', b'in', b'the', b'fury', b'of', b'achilles', b'steve', b'davislim', b'in', b'la', b'belle', b'h\xc3\xa9l\xc3\xa8ne', b'tv', b'richard', b'trewett', b'in', b'the', b'miniseries', b'the', b'odyssey', b'tv', b'joe', b'montana', b'in', b'helen', b'of', b'troy', b'tv', b'brad', b'pitt', b'in', b'troy', b'david', b'gyasi', b'in', b'troy', b'fall', b'of', b'city', b'tv', b'in', b'the', b'star', b'trek', b'universe', b'the', b'achilles', b'class', b'is', b'an', b'advanced', b'type', b'of', b'federation', b'battleship', b'brought', b'into', b'service', b'at', b'the', b'outbreak', b'of', b'the', b'dominion', b'war', b'though', b'not', b'seen', b'in', b'any', b'of', b'the', b'canonical', b'star', b'trek', b'tv', b'series', b'to', b'present', b'in', b'disney', b'hercules', b'film', b'achilles', b'was', b'mentioned', b'to', b'have', b'been', b'student', b'of', b'philoctetes', b'and', b'reference', b'to', b'his', b'heel', b'being', b'his', b'weakness', b'was', b'made', b'later', b'in', b'the', b'film', b'some', b'people', b'of', b'thebes', b'mock', b'philoctetes', b'for', b'his', b'training', b'of', b'achilles', b'achilles', b'appears', b'in', b'the', b'tv', b'series', b'hercules', b'in', b'the', b'episode', b'achilles', b'and', b'the', b'living', b'legend', b'voiced', b'by', b'dom', b'irrera', b'he', b'is', b'shown', b'as', b'washed', b'out', b'has', b'been', b'ever', b'since', b'he', b'was', b'defeated', b'in', b'the', b'web', b'series', b'rwby', b'to', b'present', b'the', b'character', b'pyrrha', b'nikos', b'alludes', b'to', b'achilles', b'like', b'him', b'she', b'is', b'very', b'skilled', b'warrior', b'wielding', b'javelin', b'called', b'mil\xc3\xb3', b'which', b'can', b'also', b'turn', b'into', b'rifle', b'and', b'xiphos', b'and', b'shield', b'called', b'ako\xc3\xbao', b'her', b'name', b'and', b'gender', b'is', b'reference', b'to', b'when', b'achilles', b'was', b'disguised', b'as', b'girl', b'named', b'pyrrha', b'in', b'skyros', b'in', b'the', b'finale', b'of', b'volume', b'when', b'she', b'is', b'killed', b'by', b'the', b'villain', b'cinder', b'fall', b'pyrrha', b'is', b'crippled', b'with', b'an', b'arrow', b'at', b'the', b'right', b'heel', b'and', b'turned', b'into', b'ashes', b'alluding', b'to', b'achilles', b'death', b'and', b'cremation', b'popular', b'music', b'achilles', b'is', b'referred', b'to', b'in', b'bob', b'dylan', b'song', b'temporary', b'like', b'achilles', b'achilles', b'last', b'stand', b'is', b'song', b'by', b'led', b'zeppelin', b'presence', b'achilles', b'agony', b'ecstasy', b'in', b'eight', b'parts', b'is', b'song', b'by', b'manowar', b'included', b'on', b'their', b'album', b'the', b'triumph', b'of', b'steel', b'achilles', b'revenge', b'is', b'song', b'by', b'warlord', b'from', b'their', b'album', b'rising', b'out', b'of', b'the', b'ashes', b'achilles', b'is', b'hardcore', b'band', b'founded', b'in', b'cry', b'of', b'achilles', b'is', b'the', b'lead', b'track', b'off', b'of', b'alter', b'bridge', b'fourth', b'album', b'fortress', b'achilles', b'is', b'mentioned', b'in', b'something', b'just', b'like', b'this', b'by', b'the', b'chainsmokers', b'video', b'games', b'the', b'video', b'game', b'spartan', b'total', b'warrior', b'features', b'two', b'campaign', b'missions', b'located', b'in', b'the', b'fictional', b'buried', b'city', b'of', b'troy', b'with', b'the', b'story', b'arc', b'for', b'this', b'segment', b'of', b'the', b'game', b'culminating', b'in', b'the', b'discovery', b'of', b'the', b'tomb', b'of', b'achilles', b'and', b'the', b'acquisition', b'of', b'the', b'spear', b'of', b'achilles', b'achilles', b'armour', b'and', b'valour', b'are', b'included', b'in', b'the', b'video', b'games', b'titan', b'quest', b'and', b'titan', b'quest', b'immortal', b'throne', b'achilles', b'is', b'central', b'and', b'playable', b'character', b'in', b'koei', b'warriors', b'legends', b'of', b'troy', b'he', b'is', b'later', b'special', b'guest', b'character', b'in', b'warriors', b'orochi', b'achilles', b'armour', b'appears', b'as', b'downloadable', b'content', b'in', b'the', b'video', b'game', b'god', b'of', b'war', b'ascension', b'in', b'the', b'video', b'game', b'halo', b'guardians', b'the', b'achilles', b'armour', b'and', b'helmet', b'are', b'the', b'most', b'challenging', b'cosmetic', b'items', b'to', b'obtain', b'the', b'description', b'for', b'the', b'armour', b'only', b'spartans', b'who', b'have', b'mastered', b'themselves', b'bound', b'their', b'wrath', b'and', b'passion', b'within', b'shell', b'of', b'hyper', b'dense', b'steel', b'fueled', b'by', b'star', b'fire', b'are', b'granted', b'access', b'to', b'the', b'achilles', b'lesser', b'warriors', b'will', b'lose', b'themselves', b'in', b'storm', b'of', b'blood', b'namesakes', b'the', b'name', b'of', b'achilles', b'has', b'been', b'used', b'for', b'at', b'least', b'nine', b'royal', b'navy', b'warships', b'since', b'both', b'as', b'hms', b'achilles', b'and', b'with', b'the', b'french', b'spelling', b'hms', b'achille', b'gun', b'ship', b'of', b'that', b'name', b'served', b'at', b'the', b'battle', b'of', b'belleisle', b'in', b'while', b'gun', b'ship', b'served', b'at', b'the', b'battle', b'of', b'trafalgar', b'other', b'battle', b'honours', b'include', b'walcheren', b'an', b'armored', b'cruiser', b'of', b'that', b'name', b'served', b'in', b'the', b'royal', b'navy', b'during', b'the', b'first', b'world', b'war', b'hmnzs', b'achilles', b'was', b'leander', b'class', b'cruiser', b'which', b'served', b'with', b'the', b'royal', b'new', b'zealand', b'navy', b'in', b'world', b'war', b'ii', b'it', b'became', b'famous', b'for', b'its', b'part', b'in', b'the', b'battle', b'of', b'the', b'river', b'plate', b'alongside', b'and', b'in', b'addition', b'to', b'earning', b'the', b'battle', b'honour', b'river', b'plate', b'hmnzs', b'achilles', b'also', b'served', b'at', b'guadalcanal', b'and', b'okinawa', b'in', b'after', b'returning', b'to', b'the', b'royal', b'navy', b'the', b'ship', b'was', b'sold', b'to', b'the', b'indian', b'navy', b'in', b'but', b'when', b'she', b'was', b'scrapped', b'parts', b'of', b'the', b'ship', b'were', b'saved', b'and', b'preserved', b'in', b'new', b'zealand', b'capois', b'la', b'mort', b'slave', b'who', b'fought', b'in', b'the', b'haitian', b'revolution', b'was', b'nicknamed', b'the', b'black', b'achilles', b'because', b'of', b'his', b'heroic', b'performance', b'during', b'the', b'last', b'battle', b'against', b'the', b'french', b'achille', b'costa', b'was', b'an', b'italian', b'entomologist', b'achille', b'poirot', b'is', b'the', b'brother', b'of', b'the', b'fictional', b'belgian', b'detective', b'hercule', b'poirot', b'created', b'by', b'agatha', b'christie', b'in', b'her', b'novel', b'the', b'big', b'four', b'prince', b'achileas', b'andreas', b'of', b'greece', b'and', b'denmark', b'born', b'august', b'is', b'the', b'grandson', b'of', b'the', b'deposed', b'greek', b'king', b'constantine', b'ii', b'notes', b'references', b'homer', b'iliad', b'homer', b'odyssey', b'xi', b'pseudo', b'apollodorus', b'bibliotheca', b'iii', b'xiii', b'apollodorus', b'epitome', b'iii', b'ovid', b'metamorphoses', b'xi', b'xii', b'xiii', b'ovid', b'heroides', b'iii', b'apollonius', b'rhodius', b'argonautica', b'iv', b'dante', b'alighieri', b'the', b'divine', b'comedy', b'inferno', b'bibliography', b'ileana', b'chirassi', b'colombo', b'heroes', b'achilleus', b'theos', b'apollon', b'in', b'il', b'mito', b'greco', b'edd', b'bruno', b'gentili', b'and', b'giuseppe', b'paione', b'rome', b'edizione', b'dell', b'ateneo', b'bizzarri', b'anthony', b'edwards', b'achilles', b'in', b'the', b'underworld', b'iliad', b'odyssey', b'and', b'\xc3\xa6thiopis', b'greek', b'roman', b'and', b'byzantine', b'studies', b'pp', b'anthony', b'edwards', b'achilles', b'in', b'the', b'odyssey', b'ideologies', b'of', b'heroism', b'in', b'the', b'homeric', b'epic', b'beitr\xc3\xa4ge', b'zur', b'klassischen', b'philologie', b'anthony', b'edwards', b'kleos', b'aphthiton', b'and', b'oral', b'theory', b'classical', b'quarterly', b'pp', b'h\xc3\xa9l\xc3\xa8ne', b'monsacr\xc3\xa9', b'les', b'larmes', b'achille', b'le', b'h\xc3\xa9ros', b'la', b'femme', b'et', b'la', b'souffrance', b'dans', b'la', b'po\xc3\xa9sie', b'hom\xc3\xa8re', b'paris', b'albin', b'michel', b'gregory', b'nagy', b'the', b'name', b'of', b'achilles', b'questions', b'of', b'etymology', b'and', b'folk', b'etymology', b'illinois', b'classical', b'studies', b'gregory', b'nagy', b'the', b'best', b'of', b'the', b'acheans', b'concepts', b'of', b'the', b'hero', b'in', b'archaic', b'greek', b'poetry', b'johns', b'hopkins', b'university', b'press', b'revised', b'edition', b'online', b'dale', b'sinos', b'the', b'entry', b'of', b'achilles', b'into', b'greek', b'epic', b'ph', b'thesis', b'johns', b'hopkins', b'university', b'ann', b'arbor', b'michigan', b'university', b'microfilms', b'international', b'jonathan', b'burgess', b'the', b'death', b'and', b'afterlife', b'of', b'achilles', b'baltimore', b'johns', b'hopkins', b'university', b'press', b'external', b'links', b'trojan', b'war', b'resources', b'gallery', b'of', b'the', b'ancient', b'art', b'achilles', b'poem', b'by', b'florence', b'earle', b'coates']
TaggedDocument(['achilles', 'and', 'the', 'nereid', 'cymothoe', 'attic', 'red', 'figure', 'kantharos', 'from', 'volci', 'cabinet', 'des', 'médailles', 'bibliothèque', 'nationale', 'paris', 'kremaste', 'phthia', 'reverse', 'thetis', 'wearing', 'and', 'holding', 'the', 'shield', 'of', 'achilles', 'with', 'his', 'ax', 'monogram', 'in', 'greek', 'mythology', 'achilles', 'was', 'greek', 'hero', 'of', 'the', 'trojan', 'war', 'and', 'the', 'central', 'character', 'and', 'greatest', 'warrior', 'of', 'homer', 'iliad', 'his', 'mother', 'was', 'the', 'immortal', 'nymph', 'thetis', 'and', 'his', 'father', 'the', 'mortal', 'peleus', 'was', 'the', 'king', 'of', 'the', 'myrmidons', 'achilles', 'most', 'notable', 'feat', 'during', 'the', 'trojan', 'war', 'was', 'the', 'slaying', 'of', 'the', 'trojan', 'hero', 'hector', 'outside', 'the', 'gates', 'of', 'troy', 'although', 'the', 'death', 'of', 'achilles', 'is', 'not', 'presented', 'in', 'the', 'iliad', 'other', 'sources', 'concur', 'that', 'he', 'was', 'killed', 'near', 'the', 'end', 'of', 'the', 'trojan', 'war', 'by', 'paris', 'who', 'shot', 'him', 'in', 'the', 'heel', 'with', 'an', 'arrow', 'later', 'legends', 'beginning', 'with', 'poem', 'by', 'statius', 'in', 'the', 'st', 'century', 'ad', 'state', 'that', 'achilles', 'was', 'invulnerable', 'in', 'all', 'of', 'his', 'body', 'except', 'for', 'his', 'heel', 'alluding', 'to', 'these', 'legends', 'the', 'term', 'achilles', 'heel', 'has', 'come', 'to', 'mean', 'point', 'of', 'weakness', 'especially', 'in', 'someone', 'or', 'something', 'with', 'strong', 'constitution', 'etymology', 'linear', 'tablets', 'attest', 'to', 'the', 'personal', 'name', 'achilleus', 'in', 'the', 'forms', 'ki', 're', 'and', 'ki', 're', 'we', 'the', 'latter', 'being', 'the', 'dative', 'of', 'the', 'former', 'the', 'name', 'grew', 'more', 'popular', 'even', 'becoming', 'common', 'soon', 'after', 'the', 'seventh', 'century', 'bc', 'and', 'was', 'also', 'turned', 'into', 'the', 'female', 'form', 'ἀχιλλεία', 'achilleía', 'attested', 'in', 'attica', 'in', 'the', 'fourth', 'century', 'bc', 'ig', 'ii²', 'and', 'in', 'the', 'form', 'achillia', 'on', 'stele', 'in', 'halicarnassus', 'as', 'the', 'name', 'of', 'female', 'gladiator', 'fighting', 'an', 'amazon', 'achilles', 'name', 'can', 'be', 'analyzed', 'as', 'combination', 'of', 'distress', 'pain', 'sorrow', 'grief', 'and', 'people', 'soldiers', 'nation', 'resulting', 'in', 'proto', 'form', 'akhí', 'lāu', 'os', 'he', 'who', 'has', 'the', 'people', 'distressed', 'or', 'he', 'whose', 'people', 'have', 'distress', 'the', 'grief', 'or', 'distress', 'of', 'the', 'people', 'is', 'theme', 'raised', 'numerous', 'times', 'in', 'the', 'iliad', 'and', 'frequently', 'by', 'achilles', 'himself', 'achilles', 'role', 'as', 'the', 'hero', 'of', 'grief', 'or', 'distress', 'forms', 'an', 'ironic', 'juxtaposition', 'with', 'the', 'conventional', 'view', 'of', 'him', 'as', 'the', 'hero', 'of', 'glory', 'usually', 'in', 'war', 'furthermore', 'laós', 'has', 'been', 'construed', 'by', 'gregory', 'nagy', 'following', 'leonard', 'palmer', 'to', 'mean', 'corps', 'of', 'soldiers', 'muster', 'with', 'this', 'derivation', 'the', 'name', 'obtains', 'double', 'meaning', 'in', 'the', 'poem', 'when', 'the', 'hero', 'is', 'functioning', 'rightly', 'his', 'men', 'bring', 'distress', 'to', 'the', 'enemy', 'but', 'when', 'wrongly', 'his', 'men', 'get', 'the', 'grief', 'of', 'war', 'the', 'poem', 'is', 'in', 'part', 'about', 'the', 'misdirection', 'of', 'anger', 'on', 'the', 'part', 'of', 'leadership', 'another', 'etymology', 'relates', 'the', 'name', 'to', 'proto', 'indo', 'european', 'compound', 'h₂eḱ', 'pṓds', 'sharp', 'foot', 'which', 'first', 'gave', 'an', 'illyrian', 'āk', 'pediós', 'evolving', 'through', 'time', 'into', 'ākhpdeós', 'and', 'then', 'akhiddeús', 'the', 'shift', 'from', 'dd', 'to', 'll', 'is', 'then', 'ascribed', 'to', 'the', 'passing', 'of', 'the', 'name', 'into', 'greek', 'via', 'pre', 'greek', 'source', 'the', 'first', 'root', 'part', 'h₂eḱ', 'sharp', 'pointed', 'also', 'gave', 'greek', 'ἀκή', 'akḗ', 'point', 'silence', 'healing', 'ἀκμή', 'akmḗ', 'point', 'edge', 'zenith', 'and', 'ὀξύς', 'oxús', 'sharp', 'pointed', 'keen', 'quick', 'clever', 'whereas', 'ἄχος', 'stems', 'from', 'the', 'root', 'h₂egʰ', 'to', 'be', 'upset', 'afraid', 'the', 'whole', 'expression', 'would', 'be', 'comparable', 'to', 'the', 'latin', 'acupedius', 'swift', 'of', 'foot', 'compare', 'also', 'the', 'latin', 'word', 'family', 'of', 'aciēs', 'sharp', 'edge', 'or', 'point', 'battle', 'line', 'battle', 'engagement', 'acus', 'needle', 'pin', 'bodkin', 'and', 'acuō', 'to', 'make', 'pointed', 'sharpen', 'whet', 'to', 'exercise', 'to', 'arouse', 'whence', 'acute', 'some', 'topical', 'epitheta', 'of', 'achilles', 'in', 'the', 'iliad', 'point', 'to', 'this', 'swift', 'footedness', 'namely', 'ποδάρκης', 'δῖος', 'ἀχιλλεὺς', 'podárkēs', 'dĩos', 'achilleús', 'swift', 'footed', 'divine', 'achilles', 'or', 'even', 'more', 'frequently', 'πόδας', 'ὠκὺς', 'ἀχιλλεύς', 'pódas', 'ōkús', 'achilleús', 'quick', 'footed', 'achilles', 'some', 'researchers', 'deem', 'the', 'name', 'loan', 'word', 'possibly', 'from', 'pre', 'greek', 'language', 'achilles', 'descent', 'from', 'the', 'nereid', 'thetis', 'and', 'similarity', 'of', 'his', 'name', 'with', 'those', 'of', 'river', 'deities', 'such', 'as', 'acheron', 'and', 'achelous', 'have', 'led', 'to', 'speculations', 'about', 'him', 'being', 'an', 'old', 'water', 'divinity', 'see', 'below', 'worship', 'robert', 'beekes', 'has', 'suggested', 'pre', 'greek', 'origin', 'of', 'the', 'name', 'based', 'among', 'other', 'things', 'on', 'the', 'coexistence', 'of', 'λλ', 'and', 'in', 'epic', 'language', 'which', 'may', 'account', 'for', 'palatalized', 'phoneme', 'ly', 'in', 'the', 'original', 'language', 'birth', 'and', 'early', 'years', 'chiron', 'teaching', 'achilles', 'how', 'to', 'play', 'the', 'lyre', 'roman', 'fresco', 'from', 'herculaneum', 'st', 'century', 'ad', 'achilles', 'was', 'the', 'son', 'of', 'the', 'nereid', 'thetis', 'and', 'of', 'peleus', 'the', 'king', 'of', 'the', 'myrmidons', 'zeus', 'and', 'poseidon', 'had', 'been', 'rivals', 'for', 'the', 'hand', 'of', 'thetis', 'until', 'prometheus', 'the', 'fore', 'thinker', 'warned', 'zeus', 'of', 'prophecy', 'originally', 'uttered', 'by', 'themis', 'goddess', 'of', 'divine', 'law', 'that', 'thetis', 'would', 'bear', 'son', 'greater', 'than', 'his', 'father', 'for', 'this', 'reason', 'the', 'two', 'gods', 'withdrew', 'their', 'pursuit', 'and', 'had', 'her', 'wed', 'peleus', 'peter', 'paul', 'rubens', 'thetis', 'dipping', 'the', 'infant', 'achilles', 'into', 'the', 'river', 'styx', 'museum', 'boijmans', 'van', 'beuningen', 'rotterdam', 'there', 'is', 'tale', 'which', 'offers', 'an', 'alternative', 'version', 'of', 'these', 'events', 'in', 'the', 'argonautica', 'zeus', 'sister', 'and', 'wife', 'hera', 'alludes', 'to', 'thetis', 'chaste', 'resistance', 'to', 'the', 'advances', 'of', 'zeus', 'pointing', 'out', 'that', 'thetis', 'was', 'so', 'loyal', 'to', 'hera', 'marriage', 'bond', 'that', 'she', 'coolly', 'rejected', 'the', 'father', 'of', 'gods', 'thetis', 'although', 'daughter', 'of', 'the', 'sea', 'god', 'nereus', 'was', 'also', 'brought', 'up', 'by', 'hera', 'further', 'explaining', 'her', 'resistance', 'to', 'the', 'advances', 'of', 'zeus', 'zeus', 'was', 'furious', 'and', 'decreed', 'that', 'she', 'would', 'never', 'marry', 'an', 'immortal', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'achilleid', 'written', 'by', 'statius', 'in', 'the', 'st', 'century', 'ad', 'and', 'to', 'non', 'surviving', 'previous', 'sources', 'when', 'achilles', 'was', 'born', 'thetis', 'tried', 'to', 'make', 'him', 'immortal', 'by', 'dipping', 'him', 'in', 'the', 'river', 'styx', 'however', 'he', 'was', 'left', 'vulnerable', 'at', 'the', 'part', 'of', 'the', 'body', 'by', 'which', 'she', 'held', 'him', 'his', 'left', 'heel', 'see', 'achilles', 'heel', 'achilles', 'tendon', 'it', 'is', 'not', 'clear', 'if', 'this', 'version', 'of', 'events', 'was', 'known', 'earlier', 'in', 'another', 'version', 'of', 'this', 'story', 'thetis', 'anointed', 'the', 'boy', 'in', 'ambrosia', 'and', 'put', 'him', 'on', 'top', 'of', 'fire', 'to', 'burn', 'away', 'the', 'mortal', 'parts', 'of', 'his', 'body', 'she', 'was', 'interrupted', 'by', 'peleus', 'and', 'abandoned', 'both', 'father', 'and', 'son', 'in', 'rage', 'however', 'none', 'of', 'the', 'sources', 'before', 'statius', 'makes', 'any', 'reference', 'to', 'this', 'general', 'invulnerability', 'to', 'the', 'contrary', 'in', 'the', 'iliad', 'homer', 'mentions', 'achilles', 'being', 'wounded', 'in', 'book', 'the', 'paeonian', 'hero', 'asteropaeus', 'son', 'of', 'pelagon', 'challenged', 'achilles', 'by', 'the', 'river', 'scamander', 'he', 'cast', 'two', 'spears', 'at', 'once', 'one', 'grazed', 'achilles', 'elbow', 'drawing', 'spurt', 'of', 'blood', 'also', 'in', 'the', 'fragmentary', 'poems', 'of', 'the', 'epic', 'cycle', 'in', 'which', 'we', 'can', 'find', 'description', 'of', 'the', 'hero', 'death', 'the', 'cypria', 'the', 'little', 'iliad', 'by', 'lesches', 'of', 'pyrrha', 'the', 'aithiopis', 'and', 'iliou', 'persis', 'by', 'arctinus', 'of', 'miletus', 'there', 'is', 'no', 'trace', 'of', 'any', 'reference', 'to', 'his', 'general', 'invulnerability', 'or', 'his', 'famous', 'weakness', 'at', 'the', 'heel', 'in', 'the', 'later', 'vase', 'paintings', 'presenting', 'achilles', 'death', 'the', 'arrow', 'or', 'in', 'many', 'cases', 'arrows', 'hit', 'his', 'body', 'peleus', 'entrusted', 'achilles', 'to', 'chiron', 'the', 'centaur', 'on', 'mount', 'pelion', 'to', 'be', 'reared', 'thetis', 'foretold', 'that', 'her', 'son', 'fate', 'was', 'either', 'to', 'gain', 'glory', 'and', 'die', 'young', 'or', 'to', 'live', 'long', 'but', 'uneventful', 'life', 'in', 'obscurity', 'achilles', 'chose', 'the', 'former', 'and', 'decided', 'to', 'take', 'part', 'in', 'the', 'trojan', 'war', 'according', 'to', 'homer', 'achilles', 'grew', 'up', 'in', 'phthia', 'together', 'with', 'his', 'companion', 'patroclus', 'hidden', 'on', 'skyros', 'some', 'post', 'homeric', 'sources', 'claim', 'that', 'in', 'order', 'to', 'keep', 'achilles', 'safe', 'from', 'the', 'war', 'thetis', 'or', 'in', 'some', 'versions', 'peleus', 'hid', 'the', 'young', 'man', 'at', 'the', 'court', 'of', 'lycomedes', 'king', 'of', 'skyros', 'there', 'achilles', 'is', 'disguised', 'as', 'girl', 'and', 'lives', 'among', 'lycomedes', 'daughters', 'perhaps', 'under', 'the', 'name', 'pyrrha', 'the', 'red', 'haired', 'girl', 'with', 'lycomedes', 'daughter', 'deidamia', 'whom', 'in', 'the', 'account', 'of', 'statius', 'he', 'rapes', 'achilles', 'there', 'fathers', 'son', 'neoptolemus', 'also', 'called', 'pyrrhus', 'after', 'his', 'father', 'possible', 'alias', 'according', 'to', 'this', 'story', 'odysseus', 'learns', 'from', 'the', 'prophet', 'calchas', 'that', 'the', 'achaeans', 'would', 'be', 'unable', 'to', 'capture', 'troy', 'without', 'achilles', 'aid', 'odysseus', 'goes', 'to', 'skyros', 'in', 'the', 'guise', 'of', 'peddler', 'selling', 'women', 'clothes', 'and', 'jewelry', 'and', 'places', 'shield', 'and', 'spear', 'among', 'his', 'goods', 'when', 'achilles', 'instantly', 'takes', 'up', 'the', 'spear', 'odysseus', 'sees', 'through', 'his', 'disguise', 'and', 'convinces', 'him', 'to', 'join', 'the', 'greek', 'campaign', 'in', 'another', 'version', 'of', 'the', 'story', 'odysseus', 'arranges', 'for', 'trumpet', 'alarm', 'to', 'be', 'sounded', 'while', 'he', 'was', 'with', 'lycomedes', 'women', 'while', 'the', 'women', 'flee', 'in', 'panic', 'achilles', 'prepares', 'to', 'defend', 'the', 'court', 'thus', 'giving', 'his', 'identity', 'away', 'achilles', 'in', 'the', 'trojan', 'war', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'iliad', 'achilles', 'arrived', 'at', 'troy', 'with', 'ships', 'each', 'carrying', 'myrmidons', 'he', 'appointed', 'five', 'leaders', 'each', 'leader', 'commanding', 'myrmidons', 'menesthius', 'eudorus', 'peisander', 'phoenix', 'and', 'alcimedon', 'telephus', 'when', 'the', 'greeks', 'left', 'for', 'the', 'trojan', 'war', 'they', 'accidentally', 'stopped', 'in', 'mysia', 'ruled', 'by', 'king', 'telephus', 'in', 'the', 'resulting', 'battle', 'achilles', 'gave', 'telephus', 'wound', 'that', 'would', 'not', 'heal', 'telephus', 'consulted', 'an', 'oracle', 'who', 'stated', 'that', 'he', 'that', 'wounded', 'shall', 'heal', 'guided', 'by', 'the', 'oracle', 'he', 'arrived', 'at', 'argos', 'where', 'achilles', 'healed', 'him', 'in', 'order', 'that', 'he', 'might', 'become', 'their', 'guide', 'for', 'the', 'voyage', 'to', 'troy', 'according', 'to', 'other', 'reports', 'in', 'euripides', 'lost', 'play', 'about', 'telephus', 'he', 'went', 'to', 'aulis', 'pretending', 'to', 'be', 'beggar', 'and', 'asked', 'achilles', 'to', 'heal', 'his', 'wound', 'achilles', 'refused', 'claiming', 'to', 'have', 'no', 'medical', 'knowledge', 'alternatively', 'telephus', 'held', 'orestes', 'for', 'ransom', 'the', 'ransom', 'being', 'achilles', 'aid', 'in', 'healing', 'the', 'wound', 'odysseus', 'reasoned', 'that', 'the', 'spear', 'had', 'inflicted', 'the', 'wound', 'therefore', 'the', 'spear', 'must', 'be', 'able', 'to', 'heal', 'it', 'pieces', 'of', 'the', 'spear', 'were', 'scraped', 'off', 'onto', 'the', 'wound', 'and', 'telephus', 'was', 'healed', 'troilus', 'achilles', 'slaying', 'troilus', 'red', 'figure', 'kylix', 'signed', 'by', 'euphronios', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'cypria', 'the', 'part', 'of', 'the', 'epic', 'cycle', 'that', 'tells', 'the', 'events', 'of', 'the', 'trojan', 'war', 'before', 'achilles', 'wrath', 'when', 'the', 'achaeans', 'desired', 'to', 'return', 'home', 'they', 'were', 'restrained', 'by', 'achilles', 'who', 'afterwards', 'attacked', 'the', 'cattle', 'of', 'aeneas', 'sacked', 'neighbouring', 'cities', 'like', 'pedasus', 'and', 'lyrnessus', 'where', 'the', 'greeks', 'capture', 'the', 'queen', 'briseis', 'and', 'killed', 'tenes', 'son', 'of', 'apollo', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'priam', 'son', 'troilus', 'in', 'the', 'sanctuary', 'of', 'apollo', 'thymbraios', 'however', 'the', 'romance', 'between', 'troilus', 'and', 'chryseis', 'described', 'in', 'geoffrey', 'chaucer', 'troilus', 'and', 'criseyde', 'and', 'in', 'william', 'shakespeare', 'troilus', 'and', 'cressida', 'is', 'medieval', 'invention', 'in', 'dares', 'phrygius', 'account', 'of', 'the', 'destruction', 'of', 'troy', 'the', 'latin', 'summary', 'through', 'which', 'the', 'story', 'of', 'achilles', 'was', 'transmitted', 'to', 'medieval', 'europe', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'in', 'older', 'accounts', 'troilus', 'was', 'young', 'trojan', 'prince', 'the', 'youngest', 'of', 'king', 'priam', 'and', 'hecuba', 'five', 'legitimate', 'sons', 'or', 'according', 'other', 'sources', 'another', 'son', 'of', 'apollo', 'despite', 'his', 'youth', 'he', 'was', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'main', 'trojan', 'war', 'leaders', 'horse', 'fighter', 'or', 'chariot', 'fighter', 'according', 'to', 'homer', 'prophecies', 'linked', 'troilus', 'fate', 'to', 'that', 'of', 'troy', 'and', 'so', 'he', 'was', 'ambushed', 'in', 'an', 'attempt', 'to', 'capture', 'him', 'yet', 'achilles', 'struck', 'by', 'the', 'beauty', 'of', 'both', 'troilus', 'and', 'his', 'sister', 'polyxena', 'and', 'overcome', 'with', 'lust', 'directed', 'his', 'sexual', 'attentions', 'on', 'the', 'youth', 'who', 'refusing', 'to', 'yield', 'instead', 'found', 'himself', 'decapitated', 'upon', 'an', 'altar', 'omphalos', 'of', 'apollo', 'thymbraios', 'later', 'versions', 'of', 'the', 'story', 'suggested', 'troilus', 'was', 'accidentally', 'killed', 'by', 'achilles', 'in', 'an', 'over', 'ardent', 'lovers', 'embrace', 'in', 'this', 'version', 'of', 'the', 'myth', 'achilles', 'death', 'therefore', 'came', 'in', 'retribution', 'for', 'this', 'sacrilege', 'ancient', 'writers', 'treated', 'troilus', 'as', 'the', 'epitome', 'of', 'dead', 'child', 'mourned', 'by', 'his', 'parents', 'had', 'troilus', 'lived', 'to', 'adulthood', 'the', 'first', 'vatican', 'mythographer', 'claimed', 'troy', 'would', 'have', 'been', 'invincible', 'achilles', 'in', 'the', 'iliad', 'achilles', 'cedes', 'briseis', 'to', 'agamemnon', 'from', 'the', 'house', 'of', 'the', 'tragic', 'poet', 'in', 'pompeii', 'fresco', 'st', 'century', 'ad', 'naples', 'national', 'archaeological', 'museum', 'homer', 'iliad', 'is', 'the', 'most', 'famous', 'narrative', 'of', 'achilles', 'deeds', 'in', 'the', 'trojan', 'war', 'achilles', 'wrath', 'μῆνις', 'ἀχιλλέως', 'mênis', 'achilléōs', 'is', 'the', 'central', 'theme', 'of', 'the', 'poem', 'the', 'first', 'two', 'lines', 'of', 'the', 'iliad', 'read', 'sing', 'goddess', 'of', 'the', 'rage', 'of', 'peleus', 'son', 'achilles', 'the', 'accursed', 'rage', 'that', 'brought', 'great', 'suffering', 'to', 'the', 'achaeans', 'the', 'homeric', 'epic', 'only', 'covers', 'few', 'weeks', 'of', 'the', 'decade', 'long', 'war', 'and', 'does', 'not', 'narrate', 'achilles', 'death', 'it', 'begins', 'with', 'achilles', 'withdrawal', 'from', 'battle', 'after', 'being', 'dishonoured', 'by', 'agamemnon', 'the', 'commander', 'of', 'the', 'achaean', 'forces', 'agamemnon', 'has', 'taken', 'woman', 'named', 'chryseis', 'as', 'his', 'slave', 'her', 'father', 'chryses', 'priest', 'of', 'apollo', 'begs', 'agamemnon', 'to', 'return', 'her', 'to', 'him', 'agamemnon', 'refuses', 'and', 'apollo', 'sends', 'plague', 'amongst', 'the', 'greeks', 'the', 'prophet', 'calchas', 'correctly', 'determines', 'the', 'source', 'of', 'the', 'troubles', 'but', 'will', 'not', 'speak', 'unless', 'achilles', 'vows', 'to', 'protect', 'him', 'achilles', 'does', 'so', 'and', 'calchas', 'declares', 'that', 'chryseis', 'must', 'be', 'returned', 'to', 'her', 'father', 'agamemnon', 'consents', 'but', 'then', 'commands', 'that', 'achilles', 'battle', 'prize', 'briseis', 'the', 'daughter', 'of', 'briseus', 'be', 'brought', 'to', 'him', 'to', 'replace', 'chryseis', 'angry', 'at', 'the', 'dishonour', 'of', 'having', 'his', 'plunder', 'and', 'glory', 'taken', 'away', 'and', 'as', 'he', 'says', 'later', 'because', 'he', 'loves', 'briseis', 'with', 'the', 'urging', 'of', 'his', 'mother', 'thetis', 'achilles', 'refuses', 'to', 'fight', 'or', 'lead', 'his', 'troops', 'alongside', 'the', 'other', 'greek', 'forces', 'at', 'the', 'same', 'time', 'burning', 'with', 'rage', 'over', 'agamemnon', 'theft', 'achilles', 'prays', 'to', 'thetis', 'to', 'convince', 'zeus', 'to', 'help', 'the', 'trojans', 'gain', 'ground', 'in', 'the', 'war', 'so', 'that', 'he', 'may', 'regain', 'his', 'honour', 'the', 'embassy', 'to', 'achilles', 'attic', 'red', 'figure', 'hydria', 'bc', 'staatliche', 'berlin', 'achilles', 'and', 'agamemnon', 'from', 'fresco', 'of', 'pompeii', 'st', 'century', 'ad', 'as', 'the', 'battle', 'turns', 'against', 'the', 'greeks', 'thanks', 'to', 'the', 'influence', 'of', 'zeus', 'nestor', 'declares', 'that', 'the', 'trojans', 'are', 'winning', 'because', 'agamemnon', 'has', 'angered', 'achilles', 'and', 'urges', 'the', 'king', 'to', 'appease', 'the', 'warrior', 'agamemnon', 'agrees', 'and', 'sends', 'odysseus', 'and', 'two', 'other', 'chieftains', 'ajax', 'and', 'phoenix', 'to', 'achilles', 'with', 'the', 'offer', 'of', 'the', 'return', 'of', 'briseis', 'and', 'other', 'gifts', 'achilles', 'rejects', 'all', 'agamemnon', 'offers', 'him', 'and', 'simply', 'urges', 'the', 'greeks', 'to', 'sail', 'home', 'as', 'he', 'was', 'planning', 'to', 'do', 'achilles', 'sacrificing', 'to', 'zeus', 'for', 'patroclus', 'safe', 'return', 'from', 'the', 'ambrosian', 'iliad', 'th', 'century', 'illuminated', 'manuscript', 'the', 'rage', 'of', 'achilles', 'fresco', 'by', 'giovanni', 'battista', 'tiepolo', 'villa', 'valmarana', 'ai', 'nani', 'vicenza', 'triumphant', 'achilles', 'dragging', 'hector', 'lifeless', 'body', 'in', 'front', 'of', 'the', 'gates', 'of', 'troy', 'from', 'panoramic', 'fresco', 'on', 'the', 'upper', 'level', 'of', 'the', 'main', 'hall', 'of', 'the', 'achilleion', 'the', 'trojans', 'led', 'by', 'hector', 'subsequently', 'push', 'the', 'greek', 'army', 'back', 'toward', 'the', 'beaches', 'and', 'assault', 'the', 'greek', 'ships', 'with', 'the', 'greek', 'forces', 'on', 'the', 'verge', 'of', 'absolute', 'destruction', 'patroclus', 'leads', 'the', 'myrmidons', 'into', 'battle', 'wearing', 'achilles', 'armour', 'though', 'achilles', 'remains', 'at', 'his', 'camp', 'patroclus', 'succeeds', 'in', 'pushing', 'the', 'trojans', 'back', 'from', 'the', 'beaches', 'but', 'is', 'killed', 'by', 'hector', 'before', 'he', 'can', 'lead', 'proper', 'assault', 'on', 'the', 'city', 'of', 'troy', 'after', 'receiving', 'the', 'news', 'of', 'the', 'death', 'of', 'patroclus', 'from', 'antilochus', 'the', 'son', 'of', 'nestor', 'achilles', 'grieves', 'over', 'his', 'beloved', 'companion', 'death', 'his', 'mother', 'thetis', 'comes', 'to', 'comfort', 'the', 'distraught', 'achilles', 'she', 'persuades', 'hephaestus', 'to', 'make', 'new', 'armour', 'for', 'him', 'in', 'place', 'of', 'the', 'armour', 'that', 'patroclus', 'had', 'been', 'wearing', 'which', 'was', 'taken', 'by', 'hector', 'the', 'new', 'armour', 'includes', 'the', 'shield', 'of', 'achilles', 'described', 'in', 'great', 'detail', 'in', 'the', 'poem', 'enraged', 'over', 'the', 'death', 'of', 'patroclus', 'achilles', 'ends', 'his', 'refusal', 'to', 'fight', 'and', 'takes', 'the', 'field', 'killing', 'many', 'men', 'in', 'his', 'rage', 'but', 'always', 'seeking', 'out', 'hector', 'achilles', 'even', 'engages', 'in', 'battle', 'with', 'the', 'river', 'god', 'scamander', 'who', 'has', 'become', 'angry', 'that', 'achilles', 'is', 'choking', 'his', 'waters', 'with', 'all', 'the', 'men', 'he', 'has', 'killed', 'the', 'god', 'tries', 'to', 'drown', 'achilles', 'but', 'is', 'stopped', 'by', 'hera', 'and', 'hephaestus', 'zeus', 'himself', 'takes', 'note', 'of', 'achilles', 'rage', 'and', 'sends', 'the', 'gods', 'to', 'restrain', 'him', 'so', 'that', 'he', 'will', 'not', 'go', 'on', 'to', 'sack', 'troy', 'itself', 'before', 'the', 'time', 'allotted', 'for', 'its', 'destruction', 'seeming', 'to', 'show', 'that', 'the', 'unhindered', 'rage', 'of', 'achilles', 'can', 'defy', 'fate', 'itself', 'finally', 'achilles', 'finds', 'his', 'prey', 'achilles', 'chases', 'hector', 'around', 'the', 'wall', 'of', 'troy', 'three', 'times', 'before', 'athena', 'in', 'the', 'form', 'of', 'hector', 'favorite', 'and', 'dearest', 'brother', 'deiphobus', 'persuades', 'hector', 'to', 'stop', 'running', 'and', 'fight', 'achilles', 'face', 'to', 'face', 'after', 'hector', 'realizes', 'the', 'trick', 'he', 'knows', 'the', 'battle', 'is', 'inevitable', 'wanting', 'to', 'go', 'down', 'fighting', 'he', 'charges', 'at', 'achilles', 'with', 'his', 'only', 'weapon', 'his', 'sword', 'but', 'misses', 'accepting', 'his', 'fate', 'hector', 'begs', 'achilles', 'not', 'to', 'spare', 'his', 'life', 'but', 'to', 'treat', 'his', 'body', 'with', 'respect', 'after', 'killing', 'him', 'achilles', 'tells', 'hector', 'it', 'is', 'hopeless', 'to', 'expect', 'that', 'of', 'him', 'declaring', 'that', 'my', 'rage', 'my', 'fury', 'would', 'drive', 'me', 'now', 'to', 'hack', 'your', 'flesh', 'away', 'and', 'eat', 'you', 'raw', 'such', 'agonies', 'you', 'have', 'caused', 'me', 'achilles', 'then', 'kills', 'hector', 'and', 'drags', 'his', 'corpse', 'by', 'its', 'heels', 'behind', 'his', 'chariot', 'after', 'having', 'dream', 'where', 'patroclus', 'begs', 'achilles', 'to', 'hold', 'his', 'funeral', 'achilles', 'hosts', 'series', 'of', 'funeral', 'games', 'in', 'his', 'honour', 'tondo', 'of', 'an', 'attic', 'red', 'figure', 'kylix', 'bc', 'from', 'vulci', 'with', 'the', 'assistance', 'of', 'the', 'god', 'hermes', 'hector', 'father', 'priam', 'goes', 'to', 'achilles', 'tent', 'to', 'plead', 'with', 'achilles', 'for', 'the', 'return', 'of', 'hector', 'body', 'so', 'that', 'he', 'can', 'be', 'buried', 'achilles', 'relents', 'and', 'promises', 'truce', 'for', 'the', 'duration', 'of', 'the', 'funeral', 'the', 'poem', 'ends', 'with', 'description', 'of', 'hector', 'funeral', 'with', 'the', 'doom', 'of', 'troy', 'and', 'achilles', 'himself', 'still', 'to', 'come', 'later', 'epic', 'accounts', 'fighting', 'penthesilea', 'and', 'memnon', 'achilles', 'and', 'penthesilea', 'fighting', 'lucanian', 'red', 'figure', 'bell', 'krater', 'late', 'th', 'century', 'bc', 'achilles', 'and', 'memnon', 'fighting', 'between', 'thetis', 'and', 'eos', 'attic', 'black', 'figure', 'amphora', 'ca', 'bc', 'from', 'vulci', 'the', 'aethiopis', 'th', 'century', 'bc', 'and', 'work', 'named', 'posthomerica', 'composed', 'by', 'quintus', 'of', 'smyrna', 'in', 'the', 'fourth', 'century', 'ad', 'relate', 'further', 'events', 'from', 'the', 'trojan', 'war', 'when', 'penthesilea', 'queen', 'of', 'the', 'amazons', 'and', 'daughter', 'of', 'ares', 'arrives', 'in', 'troy', 'priam', 'hopes', 'that', 'she', 'defeat', 'achilles', 'after', 'his', 'temporary', 'truce', 'with', 'priam', 'achilles', 'fights', 'and', 'kills', 'the', 'warrior', 'queen', 'only', 'to', 'grieve', 'over', 'her', 'death', 'later', 'at', 'first', 'he', 'was', 'so', 'distracted', 'by', 'her', 'beauty', 'he', 'did', 'not', 'fight', 'as', 'intensely', 'as', 'usual', 'once', 'he', 'realized', 'that', 'his', 'distraction', 'was', 'endangering', 'his', 'life', 'he', 'refocused', 'and', 'killed', 'her', 'following', 'the', 'death', 'of', 'patroclus', 'nestor', 'son', 'antilochus', 'becomes', 'achilles', 'closest', 'companion', 'when', 'memnon', 'son', 'of', 'the', 'dawn', 'goddess', 'eos', 'and', 'king', 'of', 'ethiopia', 'slays', 'antilochus', 'achilles', 'once', 'more', 'obtains', 'revenge', 'on', 'the', 'battlefield', 'killing', 'memnon', 'consequently', 'eos', 'will', 'not', 'let', 'the', 'sun', 'rise', 'until', 'zeus', 'persuades', 'her', 'the', 'fight', 'between', 'achilles', 'and', 'memnon', 'over', 'antilochus', 'echoes', 'that', 'of', 'achilles', 'and', 'hector', 'over', 'patroclus', 'except', 'that', 'memnon', 'unlike', 'hector', 'was', 'also', 'the', 'son', 'of', 'goddess', 'many', 'homeric', 'scholars', 'argued', 'that', 'episode', 'inspired', 'many', 'details', 'in', 'the', 'iliad', 'description', 'of', 'the', 'death', 'of', 'patroclus', 'and', 'achilles', 'reaction', 'to', 'it', 'the', 'episode', 'then', 'formed', 'the', 'basis', 'of', 'the', 'cyclic', 'epic', 'aethiopis', 'which', 'was', 'composed', 'after', 'the', 'iliad', 'possibly', 'in', 'the', 'th', 'century', 'bc', 'the', 'aethiopis', 'is', 'now', 'lost', 'except', 'for', 'scattered', 'fragments', 'quoted', 'by', 'later', 'authors', 'achilles', 'death', 'attic', 'black', 'figure', 'lekythos', 'bc', 'from', 'sicily', 'staatliche', 'munich', 'the', 'death', 'of', 'achilles', 'as', 'predicted', 'by', 'hector', 'with', 'his', 'dying', 'breath', 'was', 'brought', 'about', 'by', 'paris', 'with', 'an', 'arrow', 'to', 'the', 'heel', 'according', 'to', 'statius', 'in', 'some', 'versions', 'the', 'god', 'apollo', 'guided', 'paris', 'arrow', 'some', 'retellings', 'also', 'state', 'that', 'achilles', 'was', 'scaling', 'the', 'gates', 'of', 'troy', 'and', 'was', 'hit', 'with', 'poisoned', 'arrow', 'all', 'of', 'these', 'versions', 'deny', 'paris', 'any', 'sort', 'of', 'valour', 'owing', 'to', 'the', 'common', 'conception', 'that', 'paris', 'was', 'coward', 'and', 'not', 'the', 'man', 'his', 'brother', 'hector', 'was', 'and', 'achilles', 'remained', 'undefeated', 'on', 'the', 'battlefield', 'his', 'bones', 'were', 'mingled', 'with', 'those', 'of', 'patroclus', 'and', 'funeral', 'games', 'were', 'held', 'he', 'was', 'represented', 'in', 'the', 'aethiopis', 'as', 'living', 'after', 'his', 'death', 'in', 'the', 'island', 'of', 'leuke', 'at', 'the', 'mouth', 'of', 'the', 'river', 'danube', 'another', 'version', 'of', 'achilles', 'death', 'is', 'that', 'he', 'fell', 'deeply', 'in', 'love', 'with', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'trojan', 'princesses', 'polyxena', 'achilles', 'asks', 'priam', 'for', 'polyxena', 'hand', 'in', 'marriage', 'priam', 'is', 'willing', 'because', 'it', 'would', 'mean', 'the', 'end', 'of', 'the', 'war', 'and', 'an', 'alliance', 'with', 'the', 'world', 'greatest', 'warrior', 'but', 'while', 'priam', 'is', 'overseeing', 'the', 'private', 'marriage', 'of', 'polyxena', 'and', 'achilles', 'paris', 'who', 'would', 'have', 'to', 'give', 'up', 'helen', 'if', 'achilles', 'married', 'his', 'sister', 'hides', 'in', 'the', 'bushes', 'and', 'shoots', 'achilles', 'with', 'divine', 'arrow', 'killing', 'him', 'in', 'the', 'odyssey', 'agamemnon', 'informs', 'achilles', 'of', 'his', 'pompous', 'burial', 'and', 'the', 'erection', 'of', 'his', 'mound', 'at', 'the', 'hellespont', 'while', 'they', 'are', 'receiving', 'the', 'dead', 'suitors', 'in', 'hades', 'he', 'claims', 'they', 'built', 'massive', 'burial', 'mound', 'on', 'the', 'beach', 'of', 'ilion', 'that', 'could', 'be', 'seen', 'by', 'anyone', 'approaching', 'from', 'the', 'ocean', 'achilles', 'was', 'cremated', 'and', 'his', 'ashes', 'buried', 'in', 'the', 'same', 'urn', 'as', 'those', 'of', 'patroclus', 'paris', 'was', 'later', 'killed', 'by', 'philoctetes', 'using', 'the', 'enormous', 'bow', 'of', 'heracles', 'in', 'book', 'of', 'homer', 'odyssey', 'odysseus', 'sails', 'to', 'the', 'underworld', 'and', 'converses', 'with', 'the', 'shades', 'one', 'of', 'these', 'is', 'achilles', 'who', 'when', 'greeted', 'as', 'blessed', 'in', 'life', 'blessed', 'in', 'death', 'responds', 'that', 'he', 'would', 'rather', 'be', 'slave', 'to', 'the', 'worst', 'of', 'masters', 'than', 'be', 'king', 'of', 'all', 'the', 'dead', 'but', 'achilles', 'then', 'asks', 'odysseus', 'of', 'his', 'son', 'exploits', 'in', 'the', 'trojan', 'war', 'and', 'when', 'odysseus', 'tells', 'of', 'neoptolemus', 'heroic', 'actions', 'achilles', 'is', 'filled', 'with', 'satisfaction', 'this', 'leaves', 'the', 'reader', 'with', 'an', 'ambiguous', 'understanding', 'of', 'how', 'achilles', 'felt', 'about', 'the', 'heroic', 'life', 'according', 'to', 'some', 'accounts', 'he', 'had', 'married', 'medea', 'in', 'life', 'so', 'that', 'after', 'both', 'their', 'deaths', 'they', 'were', 'united', 'in', 'the', 'elysian', 'fields', 'of', 'hades', 'as', 'hera', 'promised', 'thetis', 'in', 'apollonius', 'argonautica', 'rd', 'century', 'bc', 'achilles', 'tending', 'patroclus', 'wounded', 'by', 'an', 'arrow', 'attic', 'red', 'figure', 'kylix', 'bc', 'altes', 'museum', 'berlin', 'achilles', 'and', 'patroclus', 'the', 'exact', 'nature', 'of', 'achilles', 'relationship', 'with', 'patroclus', 'has', 'been', 'subject', 'of', 'dispute', 'in', 'both', 'the', 'classical', 'period', 'and', 'modern', 'times', 'in', 'the', 'iliad', 'it', 'appears', 'to', 'be', 'the', 'model', 'of', 'deep', 'and', 'loyal', 'friendship', 'homer', 'does', 'not', 'suggest', 'that', 'achilles', 'and', 'his', 'close', 'friend', 'patroclus', 'were', 'lovers', 'despite', 'there', 'being', 'no', 'direct', 'evidence', 'in', 'the', 'text', 'of', 'the', 'iliad', 'that', 'achilles', 'and', 'patroclus', 'were', 'lovers', 'this', 'theory', 'was', 'expressed', 'by', 'some', 'later', 'authors', 'commentators', 'from', 'classical', 'antiquity', 'to', 'the', 'present', 'have', 'often', 'interpreted', 'the', 'relationship', 'through', 'the', 'lens', 'of', 'their', 'own', 'cultures', 'in', 'th', 'century', 'bc', 'athens', 'the', 'intense', 'bond', 'was', 'often', 'viewed', 'in', 'light', 'of', 'the', 'greek', 'custom', 'of', 'paiderasteia', 'in', 'plato', 'symposium', 'the', 'participants', 'in', 'dialogue', 'about', 'love', 'assume', 'that', 'achilles', 'and', 'patroclus', 'were', 'couple', 'phaedrus', 'argues', 'that', 'achilles', 'was', 'the', 'younger', 'and', 'more', 'beautiful', 'one', 'so', 'he', 'was', 'the', 'beloved', 'and', 'patroclus', 'was', 'the', 'lover', 'but', 'ancient', 'greek', 'had', 'no', 'words', 'to', 'distinguish', 'heterosexual', 'and', 'homosexual', 'and', 'it', 'was', 'assumed', 'that', 'man', 'could', 'both', 'desire', 'handsome', 'young', 'men', 'and', 'have', 'sex', 'with', 'women', 'the', 'fate', 'of', 'achilles', 'armour', 'achilles', 'and', 'ajax', 'playing', 'the', 'board', 'game', 'petteia', 'black', 'figure', 'oinochoe', 'bc', 'capitoline', 'museums', 'rome', 'achilles', 'armour', 'was', 'the', 'object', 'of', 'feud', 'between', 'odysseus', 'and', 'telamonian', 'ajax', 'ajax', 'the', 'greater', 'they', 'competed', 'for', 'it', 'by', 'giving', 'speeches', 'on', 'why', 'they', 'were', 'the', 'bravest', 'after', 'achilles', 'to', 'their', 'trojan', 'prisoners', 'who', 'after', 'considering', 'both', 'men', 'came', 'to', 'consensus', 'in', 'favor', 'of', 'odysseus', 'furious', 'ajax', 'cursed', 'odysseus', 'which', 'earned', 'the', 'ire', 'of', 'athena', 'athena', 'temporarily', 'made', 'ajax', 'so', 'mad', 'with', 'grief', 'and', 'anguish', 'that', 'he', 'began', 'killing', 'sheep', 'thinking', 'them', 'his', 'comrades', 'after', 'while', 'when', 'athena', 'lifted', 'his', 'madness', 'and', 'ajax', 'realized', 'that', 'he', 'had', 'actually', 'been', 'killing', 'sheep', 'ajax', 'was', 'left', 'so', 'ashamed', 'that', 'he', 'committed', 'suicide', 'odysseus', 'eventually', 'gave', 'the', 'armour', 'to', 'neoptolemus', 'the', 'son', 'of', 'achilles', 'relic', 'claimed', 'to', 'be', 'achilles', 'bronze', 'headed', 'spear', 'was', 'for', 'centuries', 'preserved', 'in', 'the', 'temple', 'of', 'athena', 'on', 'the', 'acropolis', 'of', 'phaselis', 'lycia', 'port', 'on', 'the', 'pamphylian', 'gulf', 'the', 'city', 'was', 'visited', 'in', 'bc', 'by', 'alexander', 'the', 'great', 'who', 'envisioned', 'himself', 'as', 'the', 'new', 'achilles', 'and', 'carried', 'the', 'iliad', 'with', 'him', 'but', 'his', 'court', 'biographers', 'do', 'not', 'mention', 'the', 'spear', 'however', 'it', 'was', 'shown', 'in', 'the', 'time', 'of', 'pausanias', 'in', 'the', 'nd', 'century', 'ad', 'achilles', 'ajax', 'and', 'game', 'of', 'petteia', 'numerous', 'paintings', 'on', 'pottery', 'have', 'suggested', 'tale', 'not', 'mentioned', 'in', 'the', 'literary', 'traditions', 'at', 'some', 'point', 'in', 'the', 'war', 'achilles', 'and', 'ajax', 'were', 'playing', 'board', 'game', 'petteia', 'they', 'were', 'absorbed', 'in', 'the', 'game', 'and', 'oblivious', 'to', 'the', 'surrounding', 'battle', 'the', 'trojans', 'attacked', 'and', 'reached', 'the', 'heroes', 'who', 'were', 'saved', 'only', 'by', 'an', 'intervention', 'of', 'athena', 'worship', 'and', 'heroic', 'cult', 'the', 'tomb', 'of', 'achilles', 'extant', 'throughout', 'antiquity', 'in', 'troad', 'was', 'venerated', 'by', 'thessalians', 'but', 'also', 'by', 'persian', 'expeditionary', 'forces', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'by', 'alexander', 'the', 'great', 'and', 'the', 'roman', 'emperor', 'caracalla', 'achilles', 'cult', 'was', 'also', 'to', 'be', 'found', 'at', 'other', 'places', 'on', 'the', 'island', 'of', 'astypalaea', 'in', 'the', 'sporades', 'in', 'sparta', 'which', 'had', 'sanctuary', 'in', 'elis', 'and', 'in', 'achill', 'homeland', 'thessaly', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'in', 'the', 'magna', 'graecia', 'cities', 'of', 'tarentum', 'locri', 'and', 'croton', 'accounting', 'for', 'an', 'almost', 'panhellenic', 'cult', 'to', 'the', 'hero', 'the', 'spread', 'and', 'intensity', 'of', 'the', 'hero', 'veneration', 'among', 'the', 'greeks', 'that', 'had', 'settled', 'on', 'the', 'northern', 'coast', 'of', 'the', 'pontus', 'euxinus', 'today', 'black', 'sea', 'appears', 'to', 'have', 'been', 'remarkable', 'an', 'archaic', 'cult', 'is', 'attested', 'for', 'the', 'milesian', 'colony', 'of', 'olbia', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'for', 'an', 'island', 'in', 'the', 'middle', 'of', 'the', 'black', 'sea', 'today', 'identified', 'with', 'snake', 'island', 'ukrainian', 'зміїний', 'zmiinyi', 'near', 'kiliya', 'ukraine', 'early', 'dedicatory', 'inscriptions', 'from', 'the', 'greek', 'colonies', 'on', 'the', 'black', 'sea', 'graffiti', 'and', 'inscribed', 'clay', 'disks', 'these', 'possibly', 'being', 'votive', 'offerings', 'from', 'olbia', 'the', 'area', 'of', 'berezan', 'island', 'and', 'the', 'tauric', 'chersonese', 'attest', 'the', 'existence', 'of', 'heroic', 'cult', 'of', 'achilles', 'from', 'the', 'sixth', 'century', 'bc', 'onwards', 'the', 'cult', 'was', 'still', 'thriving', 'in', 'the', 'third', 'century', 'ad', 'when', 'dedicatory', 'stelae', 'from', 'olbia', 'refer', 'to', 'an', 'achilles', 'pontárchēs', 'ποντάρχης', 'roughly', 'lord', 'of', 'the', 'sea', 'or', 'of', 'the', 'pontus', 'euxinus', 'who', 'was', 'invoked', 'as', 'protector', 'of', 'the', 'city', 'of', 'olbia', 'venerated', 'on', 'par', 'with', 'olympian', 'gods', 'such', 'as', 'the', 'local', 'apollo', 'prostates', 'hermes', 'agoraeus', 'or', 'poseidon', 'pliny', 'the', 'elder', 'ad', 'in', 'his', 'natural', 'history', 'mentions', 'port', 'of', 'the', 'achæi', 'and', 'an', 'island', 'of', 'achilles', 'famous', 'for', 'the', 'tomb', 'of', 'that', 'man', 'portus', 'achaeorum', 'insula', 'achillis', 'tumulo', 'eius', 'viri', 'clara', 'situated', 'somewhat', 'nearby', 'olbia', 'and', 'the', 'dnieper', 'bug', 'estuary', 'furthermore', 'at', 'roman', 'miles', 'from', 'this', 'island', 'he', 'places', 'peninsula', 'which', 'stretches', 'forth', 'in', 'the', 'shape', 'of', 'sword', 'obliquely', 'called', 'dromos', 'achilleos', 'ἀχιλλέως', 'δρόμος', 'achilléōs', 'drómos', 'the', 'race', 'course', 'of', 'achilles', 'and', 'considered', 'the', 'place', 'of', 'the', 'hero', 'exercise', 'or', 'of', 'games', 'instituted', 'by', 'him', 'this', 'last', 'feature', 'of', 'pliny', 'account', 'is', 'considered', 'to', 'be', 'the', 'iconic', 'spit', 'called', 'today', 'tendra', 'or', 'kosa', 'tendra', 'and', 'kosa', 'djarilgatch', 'situated', 'between', 'the', 'mouth', 'of', 'the', 'dnieper', 'and', 'karkinit', 'bay', 'but', 'which', 'is', 'hardly', 'roman', 'miles', 'km', 'away', 'from', 'the', 'dnieper', 'bug', 'estuary', 'as', 'pliny', 'states', 'to', 'the', 'race', 'course', 'he', 'gives', 'length', 'of', 'miles', 'km', 'whereas', 'the', 'spit', 'measures', 'km', 'today', 'thetis', 'and', 'the', 'nereids', 'mourning', 'achilles', 'corinthian', 'black', 'figure', 'hydria', 'bc', 'louvre', 'paris', 'roman', 'statue', 'of', 'man', 'with', 'the', 'dead', 'body', 'of', 'boy', 'identified', 'as', 'achilles', 'and', 'troilus', 'nd', 'century', 'ad', 'naples', 'national', 'archaeological', 'museum', 'in', 'the', 'following', 'chapter', 'of', 'his', 'book', 'pliny', 'refers', 'to', 'the', 'same', 'island', 'as', 'achillea', 'and', 'introduces', 'two', 'further', 'names', 'for', 'it', 'leuce', 'or', 'macaron', 'from', 'greek', 'νῆσος', 'μακαρῶν', 'island', 'of', 'the', 'blest', 'the', 'present', 'day', 'measures', 'he', 'gives', 'at', 'this', 'point', 'seem', 'to', 'account', 'for', 'an', 'identification', 'of', 'achillea', 'or', 'leuce', 'with', 'today', 'snake', 'island', 'pliny', 'contemporary', 'pomponius', 'mela', 'ad', 'tells', 'that', 'achilles', 'was', 'buried', 'on', 'an', 'island', 'named', 'achillea', 'situated', 'between', 'the', 'borysthenes', 'and', 'the', 'ister', 'adding', 'to', 'the', 'geographical', 'confusion', 'ruins', 'of', 'square', 'temple', 'measuring', 'meters', 'to', 'side', 'possibly', 'that', 'dedicated', 'to', 'achilles', 'were', 'discovered', 'by', 'captain', 'kritzikly', 'in', 'on', 'snake', 'island', 'second', 'exploration', 'in', 'showed', 'that', 'the', 'construction', 'of', 'lighthouse', 'had', 'destroyed', 'all', 'traces', 'of', 'this', 'temple', 'fifth', 'century', 'bc', 'black', 'glazed', 'lekythos', 'inscription', 'found', 'on', 'the', 'island', 'in', 'reads', 'glaukos', 'son', 'of', 'poseidon', 'dedicated', 'me', 'to', 'achilles', 'lord', 'of', 'leuke', 'in', 'another', 'inscription', 'from', 'the', 'fifth', 'or', 'fourth', 'century', 'bc', 'statue', 'is', 'dedicated', 'to', 'achilles', 'lord', 'of', 'leuke', 'by', 'citizen', 'of', 'olbia', 'while', 'in', 'further', 'dedication', 'the', 'city', 'of', 'olbia', 'confirms', 'its', 'continuous', 'maintenance', 'of', 'the', 'island', 'cult', 'again', 'suggesting', 'its', 'quality', 'as', 'place', 'of', 'supra', 'regional', 'hero', 'veneration', 'the', 'heroic', 'cult', 'dedicated', 'to', 'achilles', 'on', 'leuce', 'seems', 'to', 'go', 'back', 'to', 'an', 'account', 'from', 'the', 'lost', 'epic', 'aethiopis', 'according', 'to', 'which', 'after', 'his', 'untimely', 'death', 'thetis', 'had', 'snatched', 'her', 'son', 'from', 'the', 'funeral', 'pyre', 'and', 'removed', 'him', 'to', 'mythical', 'λεύκη', 'νῆσος', 'leúkē', 'nêsos', 'white', 'island', 'already', 'in', 'the', 'fifth', 'century', 'bc', 'pindar', 'had', 'mentioned', 'cult', 'of', 'achilles', 'on', 'bright', 'island', 'φαεννά', 'νᾶσος', 'phaenná', 'nâsos', 'of', 'the', 'black', 'sea', 'while', 'in', 'another', 'of', 'his', 'works', 'pindar', 'would', 'retell', 'the', 'story', 'of', 'the', 'immortalized', 'achilles', 'living', 'on', 'geographically', 'indefinite', 'island', 'of', 'the', 'blest', 'together', 'with', 'other', 'heroes', 'such', 'as', 'his', 'father', 'peleus', 'and', 'cadmus', 'well', 'known', 'is', 'the', 'connection', 'of', 'these', 'mythological', 'fortunate', 'isles', 'μακαρῶν', 'νῆσοι', 'makárôn', 'nêsoi', 'or', 'the', 'homeric', 'elysium', 'with', 'the', 'stream', 'oceanus', 'which', 'according', 'to', 'greek', 'mythology', 'surrounds', 'the', 'inhabited', 'world', 'which', 'should', 'have', 'accounted', 'for', 'the', 'identification', 'of', 'the', 'northern', 'strands', 'of', 'the', 'euxine', 'with', 'it', 'guy', 'hedreen', 'has', 'found', 'further', 'evidence', 'for', 'this', 'connection', 'of', 'achilles', 'with', 'the', 'northern', 'margin', 'of', 'the', 'inhabited', 'world', 'in', 'poem', 'by', 'alcaeus', 'speaking', 'of', 'achilles', 'lord', 'of', 'scythia', 'and', 'the', 'opposition', 'of', 'north', 'and', 'south', 'as', 'evoked', 'by', 'achilles', 'fight', 'against', 'the', 'aethiopian', 'prince', 'memnon', 'who', 'in', 'his', 'turn', 'would', 'be', 'removed', 'to', 'his', 'homeland', 'by', 'his', 'mother', 'eos', 'after', 'his', 'death', 'the', 'periplus', 'of', 'the', 'euxine', 'sea', 'ad', 'gives', 'the', 'following', 'details', 'the', 'greek', 'geographer', 'dionysius', 'periegetes', 'who', 'lived', 'probably', 'during', 'the', 'first', 'century', 'ad', 'wrote', 'that', 'the', 'island', 'was', 'called', 'leuce', 'because', 'the', 'wild', 'animals', 'which', 'live', 'there', 'are', 'white', 'it', 'is', 'said', 'that', 'there', 'in', 'leuce', 'island', 'reside', 'the', 'souls', 'of', 'achilles', 'and', 'other', 'heroes', 'and', 'that', 'they', 'wander', 'through', 'the', 'uninhabited', 'valleys', 'of', 'this', 'island', 'this', 'is', 'how', 'jove', 'rewarded', 'the', 'men', 'who', 'had', 'distinguished', 'themselves', 'through', 'their', 'virtues', 'because', 'through', 'virtue', 'they', 'had', 'acquired', 'everlasting', 'honour', 'similarly', 'others', 'relate', 'the', 'island', 'name', 'to', 'its', 'white', 'cliffs', 'snakes', 'or', 'birds', 'dwelling', 'there', 'pausanias', 'has', 'been', 'told', 'that', 'the', 'island', 'is', 'covered', 'with', 'forests', 'and', 'full', 'of', 'animals', 'some', 'wild', 'some', 'tame', 'in', 'this', 'island', 'there', 'is', 'also', 'achilles', 'temple', 'and', 'his', 'statue', 'leuce', 'had', 'also', 'reputation', 'as', 'place', 'of', 'healing', 'pausanias', 'reports', 'that', 'the', 'delphic', 'pythia', 'sent', 'lord', 'of', 'croton', 'to', 'be', 'cured', 'of', 'chest', 'wound', 'ammianus', 'marcellinus', 'attributes', 'the', 'healing', 'to', 'waters', 'aquae', 'on', 'the', 'island', 'number', 'of', 'important', 'commercial', 'port', 'cities', 'of', 'the', 'greek', 'waters', 'were', 'dedicated', 'to', 'achilles', 'herodotus', 'pliny', 'the', 'elder', 'and', 'strabo', 'reported', 'on', 'the', 'existence', 'of', 'town', 'achílleion', 'ἀχίλλειον', 'built', 'by', 'settlers', 'from', 'mytilene', 'in', 'the', 'sixth', 'century', 'bc', 'close', 'to', 'the', 'hero', 'presumed', 'burial', 'mound', 'in', 'the', 'troad', 'later', 'attestations', 'point', 'to', 'an', 'achílleion', 'in', 'messenia', 'according', 'to', 'stephanus', 'byzantinus', 'and', 'an', 'achílleios', 'ἀχίλλειος', 'in', 'laconia', 'nicolae', 'densuşianu', 'recognized', 'connection', 'to', 'achilles', 'in', 'the', 'names', 'of', 'aquileia', 'and', 'of', 'the', 'northern', 'arm', 'of', 'the', 'danube', 'delta', 'called', 'chilia', 'presumably', 'from', 'an', 'older', 'achileii', 'though', 'his', 'conclusion', 'that', 'leuce', 'had', 'sovereign', 'rights', 'over', 'the', 'black', 'sea', 'evokes', 'modern', 'rather', 'than', 'archaic', 'sea', 'law', 'the', 'kings', 'of', 'epirus', 'claimed', 'to', 'be', 'descended', 'from', 'achilles', 'through', 'his', 'son', 'neoptolemus', 'alexander', 'the', 'great', 'son', 'of', 'the', 'epirote', 'princess', 'olympias', 'could', 'therefore', 'also', 'claim', 'this', 'descent', 'and', 'in', 'many', 'ways', 'strove', 'to', 'be', 'like', 'his', 'great', 'ancestor', 'he', 'is', 'said', 'to', 'have', 'visited', 'the', 'tomb', 'of', 'achilles', 'at', 'achilleion', 'while', 'passing', 'troy', 'in', 'ad', 'the', 'roman', 'emperor', 'caracalla', 'while', 'on', 'his', 'way', 'to', 'war', 'against', 'parthia', 'emulated', 'alexander', 'by', 'holding', 'games', 'around', 'achilles', 'tumulus', 'reception', 'during', 'antiquity', 'achilles', 'in', 'greek', 'tragedy', 'the', 'greek', 'tragedian', 'aeschylus', 'wrote', 'trilogy', 'of', 'plays', 'about', 'achilles', 'given', 'the', 'title', 'achilleis', 'by', 'modern', 'scholars', 'the', 'tragedies', 'relate', 'the', 'deeds', 'of', 'achilles', 'during', 'the', 'trojan', 'war', 'including', 'his', 'defeat', 'of', 'hector', 'and', 'eventual', 'death', 'when', 'an', 'arrow', 'shot', 'by', 'paris', 'and', 'guided', 'by', 'apollo', 'punctures', 'his', 'heel', 'extant', 'fragments', 'of', 'the', 'achilleis', 'and', 'other', 'aeschylean', 'fragments', 'have', 'been', 'assembled', 'to', 'produce', 'workable', 'modern', 'play', 'the', 'first', 'part', 'of', 'the', 'achilleis', 'trilogy', 'the', 'myrmidons', 'focused', 'on', 'the', 'relationship', 'between', 'achilles', 'and', 'chorus', 'who', 'represent', 'the', 'achaean', 'army', 'and', 'try', 'to', 'convince', 'achilles', 'to', 'give', 'up', 'his', 'quarrel', 'with', 'agamemnon', 'only', 'few', 'lines', 'survive', 'today', 'in', 'plato', 'symposium', 'phaedrus', 'points', 'out', 'that', 'aeschylus', 'portrayed', 'achilles', 'as', 'the', 'lover', 'and', 'patroclus', 'as', 'the', 'beloved', 'phaedrus', 'argues', 'that', 'this', 'is', 'incorrect', 'because', 'achilles', 'being', 'the', 'younger', 'and', 'more', 'beautiful', 'of', 'the', 'two', 'was', 'the', 'beloved', 'who', 'loved', 'his', 'lover', 'so', 'much', 'that', 'he', 'chose', 'to', 'die', 'to', 'revenge', 'him', 'the', 'tragedian', 'sophocles', 'also', 'wrote', 'the', 'lovers', 'of', 'achilles', 'play', 'with', 'achilles', 'as', 'the', 'main', 'character', 'only', 'few', 'fragments', 'survive', 'towards', 'the', 'end', 'of', 'the', 'th', 'century', 'bc', 'more', 'negative', 'view', 'of', 'achilles', 'emerges', 'in', 'greek', 'drama', 'euripides', 'refers', 'to', 'achilles', 'in', 'bitter', 'or', 'ironic', 'tone', 'in', 'hecuba', 'electra', 'and', 'iphigenia', 'in', 'aulis', 'achilles', 'in', 'greek', 'philosophy', 'the', 'philosopher', 'zeno', 'of', 'elea', 'centered', 'one', 'of', 'his', 'paradoxes', 'on', 'an', 'imaginary', 'footrace', 'between', 'swift', 'footed', 'achilles', 'and', 'tortoise', 'by', 'which', 'he', 'attempted', 'to', 'show', 'that', 'achilles', 'could', 'not', 'catch', 'up', 'to', 'tortoise', 'with', 'head', 'start', 'and', 'therefore', 'that', 'motion', 'and', 'change', 'were', 'impossible', 'as', 'student', 'of', 'the', 'monist', 'parmenides', 'and', 'member', 'of', 'the', 'eleatic', 'school', 'zeno', 'believed', 'time', 'and', 'motion', 'to', 'be', 'illusions', 'achilles', 'in', 'roman', 'and', 'medieval', 'literature', 'the', 'romans', 'who', 'traditionally', 'traced', 'their', 'lineage', 'to', 'troy', 'took', 'highly', 'negative', 'view', 'of', 'achilles', 'virgil', 'refers', 'to', 'achilles', 'as', 'savage', 'and', 'merciless', 'butcher', 'of', 'men', 'while', 'horace', 'portrays', 'achilles', 'ruthlessly', 'slaying', 'women', 'and', 'children', 'other', 'writers', 'such', 'as', 'catullus', 'propertius', 'and', 'ovid', 'represent', 'second', 'strand', 'of', 'disparagement', 'with', 'an', 'emphasis', 'on', 'achilles', 'erotic', 'career', 'this', 'strand', 'continues', 'in', 'latin', 'accounts', 'of', 'the', 'trojan', 'war', 'by', 'writers', 'such', 'as', 'dictys', 'cretensis', 'and', 'dares', 'phrygius', 'and', 'in', 'benoît', 'de', 'sainte', 'maure', 'roman', 'de', 'troie', 'and', 'guido', 'delle', 'colonne', 'historia', 'destructionis', 'troiae', 'which', 'remained', 'the', 'most', 'widely', 'read', 'and', 'retold', 'versions', 'of', 'the', 'matter', 'of', 'troy', 'until', 'the', 'th', 'century', 'achilles', 'was', 'described', 'by', 'the', 'byzantine', 'chronicler', 'leo', 'the', 'deacon', 'not', 'as', 'hellene', 'but', 'as', 'scythian', 'while', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'byzantine', 'author', 'john', 'malalas', 'his', 'army', 'was', 'made', 'up', 'of', 'tribe', 'previously', 'known', 'as', 'myrmidons', 'and', 'later', 'as', 'bulgars', 'achilles', 'in', 'modern', 'literature', 'and', 'arts', 'briseis', 'and', 'achilles', 'engraving', 'by', 'wenceslaus', 'hollar', 'the', 'wrath', 'of', 'achilles', 'painting', 'by', 'peter', 'paul', 'rubens', 'the', 'death', 'of', 'hector', 'unfinished', 'oil', 'painting', 'by', 'peter', 'paul', 'rubens', 'james', 'barry', 'yale', 'center', 'for', 'british', 'art', 'the', 'wrath', 'of', 'achilles', 'by', 'françois', 'léon', 'benouville', 'musée', 'fabre', 'the', 'education', 'of', 'achilles', 'by', 'eugène', 'delacroix', 'pastel', 'on', 'paper', 'getty', 'center', 'los', 'angeles', 'literature', 'achilles', 'appears', 'in', 'dante', 'inferno', 'composed', 'he', 'is', 'seen', 'in', 'hell', 'second', 'circle', 'of', 'lust', 'achilles', 'is', 'portrayed', 'as', 'former', 'hero', 'who', 'has', 'become', 'lazy', 'and', 'devoted', 'to', 'the', 'love', 'of', 'patroclus', 'in', 'william', 'shakespeare', 'troilus', 'and', 'cressida', 'the', 'french', 'dramatist', 'thomas', 'corneille', 'wrote', 'tragedy', 'la', 'mort', 'achille', 'achilles', 'is', 'the', 'subject', 'of', 'the', 'poem', 'achilleis', 'fragment', 'by', 'johann', 'wolfgang', 'von', 'goethe', 'achilles', 'is', 'mentioned', 'in', 'tennyson', 'poem', 'ulysses', 'published', 'in', 'we', 'shall', 'touch', 'the', 'happy', 'isles', 'and', 'meet', 'there', 'the', 'great', 'achilles', 'whom', 'we', 'knew', 'in', 'the', 'polish', 'playwright', 'painter', 'and', 'poet', 'stanisław', 'wyspiański', 'published', 'national', 'drama', 'based', 'on', 'polish', 'history', 'named', 'achilles', 'in', 'edward', 'shanks', 'published', 'the', 'the', 'island', 'of', 'youth', 'and', 'other', 'poems', 'concerned', 'among', 'others', 'with', 'achilles', 'the', 'novel', 'kassandra', 'by', 'christa', 'wolf', 'also', 'treats', 'the', 'death', 'of', 'achilles', 'achilles', 'akhilles', 'is', 'killed', 'by', 'poisoned', 'kentaur', 'arrow', 'shot', 'by', 'kassandra', 'in', 'marion', 'zimmer', 'bradley', 'novel', 'the', 'firebrand', 'achilles', 'is', 'one', 'of', 'various', 'narrators', 'in', 'colleen', 'mccullough', 'novel', 'the', 'song', 'of', 'troy', 'the', 'death', 'of', 'achilles', 'смерть', 'ахиллеса', 'is', 'an', 'historical', 'detective', 'novel', 'by', 'russian', 'writer', 'boris', 'akunin', 'that', 'alludes', 'to', 'various', 'figures', 'and', 'motifs', 'from', 'the', 'iliad', 'the', 'character', 'achilles', 'in', 'ender', 'shadow', 'by', 'orson', 'scott', 'card', 'shares', 'his', 'namesake', 'cunning', 'mind', 'and', 'ruthless', 'attitude', 'achilles', 'is', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'main', 'characters', 'in', 'dan', 'simmons', 'novels', 'ilium', 'and', 'olympos', 'achilles', 'is', 'the', 'main', 'character', 'in', 'david', 'malouf', 'novel', 'ransom', 'the', 'ghost', 'of', 'achilles', 'appears', 'in', 'rick', 'riordan', 'the', 'last', 'olympian', 'he', 'warns', 'percy', 'jackson', 'about', 'the', 'curse', 'of', 'achilles', 'and', 'its', 'side', 'effects', 'achilles', 'is', 'main', 'character', 'in', 'terence', 'hawkins', 'novel', 'the', 'rage', 'of', 'achilles', 'achilles', 'is', 'major', 'character', 'in', 'madeline', 'miller', 'debut', 'novel', 'the', 'song', 'of', 'achilles', 'which', 'won', 'the', 'orange', 'prize', 'for', 'fiction', 'the', 'novel', 'explores', 'the', 'relationship', 'between', 'patroclus', 'and', 'achilles', 'from', 'boyhood', 'to', 'the', 'fateful', 'events', 'of', 'the', 'iliad', 'achilles', 'appears', 'in', 'the', 'light', 'novel', 'series', 'fate', 'apocrypha', 'as', 'the', 'rider', 'of', 'red', 'visual', 'arts', 'achilles', 'with', 'the', 'daughters', 'of', 'lycomedes', 'is', 'subject', 'treated', 'in', 'paintings', 'by', 'anthony', 'van', 'dyck', 'before', 'museo', 'del', 'prado', 'madrid', 'and', 'nicolas', 'poussin', 'museum', 'of', 'fine', 'arts', 'boston', 'among', 'others', 'peter', 'paul', 'rubens', 'has', 'authored', 'series', 'of', 'works', 'on', 'the', 'life', 'of', 'achilles', 'comprising', 'the', 'titles', 'thetis', 'dipping', 'the', 'infant', 'achilles', 'into', 'the', 'river', 'styx', 'achilles', 'educated', 'by', 'the', 'centaur', 'chiron', 'achilles', 'recognized', 'among', 'the', 'daughters', 'of', 'lycomedes', 'the', 'wrath', 'of', 'achilles', 'the', 'death', 'of', 'hector', 'thetis', 'receiving', 'the', 'arms', 'of', 'achilles', 'from', 'vulcanus', 'the', 'death', 'of', 'achilles', 'museum', 'boijmans', 'van', 'beuningen', 'rotterdam', 'and', 'briseis', 'restored', 'to', 'achilles', 'detroit', 'institute', 'of', 'arts', 'all', 'dying', 'achilles', 'is', 'sculpture', 'created', 'by', 'christophe', 'veyrier', 'victoria', 'and', 'albert', 'museum', 'london', 'the', 'rage', 'of', 'achilles', 'is', 'fresco', 'by', 'giovanni', 'battista', 'tiepolo', 'villa', 'valmarana', 'ai', 'nani', 'vicenza', 'eugène', 'delacroix', 'painted', 'version', 'of', 'the', 'education', 'of', 'achilles', 'for', 'the', 'ceiling', 'of', 'the', 'paris', 'palais', 'bourbon', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'seats', 'of', 'the', 'french', 'parliament', 'arthur', 'kaan', 'created', 'statue', 'group', 'achilles', 'and', 'penthesilea', 'vienna', 'achilleus', 'is', 'lithography', 'by', 'max', 'slevogt', 'music', 'achilles', 'has', 'been', 'frequently', 'the', 'subject', 'of', 'operas', 'ballets', 'and', 'related', 'genres', 'operas', 'titled', 'deidamia', 'were', 'composed', 'by', 'francesco', 'cavalli', 'and', 'george', 'frideric', 'handel', 'achille', 'et', 'polyxène', 'paris', 'is', 'an', 'opera', 'begun', 'by', 'jean', 'baptiste', 'lully', 'and', 'finished', 'by', 'pascal', 'collasse', 'achille', 'deidamia', 'naples', 'is', 'an', 'opera', 'composed', 'by', 'alessandro', 'scarlatti', 'achilles', 'london', 'is', 'ballad', 'opera', 'written', 'by', 'john', 'gay', 'parodied', 'by', 'thomas', 'arne', 'as', 'achilles', 'in', 'petticoats', 'in', 'achille', 'in', 'sciro', 'is', 'libretto', 'by', 'metastasio', 'composed', 'by', 'domenico', 'sarro', 'for', 'the', 'inauguration', 'of', 'the', 'teatro', 'di', 'san', 'carlo', 'naples', 'november', 'an', 'even', 'earlier', 'composition', 'is', 'from', 'antonio', 'caldara', 'vienna', 'later', 'operas', 'on', 'the', 'same', 'libretto', 'were', 'composed', 'by', 'leonardo', 'leo', 'turin', 'niccolò', 'jommelli', 'vienna', 'and', 'rome', 'giuseppe', 'sarti', 'copenhagen', 'and', 'florence', 'johann', 'adolph', 'hasse', 'naples', 'giovanni', 'paisiello', 'st', 'petersburg', 'giuseppe', 'gazzaniga', 'palermo', 'and', 'many', 'others', 'it', 'has', 'also', 'been', 'set', 'to', 'music', 'as', 'il', 'trionfo', 'della', 'gloria', 'achille', 'vienna', 'is', 'an', 'opera', 'by', 'ferdinando', 'paër', 'on', 'libretto', 'by', 'giovanni', 'de', 'gamerra', 'achille', 'scyros', 'paris', 'is', 'ballet', 'by', 'pierre', 'gardel', 'composed', 'by', 'luigi', 'cherubini', 'achilles', 'oder', 'das', 'zerstörte', 'troja', 'achilles', 'or', 'troy', 'destroyed', 'bonn', 'is', 'an', 'oratorio', 'by', 'the', 'german', 'composer', 'max', 'bruch', 'achilles', 'auf', 'skyros', 'stuttgart', 'is', 'ballet', 'by', 'the', 'austrian', 'british', 'composer', 'and', 'musicologist', 'egon', 'wellesz', 'achilles', 'wrath', 'is', 'concert', 'piece', 'by', 'sean', 'loughlin', 'architecture', 'in', 'elisabeth', 'of', 'bavaria', 'empress', 'of', 'austria', 'had', 'summer', 'palace', 'built', 'in', 'corfu', 'the', 'building', 'is', 'named', 'the', 'achilleion', 'after', 'achilles', 'its', 'paintings', 'and', 'statuary', 'depict', 'scenes', 'from', 'the', 'trojan', 'war', 'with', 'particular', 'focus', 'on', 'achilles', 'achilles', 'in', 'popular', 'culture', 'film', 'tv', 'and', 'web', 'series', 'the', 'role', 'of', 'achilles', 'has', 'been', 'played', 'in', 'film', 'by', 'piero', 'lulli', 'in', 'the', 'italian', 'american', 'film', 'ulysses', 'stanley', 'baker', 'in', 'helen', 'of', 'troy', 'riley', 'ottenhof', 'in', 'something', 'about', 'zeus', 'arturo', 'dominici', 'in', 'la', 'guerra', 'di', 'troia', 'gordon', 'mitchell', 'in', 'the', 'fury', 'of', 'achilles', 'steve', 'davislim', 'in', 'la', 'belle', 'hélène', 'tv', 'richard', 'trewett', 'in', 'the', 'miniseries', 'the', 'odyssey', 'tv', 'joe', 'montana', 'in', 'helen', 'of', 'troy', 'tv', 'brad', 'pitt', 'in', 'troy', 'david', 'gyasi', 'in', 'troy', 'fall', 'of', 'city', 'tv', 'in', 'the', 'star', 'trek', 'universe', 'the', 'achilles', 'class', 'is', 'an', 'advanced', 'type', 'of', 'federation', 'battleship', 'brought', 'into', 'service', 'at', 'the', 'outbreak', 'of', 'the', 'dominion', 'war', 'though', 'not', 'seen', 'in', 'any', 'of', 'the', 'canonical', 'star', 'trek', 'tv', 'series', 'to', 'present', 'in', 'disney', 'hercules', 'film', 'achilles', 'was', 'mentioned', 'to', 'have', 'been', 'student', 'of', 'philoctetes', 'and', 'reference', 'to', 'his', 'heel', 'being', 'his', 'weakness', 'was', 'made', 'later', 'in', 'the', 'film', 'some', 'people', 'of', 'thebes', 'mock', 'philoctetes', 'for', 'his', 'training', 'of', 'achilles', 'achilles', 'appears', 'in', 'the', 'tv', 'series', 'hercules', 'in', 'the', 'episode', 'achilles', 'and', 'the', 'living', 'legend', 'voiced', 'by', 'dom', 'irrera', 'he', 'is', 'shown', 'as', 'washed', 'out', 'has', 'been', 'ever', 'since', 'he', 'was', 'defeated', 'in', 'the', 'web', 'series', 'rwby', 'to', 'present', 'the', 'character', 'pyrrha', 'nikos', 'alludes', 'to', 'achilles', 'like', 'him', 'she', 'is', 'very', 'skilled', 'warrior', 'wielding', 'javelin', 'called', 'miló', 'which', 'can', 'also', 'turn', 'into', 'rifle', 'and', 'xiphos', 'and', 'shield', 'called', 'akoúo', 'her', 'name', 'and', 'gender', 'is', 'reference', 'to', 'when', 'achilles', 'was', 'disguised', 'as', 'girl', 'named', 'pyrrha', 'in', 'skyros', 'in', 'the', 'finale', 'of', 'volume', 'when', 'she', 'is', 'killed', 'by', 'the', 'villain', 'cinder', 'fall', 'pyrrha', 'is', 'crippled', 'with', 'an', 'arrow', 'at', 'the', 'right', 'heel', 'and', 'turned', 'into', 'ashes', 'alluding', 'to', 'achilles', 'death', 'and', 'cremation', 'popular', 'music', 'achilles', 'is', 'referred', 'to', 'in', 'bob', 'dylan', 'song', 'temporary', 'like', 'achilles', 'achilles', 'last', 'stand', 'is', 'song', 'by', 'led', 'zeppelin', 'presence', 'achilles', 'agony', 'ecstasy', 'in', 'eight', 'parts', 'is', 'song', 'by', 'manowar', 'included', 'on', 'their', 'album', 'the', 'triumph', 'of', 'steel', 'achilles', 'revenge', 'is', 'song', 'by', 'warlord', 'from', 'their', 'album', 'rising', 'out', 'of', 'the', 'ashes', 'achilles', 'is', 'hardcore', 'band', 'founded', 'in', 'cry', 'of', 'achilles', 'is', 'the', 'lead', 'track', 'off', 'of', 'alter', 'bridge', 'fourth', 'album', 'fortress', 'achilles', 'is', 'mentioned', 'in', 'something', 'just', 'like', 'this', 'by', 'the', 'chainsmokers', 'video', 'games', 'the', 'video', 'game', 'spartan', 'total', 'warrior', 'features', 'two', 'campaign', 'missions', 'located', 'in', 'the', 'fictional', 'buried', 'city', 'of', 'troy', 'with', 'the', 'story', 'arc', 'for', 'this', 'segment', 'of', 'the', 'game', 'culminating', 'in', 'the', 'discovery', 'of', 'the', 'tomb', 'of', 'achilles', 'and', 'the', 'acquisition', 'of', 'the', 'spear', 'of', 'achilles', 'achilles', 'armour', 'and', 'valour', 'are', 'included', 'in', 'the', 'video', 'games', 'titan', 'quest', 'and', 'titan', 'quest', 'immortal', 'throne', 'achilles', 'is', 'central', 'and', 'playable', 'character', 'in', 'koei', 'warriors', 'legends', 'of', 'troy', 'he', 'is', 'later', 'special', 'guest', 'character', 'in', 'warriors', 'orochi', 'achilles', 'armour', 'appears', 'as', 'downloadable', 'content', 'in', 'the', 'video', 'game', 'god', 'of', 'war', 'ascension', 'in', 'the', 'video', 'game', 'halo', 'guardians', 'the', 'achilles', 'armour', 'and', 'helmet', 'are', 'the', 'most', 'challenging', 'cosmetic', 'items', 'to', 'obtain', 'the', 'description', 'for', 'the', 'armour', 'only', 'spartans', 'who', 'have', 'mastered', 'themselves', 'bound', 'their', 'wrath', 'and', 'passion', 'within', 'shell', 'of', 'hyper', 'dense', 'steel', 'fueled', 'by', 'star', 'fire', 'are', 'granted', 'access', 'to', 'the', 'achilles', 'lesser', 'warriors', 'will', 'lose', 'themselves', 'in', 'storm', 'of', 'blood', 'namesakes', 'the', 'name', 'of', 'achilles', 'has', 'been', 'used', 'for', 'at', 'least', 'nine', 'royal', 'navy', 'warships', 'since', 'both', 'as', 'hms', 'achilles', 'and', 'with', 'the', 'french', 'spelling', 'hms', 'achille', 'gun', 'ship', 'of', 'that', 'name', 'served', 'at', 'the', 'battle', 'of', 'belleisle', 'in', 'while', 'gun', 'ship', 'served', 'at', 'the', 'battle', 'of', 'trafalgar', 'other', 'battle', 'honours', 'include', 'walcheren', 'an', 'armored', 'cruiser', 'of', 'that', 'name', 'served', 'in', 'the', 'royal', 'navy', 'during', 'the', 'first', 'world', 'war', 'hmnzs', 'achilles', 'was', 'leander', 'class', 'cruiser', 'which', 'served', 'with', 'the', 'royal', 'new', 'zealand', 'navy', 'in', 'world', 'war', 'ii', 'it', 'became', 'famous', 'for', 'its', 'part', 'in', 'the', 'battle', 'of', 'the', 'river', 'plate', 'alongside', 'and', 'in', 'addition', 'to', 'earning', 'the', 'battle', 'honour', 'river', 'plate', 'hmnzs', 'achilles', 'also', 'served', 'at', 'guadalcanal', 'and', 'okinawa', 'in', 'after', 'returning', 'to', 'the', 'royal', 'navy', 'the', 'ship', 'was', 'sold', 'to', 'the', 'indian', 'navy', 'in', 'but', 'when', 'she', 'was', 'scrapped', 'parts', 'of', 'the', 'ship', 'were', 'saved', 'and', 'preserved', 'in', 'new', 'zealand', 'capois', 'la', 'mort', 'slave', 'who', 'fought', 'in', 'the', 'haitian', 'revolution', 'was', 'nicknamed', 'the', 'black', 'achilles', 'because', 'of', 'his', 'heroic', 'performance', 'during', 'the', 'last', 'battle', 'against', 'the', 'french', 'achille', 'costa', 'was', 'an', 'italian', 'entomologist', 'achille', 'poirot', 'is', 'the', 'brother', 'of', 'the', 'fictional', 'belgian', 'detective', 'hercule', 'poirot', 'created', 'by', 'agatha', 'christie', 'in', 'her', 'novel', 'the', 'big', 'four', 'prince', 'achileas', 'andreas', 'of', 'greece', 'and', 'denmark', 'born', 'august', 'is', 'the', 'grandson', 'of', 'the', 'deposed', 'greek', 'king', 'constantine', 'ii', 'notes', 'references', 'homer', 'iliad', 'homer', 'odyssey', 'xi', 'pseudo', 'apollodorus', 'bibliotheca', 'iii', 'xiii', 'apollodorus', 'epitome', 'iii', 'ovid', 'metamorphoses', 'xi', 'xii', 'xiii', 'ovid', 'heroides', 'iii', 'apollonius', 'rhodius', 'argonautica', 'iv', 'dante', 'alighieri', 'the', 'divine', 'comedy', 'inferno', 'bibliography', 'ileana', 'chirassi', 'colombo', 'heroes', 'achilleus', 'theos', 'apollon', 'in', 'il', 'mito', 'greco', 'edd', 'bruno', 'gentili', 'and', 'giuseppe', 'paione', 'rome', 'edizione', 'dell', 'ateneo', 'bizzarri', 'anthony', 'edwards', 'achilles', 'in', 'the', 'underworld', 'iliad', 'odyssey', 'and', 'æthiopis', 'greek', 'roman', 'and', 'byzantine', 'studies', 'pp', 'anthony', 'edwards', 'achilles', 'in', 'the', 'odyssey', 'ideologies', 'of', 'heroism', 'in', 'the', 'homeric', 'epic', 'beiträge', 'zur', 'klassischen', 'philologie', 'anthony', 'edwards', 'kleos', 'aphthiton', 'and', 'oral', 'theory', 'classical', 'quarterly', 'pp', 'hélène', 'monsacré', 'les', 'larmes', 'achille', 'le', 'héros', 'la', 'femme', 'et', 'la', 'souffrance', 'dans', 'la', 'poésie', 'homère', 'paris', 'albin', 'michel', 'gregory', 'nagy', 'the', 'name', 'of', 'achilles', 'questions', 'of', 'etymology', 'and', 'folk', 'etymology', 'illinois', 'classical', 'studies', 'gregory', 'nagy', 'the', 'best', 'of', 'the', 'acheans', 'concepts', 'of', 'the', 'hero', 'in', 'archaic', 'greek', 'poetry', 'johns', 'hopkins', 'university', 'press', 'revised', 'edition', 'online', 'dale', 'sinos', 'the', 'entry', 'of', 'achilles', 'into', 'greek', 'epic', 'ph', 'thesis', 'johns', 'hopkins', 'university', 'ann', 'arbor', 'michigan', 'university', 'microfilms', 'international', 'jonathan', 'burgess', 'the', 'death', 'and', 'afterlife', 'of', 'achilles', 'baltimore', 'johns', 'hopkins', 'university', 'press', 'external', 'links', 'trojan', 'war', 'resources', 'gallery', 'of', 'the', 'ancient', 'art', 'achilles', 'poem', 'by', 'florence', 'earle', 'coates'], ['Achilles'])
307
Abraham Lincoln
[b'abraham', b'lincoln', b'february', b'april', b'was', b'an', b'american', b'politician', b'and', b'lawyer', b'who', b'served', b'as', b'the', b'th', b'president', b'of', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'from', b'march', b'until', b'his', b'assassination', b'in', b'april', b'lincoln', b'led', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'through', b'its', b'civil', b'war', b'its', b'bloodiest', b'war', b'and', b'perhaps', b'its', b'greatest', b'moral', b'constitutional', b'and', b'political', b'crisis', b'in', b'doing', b'so', b'he', b'preserved', b'the', b'union', b'paved', b'the', b'way', b'to', b'the', b'abolition', b'of', b'slavery', b'strengthened', b'the', b'federal', b'government', b'and', b'modernized', b'the', b'economy', b'born', b'in', b'hodgenville', b'kentucky', b'lincoln', b'grew', b'up', b'on', b'the', b'western', b'frontier', b'in', b'kentucky', b'and', b'indiana', b'largely', b'self', b'educated', b'he', b'became', b'lawyer', b'in', b'illinois', b'whig', b'party', b'leader', b'and', b'was', b'elected', b'to', b'the', b'illinois', b'house', b'of', b'representatives', b'in', b'which', b'he', b'served', b'for', b'eight', b'years', b'elected', b'to', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'house', b'of', b'representatives', b'in', b'lincoln', b'promoted', b'rapid', b'modernization', b'of', b'the', b'economy', b'through', b'banks', b'tariffs', b'and', b'railroads', b'because', b'he', b'had', b'originally', b'agreed', b'not', b'to', b'run', b'for', b'second', b'term', b'in', b'congress', b'and', b'because', b'his', b'opposition', b'to', b'the', b'mexican', b'american', b'war', b'was', b'unpopular', b'among', b'illinois', b'voters', b'lincoln', b'returned', b'to', b'springfield', b'and', b'resumed', b'his', b'successful', b'law', b'practice', b'reentering', b'politics', b'in', b'he', b'became', b'leader', b'in', b'building', b'the', b'new', b'republican', b'party', b'which', b'had', b'statewide', b'majority', b'in', b'illinois', b'in', b'while', b'taking', b'part', b'in', b'series', b'of', b'highly', b'publicized', b'debates', b'with', b'his', b'opponent', b'and', b'rival', b'democrat', b'stephen', b'douglas', b'lincoln', b'spoke', b'out', b'against', b'the', b'expansion', b'of', b'slavery', b'but', b'lost', b'the', b'senate', b'race', b'to', b'douglas', b'in', b'lincoln', b'secured', b'the', b'republican', b'party', b'presidential', b'nomination', b'as', b'moderate', b'from', b'swing', b'state', b'though', b'he', b'gained', b'very', b'little', b'support', b'in', b'the', b'slaveholding', b'states', b'of', b'the', b'south', b'he', b'swept', b'the', b'north', b'and', b'was', b'elected', b'president', b'in', b'lincoln', b'victory', b'prompted', b'seven', b'southern', b'slave', b'states', b'to', b'form', b'the', b'confederate', b'states', b'of', b'america', b'before', b'he', b'moved', b'into', b'the', b'white', b'house', b'no', b'compromise', b'or', b'reconciliation', b'was', b'found', b'regarding', b'slavery', b'and', b'secession', b'subsequently', b'on', b'april', b'confederate', b'attack', b'on', b'fort', b'sumter', b'inspired', b'the', b'north', b'to', b'rally', b'behind', b'the', b'union', b'as', b'the', b'leader', b'of', b'the', b'moderate', b'faction', b'of', b'the', b'republican', b'party', b'lincoln', b'confronted', b'radical', b'republicans', b'who', b'demanded', b'harsher', b'treatment', b'of', b'the', b'south', b'war', b'democrats', b'who', b'called', b'for', b'more', b'compromise', b'anti', b'war', b'democrats', b'called', b'copperheads', b'who', b'despised', b'him', b'and', b'irreconcilable', b'secessionists', b'who', b'plotted', b'his', b'assassination', b'politically', b'lincoln', b'fought', b'back', b'by', b'pitting', b'his', b'opponents', b'against', b'each', b'other', b'by', b'carefully', b'planned', b'political', b'patronage', b'and', b'by', b'appealing', b'to', b'the', b'american', b'people', b'with', b'his', b'powers', b'of', b'oratory', b'his', b'gettysburg', b'address', b'became', b'an', b'iconic', b'endorsement', b'of', b'the', b'principles', b'of', b'nationalism', b'republicanism', b'equal', b'rights', b'liberty', b'and', b'democracy', b'lincoln', b'initially', b'concentrated', b'on', b'the', b'military', b'and', b'political', b'dimensions', b'of', b'the', b'war', b'his', b'primary', b'goal', b'was', b'to', b'reunite', b'the', b'nation', b'he', b'suspended', b'habeas', b'corpus', b'leading', b'to', b'the', b'controversial', b'ex', b'parte', b'merryman', b'decision', b'and', b'he', b'averted', b'potential', b'british', b'intervention', b'in', b'the', b'war', b'by', b'defusing', b'the', b'trent', b'affair', b'in', b'late', b'lincoln', b'closely', b'supervised', b'the', b'war', b'effort', b'especially', b'the', b'selection', b'of', b'top', b'generals', b'including', b'his', b'most', b'successful', b'general', b'ulysses', b'grant', b'he', b'also', b'made', b'major', b'decisions', b'on', b'union', b'war', b'strategy', b'including', b'naval', b'blockade', b'that', b'shut', b'down', b'the', b'south', b'normal', b'trade', b'moves', b'to', b'take', b'control', b'of', b'kentucky', b'and', b'tennessee', b'and', b'using', b'gunboats', b'to', b'gain', b'control', b'of', b'the', b'southern', b'river', b'system', b'lincoln', b'tried', b'repeatedly', b'to', b'capture', b'the', b'confederate', b'capital', b'at', b'richmond', b'each', b'time', b'general', b'failed', b'lincoln', b'substituted', b'another', b'until', b'finally', b'grant', b'succeeded', b'as', b'the', b'war', b'progressed', b'his', b'complex', b'moves', b'toward', b'ending', b'slavery', b'included', b'the', b'emancipation', b'proclamation', b'of', b'lincoln', b'used', b'the', b'army', b'to', b'protect', b'escaped', b'slaves', b'encouraged', b'the', b'border', b'states', b'to', b'outlaw', b'slavery', b'and', b'pushed', b'through', b'congress', b'the', b'thirteenth', b'amendment', b'to', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'constitution', b'which', b'permanently', b'outlawed', b'slavery', b'an', b'exceptionally', b'astute', b'politician', b'deeply', b'involved', b'with', b'power', b'issues', b'in', b'each', b'state', b'lincoln', b'reached', b'out', b'to', b'the', b'war', b'democrats', b'and', b'managed', b'his', b'own', b're', b'election', b'campaign', b'in', b'the', b'presidential', b'election', b'anticipating', b'the', b'war', b'conclusion', b'lincoln', b'pushed', b'moderate', b'view', b'of', b'reconstruction', b'seeking', b'to', b'reunite', b'the', b'nation', b'speedily', b'through', b'policy', b'of', b'generous', b'reconciliation', b'in', b'the', b'face', b'of', b'lingering', b'and', b'bitter', b'divisiveness', b'on', b'april', b'five', b'days', b'after', b'the', b'surrender', b'of', b'confederate', b'commanding', b'general', b'robert', b'lee', b'lincoln', b'was', b'assassinated', b'by', b'john', b'wilkes', b'booth', b'confederate', b'sympathizer', b'secretary', b'of', b'war', b'edwin', b'stanton', b'launched', b'manhunt', b'for', b'booth', b'and', b'days', b'later', b'on', b'april', b'booth', b'was', b'fatally', b'shot', b'by', b'union', b'army', b'soldier', b'boston', b'corbett', b'lincoln', b'has', b'been', b'consistently', b'ranked', b'both', b'by', b'scholars', b'and', b'the', b'public', b'as', b'among', b'the', b'greatest', b'presidents', b'family', b'and', b'childhood', b'early', b'life', b'and', b'ancestry', b'abraham', b'lincoln', b'was', b'born', b'february', b'the', b'second', b'child', b'of', b'thomas', b'and', b'nancy', b'hanks', b'lincoln', b'in', b'one', b'room', b'log', b'cabin', b'on', b'the', b'sinking', b'spring', b'farm', b'near', b'hodgenville', b'kentucky', b'he', b'was', b'descendant', b'of', b'samuel', b'lincoln', b'an', b'englishman', b'who', b'migrated', b'from', b'hingham', b'norfolk', b'to', b'its', b'namesake', b'of', b'hingham', b'massachusetts', b'in', b'samuel', b'grandson', b'and', b'great', b'grandson', b'began', b'the', b'family', b'western', b'migration', b'which', b'passed', b'through', b'new', b'jersey', b'pennsylvania', b'and', b'virginia', b'lincoln', b'paternal', b'grandfather', b'and', b'namesake', b'captain', b'abraham', b'lincoln', b'moved', b'the', b'family', b'from', b'virginia', b'to', b'jefferson', b'county', b'kentucky', b'in', b'the', b'captain', b'lincoln', b'was', b'killed', b'in', b'an', b'indian', b'raid', b'in', b'his', b'children', b'including', b'eight', b'year', b'old', b'thomas', b'the', b'future', b'president', b'father', b'witnessed', b'the', b'attack', b'after', b'his', b'father', b'murder', b'thomas', b'was', b'left', b'to', b'make', b'his', b'own', b'way', b'on', b'the', b'frontier', b'working', b'at', b'odd', b'jobs', b'in', b'kentucky', b'and', b'in', b'tennessee', b'before', b'settling', b'with', b'members', b'of', b'his', b'family', b'in', b'hardin', b'county', b'kentucky', b'in', b'the', b'early', b'lincoln', b'mother', b'nancy', b'is', b'widely', b'assumed', b'to', b'have', b'been', b'the', b'daughter', b'of', b'lucy', b'hanks', b'although', b'no', b'record', b'of', b'nancy', b'hanks', b'birth', b'has', b'ever', b'been', b'found', b'according', b'to', b'william', b'ensign', b'lincoln', b'book', b'the', b'ancestry', b'of', b'abraham', b'lincoln', b'nancy', b'was', b'the', b'daughter', b'of', b'joseph', b'hanks', b'however', b'the', b'debate', b'continues', b'over', b'whether', b'she', b'was', b'born', b'out', b'of', b'wedlock', b'still', b'another', b'researcher', b'adin', b'baber', b'claims', b'that', b'nancy', b'hanks', b'was', b'the', b'daughter', b'of', b'abraham', b'hanks', b'and', b'sarah', b'harper', b'of', b'virginia', b'thomas', b'lincoln', b'and', b'nancy', b'hanks', b'were', b'married', b'on', b'june', b'in', b'washington', b'county', b'and', b'moved', b'to', b'elizabethtown', b'kentucky', b'following', b'their', b'marriage', b'they', b'became', b'the', b'parents', b'of', b'three', b'children', b'sarah', b'born', b'on', b'february', b'abraham', b'on', b'february', b'and', b'another', b'son', b'thomas', b'who', b'died', b'in', b'infancy', b'thomas', b'lincoln', b'bought', b'or', b'leased', b'several', b'farms', b'in', b'kentucky', b'including', b'the', b'sinking', b'spring', b'farm', b'where', b'abraham', b'was', b'born', b'however', b'land', b'title', b'dispute', b'soon', b'forced', b'the', b'lincolns', b'to', b'move', b'in', b'the', b'family', b'moved', b'eight', b'miles', b'km', b'north', b'to', b'knob', b'creek', b'farm', b'where', b'thomas', b'acquired', b'title', b'to', b'of', b'land', b'in', b'claimant', b'in', b'another', b'land', b'dispute', b'sought', b'to', b'eject', b'the', b'family', b'from', b'the', b'farm', b'of', b'the', b'acres', b'ha', b'that', b'thomas', b'held', b'in', b'kentucky', b'he', b'lost', b'all', b'but', b'of', b'his', b'land', b'in', b'court', b'disputes', b'over', b'property', b'titles', b'frustrated', b'over', b'the', b'lack', b'of', b'security', b'provided', b'by', b'the', b'kentucky', b'title', b'survey', b'system', b'in', b'the', b'courts', b'thomas', b'sold', b'the', b'remaining', b'land', b'he', b'held', b'in', b'kentucky', b'in', b'and', b'began', b'planning', b'move', b'to', b'indiana', b'where', b'the', b'land', b'survey', b'process', b'was', b'more', b'reliable', b'and', b'the', b'ability', b'for', b'an', b'individual', b'to', b'retain', b'land', b'titles', b'was', b'more', b'secure', b'in', b'the', b'family', b'moved', b'north', b'across', b'the', b'ohio', b'river', b'to', b'indiana', b'free', b'non', b'slaveholding', b'territory', b'where', b'they', b'settled', b'in', b'an', b'unbroken', b'forest', b'in', b'hurricane', b'township', b'perry', b'county', b'their', b'land', b'in', b'southern', b'indiana', b'became', b'part', b'of', b'spencer', b'county', b'indiana', b'when', b'the', b'county', b'was', b'established', b'in', b'the', b'farm', b'is', b'preserved', b'as', b'part', b'of', b'the', b'lincoln', b'boyhood', b'national', b'memorial', b'in', b'lincoln', b'noted', b'that', b'the', b'family', b'move', b'to', b'indiana', b'was', b'partly', b'on', b'account', b'of', b'slavery', b'but', b'mainly', b'due', b'to', b'land', b'title', b'difficulties', b'in', b'kentucky', b'during', b'the', b'family', b'years', b'in', b'kentucky', b'and', b'indiana', b'thomas', b'lincoln', b'worked', b'as', b'farmer', b'cabinetmaker', b'and', b'carpenter', b'he', b'owned', b'farms', b'several', b'town', b'lots', b'and', b'livestock', b'paid', b'taxes', b'sat', b'on', b'juries', b'appraised', b'estates', b'served', b'on', b'country', b'slave', b'patrols', b'and', b'guarded', b'prisoners', b'thomas', b'and', b'nancy', b'lincoln', b'were', b'also', b'members', b'of', b'separate', b'baptists', b'church', b'which', b'had', b'restrictive', b'moral', b'standards', b'and', b'opposed', b'alcohol', b'dancing', b'and', b'slavery', b'within', b'year', b'of', b'the', b'family', b'arrival', b'in', b'indiana', b'thomas', b'claimed', b'title', b'to', b'of', b'indiana', b'land', b'despite', b'some', b'financial', b'challenges', b'he', b'eventually', b'obtained', b'clear', b'title', b'to', b'of', b'land', b'in', b'what', b'became', b'known', b'as', b'the', b'little', b'pigeon', b'creek', b'community', b'in', b'spencer', b'county', b'prior', b'to', b'the', b'family', b'move', b'to', b'illinois', b'in', b'thomas', b'had', b'acquired', b'an', b'additional', b'twenty', b'acres', b'of', b'land', b'adjacent', b'to', b'his', b'property', b'young', b'lincoln', b'by', b'alt', b'statue', b'of', b'young', b'lincoln', b'sitting', b'on', b'stump', b'holding', b'book', b'open', b'on', b'his', b'lap', b'several', b'significant', b'family', b'events', b'took', b'place', b'during', b'lincoln', b'youth', b'in', b'indiana', b'on', b'october', b'nancy', b'lincoln', b'died', b'of', b'milk', b'sickness', b'leaving', b'eleven', b'year', b'old', b'sarah', b'in', b'charge', b'of', b'household', b'that', b'included', b'her', b'father', b'nine', b'year', b'old', b'abraham', b'and', b'dennis', b'hanks', b'nancy', b'nineteen', b'year', b'old', b'orphaned', b'cousin', b'on', b'december', b'lincoln', b'father', b'married', b'sarah', b'sally', b'bush', b'johnston', b'widow', b'from', b'elizabethtown', b'kentucky', b'with', b'three', b'children', b'of', b'her', b'own', b'abraham', b'became', b'very', b'close', b'to', b'his', b'stepmother', b'whom', b'he', b'referred', b'to', b'as', b'mother', b'those', b'who', b'knew', b'lincoln', b'as', b'teenager', b'later', b'recalled', b'him', b'being', b'very', b'distraught', b'over', b'his', b'sister', b'sarah', b'death', b'on', b'january', b'while', b'giving', b'birth', b'to', b'stillborn', b'son', b'as', b'youth', b'lincoln', b'disliked', b'the', b'hard', b'labor', b'associated', b'with', b'frontier', b'life', b'some', b'of', b'his', b'neighbors', b'and', b'family', b'members', b'thought', b'for', b'time', b'that', b'he', b'was', b'lazy', b'for', b'all', b'his', b'reading', b'scribbling', b'writing', b'ciphering', b'writing', b'poetry', b'etc', b'and', b'must', b'have', b'done', b'it', b'to', b'avoid', b'manual', b'labor', b'his', b'stepmother', b'also', b'acknowledged', b'he', b'did', b'not', b'enjoy', b'physical', b'labor', b'but', b'loved', b'to', b'read', b'lincoln', b'was', b'largely', b'self', b'educated', b'his', b'formal', b'schooling', b'from', b'several', b'itinerant', b'teachers', b'was', b'intermittent', b'the', b'aggregate', b'of', b'which', b'may', b'have', b'amounted', b'to', b'less', b'than', b'year', b'however', b'he', b'was', b'an', b'avid', b'reader', b'and', b'retained', b'lifelong', b'interest', b'in', b'learning', b'family', b'neighbors', b'and', b'schoolmates', b'of', b'lincoln', b'youth', b'recalled', b'that', b'he', b'read', b'and', b'reread', b'the', b'king', b'james', b'bible', b'aesop', b'fables', b'bunyan', b'the', b'pilgrim', b'progress', b'defoe', b'robinson', b'crusoe', b'weems', b'the', b'life', b'of', b'washington', b'and', b'franklin', b'autobiography', b'among', b'others', b'as', b'he', b'grew', b'into', b'his', b'teens', b'lincoln', b'took', b'responsibility', b'for', b'the', b'chores', b'expected', b'of', b'him', b'as', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'boys', b'in', b'the', b'household', b'he', b'also', b'complied', b'with', b'the', b'customary', b'obligation', b'of', b'son', b'giving', b'his', b'father', b'all', b'earnings', b'from', b'work', b'done', b'outside', b'the', b'home', b'until', b'the', b'age', b'of', b'twenty', b'one', b'abraham', b'became', b'adept', b'at', b'using', b'an', b'axe', b'tall', b'for', b'his', b'age', b'lincoln', b'was', b'also', b'strong', b'and', b'athletic', b'he', b'attained', b'reputation', b'for', b'brawn', b'and', b'audacity', b'after', b'very', b'competitive', b'wrestling', b'match', b'with', b'the', b'renowned', b'leader', b'of', b'group', b'of', b'ruffians', b'known', b'as', b'the', b'clary', b'grove', b'boys', b'in', b'early', b'march', b'partly', b'out', b'of', b'fear', b'of', b'milk', b'sickness', b'outbreak', b'along', b'the', b'ohio', b'river', b'several', b'members', b'of', b'the', b'extended', b'lincoln', b'family', b'moved', b'west', b'to', b'illinois', b'non', b'slaveholding', b'state', b'and', b'settled', b'in', b'macon', b'county', b'west', b'of', b'decatur', b'historians', b'disagree', b'on', b'who', b'initiated', b'the', b'move', b'thomas', b'lincoln', b'had', b'no', b'obvious', b'reason', b'to', b'leave', b'indiana', b'and', b'one', b'possibility', b'is', b'that', b'other', b'members', b'of', b'the', b'family', b'including', b'dennis', b'hanks', b'might', b'not', b'have', b'attained', b'the', b'stability', b'and', b'steady', b'income', b'that', b'thomas', b'lincoln', b'had', b'after', b'the', b'family', b'relocated', b'to', b'illinois', b'abraham', b'became', b'increasingly', b'distant', b'from', b'his', b'father', b'in', b'part', b'because', b'of', b'his', b'father', b'lack', b'of', b'education', b'and', b'occasionally', b'lent', b'him', b'money', b'in', b'as', b'thomas', b'and', b'other', b'members', b'of', b'the', b'family', b'prepared', b'to', b'move', b'to', b'new', b'homestead', b'in', b'coles', b'county', b'illinois', b'abraham', b'was', b'old', b'enough', b'to', b'make', b'his', b'own', b'decisions', b'and', b'struck', b'out', b'on', b'his', b'own', b'traveling', b'down', b'the', b'sangamon', b'river', b'he', b'ended', b'up', b'in', b'the', b'village', b'of', b'new', b'salem', b'in', b'sangamon', b'county', b'later', b'that', b'spring', b'denton', b'offutt', b'new', b'salem', b'merchant', b'hired', b'lincoln', b'and', b'some', b'friends', b'to', b'take', b'goods', b'by', b'flatboat', b'from', b'new', b'salem', b'to', b'new', b'orleans', b'via', b'the', b'sangamon', b'illinois', b'and', b'mississippi', b'rivers', b'after', b'arriving', b'in', b'new', b'orleans', b'and', b'witnessing', b'slavery', b'firsthand', b'lincoln', b'returned', b'to', b'new', b'salem', b'where', b'he', b'remained', b'for', b'the', b'next', b'six', b'years', b'marriage', b'and', b'children', b'according', b'to', b'some', b'sources', b'lincoln', b'first', b'romantic', b'interest', b'was', b'ann', b'rutledge', b'whom', b'he', b'met', b'when', b'he', b'first', b'moved', b'to', b'new', b'salem', b'these', b'sources', b'indicate', b'that', b'by', b'they', b'were', b'in', b'relationship', b'but', b'not', b'formally', b'engaged', b'she', b'died', b'at', b'the', b'age', b'of', b'on', b'august', b'most', b'likely', b'of', b'typhoid', b'fever', b'in', b'the', b'early', b'he', b'met', b'mary', b'owens', b'from', b'kentucky', b'when', b'she', b'was', b'visiting', b'her', b'sister', b'late', b'in', b'lincoln', b'agreed', b'to', b'match', b'with', b'mary', b'if', b'she', b'returned', b'to', b'new', b'salem', b'mary', b'did', b'return', b'in', b'november', b'and', b'lincoln', b'courted', b'her', b'for', b'time', b'however', b'they', b'both', b'had', b'second', b'thoughts', b'about', b'their', b'relationship', b'on', b'august', b'lincoln', b'wrote', b'mary', b'letter', b'suggesting', b'he', b'would', b'not', b'blame', b'her', b'if', b'she', b'ended', b'the', b'relationship', b'she', b'never', b'replied', b'and', b'the', b'courtship', b'ended', b'in', b'lincoln', b'became', b'engaged', b'to', b'mary', b'todd', b'who', b'was', b'from', b'wealthy', b'slave', b'holding', b'family', b'in', b'lexington', b'kentucky', b'they', b'met', b'in', b'springfield', b'illinois', b'in', b'december', b'and', b'were', b'engaged', b'the', b'following', b'december', b'wedding', b'set', b'for', b'january', b'was', b'canceled', b'when', b'the', b'two', b'broke', b'off', b'their', b'engagement', b'at', b'lincoln', b'initiative', b'they', b'later', b'met', b'again', b'at', b'party', b'and', b'married', b'on', b'november', b'in', b'the', b'springfield', b'mansion', b'of', b'mary', b'married', b'sister', b'while', b'preparing', b'for', b'the', b'nuptials', b'and', b'feeling', b'anxiety', b'again', b'lincoln', b'when', b'asked', b'where', b'he', b'was', b'going', b'replied', b'to', b'hell', b'suppose', b'in', b'the', b'couple', b'bought', b'house', b'in', b'springfield', b'near', b'lincoln', b'law', b'office', b'mary', b'todd', b'lincoln', b'kept', b'house', b'often', b'with', b'the', b'help', b'of', b'relative', b'or', b'hired', b'servant', b'girl', b'he', b'was', b'an', b'affectionate', b'though', b'often', b'absent', b'husband', b'and', b'father', b'of', b'four', b'children', b'robert', b'todd', b'lincoln', b'was', b'born', b'in', b'and', b'edward', b'baker', b'lincoln', b'eddie', b'in', b'edward', b'died', b'on', b'february', b'in', b'springfield', b'probably', b'of', b'tuberculosis', b'willie', b'lincoln', b'was', b'born', b'on', b'december', b'and', b'died', b'of', b'fever', b'on', b'february', b'the', b'lincolns', b'fourth', b'son', b'thomas', b'tad', b'lincoln', b'was', b'born', b'on', b'april', b'and', b'died', b'of', b'heart', b'failure', b'at', b'the', b'age', b'of', b'on', b'july', b'robert', b'was', b'the', b'only', b'child', b'to', b'live', b'to', b'adulthood', b'and', b'have', b'children', b'the', b'lincolns', b'last', b'descendant', b'great', b'grandson', b'robert', b'todd', b'lincoln', b'beckwith', b'died', b'in', b'lincoln', b'was', b'remarkably', b'fond', b'of', b'children', b'and', b'the', b'lincolns', b'were', b'not', b'considered', b'to', b'be', b'strict', b'with', b'their', b'own', b'the', b'deaths', b'of', b'their', b'sons', b'had', b'profound', b'effects', b'on', b'both', b'parents', b'later', b'in', b'life', b'mary', b'struggled', b'with', b'the', b'stresses', b'of', b'losing', b'her', b'husband', b'and', b'sons', b'and', b'robert', b'lincoln', b'committed', b'her', b'temporarily', b'to', b'mental', b'health', b'asylum', b'in', b'abraham', b'lincoln', b'suffered', b'from', b'melancholy', b'condition', b'which', b'now', b'is', b'referred', b'to', b'as', b'clinical', b'depression', b'lincoln', b'father', b'in', b'law', b'and', b'others', b'of', b'the', b'todd', b'family', b'were', b'either', b'slave', b'owners', b'or', b'slave', b'traders', b'lincoln', b'was', b'close', b'to', b'the', b'todds', b'and', b'he', b'and', b'his', b'family', b'occasionally', b'visited', b'the', b'todd', b'estate', b'in', b'lexington', b'during', b'his', b'term', b'as', b'president', b'of', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'of', b'america', b'mary', b'was', b'known', b'to', b'cook', b'for', b'lincoln', b'often', b'since', b'she', b'was', b'raised', b'by', b'wealthy', b'family', b'her', b'cooking', b'abilities', b'were', b'simple', b'but', b'satisfied', b'lincoln', b'tastes', b'which', b'included', b'particularly', b'imported', b'oysters', b'early', b'career', b'and', b'militia', b'service', b'lincoln', b'depicted', b'protecting', b'native', b'american', b'from', b'his', b'own', b'men', b'in', b'scene', b'often', b'related', b'about', b'lincoln', b'service', b'during', b'the', b'black', b'hawk', b'war', b'in', b'at', b'age', b'lincoln', b'and', b'partner', b'bought', b'small', b'general', b'store', b'on', b'credit', b'in', b'new', b'salem', b'illinois', b'although', b'the', b'economy', b'was', b'booming', b'in', b'the', b'region', b'the', b'business', b'struggled', b'and', b'lincoln', b'eventually', b'sold', b'his', b'share', b'that', b'march', b'he', b'began', b'his', b'political', b'career', b'with', b'his', b'first', b'campaign', b'for', b'the', b'illinois', b'general', b'assembly', b'he', b'had', b'attained', b'local', b'popularity', b'and', b'could', b'draw', b'crowds', b'as', b'natural', b'raconteur', b'in', b'new', b'salem', b'though', b'he', b'lacked', b'an', b'education', b'powerful', b'friends', b'and', b'money', b'which', b'may', b'be', b'why', b'he', b'lost', b'he', b'advocated', b'navigational', b'improvements', b'on', b'the', b'sangamon', b'river', b'before', b'the', b'election', b'lincoln', b'served', b'as', b'captain', b'in', b'the', b'illinois', b'militia', b'during', b'the', b'black', b'hawk', b'war', b'following', b'his', b'return', b'lincoln', b'continued', b'his', b'campaign', b'for', b'the', b'august', b'election', b'for', b'the', b'illinois', b'general', b'assembly', b'at', b'he', b'was', b'tall', b'and', b'strong', b'enough', b'to', b'intimidate', b'any', b'rival', b'at', b'his', b'first', b'speech', b'when', b'he', b'saw', b'supporter', b'in', b'the', b'crowd', b'being', b'attacked', b'lincoln', b'grabbed', b'the', b'assailant', b'by', b'his', b'neck', b'and', b'the', b'seat', b'of', b'his', b'trousers', b'and', b'threw', b'him', b'lincoln', b'finished', b'eighth', b'out', b'of', b'candidates', b'the', b'top', b'four', b'were', b'elected', b'though', b'he', b'received', b'of', b'the', b'votes', b'cast', b'in', b'the', b'new', b'salem', b'precinct', b'lincoln', b'served', b'as', b'new', b'salem', b'postmaster', b'and', b'later', b'as', b'county', b'surveyor', b'all', b'the', b'while', b'reading', b'voraciously', b'he', b'then', b'decided', b'to', b'become', b'lawyer', b'and', b'began', b'teaching', b'himself', b'law', b'by', b'reading', b'blackstone', b'commentaries', b'on', b'the', b'laws', b'of', b'england', b'and', b'other', b'law', b'books', b'of', b'his', b'learning', b'method', b'lincoln', b'stated', b'studied', b'with', b'nobody', b'his', b'second', b'campaign', b'in', b'was', b'successful', b'he', b'won', b'election', b'to', b'the', b'state', b'legislature', b'though', b'he', b'ran', b'as', b'whig', b'many', b'democrats', b'favored', b'him', b'over', b'more', b'powerful', b'whig', b'opponent', b'admitted', b'to', b'the', b'bar', b'in', b'he', b'moved', b'to', b'springfield', b'illinois', b'and', b'began', b'to', b'practice', b'law', b'under', b'john', b'stuart', b'mary', b'todd', b'cousin', b'lincoln', b'became', b'an', b'able', b'and', b'successful', b'lawyer', b'with', b'reputation', b'as', b'formidable', b'adversary', b'during', b'cross', b'examinations', b'and', b'closing', b'arguments', b'he', b'partnered', b'with', b'stephen', b'logan', b'from', b'until', b'then', b'lincoln', b'began', b'his', b'practice', b'with', b'william', b'herndon', b'whom', b'lincoln', b'thought', b'studious', b'young', b'man', b'successful', b'on', b'his', b'second', b'run', b'for', b'office', b'lincoln', b'served', b'four', b'successive', b'terms', b'in', b'the', b'illinois', b'house', b'of', b'representatives', b'as', b'whig', b'representative', b'from', b'sangamon', b'county', b'he', b'supported', b'the', b'construction', b'of', b'the', b'illinois', b'and', b'michigan', b'canal', b'which', b'he', b'remained', b'involved', b'with', b'later', b'as', b'canal', b'commissioner', b'in', b'the', b'legislative', b'session', b'he', b'voted', b'to', b'expand', b'suffrage', b'to', b'white', b'males', b'whether', b'landowners', b'or', b'not', b'he', b'was', b'known', b'for', b'his', b'free', b'soil', b'stance', b'of', b'opposing', b'both', b'slavery', b'and', b'abolitionism', b'he', b'first', b'articulated', b'this', b'in', b'saying', b'the', b'institution', b'of', b'slavery', b'is', b'founded', b'on', b'both', b'injustice', b'and', b'bad', b'policy', b'but', b'the', b'promulgation', b'of', b'abolition', b'doctrines', b'tends', b'rather', b'to', b'increase', b'than', b'abate', b'its', b'evils', b'his', b'stance', b'closely', b'followed', b'henry', b'clay', b'in', b'supporting', b'the', b'american', b'colonization', b'society', b'program', b'of', b'making', b'the', b'abolition', b'of', b'slavery', b'practical', b'by', b'its', b'advocation', b'and', b'helping', b'the', b'freed', b'slaves', b'to', b'settle', b'in', b'liberia', b'in', b'africa', b'house', b'of', b'representatives', b'lincoln', b'in', b'his', b'late', b'as', b'member', b'of', b'the', b'house', b'of', b'representatives', b'photo', b'taken', b'by', b'one', b'of', b'lincoln', b'law', b'students', b'around', b'from', b'the', b'early', b'lincoln', b'was', b'steadfast', b'whig', b'and', b'professed', b'to', b'friends', b'in', b'to', b'be', b'an', b'old', b'line', b'whig', b'disciple', b'of', b'henry', b'clay', b'the', b'party', b'including', b'lincoln', b'favored', b'economic', b'modernization', b'in', b'banking', b'protective', b'tariffs', b'to', b'fund', b'internal', b'improvements', b'including', b'railroads', b'and', b'espoused', b'urbanization', b'as', b'well', b'in', b'lincoln', b'was', b'elected', b'to', b'the', b'house', b'of', b'representatives', b'where', b'he', b'served', b'one', b'two', b'year', b'term', b'he', b'was', b'the', b'only', b'whig', b'in', b'the', b'illinois', b'delegation', b'but', b'he', b'showed', b'his', b'party', b'loyalty', b'by', b'participating', b'in', b'almost', b'all', b'votes', b'and', b'making', b'speeches', b'that', b'echoed', b'the', b'party', b'line', b'lincoln', b'in', b'collaboration', b'with', b'abolitionist', b'congressman', b'joshua', b'giddings', b'wrote', b'bill', b'to', b'abolish', b'slavery', b'in', b'the', b'district', b'of', b'columbia', b'with', b'compensation', b'for', b'the', b'owners', b'enforcement', b'to', b'capture', b'fugitive', b'slaves', b'and', b'popular', b'vote', b'on', b'the', b'matter', b'he', b'abandoned', b'the', b'bill', b'when', b'it', b'failed', b'to', b'garner', b'sufficient', b'whig', b'supporters', b'on', b'foreign', b'and', b'military', b'policy', b'lincoln', b'spoke', b'out', b'against', b'the', b'mexican', b'american', b'war', b'which', b'he', b'attributed', b'to', b'president', b'polk', b'desire', b'for', b'military', b'glory', b'that', b'attractive', b'rainbow', b'that', b'rises', b'in', b'showers', b'of', b'blood', b'lincoln', b'also', b'supported', b'the', b'wilmot', b'proviso', b'which', b'if', b'it', b'had', b'been', b'adopted', b'would', b'have', b'banned', b'slavery', b'in', b'any', b'territory', b'won', b'from', b'mexico', b'lincoln', b'emphasized', b'his', b'opposition', b'to', b'polk', b'by', b'drafting', b'and', b'introducing', b'his', b'spot', b'resolutions', b'the', b'war', b'had', b'begun', b'with', b'mexican', b'slaughter', b'of', b'american', b'soldiers', b'in', b'territory', b'disputed', b'by', b'mexico', b'and', b'the', b'polk', b'insisted', b'that', b'mexican', b'soldiers', b'had', b'invaded', b'our', b'territory', b'and', b'shed', b'the', b'blood', b'of', b'our', b'fellow', b'citizens', b'on', b'our', b'own', b'soil', b'lincoln', b'demanded', b'that', b'polk', b'show', b'congress', b'the', b'exact', b'spot', b'on', b'which', b'blood', b'had', b'been', b'shed', b'and', b'prove', b'that', b'the', b'spot', b'was', b'on', b'american', b'soil', b'congress', b'never', b'enacted', b'the', b'resolution', b'or', b'even', b'debated', b'it', b'the', b'national', b'papers', b'ignored', b'it', b'and', b'it', b'resulted', b'in', b'loss', b'of', b'political', b'support', b'for', b'lincoln', b'in', b'his', b'district', b'one', b'illinois', b'newspaper', b'derisively', b'nicknamed', b'him', b'spotty', b'lincoln', b'lincoln', b'later', b'regretted', b'some', b'of', b'his', b'statements', b'especially', b'his', b'attack', b'on', b'the', b'presidential', b'war', b'making', b'powers', b'realizing', b'clay', b'was', b'unlikely', b'to', b'win', b'the', b'presidency', b'lincoln', b'who', b'had', b'pledged', b'in', b'to', b'serve', b'only', b'one', b'term', b'in', b'the', b'house', b'supported', b'general', b'zachary', b'taylor', b'for', b'the', b'whig', b'nomination', b'in', b'the', b'presidential', b'election', b'taylor', b'won', b'and', b'lincoln', b'hoped', b'to', b'be', b'appointed', b'commissioner', b'of', b'the', b'general', b'land', b'office', b'but', b'that', b'lucrative', b'patronage', b'job', b'went', b'to', b'an', b'illinois', b'rival', b'justin', b'butterfield', b'considered', b'by', b'the', b'administration', b'to', b'be', b'highly', b'skilled', b'lawyer', b'but', b'in', b'lincoln', b'view', b'an', b'old', b'fossil', b'the', b'administration', b'offered', b'him', b'the', b'consolation', b'prize', b'of', b'secretary', b'or', b'governor', b'of', b'the', b'oregon', b'territory', b'this', b'distant', b'territory', b'was', b'democratic', b'stronghold', b'and', b'acceptance', b'of', b'the', b'post', b'would', b'have', b'effectively', b'ended', b'his', b'legal', b'and', b'political', b'career', b'in', b'illinois', b'so', b'he', b'declined', b'and', b'resumed', b'his', b'law', b'practice', b'prairie', b'lawyer', b'lincoln', b'in', b'lincoln', b'returned', b'to', b'practicing', b'law', b'in', b'springfield', b'handling', b'every', b'kind', b'of', b'business', b'that', b'could', b'come', b'before', b'prairie', b'lawyer', b'twice', b'year', b'for', b'years', b'weeks', b'at', b'time', b'he', b'appeared', b'in', b'county', b'seats', b'in', b'the', b'midstate', b'region', b'when', b'the', b'county', b'courts', b'were', b'in', b'session', b'lincoln', b'handled', b'many', b'transportation', b'cases', b'in', b'the', b'midst', b'of', b'the', b'nation', b'western', b'expansion', b'particularly', b'the', b'conflicts', b'arising', b'from', b'the', b'operation', b'of', b'river', b'barges', b'under', b'the', b'many', b'new', b'railroad', b'bridges', b'as', b'riverboat', b'man', b'lincoln', b'initially', b'favored', b'those', b'interests', b'but', b'ultimately', b'represented', b'whoever', b'hired', b'him', b'in', b'fact', b'he', b'later', b'represented', b'bridge', b'company', b'against', b'riverboat', b'company', b'in', b'landmark', b'case', b'involving', b'canal', b'boat', b'that', b'sank', b'after', b'hitting', b'bridge', b'in', b'he', b'received', b'patent', b'for', b'flotation', b'device', b'for', b'the', b'movement', b'of', b'boats', b'in', b'shallow', b'water', b'the', b'idea', b'was', b'never', b'commercialized', b'but', b'lincoln', b'is', b'the', b'only', b'president', b'to', b'hold', b'patent', b'in', b'he', b'represented', b'the', b'alton', b'sangamon', b'railroad', b'in', b'dispute', b'with', b'one', b'of', b'its', b'shareholders', b'james', b'barret', b'who', b'had', b'refused', b'to', b'pay', b'the', b'balance', b'on', b'his', b'pledge', b'to', b'buy', b'shares', b'in', b'the', b'railroad', b'on', b'the', b'grounds', b'that', b'the', b'company', b'had', b'changed', b'its', b'original', b'train', b'route', b'lincoln', b'successfully', b'argued', b'that', b'the', b'railroad', b'company', b'was', b'not', b'bound', b'by', b'its', b'original', b'charter', b'extant', b'at', b'the', b'time', b'of', b'barret', b'pledge', b'the', b'charter', b'was', b'amended', b'in', b'the', b'public', b'interest', b'to', b'provide', b'newer', b'superior', b'and', b'less', b'expensive', b'route', b'and', b'the', b'corporation', b'retained', b'the', b'right', b'to', b'demand', b'barret', b'payment', b'the', b'decision', b'by', b'the', b'illinois', b'supreme', b'court', b'has', b'been', b'cited', b'by', b'numerous', b'other', b'courts', b'in', b'the', b'nation', b'lincoln', b'appeared', b'before', b'the', b'illinois', b'supreme', b'court', b'in', b'cases', b'in', b'as', b'sole', b'counsel', b'of', b'which', b'were', b'decided', b'in', b'his', b'favor', b'from', b'to', b'another', b'of', b'lincoln', b'largest', b'clients', b'was', b'the', b'illinois', b'central', b'railroad', b'lincoln', b'reputation', b'with', b'clients', b'gave', b'rise', b'to', b'his', b'nickname', b'honest', b'abe', b'lincoln', b'most', b'notable', b'criminal', b'trial', b'occurred', b'in', b'when', b'he', b'defended', b'william', b'duff', b'armstrong', b'who', b'was', b'on', b'trial', b'for', b'the', b'murder', b'of', b'james', b'preston', b'metzker', b'the', b'case', b'is', b'famous', b'for', b'lincoln', b'use', b'of', b'fact', b'established', b'by', b'judicial', b'notice', b'in', b'order', b'to', b'challenge', b'the', b'credibility', b'of', b'an', b'eyewitness', b'after', b'an', b'opposing', b'witness', b'testified', b'seeing', b'the', b'crime', b'in', b'the', b'moonlight', b'lincoln', b'produced', b'farmers', b'almanac', b'showing', b'the', b'moon', b'was', b'at', b'low', b'angle', b'drastically', b'reducing', b'visibility', b'based', b'on', b'this', b'evidence', b'armstrong', b'was', b'acquitted', b'lincoln', b'rarely', b'raised', b'objections', b'in', b'the', b'courtroom', b'but', b'in', b'an', b'case', b'where', b'he', b'defended', b'cousin', b'peachy', b'harrison', b'who', b'was', b'accused', b'of', b'stabbing', b'another', b'to', b'death', b'lincoln', b'angrily', b'protested', b'the', b'judge', b'decision', b'to', b'exclude', b'evidence', b'favorable', b'to', b'his', b'client', b'instead', b'of', b'holding', b'lincoln', b'in', b'contempt', b'of', b'court', b'as', b'was', b'expected', b'the', b'judge', b'democrat', b'reversed', b'his', b'ruling', b'allowing', b'the', b'evidence', b'and', b'acquitting', b'harrison', b'republican', b'politics', b'slavery', b'and', b'house', b'divided', b'by', b'the', b'slavery', b'was', b'still', b'legal', b'in', b'the', b'southern', b'united', b'states', b'but', b'had', b'been', b'outlawed', b'in', b'all', b'the', b'northern', b'states', b'since', b'including', b'illinois', b'whose', b'original', b'constitution', b'forbade', b'slavery', b'lincoln', b'disapproved', b'of', b'slavery', b'but', b'he', b'only', b'demanded', b'the', b'end', b'to', b'the', b'spread', b'of', b'slavery', b'to', b'new', b'territory', b'in', b'the', b'west', b'he', b'returned', b'to', b'politics', b'to', b'oppose', b'the', b'pro', b'slavery', b'kansas', b'nebraska', b'act', b'this', b'law', b'repealed', b'the', b'slavery', b'restricting', b'missouri', b'compromise', b'senior', b'senator', b'stephen', b'douglas', b'of', b'illinois', b'had', b'incorporated', b'popular', b'sovereignty', b'into', b'the', b'act', b'douglas', b'provision', b'which', b'lincoln', b'opposed', b'specified', b'settlers', b'had', b'the', b'right', b'to', b'determine', b'locally', b'whether', b'to', b'allow', b'slavery', b'in', b'new', b'territory', b'rather', b'than', b'have', b'such', b'decision', b'restricted', b'by', b'the', b'national', b'congress', b'eric', b'foner', b'contrasts', b'the', b'abolitionists', b'and', b'anti', b'slavery', b'radical', b'republicans', b'of', b'the', b'northeast', b'who', b'saw', b'slavery', b'as', b'sin', b'with', b'the', b'conservative', b'republicans', b'who', b'thought', b'it', b'was', b'bad', b'because', b'it', b'hurt', b'white', b'people', b'and', b'blocked', b'progress', b'foner', b'argues', b'that', b'lincoln', b'was', b'moderate', b'in', b'the', b'middle', b'opposing', b'slavery', b'primarily', b'because', b'it', b'violated', b'the', b'republicanism', b'principles', b'of', b'the', b'founding', b'fathers', b'especially', b'the', b'equality', b'of', b'all', b'men', b'and', b'democratic', b'self', b'government', b'as', b'expressed', b'in', b'the', b'declaration', b'of', b'independence', b'portrait', b'of', b'dred', b'scott', b'lincoln', b'denounced', b'the', b'supreme', b'court', b'decision', b'in', b'dred', b'scott', b'sandford', b'as', b'part', b'of', b'conspiracy', b'to', b'extend', b'slavery', b'on', b'october', b'in', b'his', b'peoria', b'speech', b'lincoln', b'declared', b'his', b'opposition', b'to', b'slavery', b'which', b'he', b'repeated', b'en', b'route', b'to', b'the', b'presidency', b'speaking', b'in', b'his', b'kentucky', b'accent', b'with', b'very', b'powerful', b'voice', b'he', b'said', b'the', b'kansas', b'act', b'had', b'declared', b'indifference', b'but', b'as', b'must', b'think', b'covert', b'real', b'zeal', b'for', b'the', b'spread', b'of', b'slavery', b'cannot', b'but', b'hate', b'it', b'hate', b'it', b'because', b'of', b'the', b'monstrous', b'injustice', b'of', b'slavery', b'itself', b'hate', b'it', b'because', b'it', b'deprives', b'our', b'republican', b'example', b'of', b'its', b'just', b'influence', b'in', b'the', b'world', b'in', b'late', b'lincoln', b'ran', b'as', b'whig', b'for', b'the', b'senate', b'at', b'that', b'time', b'senators', b'were', b'elected', b'by', b'the', b'state', b'legislature', b'after', b'leading', b'in', b'the', b'first', b'six', b'rounds', b'of', b'voting', b'but', b'unable', b'to', b'obtain', b'majority', b'lincoln', b'instructed', b'his', b'backers', b'to', b'vote', b'for', b'lyman', b'trumbull', b'trumbull', b'was', b'an', b'antislavery', b'democrat', b'and', b'had', b'received', b'few', b'votes', b'in', b'the', b'earlier', b'ballots', b'his', b'supporters', b'also', b'antislavery', b'democrats', b'had', b'vowed', b'not', b'to', b'support', b'any', b'whig', b'lincoln', b'decision', b'to', b'withdraw', b'enabled', b'his', b'whig', b'supporters', b'and', b'trumbull', b'antislavery', b'democrats', b'to', b'combine', b'and', b'defeat', b'the', b'mainstream', b'democratic', b'candidate', b'joel', b'aldrich', b'matteson', b'nationally', b'the', b'whigs', b'had', b'been', b'irreparably', b'split', b'by', b'the', b'kansas', b'nebraska', b'act', b'and', b'other', b'efforts', b'to', b'compromise', b'on', b'the', b'slavery', b'issue', b'lincoln', b'wrote', b'think', b'am', b'whig', b'but', b'others', b'say', b'there', b'are', b'no', b'whigs', b'and', b'that', b'am', b'an', b'abolitionist', b'do', b'no', b'more', b'than', b'oppose', b'the', b'extension', b'of', b'slavery', b'drawing', b'on', b'the', b'antislavery', b'portion', b'of', b'the', b'whig', b'party', b'and', b'combining', b'free', b'soil', b'liberty', b'and', b'antislavery', b'democratic', b'party', b'members', b'the', b'new', b'republican', b'party', b'formed', b'as', b'northern', b'party', b'dedicated', b'to', b'antislavery', b'lincoln', b'was', b'one', b'of', b'those', b'instrumental', b'in', b'forging', b'the', b'shape', b'of', b'the', b'new', b'party', b'at', b'the', b'republican', b'national', b'convention', b'he', b'placed', b'second', b'in', b'the', b'contest', b'to', b'become', b'its', b'candidate', b'for', b'vice', b'president', b'in', b'douglas', b'broke', b'with', b'president', b'james', b'buchanan', b'leading', b'to', b'fight', b'for', b'control', b'of', b'the', b'democratic', b'party', b'some', b'eastern', b'republicans', b'even', b'favored', b'the', b'reelection', b'of', b'douglas', b'for', b'the', b'senate', b'in', b'since', b'he', b'had', b'led', b'the', b'opposition', b'to', b'the', b'lecompton', b'constitution', b'which', b'would', b'have', b'admitted', b'kansas', b'as', b'slave', b'state', b'in', b'march', b'the', b'supreme', b'court', b'issued', b'its', b'decision', b'in', b'dred', b'scott', b'sandford', b'chief', b'justice', b'roger', b'taney', b'opined', b'that', b'blacks', b'were', b'not', b'citizens', b'and', b'derived', b'no', b'rights', b'from', b'the', b'constitution', b'lincoln', b'denounced', b'the', b'decision', b'alleging', b'it', b'was', b'the', b'product', b'of', b'conspiracy', b'of', b'democrats', b'to', b'support', b'the', b'slave', b'power', b'lincoln', b'argued', b'the', b'authors', b'of', b'the', b'declaration', b'of', b'independence', b'never', b'intended', b'to', b'say', b'all', b'were', b'equal', b'in', b'color', b'size', b'intellect', b'moral', b'developments', b'or', b'social', b'capacity', b'but', b'they', b'did', b'consider', b'all', b'men', b'created', b'equal', b'equal', b'in', b'certain', b'inalienable', b'rights', b'among', b'which', b'are', b'life', b'liberty', b'and', b'the', b'pursuit', b'of', b'happiness', b'after', b'the', b'state', b'republican', b'party', b'convention', b'nominated', b'him', b'for', b'the', b'senate', b'in', b'lincoln', b'delivered', b'his', b'house', b'divided', b'speech', b'drawing', b'on', b'house', b'divided', b'against', b'itself', b'cannot', b'stand', b'believe', b'this', b'government', b'cannot', b'endure', b'permanently', b'half', b'slave', b'and', b'half', b'free', b'do', b'not', b'expect', b'the', b'union', b'to', b'be', b'dissolved', b'do', b'not', b'expect', b'the', b'house', b'to', b'fall', b'but', b'do', b'expect', b'it', b'will', b'cease', b'to', b'be', b'divided', b'it', b'will', b'become', b'all', b'one', b'thing', b'or', b'all', b'the', b'other', b'the', b'speech', b'created', b'an', b'evocative', b'image', b'of', b'the', b'danger', b'of', b'disunion', b'caused', b'by', b'the', b'slavery', b'debate', b'and', b'rallied', b'republicans', b'across', b'the', b'north', b'the', b'stage', b'was', b'then', b'set', b'for', b'the', b'campaign', b'for', b'statewide', b'election', b'of', b'the', b'illinois', b'legislature', b'which', b'would', b'in', b'turn', b'select', b'lincoln', b'or', b'douglas', b'as', b'its', b'senator', b'lincoln', b'douglas', b'debates', b'and', b'cooper', b'union', b'speech', b'his', b'debates', b'with', b'stephen', b'douglas', b'over', b'slavery', b'the', b'senate', b'campaign', b'featured', b'the', b'seven', b'lincoln', b'douglas', b'debates', b'of', b'the', b'most', b'famous', b'political', b'debates', b'in', b'american', b'history', b'the', b'principals', b'stood', b'in', b'stark', b'contrast', b'both', b'physically', b'and', b'politically', b'lincoln', b'warned', b'that', b'the', b'slave', b'power', b'was', b'threatening', b'the', b'values', b'of', b'republicanism', b'and', b'accused', b'douglas', b'of', b'distorting', b'the', b'values', b'of', b'the', b'founding', b'fathers', b'that', b'all', b'men', b'are', b'created', b'equal', b'while', b'douglas', b'emphasized', b'his', b'freeport', b'doctrine', b'that', b'local', b'settlers', b'were', b'free', b'to', b'choose', b'whether', b'to', b'allow', b'slavery', b'or', b'not', b'and', b'accused', b'lincoln', b'of', b'having', b'joined', b'the', b'abolitionists', b'the', b'debates', b'had', b'an', b'atmosphere', b'of', b'prize', b'fight', b'and', b'drew', b'crowds', b'in', b'the', b'thousands', b'lincoln', b'stated', b'douglas', b'popular', b'sovereignty', b'theory', b'was', b'threat', b'to', b'the', b'nation', b'morality', b'and', b'that', b'douglas', b'represented', b'conspiracy', b'to', b'extend', b'slavery', b'to', b'free', b'states', b'douglas', b'said', b'that', b'lincoln', b'was', b'defying', b'the', b'authority', b'of', b'the', b'supreme', b'court', b'and', b'the', b'dred', b'scott', b'decision', b'though', b'the', b'republican', b'legislative', b'candidates', b'won', b'more', b'popular', b'votes', b'the', b'democrats', b'won', b'more', b'seats', b'and', b'the', b'legislature', b're', b'elected', b'douglas', b'to', b'the', b'senate', b'despite', b'the', b'bitterness', b'of', b'the', b'defeat', b'for', b'lincoln', b'his', b'articulation', b'of', b'the', b'issues', b'gave', b'him', b'national', b'political', b'reputation', b'in', b'may', b'lincoln', b'purchased', b'the', b'illinois', b'staats', b'anzeiger', b'german', b'language', b'newspaper', b'which', b'was', b'consistently', b'supportive', b'most', b'of', b'the', b'state', b'german', b'americans', b'voted', b'democratic', b'but', b'there', b'was', b'republican', b'support', b'that', b'german', b'language', b'paper', b'could', b'mobilize', b'on', b'february', b'new', b'york', b'party', b'leaders', b'invited', b'lincoln', b'to', b'give', b'speech', b'at', b'cooper', b'union', b'to', b'group', b'of', b'powerful', b'republicans', b'lincoln', b'argued', b'that', b'the', b'founding', b'fathers', b'had', b'little', b'use', b'for', b'popular', b'sovereignty', b'and', b'had', b'repeatedly', b'sought', b'to', b'restrict', b'slavery', b'lincoln', b'insisted', b'the', b'moral', b'foundation', b'of', b'the', b'republicans', b'required', b'opposition', b'to', b'slavery', b'and', b'rejected', b'any', b'groping', b'for', b'some', b'middle', b'ground', b'between', b'the', b'right', b'and', b'the', b'wrong', b'despite', b'his', b'inelegant', b'appearance', b'many', b'in', b'the', b'audience', b'thought', b'him', b'awkward', b'and', b'even', b'ugly', b'lincoln', b'demonstrated', b'an', b'intellectual', b'leadership', b'that', b'brought', b'him', b'into', b'the', b'front', b'ranks', b'of', b'the', b'party', b'and', b'into', b'contention', b'for', b'the', b'republican', b'presidential', b'nomination', b'journalist', b'noah', b'brooks', b'reported', b'no', b'man', b'ever', b'before', b'made', b'such', b'an', b'impression', b'on', b'his', b'first', b'appeal', b'to', b'new', b'york', b'audience', b'historian', b'donald', b'described', b'the', b'speech', b'as', b'superb', b'political', b'move', b'for', b'an', b'unannounced', b'candidate', b'to', b'appear', b'in', b'one', b'rival', b'william', b'seward', b'own', b'state', b'at', b'an', b'event', b'sponsored', b'by', b'the', b'second', b'rival', b'salmon', b'chase', b'loyalists', b'while', b'not', b'mentioning', b'either', b'by', b'name', b'during', b'its', b'delivery', b'in', b'response', b'to', b'an', b'inquiry', b'about', b'his', b'presidential', b'intentions', b'lincoln', b'said', b'the', b'taste', b'is', b'in', b'my', b'mouth', b'little', b'presidential', b'nomination', b'and', b'campaign', b'timothy', b'cole', b'wood', b'engraving', b'taken', b'from', b'may', b'ambrotype', b'of', b'lincoln', b'two', b'days', b'following', b'his', b'nomination', b'for', b'president', b'the', b'rail', b'candidate', b'lincoln', b'candidacy', b'is', b'depicted', b'as', b'held', b'up', b'by', b'the', b'slavery', b'issue', b'slave', b'on', b'the', b'left', b'and', b'party', b'organization', b'on', b'the', b'right', b'on', b'may', b'the', b'illinois', b'republican', b'state', b'convention', b'was', b'held', b'in', b'decatur', b'lincoln', b'followers', b'organized', b'campaign', b'team', b'led', b'by', b'david', b'davis', b'norman', b'judd', b'leonard', b'swett', b'and', b'jesse', b'dubois', b'and', b'lincoln', b'received', b'his', b'first', b'endorsement', b'to', b'run', b'for', b'the', b'presidency', b'exploiting', b'the', b'embellished', b'legend', b'of', b'his', b'frontier', b'days', b'with', b'his', b'father', b'clearing', b'the', b'land', b'and', b'splitting', b'fence', b'rails', b'with', b'an', b'ax', b'lincoln', b'supporters', b'adopted', b'the', b'label', b'of', b'the', b'rail', b'candidate', b'in', b'lincoln', b'described', b'himself', b'am', b'in', b'height', b'six', b'feet', b'four', b'inches', b'nearly', b'lean', b'in', b'flesh', b'weighing', b'on', b'an', b'average', b'one', b'hundred', b'and', b'eighty', b'pounds', b'dark', b'complexion', b'with', b'coarse', b'black', b'hair', b'and', b'gray', b'eyes', b'biographer', b'added', b'that', b'he', b'had', b'large', b'head', b'with', b'high', b'crown', b'of', b'skull', b'thick', b'bushy', b'hair', b'large', b'and', b'deep', b'eye', b'caverns', b'heavy', b'eyebrows', b'large', b'nose', b'large', b'ears', b'large', b'mouth', b'thin', b'upper', b'and', b'somewhat', b'thick', b'under', b'lip', b'very', b'high', b'and', b'prominent', b'cheek', b'bones', b'cheeks', b'thin', b'and', b'sunken', b'strongly', b'developed', b'jawbone', b'chin', b'slightly', b'upturned', b'thin', b'but', b'sinewy', b'neck', b'rather', b'long', b'long', b'arms', b'large', b'hands', b'chest', b'thin', b'and', b'narrow', b'as', b'compared', b'with', b'his', b'great', b'height', b'legs', b'of', b'more', b'than', b'proportionate', b'length', b'and', b'large', b'feet', b'on', b'may', b'at', b'the', b'republican', b'national', b'convention', b'in', b'chicago', b'lincoln', b'friends', b'promised', b'and', b'manipulated', b'and', b'won', b'the', b'nomination', b'on', b'the', b'third', b'ballot', b'beating', b'candidates', b'such', b'as', b'william', b'seward', b'and', b'salmon', b'chase', b'former', b'democrat', b'hannibal', b'hamlin', b'of', b'maine', b'was', b'nominated', b'for', b'vice', b'president', b'to', b'balance', b'the', b'ticket', b'lincoln', b'success', b'depended', b'on', b'his', b'reputation', b'as', b'moderate', b'on', b'the', b'slavery', b'issue', b'and', b'his', b'strong', b'support', b'for', b'whiggish', b'programs', b'of', b'internal', b'improvements', b'and', b'the', b'protective', b'tariff', b'on', b'the', b'third', b'ballot', b'pennsylvania', b'put', b'him', b'over', b'the', b'top', b'pennsylvania', b'iron', b'interests', b'were', b'reassured', b'by', b'his', b'support', b'for', b'protective', b'tariffs', b'lincoln', b'managers', b'had', b'been', b'adroitly', b'focused', b'on', b'this', b'delegation', b'as', b'well', b'as', b'the', b'others', b'while', b'following', b'lincoln', b'strong', b'dictate', b'to', b'make', b'no', b'contracts', b'that', b'bind', b'me', b'most', b'republicans', b'agreed', b'with', b'lincoln', b'that', b'the', b'north', b'was', b'the', b'aggrieved', b'party', b'as', b'the', b'slave', b'power', b'tightened', b'its', b'grasp', b'on', b'the', b'national', b'government', b'with', b'the', b'dred', b'scott', b'decision', b'and', b'the', b'presidency', b'of', b'james', b'buchanan', b'throughout', b'the', b'lincoln', b'doubted', b'the', b'prospects', b'of', b'civil', b'war', b'and', b'his', b'supporters', b'rejected', b'claims', b'that', b'his', b'election', b'would', b'incite', b'secession', b'meanwhile', b'douglas', b'was', b'selected', b'as', b'the', b'candidate', b'of', b'the', b'northern', b'democrats', b'delegates', b'from', b'slave', b'states', b'walked', b'out', b'of', b'the', b'democratic', b'convention', b'disagreeing', b'with', b'douglas', b'position', b'on', b'popular', b'sovereignty', b'and', b'ultimately', b'selected', b'john', b'breckinridge', b'as', b'their', b'candidate', b'prior', b'to', b'the', b'republican', b'convention', b'the', b'lincoln', b'campaign', b'began', b'cultivating', b'nationwide', b'teen', b'and', b'young', b'adult', b'organization', b'the', b'wide', b'awakes', b'which', b'it', b'used', b'to', b'generate', b'popular', b'support', b'for', b'lincoln', b'throughout', b'the', b'country', b'to', b'spearhead', b'large', b'voter', b'registration', b'drives', b'knowing', b'that', b'new', b'voters', b'and', b'young', b'voters', b'tend', b'to', b'embrace', b'new', b'and', b'young', b'parties', b'as', b'lincoln', b'ideas', b'of', b'abolishing', b'slavery', b'grew', b'so', b'did', b'his', b'supporters', b'people', b'of', b'the', b'northern', b'states', b'knew', b'the', b'southern', b'states', b'would', b'vote', b'against', b'lincoln', b'because', b'of', b'his', b'ideas', b'of', b'anti', b'slavery', b'and', b'took', b'action', b'to', b'rally', b'supporters', b'for', b'lincoln', b'as', b'douglas', b'and', b'the', b'other', b'candidates', b'went', b'through', b'with', b'their', b'campaigns', b'lincoln', b'was', b'the', b'only', b'one', b'of', b'them', b'who', b'gave', b'no', b'speeches', b'instead', b'he', b'monitored', b'the', b'campaign', b'closely', b'and', b'relied', b'on', b'the', b'enthusiasm', b'of', b'the', b'republican', b'party', b'the', b'party', b'did', b'the', b'leg', b'work', b'that', b'produced', b'majorities', b'across', b'the', b'north', b'and', b'produced', b'an', b'abundance', b'of', b'campaign', b'posters', b'leaflets', b'and', b'newspaper', b'editorials', b'there', b'were', b'thousands', b'of', b'republican', b'speakers', b'who', b'focused', b'first', b'on', b'the', b'party', b'platform', b'and', b'second', b'on', b'lincoln', b'life', b'story', b'emphasizing', b'his', b'childhood', b'poverty', b'the', b'goal', b'was', b'to', b'demonstrate', b'the', b'superior', b'power', b'of', b'free', b'labor', b'whereby', b'common', b'farm', b'boy', b'could', b'work', b'his', b'way', b'to', b'the', b'top', b'by', b'his', b'own', b'efforts', b'the', b'republican', b'party', b'production', b'of', b'campaign', b'literature', b'dwarfed', b'the', b'combined', b'opposition', b'chicago', b'tribune', b'writer', b'produced', b'pamphlet', b'that', b'detailed', b'lincoln', b'life', b'and', b'sold', b'to', b'copies', b'presidency', b'election', b'and', b'secession', b'on', b'november', b'lincoln', b'was', b'elected', b'the', b'th', b'president', b'of', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'beating', b'democrat', b'stephen', b'douglas', b'john', b'breckinridge', b'of', b'the', b'southern', b'democrats', b'and', b'john', b'bell', b'of', b'the', b'new', b'constitutional', b'union', b'party', b'he', b'was', b'the', b'first', b'president', b'from', b'the', b'republican', b'party', b'his', b'victory', b'was', b'entirely', b'due', b'to', b'the', b'strength', b'of', b'his', b'support', b'in', b'the', b'north', b'and', b'west', b'no', b'ballots', b'were', b'cast', b'for', b'him', b'in', b'of', b'the', b'southern', b'slave', b'states', b'and', b'he', b'won', b'only', b'two', b'of', b'counties', b'in', b'all', b'the', b'southern', b'states', b'lincoln', b'received', b'votes', b'douglas', b'votes', b'breckinridge', b'votes', b'and', b'bell', b'votes', b'turnout', b'was', b'percent', b'with', b'lincoln', b'winning', b'the', b'free', b'northern', b'states', b'as', b'well', b'as', b'california', b'and', b'oregon', b'douglas', b'won', b'missouri', b'and', b'split', b'new', b'jersey', b'with', b'lincoln', b'bell', b'won', b'virginia', b'tennessee', b'and', b'kentucky', b'and', b'breckinridge', b'won', b'the', b'rest', b'of', b'the', b'south', b'although', b'lincoln', b'won', b'only', b'plurality', b'of', b'the', b'popular', b'vote', b'his', b'victory', b'in', b'the', b'electoral', b'college', b'was', b'decisive', b'lincoln', b'had', b'and', b'his', b'opponents', b'added', b'together', b'had', b'only', b'there', b'were', b'fusion', b'tickets', b'in', b'which', b'all', b'of', b'lincoln', b'opponents', b'combined', b'to', b'support', b'the', b'same', b'slate', b'of', b'electors', b'in', b'new', b'york', b'new', b'jersey', b'and', b'rhode', b'island', b'but', b'even', b'if', b'the', b'anti', b'lincoln', b'vote', b'had', b'been', b'combined', b'in', b'every', b'state', b'lincoln', b'still', b'would', b'have', b'won', b'majority', b'in', b'the', b'electoral', b'college', b'the', b'first', b'photographic', b'image', b'of', b'the', b'new', b'president', b'as', b'lincoln', b'election', b'became', b'evident', b'secessionists', b'made', b'clear', b'their', b'intent', b'to', b'leave', b'the', b'union', b'before', b'he', b'took', b'office', b'the', b'next', b'march', b'on', b'december', b'south', b'carolina', b'took', b'the', b'lead', b'by', b'adopting', b'an', b'ordinance', b'of', b'secession', b'by', b'february', b'florida', b'mississippi', b'alabama', b'georgia', b'louisiana', b'and', b'texas', b'followed', b'six', b'of', b'these', b'states', b'then', b'adopted', b'constitution', b'and', b'declared', b'themselves', b'to', b'be', b'sovereign', b'nation', b'the', b'confederate', b'states', b'of', b'america', b'the', b'upper', b'south', b'and', b'border', b'states', b'delaware', b'maryland', b'virginia', b'north', b'carolina', b'tennessee', b'kentucky', b'missouri', b'and', b'arkansas', b'listened', b'to', b'but', b'initially', b'rejected', b'the', b'secessionist', b'appeal', b'president', b'buchanan', b'and', b'president', b'elect', b'lincoln', b'refused', b'to', b'recognize', b'the', b'confederacy', b'declaring', b'secession', b'illegal', b'the', b'confederacy', b'selected', b'jefferson', b'davis', b'as', b'its', b'provisional', b'president', b'on', b'february', b'there', b'were', b'attempts', b'at', b'compromise', b'the', b'crittenden', b'compromise', b'would', b'have', b'extended', b'the', b'missouri', b'compromise', b'line', b'of', b'dividing', b'the', b'territories', b'into', b'slave', b'and', b'free', b'contrary', b'to', b'the', b'republican', b'party', b'free', b'soil', b'platform', b'lincoln', b'rejected', b'the', b'idea', b'saying', b'will', b'suffer', b'death', b'before', b'consent', b'to', b'any', b'concession', b'or', b'compromise', b'which', b'looks', b'like', b'buying', b'the', b'privilege', b'to', b'take', b'possession', b'of', b'this', b'government', b'to', b'which', b'we', b'have', b'constitutional', b'right', b'lincoln', b'however', b'did', b'tacitly', b'support', b'the', b'proposed', b'corwin', b'amendment', b'to', b'the', b'constitution', b'which', b'passed', b'congress', b'before', b'lincoln', b'came', b'into', b'office', b'and', b'was', b'then', b'awaiting', b'ratification', b'by', b'the', b'states', b'that', b'proposed', b'amendment', b'would', b'have', b'protected', b'slavery', b'in', b'states', b'where', b'it', b'already', b'existed', b'and', b'would', b'have', b'guaranteed', b'that', b'congress', b'would', b'not', b'interfere', b'with', b'slavery', b'without', b'southern', b'consent', b'few', b'weeks', b'before', b'the', b'war', b'lincoln', b'sent', b'letter', b'to', b'every', b'governor', b'informing', b'them', b'congress', b'had', b'passed', b'joint', b'resolution', b'to', b'amend', b'the', b'constitution', b'lincoln', b'was', b'open', b'to', b'the', b'possibility', b'of', b'constitutional', b'convention', b'to', b'make', b'further', b'amendments', b'to', b'the', b'constitution', b'en', b'route', b'to', b'his', b'inauguration', b'by', b'train', b'lincoln', b'addressed', b'crowds', b'and', b'legislatures', b'across', b'the', b'north', b'the', b'president', b'elect', b'then', b'evaded', b'possible', b'assassins', b'in', b'baltimore', b'who', b'were', b'uncovered', b'by', b'lincoln', b'head', b'of', b'security', b'allan', b'pinkerton', b'on', b'february', b'he', b'arrived', b'in', b'disguise', b'in', b'washington', b'which', b'was', b'placed', b'under', b'substantial', b'military', b'guard', b'lincoln', b'directed', b'his', b'inaugural', b'address', b'to', b'the', b'south', b'proclaiming', b'once', b'again', b'that', b'he', b'had', b'no', b'intention', b'or', b'inclination', b'to', b'abolish', b'slavery', b'in', b'the', b'southern', b'states', b'the', b'president', b'ended', b'his', b'address', b'with', b'an', b'appeal', b'to', b'the', b'people', b'of', b'the', b'south', b'we', b'are', b'not', b'enemies', b'but', b'friends', b'we', b'must', b'not', b'be', b'enemies', b'the', b'mystic', b'chords', b'of', b'memory', b'stretching', b'from', b'every', b'battlefield', b'and', b'patriot', b'grave', b'to', b'every', b'living', b'heart', b'and', b'hearthstone', b'all', b'over', b'this', b'broad', b'land', b'will', b'yet', b'swell', b'the', b'chorus', b'of', b'the', b'union', b'when', b'again', b'touched', b'as', b'surely', b'they', b'will', b'be', b'by', b'the', b'better', b'angels', b'of', b'our', b'nature', b'the', b'failure', b'of', b'the', b'peace', b'conference', b'of', b'signaled', b'that', b'legislative', b'compromise', b'was', b'impossible', b'by', b'march', b'no', b'leaders', b'of', b'the', b'insurrection', b'had', b'proposed', b'rejoining', b'the', b'union', b'on', b'any', b'terms', b'meanwhile', b'lincoln', b'and', b'the', b'republican', b'leadership', b'agreed', b'that', b'the', b'dismantling', b'of', b'the', b'union', b'could', b'not', b'be', b'tolerated', b'lincoln', b'said', b'as', b'the', b'war', b'was', b'ending', b'both', b'parties', b'deprecated', b'war', b'but', b'one', b'of', b'them', b'would', b'make', b'war', b'rather', b'than', b'let', b'the', b'nation', b'survive', b'and', b'the', b'other', b'would', b'accept', b'war', b'rather', b'than', b'let', b'it', b'perish', b'and', b'the', b'war', b'came', b'beginning', b'of', b'the', b'war', b'major', b'anderson', b'ft', b'sumter', b'commander', b'the', b'commander', b'of', b'fort', b'sumter', b'south', b'carolina', b'major', b'robert', b'anderson', b'sent', b'request', b'for', b'provisions', b'to', b'washington', b'and', b'the', b'execution', b'of', b'lincoln', b'order', b'to', b'meet', b'that', b'request', b'was', b'seen', b'by', b'the', b'secessionists', b'as', b'an', b'act', b'of', b'war', b'on', b'april', b'confederate', b'forces', b'fired', b'on', b'union', b'troops', b'at', b'fort', b'sumter', b'forcing', b'them', b'to', b'surrender', b'and', b'began', b'the', b'war', b'historian', b'allan', b'nevins', b'argued', b'that', b'the', b'newly', b'inaugurated', b'lincoln', b'made', b'three', b'miscalculations', b'underestimating', b'the', b'gravity', b'of', b'the', b'crisis', b'exaggerating', b'the', b'strength', b'of', b'unionist', b'sentiment', b'in', b'the', b'south', b'and', b'not', b'realizing', b'the', b'southern', b'unionists', b'were', b'insisting', b'there', b'be', b'no', b'invasion', b'william', b'tecumseh', b'sherman', b'talked', b'to', b'lincoln', b'during', b'inauguration', b'week', b'and', b'was', b'sadly', b'disappointed', b'at', b'his', b'failure', b'to', b'realize', b'that', b'the', b'country', b'was', b'sleeping', b'on', b'volcano', b'and', b'that', b'the', b'south', b'was', b'preparing', b'for', b'war', b'historian', b'donald', b'concludes', b'that', b'his', b'repeated', b'efforts', b'to', b'avoid', b'collision', b'in', b'the', b'months', b'between', b'inauguration', b'and', b'the', b'firing', b'on', b'ft', b'sumter', b'showed', b'he', b'adhered', b'to', b'his', b'vow', b'not', b'to', b'be', b'the', b'first', b'to', b'shed', b'fraternal', b'blood', b'but', b'he', b'also', b'vowed', b'not', b'to', b'surrender', b'the', b'forts', b'the', b'only', b'resolution', b'of', b'these', b'contradictory', b'positions', b'was', b'for', b'the', b'confederates', b'to', b'fire', b'the', b'first', b'shot', b'they', b'did', b'just', b'that', b'on', b'april', b'lincoln', b'called', b'on', b'all', b'the', b'states', b'to', b'send', b'detachments', b'totaling', b'troops', b'to', b'recapture', b'forts', b'protect', b'washington', b'and', b'preserve', b'the', b'union', b'which', b'in', b'his', b'view', b'still', b'existed', b'intact', b'despite', b'the', b'actions', b'of', b'the', b'seceding', b'states', b'this', b'call', b'forced', b'the', b'states', b'to', b'choose', b'sides', b'virginia', b'declared', b'its', b'secession', b'and', b'was', b'rewarded', b'with', b'the', b'confederate', b'capital', b'despite', b'the', b'exposed', b'position', b'of', b'richmond', b'so', b'close', b'to', b'union', b'lines', b'north', b'carolina', b'tennessee', b'and', b'arkansas', b'also', b'voted', b'for', b'secession', b'over', b'the', b'next', b'two', b'months', b'secession', b'sentiment', b'was', b'strong', b'in', b'missouri', b'and', b'maryland', b'but', b'did', b'not', b'prevail', b'kentucky', b'tried', b'to', b'be', b'neutral', b'the', b'confederate', b'attack', b'on', b'fort', b'sumter', b'rallied', b'americans', b'north', b'of', b'the', b'mason', b'dixon', b'line', b'to', b'the', b'defense', b'of', b'the', b'american', b'nation', b'historian', b'allan', b'nevins', b'says', b'the', b'thunderclap', b'of', b'sumter', b'produced', b'startling', b'crystallization', b'of', b'northern', b'sentiment', b'anger', b'swept', b'the', b'land', b'from', b'every', b'side', b'came', b'news', b'of', b'mass', b'meetings', b'speeches', b'resolutions', b'tenders', b'of', b'business', b'support', b'the', b'muster', b'of', b'companies', b'and', b'regiments', b'the', b'determined', b'action', b'of', b'governors', b'and', b'legislatures', b'states', b'sent', b'union', b'regiments', b'south', b'in', b'response', b'to', b'lincoln', b'call', b'to', b'save', b'the', b'capital', b'and', b'confront', b'the', b'rebellion', b'on', b'april', b'mobs', b'in', b'baltimore', b'which', b'controlled', b'the', b'rail', b'links', b'attacked', b'union', b'troops', b'who', b'were', b'changing', b'trains', b'and', b'local', b'leaders', b'groups', b'later', b'burned', b'critical', b'rail', b'bridges', b'to', b'the', b'capital', b'the', b'army', b'responded', b'by', b'arresting', b'local', b'maryland', b'officials', b'lincoln', b'suspended', b'the', b'writ', b'of', b'habeas', b'corpus', b'in', b'areas', b'the', b'army', b'felt', b'it', b'needed', b'to', b'secure', b'for', b'troops', b'to', b'reach', b'washington', b'john', b'merryman', b'maryland', b'official', b'involved', b'in', b'hindering', b'the', b'troop', b'movements', b'petitioned', b'supreme', b'court', b'chief', b'justice', b'and', b'marylander', b'roger', b'taney', b'author', b'of', b'the', b'controversial', b'pro', b'slavery', b'dred', b'scott', b'opinion', b'to', b'issue', b'writ', b'of', b'habeas', b'corpus', b'and', b'in', b'june', b'taney', b'acting', b'as', b'circuit', b'judge', b'and', b'not', b'speaking', b'for', b'the', b'supreme', b'court', b'issued', b'the', b'writ', b'because', b'in', b'his', b'opinion', b'only', b'congress', b'could', b'suspend', b'the', b'writ', b'lincoln', b'continued', b'the', b'army', b'policy', b'that', b'the', b'writ', b'was', b'suspended', b'in', b'limited', b'areas', b'despite', b'the', b'ex', b'parte', b'merryman', b'ruling', b'war', b'strategy', b'after', b'the', b'battle', b'of', b'fort', b'sumter', b'lincoln', b'realized', b'the', b'importance', b'of', b'taking', b'immediate', b'executive', b'control', b'of', b'the', b'war', b'and', b'making', b'an', b'overall', b'strategy', b'to', b'put', b'down', b'the', b'rebellion', b'lincoln', b'encountered', b'an', b'unprecedented', b'political', b'and', b'military', b'crisis', b'and', b'he', b'responded', b'as', b'commander', b'in', b'chief', b'using', b'unprecedented', b'powers', b'he', b'expanded', b'his', b'war', b'powers', b'and', b'imposed', b'blockade', b'on', b'all', b'the', b'confederate', b'shipping', b'ports', b'disbursed', b'funds', b'before', b'appropriation', b'by', b'congress', b'and', b'after', b'suspending', b'habeas', b'corpus', b'arrested', b'and', b'imprisoned', b'thousands', b'of', b'suspected', b'confederate', b'sympathizers', b'lincoln', b'was', b'supported', b'by', b'congress', b'and', b'the', b'northern', b'public', b'for', b'these', b'actions', b'in', b'addition', b'lincoln', b'had', b'to', b'contend', b'with', b'reinforcing', b'strong', b'union', b'sympathies', b'in', b'the', b'border', b'slave', b'states', b'and', b'keeping', b'the', b'war', b'from', b'becoming', b'an', b'international', b'conflict', b'running', b'the', b'machine', b'an', b'political', b'cartoon', b'satirizing', b'lincoln', b'administration', b'featuring', b'william', b'fessenden', b'edwin', b'stanton', b'william', b'seward', b'gideon', b'welles', b'lincoln', b'and', b'others', b'the', b'war', b'effort', b'was', b'the', b'source', b'of', b'continued', b'disparagement', b'of', b'lincoln', b'and', b'dominated', b'his', b'time', b'and', b'attention', b'from', b'the', b'start', b'it', b'was', b'clear', b'that', b'bipartisan', b'support', b'would', b'be', b'essential', b'to', b'success', b'in', b'the', b'war', b'effort', b'and', b'any', b'manner', b'of', b'compromise', b'alienated', b'factions', b'on', b'both', b'sides', b'of', b'the', b'aisle', b'such', b'as', b'the', b'appointment', b'of', b'republicans', b'and', b'democrats', b'to', b'command', b'positions', b'in', b'the', b'union', b'army', b'copperheads', b'criticized', b'lincoln', b'for', b'refusing', b'to', b'compromise', b'on', b'the', b'slavery', b'issue', b'conversely', b'the', b'radical', b'republicans', b'criticized', b'him', b'for', b'moving', b'too', b'slowly', b'in', b'abolishing', b'slavery', b'on', b'august', b'lincoln', b'signed', b'the', b'confiscation', b'act', b'that', b'authorized', b'judiciary', b'proceedings', b'to', b'confiscate', b'and', b'free', b'slaves', b'who', b'were', b'used', b'to', b'support', b'the', b'confederate', b'war', b'effort', b'in', b'practice', b'the', b'law', b'had', b'little', b'effect', b'but', b'it', b'did', b'signal', b'political', b'support', b'for', b'abolishing', b'slavery', b'in', b'the', b'confederacy', b'in', b'late', b'august', b'general', b'john', b'fr\xc3\xa9mont', b'the', b'republican', b'presidential', b'nominee', b'issued', b'without', b'consulting', b'his', b'superiors', b'in', b'washington', b'proclamation', b'of', b'martial', b'law', b'in', b'missouri', b'he', b'declared', b'that', b'any', b'citizen', b'found', b'bearing', b'arms', b'could', b'be', b'court', b'martialed', b'and', b'shot', b'and', b'that', b'slaves', b'of', b'persons', b'aiding', b'the', b'rebellion', b'would', b'be', b'freed', b'fr\xc3\xa9mont', b'was', b'already', b'under', b'cloud', b'with', b'charges', b'of', b'negligence', b'in', b'his', b'command', b'of', b'the', b'department', b'of', b'the', b'west', b'compounded', b'with', b'allegations', b'of', b'fraud', b'and', b'corruption', b'lincoln', b'overruled', b'fr\xc3\xa9mont', b'proclamation', b'lincoln', b'believed', b'that', b'fremont', b'emancipation', b'was', b'political', b'neither', b'militarily', b'necessary', b'nor', b'legal', b'after', b'lincoln', b'acted', b'union', b'enlistments', b'from', b'maryland', b'kentucky', b'and', b'missouri', b'increased', b'by', b'over', b'troops', b'lincoln', b'left', b'most', b'diplomatic', b'matters', b'to', b'his', b'secretary', b'of', b'state', b'william', b'seward', b'at', b'times', b'seward', b'was', b'too', b'bellicose', b'so', b'for', b'balance', b'lincoln', b'stuck', b'close', b'working', b'relationship', b'with', b'senator', b'charles', b'sumner', b'the', b'chairman', b'of', b'the', b'senate', b'foreign', b'relations', b'committee', b'the', b'trent', b'affair', b'of', b'late', b'threatened', b'war', b'with', b'great', b'britain', b'the', b'navy', b'had', b'illegally', b'intercepted', b'british', b'mail', b'ship', b'the', b'trent', b'on', b'the', b'high', b'seas', b'and', b'seized', b'two', b'confederate', b'envoys', b'britain', b'protested', b'vehemently', b'while', b'the', b'cheered', b'lincoln', b'ended', b'the', b'crisis', b'by', b'releasing', b'the', b'two', b'diplomats', b'biographer', b'james', b'randall', b'has', b'dissected', b'lincoln', b'successful', b'techniques', b'his', b'restraint', b'his', b'avoidance', b'of', b'any', b'outward', b'expression', b'of', b'truculence', b'his', b'early', b'softening', b'of', b'state', b'department', b'attitude', b'toward', b'britain', b'his', b'deference', b'toward', b'seward', b'and', b'sumner', b'his', b'withholding', b'of', b'his', b'own', b'paper', b'prepared', b'for', b'the', b'occasion', b'his', b'readiness', b'to', b'arbitrate', b'his', b'golden', b'silence', b'in', b'addressing', b'congress', b'his', b'shrewdness', b'in', b'recognizing', b'that', b'war', b'must', b'be', b'averted', b'and', b'his', b'clear', b'perception', b'that', b'point', b'could', b'be', b'clinched', b'for', b'america', b'true', b'position', b'at', b'the', b'same', b'time', b'that', b'full', b'satisfaction', b'was', b'given', b'to', b'friendly', b'country', b'lincoln', b'painstakingly', b'monitored', b'the', b'telegraphic', b'reports', b'coming', b'into', b'the', b'war', b'department', b'headquarters', b'he', b'kept', b'close', b'tabs', b'on', b'all', b'phases', b'of', b'the', b'military', b'effort', b'consulted', b'with', b'governors', b'and', b'selected', b'generals', b'based', b'on', b'their', b'past', b'success', b'as', b'well', b'as', b'their', b'state', b'and', b'party', b'in', b'january', b'after', b'many', b'complaints', b'of', b'inefficiency', b'and', b'profiteering', b'in', b'the', b'war', b'department', b'lincoln', b'replaced', b'simon', b'cameron', b'with', b'edwin', b'stanton', b'as', b'war', b'secretary', b'stanton', b'was', b'staunchly', b'unionist', b'pro', b'business', b'conservative', b'democrat', b'who', b'moved', b'toward', b'the', b'radical', b'republican', b'faction', b'nevertheless', b'he', b'worked', b'more', b'often', b'and', b'more', b'closely', b'with', b'lincoln', b'than', b'any', b'other', b'senior', b'official', b'stanton', b'and', b'lincoln', b'virtually', b'conducted', b'the', b'war', b'together', b'say', b'thomas', b'and', b'hyman', b'in', b'terms', b'of', b'war', b'strategy', b'lincoln', b'articulated', b'two', b'priorities', b'to', b'ensure', b'that', b'washington', b'was', b'well', b'defended', b'and', b'to', b'conduct', b'an', b'aggressive', b'war', b'effort', b'that', b'would', b'satisfy', b'the', b'demand', b'in', b'the', b'north', b'for', b'prompt', b'decisive', b'victory', b'major', b'northern', b'newspaper', b'editors', b'expected', b'victory', b'within', b'days', b'twice', b'week', b'lincoln', b'would', b'meet', b'with', b'his', b'cabinet', b'in', b'the', b'afternoon', b'and', b'occasionally', b'mary', b'lincoln', b'would', b'force', b'him', b'to', b'take', b'carriage', b'ride', b'because', b'she', b'was', b'concerned', b'he', b'was', b'working', b'too', b'hard', b'lincoln', b'learned', b'from', b'reading', b'the', b'theoretical', b'book', b'of', b'his', b'chief', b'of', b'staff', b'general', b'henry', b'halleck', b'disciple', b'of', b'the', b'european', b'strategist', b'jomini', b'he', b'began', b'to', b'appreciate', b'the', b'critical', b'need', b'to', b'control', b'strategic', b'points', b'such', b'as', b'the', b'mississippi', b'river', b'lincoln', b'saw', b'the', b'importance', b'of', b'vicksburg', b'and', b'understood', b'the', b'necessity', b'of', b'defeating', b'the', b'enemy', b'army', b'rather', b'than', b'simply', b'capturing', b'territory', b'general', b'mcclellan', b'after', b'the', b'union', b'defeat', b'at', b'the', b'first', b'battle', b'of', b'bull', b'run', b'and', b'the', b'retirement', b'of', b'the', b'aged', b'winfield', b'scott', b'in', b'late', b'lincoln', b'appointed', b'major', b'general', b'george', b'mcclellan', b'general', b'in', b'chief', b'of', b'all', b'the', b'union', b'armies', b'mcclellan', b'young', b'west', b'point', b'graduate', b'railroad', b'executive', b'and', b'pennsylvania', b'democrat', b'took', b'several', b'months', b'to', b'plan', b'and', b'attempt', b'his', b'peninsula', b'campaign', b'longer', b'than', b'lincoln', b'wanted', b'the', b'campaign', b'objective', b'was', b'to', b'capture', b'richmond', b'by', b'moving', b'the', b'army', b'of', b'the', b'potomac', b'by', b'boat', b'to', b'the', b'peninsula', b'and', b'then', b'overland', b'to', b'the', b'confederate', b'capital', b'mcclellan', b'repeated', b'delays', b'frustrated', b'lincoln', b'and', b'congress', b'as', b'did', b'his', b'position', b'that', b'no', b'troops', b'were', b'needed', b'to', b'defend', b'washington', b'lincoln', b'insisted', b'on', b'holding', b'some', b'of', b'mcclellan', b'troops', b'in', b'defense', b'of', b'the', b'capital', b'mcclellan', b'who', b'consistently', b'overestimated', b'the', b'strength', b'of', b'confederate', b'troops', b'blamed', b'this', b'decision', b'for', b'the', b'ultimate', b'failure', b'of', b'the', b'peninsula', b'campaign', b'george', b'mcclellan', b'after', b'the', b'battle', b'of', b'antietam', b'in', b'lincoln', b'removed', b'mcclellan', b'as', b'general', b'in', b'chief', b'in', b'march', b'after', b'mcclellan', b'harrison', b'landing', b'letter', b'in', b'which', b'he', b'offered', b'unsolicited', b'political', b'advice', b'to', b'lincoln', b'urging', b'caution', b'in', b'the', b'war', b'effort', b'the', b'office', b'remained', b'empty', b'until', b'july', b'when', b'henry', b'halleck', b'was', b'selected', b'for', b'it', b'mcclellan', b'letter', b'incensed', b'radical', b'republicans', b'who', b'successfully', b'pressured', b'lincoln', b'to', b'appoint', b'john', b'pope', b'republican', b'as', b'head', b'of', b'the', b'new', b'army', b'of', b'virginia', b'pope', b'complied', b'with', b'lincoln', b'strategic', b'desire', b'to', b'move', b'toward', b'richmond', b'from', b'the', b'north', b'thus', b'protecting', b'the', b'capital', b'from', b'attack', b'however', b'lacking', b'requested', b'reinforcements', b'from', b'mcclellan', b'now', b'commanding', b'the', b'army', b'of', b'the', b'potomac', b'pope', b'was', b'soundly', b'defeated', b'at', b'the', b'second', b'battle', b'of', b'bull', b'run', b'in', b'the', b'summer', b'of', b'forcing', b'the', b'army', b'of', b'the', b'potomac', b'to', b'defend', b'washington', b'for', b'second', b'time', b'the', b'war', b'also', b'expanded', b'with', b'naval', b'operations', b'in', b'when', b'the', b'css', b'virginia', b'formerly', b'the', b'uss', b'merrimack', b'damaged', b'or', b'destroyed', b'three', b'union', b'vessels', b'in', b'norfolk', b'virginia', b'before', b'being', b'engaged', b'and', b'damaged', b'by', b'the', b'uss', b'monitor', b'lincoln', b'closely', b'reviewed', b'the', b'dispatches', b'and', b'interrogated', b'naval', b'officers', b'during', b'their', b'clash', b'in', b'the', b'battle', b'of', b'hampton', b'roads', b'despite', b'his', b'dissatisfaction', b'with', b'mcclellan', b'failure', b'to', b'reinforce', b'pope', b'lincoln', b'was', b'desperate', b'and', b'restored', b'him', b'to', b'command', b'of', b'all', b'forces', b'around', b'washington', b'to', b'the', b'dismay', b'of', b'all', b'in', b'his', b'cabinet', b'but', b'seward', b'two', b'days', b'after', b'mcclellan', b'return', b'to', b'command', b'general', b'robert', b'lee', b'forces', b'crossed', b'the', b'potomac', b'river', b'into', b'maryland', b'leading', b'to', b'the', b'battle', b'of', b'antietam', b'in', b'september', b'the', b'ensuing', b'union', b'victory', b'was', b'among', b'the', b'bloodiest', b'in', b'american', b'history', b'but', b'it', b'enabled', b'lincoln', b'to', b'announce', b'that', b'he', b'would', b'issue', b'an', b'emancipation', b'proclamation', b'in', b'january', b'having', b'composed', b'the', b'proclamation', b'some', b'time', b'earlier', b'lincoln', b'had', b'waited', b'for', b'military', b'victory', b'to', b'publish', b'it', b'to', b'avoid', b'it', b'being', b'perceived', b'as', b'the', b'product', b'of', b'desperation', b'mcclellan', b'then', b'resisted', b'the', b'president', b'demand', b'that', b'he', b'pursue', b'lee', b'retreating', b'and', b'exposed', b'army', b'while', b'his', b'counterpart', b'general', b'don', b'carlos', b'buell', b'likewise', b'refused', b'orders', b'to', b'move', b'the', b'army', b'of', b'the', b'ohio', b'against', b'rebel', b'forces', b'in', b'eastern', b'tennessee', b'as', b'result', b'lincoln', b'replaced', b'buell', b'with', b'william', b'rosecrans', b'and', b'after', b'the', b'midterm', b'elections', b'he', b'replaced', b'mcclellan', b'with', b'republican', b'ambrose', b'burnside', b'both', b'of', b'these', b'replacements', b'were', b'political', b'moderates', b'and', b'prospectively', b'more', b'supportive', b'of', b'the', b'commander', b'in', b'chief', b'battle', b'of', b'may', b'burnside', b'against', b'the', b'advice', b'of', b'the', b'president', b'prematurely', b'launched', b'an', b'offensive', b'across', b'the', b'rappahannock', b'river', b'and', b'was', b'stunningly', b'defeated', b'by', b'lee', b'at', b'fredericksburg', b'in', b'december', b'not', b'only', b'had', b'burnside', b'been', b'defeated', b'on', b'the', b'battlefield', b'but', b'his', b'soldiers', b'were', b'disgruntled', b'and', b'undisciplined', b'desertions', b'during', b'were', b'in', b'the', b'thousands', b'and', b'they', b'increased', b'after', b'fredericksburg', b'lincoln', b'brought', b'in', b'joseph', b'hooker', b'despite', b'his', b'record', b'of', b'loose', b'talk', b'about', b'the', b'need', b'for', b'military', b'dictatorship', b'the', b'mid', b'term', b'elections', b'in', b'brought', b'the', b'republicans', b'severe', b'losses', b'due', b'to', b'sharp', b'disfavor', b'with', b'the', b'administration', b'over', b'its', b'failure', b'to', b'deliver', b'speedy', b'end', b'to', b'the', b'war', b'as', b'well', b'as', b'rising', b'inflation', b'new', b'high', b'taxes', b'rumors', b'of', b'corruption', b'the', b'suspension', b'of', b'habeas', b'corpus', b'the', b'military', b'draft', b'law', b'and', b'fears', b'that', b'freed', b'slaves', b'would', b'undermine', b'the', b'labor', b'market', b'the', b'emancipation', b'proclamation', b'announced', b'in', b'september', b'gained', b'votes', b'for', b'the', b'republicans', b'in', b'the', b'rural', b'areas', b'of', b'new', b'england', b'and', b'the', b'upper', b'midwest', b'but', b'it', b'lost', b'votes', b'in', b'the', b'cities', b'and', b'the', b'lower', b'midwest', b'while', b'republicans', b'were', b'discouraged', b'democrats', b'were', b'energized', b'and', b'did', b'especially', b'well', b'in', b'pennsylvania', b'ohio', b'indiana', b'and', b'new', b'york', b'the', b'republicans', b'did', b'maintain', b'their', b'majorities', b'in', b'congress', b'and', b'in', b'the', b'major', b'states', b'except', b'new', b'york', b'the', b'cincinnati', b'gazette', b'contended', b'that', b'the', b'voters', b'were', b'depressed', b'by', b'the', b'interminable', b'nature', b'of', b'this', b'war', b'as', b'so', b'far', b'conducted', b'and', b'by', b'the', b'rapid', b'exhaustion', b'of', b'the', b'national', b'resources', b'without', b'progress', b'in', b'the', b'spring', b'of', b'lincoln', b'was', b'optimistic', b'about', b'upcoming', b'military', b'campaigns', b'to', b'the', b'point', b'of', b'thinking', b'the', b'end', b'of', b'the', b'war', b'could', b'be', b'near', b'if', b'string', b'of', b'victories', b'could', b'be', b'put', b'together', b'these', b'plans', b'included', b'hooker', b'attack', b'on', b'lee', b'north', b'of', b'richmond', b'rosecrans', b'on', b'chattanooga', b'grant', b'on', b'vicksburg', b'and', b'naval', b'assault', b'on', b'charleston', b'hooker', b'was', b'routed', b'by', b'lee', b'at', b'the', b'battle', b'of', b'in', b'may', b'but', b'continued', b'to', b'command', b'his', b'troops', b'for', b'some', b'weeks', b'he', b'ignored', b'lincoln', b'order', b'to', b'divide', b'his', b'troops', b'and', b'possibly', b'force', b'lee', b'to', b'do', b'the', b'same', b'in', b'harper', b'ferry', b'and', b'tendered', b'his', b'resignation', b'which', b'lincoln', b'accepted', b'he', b'was', b'replaced', b'by', b'george', b'meade', b'who', b'followed', b'lee', b'into', b'pennsylvania', b'for', b'the', b'gettysburg', b'campaign', b'which', b'was', b'victory', b'for', b'the', b'union', b'though', b'lee', b'army', b'avoided', b'capture', b'at', b'the', b'same', b'time', b'after', b'initial', b'setbacks', b'grant', b'laid', b'siege', b'to', b'vicksburg', b'and', b'the', b'union', b'navy', b'attained', b'some', b'success', b'in', b'charleston', b'harbor', b'after', b'the', b'battle', b'of', b'gettysburg', b'lincoln', b'clearly', b'understood', b'that', b'his', b'military', b'decisions', b'would', b'be', b'more', b'effectively', b'carried', b'out', b'by', b'conveying', b'his', b'orders', b'through', b'his', b'war', b'secretary', b'or', b'his', b'general', b'in', b'chief', b'on', b'to', b'his', b'generals', b'who', b'resented', b'his', b'civilian', b'interference', b'with', b'their', b'own', b'plans', b'even', b'so', b'he', b'often', b'continued', b'to', b'give', b'detailed', b'directions', b'to', b'his', b'generals', b'as', b'commander', b'in', b'chief', b'emancipation', b'proclamation', b'first', b'reading', b'of', b'the', b'emancipation', b'proclamation', b'of', b'president', b'lincoln', b'by', b'francis', b'bicknell', b'carpenter', b'alt', b'dark', b'haired', b'bearded', b'middle', b'aged', b'man', b'holding', b'documents', b'is', b'seated', b'among', b'seven', b'other', b'men', b'lincoln', b'understood', b'that', b'the', b'federal', b'government', b'power', b'to', b'end', b'slavery', b'was', b'limited', b'by', b'the', b'constitution', b'which', b'before', b'committed', b'the', b'issue', b'to', b'individual', b'states', b'he', b'argued', b'before', b'and', b'during', b'his', b'election', b'that', b'the', b'eventual', b'extinction', b'of', b'slavery', b'would', b'result', b'from', b'preventing', b'its', b'expansion', b'into', b'new', b'territory', b'at', b'the', b'beginning', b'of', b'the', b'war', b'he', b'also', b'sought', b'to', b'persuade', b'the', b'states', b'to', b'accept', b'compensated', b'emancipation', b'in', b'return', b'for', b'their', b'prohibition', b'of', b'slavery', b'lincoln', b'believed', b'that', b'curtailing', b'slavery', b'in', b'these', b'ways', b'would', b'economically', b'expunge', b'it', b'as', b'envisioned', b'by', b'the', b'founding', b'fathers', b'under', b'the', b'constitution', b'president', b'lincoln', b'rejected', b'two', b'geographically', b'limited', b'emancipation', b'attempts', b'by', b'major', b'general', b'john', b'fr\xc3\xa9mont', b'in', b'august', b'and', b'by', b'major', b'general', b'david', b'hunter', b'in', b'may', b'on', b'the', b'grounds', b'that', b'it', b'was', b'not', b'within', b'their', b'power', b'and', b'it', b'would', b'upset', b'the', b'border', b'states', b'loyal', b'to', b'the', b'union', b'on', b'june', b'endorsed', b'by', b'lincoln', b'congress', b'passed', b'an', b'act', b'banning', b'slavery', b'on', b'all', b'federal', b'territory', b'in', b'july', b'the', b'confiscation', b'act', b'of', b'was', b'passed', b'which', b'set', b'up', b'court', b'procedures', b'that', b'could', b'free', b'the', b'slaves', b'of', b'anyone', b'convicted', b'of', b'aiding', b'the', b'rebellion', b'although', b'lincoln', b'believed', b'it', b'was', b'not', b'within', b'congress', b'power', b'to', b'free', b'the', b'slaves', b'within', b'the', b'states', b'he', b'approved', b'the', b'bill', b'in', b'deference', b'to', b'the', b'legislature', b'he', b'felt', b'such', b'action', b'could', b'only', b'be', b'taken', b'by', b'the', b'commander', b'in', b'chief', b'using', b'war', b'powers', b'granted', b'to', b'the', b'president', b'by', b'the', b'constitution', b'and', b'lincoln', b'was', b'planning', b'to', b'take', b'that', b'action', b'in', b'that', b'month', b'lincoln', b'discussed', b'draft', b'of', b'the', b'emancipation', b'proclamation', b'with', b'his', b'cabinet', b'in', b'it', b'he', b'stated', b'that', b'as', b'fit', b'and', b'necessary', b'military', b'measure', b'on', b'january', b'all', b'persons', b'held', b'as', b'slaves', b'in', b'the', b'confederate', b'states', b'will', b'thenceforward', b'and', b'forever', b'be', b'free', b'privately', b'lincoln', b'concluded', b'at', b'this', b'point', b'that', b'the', b'slave', b'base', b'of', b'the', b'confederacy', b'had', b'to', b'be', b'eliminated', b'however', b'copperheads', b'argued', b'that', b'emancipation', b'was', b'stumbling', b'block', b'to', b'peace', b'and', b'reunification', b'republican', b'editor', b'horace', b'greeley', b'of', b'the', b'highly', b'influential', b'new', b'york', b'tribune', b'fell', b'for', b'the', b'ploy', b'and', b'lincoln', b'refuted', b'it', b'directly', b'in', b'shrewd', b'letter', b'of', b'august', b'although', b'he', b'said', b'he', b'personally', b'wished', b'all', b'men', b'could', b'be', b'free', b'lincoln', b'stated', b'that', b'the', b'primary', b'goal', b'of', b'his', b'actions', b'as', b'the', b'president', b'he', b'used', b'the', b'first', b'person', b'pronoun', b'and', b'explicitly', b'refers', b'to', b'his', b'official', b'duty', b'was', b'that', b'of', b'preserving', b'the', b'union', b'the', b'emancipation', b'proclamation', b'issued', b'on', b'september', b'and', b'put', b'into', b'effect', b'on', b'january', b'declared', b'free', b'the', b'slaves', b'in', b'states', b'not', b'then', b'under', b'union', b'control', b'with', b'exemptions', b'specified', b'for', b'areas', b'already', b'under', b'union', b'control', b'in', b'two', b'states', b'lincoln', b'spent', b'the', b'next', b'days', b'preparing', b'the', b'army', b'and', b'the', b'nation', b'for', b'emancipation', b'while', b'democrats', b'rallied', b'their', b'voters', b'in', b'the', b'off', b'year', b'elections', b'by', b'warning', b'of', b'the', b'threat', b'freed', b'slaves', b'posed', b'to', b'northern', b'whites', b'once', b'the', b'abolition', b'of', b'slavery', b'in', b'the', b'rebel', b'states', b'became', b'military', b'objective', b'as', b'union', b'armies', b'advanced', b'south', b'more', b'slaves', b'were', b'liberated', b'until', b'all', b'three', b'million', b'of', b'them', b'in', b'confederate', b'territory', b'were', b'freed', b'lincoln', b'comment', b'on', b'the', b'signing', b'of', b'the', b'proclamation', b'was', b'never', b'in', b'my', b'life', b'felt', b'more', b'certain', b'that', b'was', b'doing', b'right', b'than', b'do', b'in', b'signing', b'this', b'paper', b'for', b'some', b'time', b'lincoln', b'continued', b'earlier', b'plans', b'to', b'set', b'up', b'colonies', b'for', b'the', b'newly', b'freed', b'slaves', b'he', b'commented', b'favorably', b'on', b'colonization', b'in', b'the', b'emancipation', b'proclamation', b'but', b'all', b'attempts', b'at', b'such', b'massive', b'undertaking', b'failed', b'few', b'days', b'after', b'emancipation', b'was', b'announced', b'republican', b'governors', b'met', b'at', b'the', b'war', b'governors', b'conference', b'they', b'supported', b'the', b'president', b'proclamation', b'but', b'suggested', b'the', b'removal', b'of', b'general', b'george', b'mcclellan', b'as', b'commander', b'of', b'the', b'union', b'army', b'enlisting', b'former', b'slaves', b'in', b'the', b'military', b'was', b'official', b'government', b'policy', b'after', b'the', b'issuance', b'of', b'the', b'emancipation', b'proclamation', b'by', b'the', b'spring', b'of', b'lincoln', b'was', b'ready', b'to', b'recruit', b'black', b'troops', b'in', b'more', b'than', b'token', b'numbers', b'in', b'letter', b'to', b'andrew', b'johnson', b'the', b'military', b'governor', b'of', b'tennessee', b'encouraging', b'him', b'to', b'lead', b'the', b'way', b'in', b'raising', b'black', b'troops', b'lincoln', b'wrote', b'the', b'bare', b'sight', b'of', b'armed', b'and', b'drilled', b'black', b'soldiers', b'on', b'the', b'banks', b'of', b'the', b'mississippi', b'would', b'end', b'the', b'rebellion', b'at', b'once', b'by', b'the', b'end', b'of', b'at', b'lincoln', b'direction', b'general', b'lorenzo', b'thomas', b'had', b'recruited', b'regiments', b'of', b'blacks', b'from', b'the', b'mississippi', b'valley', b'frederick', b'douglass', b'once', b'observed', b'of', b'lincoln', b'in', b'his', b'company', b'was', b'never', b'reminded', b'of', b'my', b'humble', b'origin', b'or', b'of', b'my', b'unpopular', b'color', b'gettysburg', b'address', b'the', b'speech', b'with', b'the', b'great', b'union', b'victory', b'at', b'the', b'battle', b'of', b'gettysburg', b'in', b'july', b'and', b'the', b'defeat', b'of', b'the', b'copperheads', b'in', b'the', b'ohio', b'election', b'in', b'the', b'fall', b'lincoln', b'maintained', b'strong', b'base', b'of', b'party', b'support', b'and', b'was', b'in', b'strong', b'position', b'to', b'redefine', b'the', b'war', b'effort', b'despite', b'the', b'new', b'york', b'city', b'draft', b'riots', b'the', b'stage', b'was', b'set', b'for', b'his', b'address', b'at', b'the', b'gettysburg', b'battlefield', b'cemetery', b'on', b'november', b'defying', b'lincoln', b'prediction', b'that', b'the', b'world', b'will', b'little', b'note', b'nor', b'long', b'remember', b'what', b'we', b'say', b'here', b'the', b'address', b'became', b'the', b'most', b'quoted', b'speech', b'in', b'american', b'history', b'in', b'words', b'and', b'three', b'minutes', b'lincoln', b'asserted', b'the', b'nation', b'was', b'born', b'not', b'in', b'but', b'in', b'conceived', b'in', b'liberty', b'and', b'dedicated', b'to', b'the', b'proposition', b'that', b'all', b'men', b'are', b'created', b'equal', b'he', b'defined', b'the', b'war', b'as', b'an', b'effort', b'dedicated', b'to', b'these', b'principles', b'of', b'liberty', b'and', b'equality', b'for', b'all', b'the', b'emancipation', b'of', b'slaves', b'was', b'now', b'part', b'of', b'the', b'national', b'war', b'effort', b'he', b'declared', b'that', b'the', b'deaths', b'of', b'so', b'many', b'brave', b'soldiers', b'would', b'not', b'be', b'in', b'vain', b'that', b'slavery', b'would', b'end', b'as', b'result', b'of', b'the', b'losses', b'and', b'the', b'future', b'of', b'democracy', b'in', b'the', b'world', b'would', b'be', b'assured', b'that', b'government', b'of', b'the', b'people', b'by', b'the', b'people', b'for', b'the', b'people', b'shall', b'not', b'perish', b'from', b'the', b'earth', b'lincoln', b'concluded', b'that', b'the', b'civil', b'war', b'had', b'profound', b'objective', b'new', b'birth', b'of', b'freedom', b'in', b'the', b'nation', b'general', b'grant', b'sherman', b'and', b'grant', b'and', b'admiral', b'porter', b'in', b'the', b'peacemakers', b'painting', b'of', b'events', b'aboard', b'the', b'river', b'queen', b'in', b'march', b'meade', b'failure', b'to', b'capture', b'lee', b'army', b'as', b'it', b'retreated', b'from', b'gettysburg', b'and', b'the', b'continued', b'passivity', b'of', b'the', b'army', b'of', b'the', b'potomac', b'persuaded', b'lincoln', b'that', b'change', b'in', b'command', b'was', b'needed', b'general', b'ulysses', b'grant', b'victories', b'at', b'the', b'battle', b'of', b'shiloh', b'and', b'in', b'the', b'vicksburg', b'campaign', b'impressed', b'lincoln', b'and', b'made', b'grant', b'strong', b'candidate', b'to', b'head', b'the', b'union', b'army', b'responding', b'to', b'criticism', b'of', b'grant', b'after', b'shiloh', b'lincoln', b'had', b'said', b'can', b'spare', b'this', b'man', b'he', b'fights', b'with', b'grant', b'in', b'command', b'lincoln', b'felt', b'the', b'union', b'army', b'could', b'relentlessly', b'pursue', b'series', b'of', b'coordinated', b'offensives', b'in', b'multiple', b'theaters', b'and', b'have', b'top', b'commander', b'who', b'agreed', b'on', b'the', b'use', b'of', b'black', b'troops', b'nevertheless', b'lincoln', b'was', b'concerned', b'that', b'grant', b'might', b'be', b'considering', b'candidacy', b'for', b'president', b'in', b'as', b'mcclellan', b'was', b'lincoln', b'arranged', b'for', b'an', b'intermediary', b'to', b'make', b'inquiry', b'into', b'grant', b'political', b'intentions', b'and', b'being', b'assured', b'that', b'he', b'had', b'none', b'submitted', b'to', b'the', b'senate', b'grant', b'promotion', b'to', b'commander', b'of', b'the', b'union', b'army', b'he', b'obtained', b'congress', b'consent', b'to', b'reinstate', b'for', b'grant', b'the', b'rank', b'of', b'lieutenant', b'general', b'which', b'no', b'officer', b'had', b'held', b'since', b'george', b'washington', b'grant', b'waged', b'his', b'bloody', b'overland', b'campaign', b'in', b'this', b'is', b'often', b'characterized', b'as', b'war', b'of', b'attrition', b'given', b'high', b'union', b'losses', b'at', b'battles', b'such', b'as', b'the', b'battle', b'of', b'the', b'wilderness', b'and', b'cold', b'harbor', b'even', b'though', b'they', b'had', b'the', b'advantage', b'of', b'fighting', b'on', b'the', b'defensive', b'the', b'confederate', b'forces', b'had', b'almost', b'as', b'high', b'percentage', b'of', b'casualties', b'as', b'the', b'union', b'forces', b'the', b'high', b'casualty', b'figures', b'of', b'the', b'union', b'alarmed', b'the', b'north', b'grant', b'had', b'lost', b'third', b'of', b'his', b'army', b'and', b'lincoln', b'asked', b'what', b'grant', b'plans', b'were', b'to', b'which', b'the', b'general', b'replied', b'propose', b'to', b'fight', b'it', b'out', b'on', b'this', b'line', b'if', b'it', b'takes', b'all', b'summer', b'the', b'confederacy', b'lacked', b'reinforcements', b'so', b'lee', b'army', b'shrank', b'with', b'every', b'costly', b'battle', b'grant', b'army', b'moved', b'south', b'crossed', b'the', b'james', b'river', b'forcing', b'siege', b'and', b'trench', b'warfare', b'outside', b'petersburg', b'virginia', b'lincoln', b'then', b'made', b'an', b'extended', b'visit', b'to', b'grant', b'headquarters', b'at', b'city', b'point', b'virginia', b'this', b'allowed', b'the', b'president', b'to', b'confer', b'in', b'person', b'with', b'grant', b'and', b'william', b'tecumseh', b'sherman', b'about', b'the', b'hostilities', b'as', b'sherman', b'coincidentally', b'managed', b'hasty', b'visit', b'to', b'grant', b'from', b'his', b'position', b'in', b'north', b'carolina', b'lincoln', b'and', b'the', b'republican', b'party', b'mobilized', b'support', b'for', b'the', b'draft', b'throughout', b'the', b'north', b'and', b'replaced', b'the', b'union', b'losses', b'lincoln', b'authorized', b'grant', b'to', b'target', b'the', b'confederate', b'infrastructure', b'such', b'as', b'plantations', b'railroads', b'and', b'bridges', b'hoping', b'to', b'destroy', b'the', b'south', b'morale', b'and', b'weaken', b'its', b'economic', b'ability', b'to', b'continue', b'fighting', b'grant', b'move', b'to', b'petersburg', b'resulted', b'in', b'the', b'obstruction', b'of', b'three', b'railroads', b'between', b'richmond', b'and', b'the', b'south', b'this', b'strategy', b'allowed', b'generals', b'sherman', b'and', b'philip', b'sheridan', b'to', b'destroy', b'plantations', b'and', b'towns', b'in', b'virginia', b'shenandoah', b'valley', b'the', b'damage', b'caused', b'by', b'sherman', b'march', b'to', b'the', b'sea', b'through', b'georgia', b'in', b'was', b'limited', b'to', b'swath', b'but', b'neither', b'lincoln', b'nor', b'his', b'commanders', b'saw', b'destruction', b'as', b'the', b'main', b'goal', b'but', b'rather', b'defeat', b'of', b'the', b'confederate', b'armies', b'mark', b'neely', b'jr', b'has', b'argued', b'that', b'there', b'was', b'no', b'effort', b'to', b'engage', b'in', b'total', b'war', b'against', b'civilians', b'which', b'he', b'believed', b'did', b'take', b'place', b'during', b'world', b'war', b'ii', b'confederate', b'general', b'jubal', b'early', b'began', b'series', b'of', b'assaults', b'in', b'the', b'north', b'that', b'threatened', b'the', b'capital', b'during', b'early', b'raid', b'on', b'washington', b'in', b'lincoln', b'was', b'watching', b'the', b'combat', b'from', b'an', b'exposed', b'position', b'captain', b'oliver', b'wendell', b'holmes', b'shouted', b'at', b'him', b'get', b'down', b'you', b'damn', b'fool', b'before', b'you', b'get', b'shot', b'after', b'repeated', b'calls', b'on', b'grant', b'to', b'defend', b'washington', b'sheridan', b'was', b'appointed', b'and', b'the', b'threat', b'from', b'early', b'was', b'dispatched', b'as', b'grant', b'continued', b'to', b'wear', b'down', b'lee', b'forces', b'efforts', b'to', b'discuss', b'peace', b'began', b'confederate', b'vice', b'president', b'stephens', b'led', b'group', b'to', b'meet', b'with', b'lincoln', b'seward', b'and', b'others', b'at', b'hampton', b'roads', b'lincoln', b'refused', b'to', b'allow', b'any', b'negotiation', b'with', b'the', b'confederacy', b'as', b'coequal', b'his', b'sole', b'objective', b'was', b'an', b'agreement', b'to', b'end', b'the', b'fighting', b'and', b'the', b'meetings', b'produced', b'no', b'results', b'on', b'april', b'grant', b'successfully', b'outflanked', b'lee', b'forces', b'in', b'the', b'battle', b'of', b'five', b'forks', b'and', b'nearly', b'encircled', b'petersburg', b'and', b'the', b'confederate', b'government', b'evacuated', b'richmond', b'days', b'later', b'when', b'that', b'city', b'fell', b'lincoln', b'visited', b'the', b'vanquished', b'confederate', b'capital', b'as', b'he', b'walked', b'through', b'the', b'city', b'white', b'southerners', b'were', b'stone', b'faced', b'but', b'freedmen', b'greeted', b'him', b'as', b'hero', b'on', b'april', b'lee', b'surrendered', b'to', b'grant', b'at', b'appomattox', b'and', b'the', b'war', b'was', b'effectively', b'over', b're', b'election', b'while', b'the', b'war', b'was', b'still', b'being', b'waged', b'lincoln', b'faced', b'reelection', b'in', b'lincoln', b'was', b'master', b'politician', b'bringing', b'together', b'and', b'holding', b'together', b'all', b'the', b'main', b'factions', b'of', b'the', b'republican', b'party', b'and', b'bringing', b'in', b'war', b'democrats', b'such', b'as', b'edwin', b'stanton', b'and', b'andrew', b'johnson', b'as', b'well', b'lincoln', b'spent', b'many', b'hours', b'week', b'talking', b'to', b'politicians', b'from', b'across', b'the', b'land', b'and', b'using', b'his', b'patronage', b'powers', b'greatly', b'expanded', b'over', b'peacetime', b'to', b'hold', b'the', b'factions', b'of', b'his', b'party', b'together', b'build', b'support', b'for', b'his', b'own', b'policies', b'and', b'fend', b'off', b'efforts', b'by', b'radicals', b'to', b'drop', b'him', b'from', b'the', b'ticket', b'at', b'its', b'convention', b'the', b'republican', b'party', b'selected', b'johnson', b'war', b'democrat', b'from', b'the', b'southern', b'state', b'of', b'tennessee', b'as', b'his', b'running', b'mate', b'to', b'broaden', b'his', b'coalition', b'to', b'include', b'war', b'democrats', b'as', b'well', b'as', b'republicans', b'lincoln', b'ran', b'under', b'the', b'label', b'of', b'the', b'new', b'union', b'party', b'when', b'grant', b'spring', b'campaigns', b'turned', b'into', b'bloody', b'stalemates', b'and', b'union', b'casualties', b'mounted', b'the', b'lack', b'of', b'military', b'success', b'wore', b'heavily', b'on', b'the', b'president', b're', b'election', b'prospects', b'and', b'many', b'republicans', b'across', b'the', b'country', b'feared', b'that', b'lincoln', b'would', b'be', b'defeated', b'sharing', b'this', b'fear', b'lincoln', b'wrote', b'and', b'signed', b'pledge', b'that', b'if', b'he', b'should', b'lose', b'the', b'election', b'he', b'would', b'still', b'defeat', b'the', b'confederacy', b'before', b'turning', b'over', b'the', b'white', b'house', b'lincoln', b'did', b'not', b'show', b'the', b'pledge', b'to', b'his', b'cabinet', b'but', b'asked', b'them', b'to', b'sign', b'the', b'sealed', b'envelope', b'while', b'the', b'democratic', b'platform', b'followed', b'the', b'peace', b'wing', b'of', b'the', b'party', b'and', b'called', b'the', b'war', b'failure', b'their', b'candidate', b'general', b'george', b'mcclellan', b'supported', b'the', b'war', b'and', b'repudiated', b'the', b'platform', b'lincoln', b'provided', b'grant', b'with', b'more', b'troops', b'and', b'mobilized', b'his', b'party', b'to', b'renew', b'its', b'support', b'of', b'grant', b'in', b'the', b'war', b'effort', b'sherman', b'capture', b'of', b'atlanta', b'in', b'september', b'and', b'david', b'farragut', b'capture', b'of', b'mobile', b'ended', b'defeatist', b'jitters', b'the', b'democratic', b'party', b'was', b'deeply', b'split', b'with', b'some', b'leaders', b'and', b'most', b'soldiers', b'openly', b'for', b'lincoln', b'by', b'contrast', b'the', b'national', b'union', b'party', b'was', b'united', b'and', b'energized', b'as', b'lincoln', b'made', b'emancipation', b'the', b'central', b'issue', b'and', b'state', b'republican', b'parties', b'stressed', b'the', b'perfidy', b'of', b'the', b'copperheads', b'on', b'november', b'lincoln', b'was', b're', b'elected', b'in', b'landslide', b'carrying', b'all', b'but', b'three', b'states', b'and', b'receiving', b'percent', b'of', b'the', b'union', b'soldiers', b'vote', b'on', b'march', b'lincoln', b'delivered', b'his', b'second', b'inaugural', b'address', b'in', b'it', b'he', b'deemed', b'the', b'high', b'casualties', b'on', b'both', b'sides', b'to', b'be', b'god', b'will', b'historian', b'mark', b'noll', b'concludes', b'it', b'ranks', b'among', b'the', b'small', b'handful', b'of', b'semi', b'sacred', b'texts', b'by', b'which', b'americans', b'conceive', b'their', b'place', b'in', b'the', b'world', b'lincoln', b'said', b'reconstruction', b'reconstruction', b'began', b'during', b'the', b'war', b'as', b'lincoln', b'and', b'his', b'associates', b'anticipated', b'questions', b'of', b'how', b'to', b'reintegrate', b'the', b'conquered', b'southern', b'states', b'and', b'how', b'to', b'determine', b'the', b'fates', b'of', b'confederate', b'leaders', b'and', b'freed', b'slaves', b'shortly', b'after', b'lee', b'surrender', b'general', b'had', b'asked', b'lincoln', b'how', b'the', b'defeated', b'confederates', b'should', b'be', b'treated', b'and', b'lincoln', b'replied', b'let', b'em', b'up', b'easy', b'in', b'keeping', b'with', b'that', b'sentiment', b'lincoln', b'led', b'the', b'moderates', b'regarding', b'reconstruction', b'policy', b'and', b'was', b'opposed', b'by', b'the', b'radical', b'republicans', b'under', b'rep', b'thaddeus', b'stevens', b'sen', b'charles', b'sumner', b'and', b'sen', b'benjamin', b'wade', b'political', b'allies', b'of', b'the', b'president', b'on', b'other', b'issues', b'determined', b'to', b'find', b'course', b'that', b'would', b'reunite', b'the', b'nation', b'and', b'not', b'alienate', b'the', b'south', b'lincoln', b'urged', b'that', b'speedy', b'elections', b'under', b'generous', b'terms', b'be', b'held', b'throughout', b'the', b'war', b'his', b'amnesty', b'proclamation', b'of', b'december', b'offered', b'pardons', b'to', b'those', b'who', b'had', b'not', b'held', b'confederate', b'civil', b'office', b'had', b'not', b'mistreated', b'union', b'prisoners', b'and', b'would', b'sign', b'an', b'oath', b'of', b'allegiance', b'political', b'cartoon', b'of', b'vice', b'president', b'andrew', b'johnson', b'former', b'tailor', b'and', b'lincoln', b'entitled', b'the', b'rail', b'splitter', b'at', b'work', b'repairing', b'the', b'union', b'the', b'caption', b'reads', b'johnson', b'take', b'it', b'quietly', b'uncle', b'abe', b'and', b'will', b'draw', b'it', b'closer', b'than', b'ever', b'lincoln', b'few', b'more', b'stitches', b'andy', b'and', b'the', b'good', b'old', b'union', b'will', b'be', b'mended', b'as', b'southern', b'states', b'were', b'subdued', b'critical', b'decisions', b'had', b'to', b'be', b'made', b'as', b'to', b'their', b'leadership', b'while', b'their', b'administrations', b'were', b're', b'formed', b'of', b'special', b'importance', b'were', b'tennessee', b'and', b'arkansas', b'where', b'lincoln', b'appointed', b'generals', b'andrew', b'johnson', b'and', b'frederick', b'steele', b'as', b'military', b'governors', b'respectively', b'in', b'louisiana', b'lincoln', b'ordered', b'general', b'nathaniel', b'banks', b'to', b'promote', b'plan', b'that', b'would', b'restore', b'statehood', b'when', b'percent', b'of', b'the', b'voters', b'agreed', b'to', b'it', b'lincoln', b'democratic', b'opponents', b'seized', b'on', b'these', b'appointments', b'to', b'accuse', b'him', b'of', b'using', b'the', b'military', b'to', b'ensure', b'his', b'and', b'the', b'republicans', b'political', b'aspirations', b'on', b'the', b'other', b'hand', b'the', b'radicals', b'denounced', b'his', b'policy', b'as', b'too', b'lenient', b'and', b'passed', b'their', b'own', b'plan', b'the', b'wade', b'davis', b'bill', b'in', b'when', b'lincoln', b'vetoed', b'the', b'bill', b'the', b'radicals', b'retaliated', b'by', b'refusing', b'to', b'seat', b'representatives', b'elected', b'from', b'louisiana', b'arkansas', b'and', b'tennessee', b'lincoln', b'appointments', b'were', b'designed', b'to', b'keep', b'both', b'the', b'moderate', b'and', b'radical', b'factions', b'in', b'harness', b'to', b'fill', b'chief', b'justice', b'taney', b'seat', b'on', b'the', b'supreme', b'court', b'he', b'named', b'the', b'choice', b'of', b'the', b'radicals', b'salmon', b'chase', b'who', b'lincoln', b'believed', b'would', b'uphold', b'the', b'emancipation', b'and', b'paper', b'money', b'policies', b'after', b'implementing', b'the', b'emancipation', b'proclamation', b'which', b'did', b'not', b'apply', b'to', b'every', b'state', b'lincoln', b'increased', b'pressure', b'on', b'congress', b'to', b'outlaw', b'slavery', b'throughout', b'the', b'entire', b'nation', b'with', b'constitutional', b'amendment', b'lincoln', b'declared', b'that', b'such', b'an', b'amendment', b'would', b'clinch', b'the', b'whole', b'matter', b'by', b'december', b'proposed', b'constitutional', b'amendment', b'that', b'would', b'outlaw', b'slavery', b'was', b'brought', b'to', b'congress', b'for', b'passage', b'this', b'first', b'attempt', b'at', b'an', b'amendment', b'failed', b'to', b'pass', b'falling', b'short', b'of', b'the', b'required', b'two', b'thirds', b'majority', b'on', b'june', b'in', b'the', b'house', b'of', b'representatives', b'passage', b'of', b'the', b'proposed', b'amendment', b'became', b'part', b'of', b'the', b'republican', b'unionist', b'platform', b'in', b'the', b'election', b'of', b'after', b'long', b'debate', b'in', b'the', b'house', b'second', b'attempt', b'passed', b'congress', b'on', b'january', b'and', b'was', b'sent', b'to', b'the', b'state', b'legislatures', b'for', b'ratification', b'upon', b'ratification', b'it', b'became', b'the', b'thirteenth', b'amendment', b'to', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'constitution', b'on', b'december', b'as', b'the', b'war', b'drew', b'to', b'close', b'lincoln', b'presidential', b'reconstruction', b'for', b'the', b'south', b'was', b'in', b'flux', b'having', b'believed', b'the', b'federal', b'government', b'had', b'limited', b'responsibility', b'to', b'the', b'millions', b'of', b'freedmen', b'he', b'signed', b'into', b'law', b'senator', b'charles', b'sumner', b'freedmen', b'bureau', b'bill', b'that', b'set', b'up', b'temporary', b'federal', b'agency', b'designed', b'to', b'meet', b'the', b'immediate', b'material', b'needs', b'of', b'former', b'slaves', b'the', b'law', b'assigned', b'land', b'for', b'lease', b'of', b'three', b'years', b'with', b'the', b'ability', b'to', b'purchase', b'title', b'for', b'the', b'freedmen', b'lincoln', b'stated', b'that', b'his', b'louisiana', b'plan', b'did', b'not', b'apply', b'to', b'all', b'states', b'under', b'reconstruction', b'shortly', b'before', b'his', b'assassination', b'lincoln', b'announced', b'he', b'had', b'new', b'plan', b'for', b'southern', b'reconstruction', b'discussions', b'with', b'his', b'cabinet', b'revealed', b'lincoln', b'planned', b'short', b'term', b'military', b'control', b'over', b'southern', b'states', b'until', b'readmission', b'under', b'the', b'control', b'of', b'southern', b'unionists', b'historians', b'agree', b'that', b'it', b'is', b'impossible', b'to', b'predict', b'exactly', b'what', b'lincoln', b'would', b'have', b'done', b'about', b'reconstruction', b'if', b'he', b'had', b'lived', b'but', b'they', b'make', b'projections', b'based', b'on', b'his', b'known', b'policy', b'positions', b'and', b'political', b'acumen', b'lincoln', b'biographers', b'james', b'randall', b'and', b'richard', b'current', b'according', b'to', b'david', b'lincove', b'argue', b'that', b'it', b'is', b'likely', b'that', b'had', b'he', b'lived', b'lincoln', b'would', b'have', b'followed', b'policy', b'similar', b'to', b'johnson', b'that', b'he', b'would', b'have', b'clashed', b'with', b'congressional', b'radicals', b'that', b'he', b'would', b'have', b'produced', b'better', b'result', b'for', b'the', b'freedmen', b'than', b'occurred', b'and', b'that', b'his', b'political', b'skills', b'would', b'have', b'helped', b'him', b'avoid', b'johnson', b'mistakes', b'eric', b'foner', b'argues', b'that', b'unlike', b'sumner', b'and', b'other', b'radicals', b'lincoln', b'did', b'not', b'see', b'reconstruction', b'as', b'an', b'opportunity', b'for', b'sweeping', b'political', b'and', b'social', b'revolution', b'beyond', b'emancipation', b'he', b'had', b'long', b'made', b'clear', b'his', b'opposition', b'to', b'the', b'confiscation', b'and', b'redistribution', b'of', b'land', b'he', b'believed', b'as', b'most', b'republicans', b'did', b'in', b'april', b'that', b'the', b'voting', b'requirements', b'should', b'be', b'determined', b'by', b'the', b'states', b'he', b'assumed', b'that', b'political', b'control', b'in', b'the', b'south', b'would', b'pass', b'to', b'white', b'unionists', b'reluctant', b'secessionists', b'and', b'forward', b'looking', b'former', b'confederates', b'but', b'time', b'and', b'again', b'during', b'the', b'war', b'lincoln', b'after', b'initial', b'opposition', b'had', b'come', b'to', b'embrace', b'positions', b'first', b'advanced', b'by', b'abolitionists', b'and', b'radical', b'republicans', b'lincoln', b'undoubtedly', b'would', b'have', b'listened', b'carefully', b'to', b'the', b'outcry', b'for', b'further', b'protection', b'for', b'the', b'former', b'slaves', b'it', b'is', b'entirely', b'plausible', b'to', b'imagine', b'lincoln', b'and', b'congress', b'agreeing', b'on', b'reconstruction', b'policy', b'that', b'encompassed', b'federal', b'protection', b'for', b'basic', b'civil', b'rights', b'plus', b'limited', b'black', b'suffrage', b'along', b'the', b'lines', b'lincoln', b'proposed', b'just', b'before', b'his', b'death', b'redefining', b'the', b'republic', b'and', b'republicanism', b'lincoln', b'in', b'february', b'about', b'two', b'months', b'before', b'his', b'death', b'the', b'successful', b'reunification', b'of', b'the', b'states', b'had', b'consequences', b'for', b'the', b'name', b'of', b'the', b'country', b'the', b'term', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'has', b'historically', b'been', b'used', b'sometimes', b'in', b'the', b'plural', b'these', b'united', b'states', b'and', b'other', b'times', b'in', b'the', b'singular', b'without', b'any', b'particular', b'grammatical', b'consistency', b'the', b'civil', b'war', b'was', b'significant', b'force', b'in', b'the', b'eventual', b'dominance', b'of', b'the', b'singular', b'usage', b'by', b'the', b'end', b'of', b'the', b'th', b'century', b'in', b'recent', b'years', b'historians', b'such', b'as', b'harry', b'jaffa', b'herman', b'belz', b'john', b'diggins', b'vernon', b'burton', b'and', b'eric', b'foner', b'have', b'stressed', b'lincoln', b'redefinition', b'of', b'republican', b'values', b'as', b'early', b'as', b'the', b'time', b'when', b'most', b'political', b'rhetoric', b'focused', b'on', b'the', b'sanctity', b'of', b'the', b'constitution', b'lincoln', b'redirected', b'emphasis', b'to', b'the', b'declaration', b'of', b'independence', b'as', b'the', b'foundation', b'of', b'american', b'political', b'values', b'what', b'he', b'called', b'the', b'sheet', b'anchor', b'of', b'republicanism', b'the', b'declaration', b'emphasis', b'on', b'freedom', b'and', b'equality', b'for', b'all', b'in', b'contrast', b'to', b'the', b'constitution', b'tolerance', b'of', b'slavery', b'shifted', b'the', b'debate', b'as', b'diggins', b'concludes', b'regarding', b'the', b'highly', b'influential', b'cooper', b'union', b'speech', b'of', b'early', b'lincoln', b'presented', b'americans', b'theory', b'of', b'history', b'that', b'offers', b'profound', b'contribution', b'to', b'the', b'theory', b'and', b'destiny', b'of', b'republicanism', b'itself', b'his', b'position', b'gained', b'strength', b'because', b'he', b'highlighted', b'the', b'moral', b'basis', b'of', b'republicanism', b'rather', b'than', b'its', b'legalisms', b'nevertheless', b'in', b'lincoln', b'justified', b'the', b'war', b'in', b'terms', b'of', b'legalisms', b'the', b'constitution', b'was', b'contract', b'and', b'for', b'one', b'party', b'to', b'get', b'out', b'of', b'contract', b'all', b'the', b'other', b'parties', b'had', b'to', b'agree', b'and', b'then', b'in', b'terms', b'of', b'the', b'national', b'duty', b'to', b'guarantee', b'republican', b'form', b'of', b'government', b'in', b'every', b'state', b'burton', b'argues', b'that', b'lincoln', b'republicanism', b'was', b'taken', b'up', b'by', b'the', b'freedmen', b'as', b'they', b'were', b'emancipated', b'in', b'march', b'in', b'lincoln', b'first', b'inaugural', b'address', b'he', b'explored', b'the', b'nature', b'of', b'democracy', b'he', b'denounced', b'secession', b'as', b'anarchy', b'and', b'explained', b'that', b'majority', b'rule', b'had', b'to', b'be', b'balanced', b'by', b'constitutional', b'restraints', b'in', b'the', b'american', b'system', b'he', b'said', b'majority', b'held', b'in', b'restraint', b'by', b'constitutional', b'checks', b'and', b'limitations', b'and', b'always', b'changing', b'easily', b'with', b'deliberate', b'changes', b'of', b'popular', b'opinions', b'and', b'sentiments', b'is', b'the', b'only', b'true', b'sovereign', b'of', b'free', b'people', b'other', b'enactments', b'lincoln', b'adhered', b'to', b'the', b'whig', b'theory', b'of', b'the', b'presidency', b'which', b'gave', b'congress', b'primary', b'responsibility', b'for', b'writing', b'the', b'laws', b'while', b'the', b'executive', b'enforced', b'them', b'lincoln', b'vetoed', b'only', b'four', b'bills', b'passed', b'by', b'congress', b'the', b'only', b'important', b'one', b'was', b'the', b'wade', b'davis', b'bill', b'with', b'its', b'harsh', b'program', b'of', b'reconstruction', b'he', b'signed', b'the', b'homestead', b'act', b'in', b'making', b'millions', b'of', b'acres', b'of', b'government', b'held', b'land', b'in', b'the', b'west', b'available', b'for', b'purchase', b'at', b'very', b'low', b'cost', b'the', b'morrill', b'land', b'grant', b'colleges', b'act', b'also', b'signed', b'in', b'provided', b'government', b'grants', b'for', b'agricultural', b'colleges', b'in', b'each', b'state', b'the', b'pacific', b'railway', b'acts', b'of', b'and', b'granted', b'federal', b'support', b'for', b'the', b'construction', b'of', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'first', b'railroad', b'which', b'was', b'completed', b'in', b'the', b'passage', b'of', b'the', b'homestead', b'act', b'and', b'the', b'pacific', b'railway', b'acts', b'was', b'made', b'possible', b'by', b'the', b'absence', b'of', b'southern', b'congressmen', b'and', b'senators', b'who', b'had', b'opposed', b'the', b'measures', b'in', b'the', b'other', b'important', b'legislation', b'involved', b'two', b'measures', b'to', b'raise', b'revenues', b'for', b'the', b'federal', b'government', b'tariffs', b'policy', b'with', b'long', b'precedent', b'and', b'new', b'federal', b'income', b'tax', b'in', b'lincoln', b'signed', b'the', b'second', b'and', b'third', b'morrill', b'tariff', b'the', b'first', b'having', b'become', b'law', b'under', b'james', b'buchanan', b'also', b'in', b'lincoln', b'signed', b'the', b'revenue', b'act', b'of', b'creating', b'the', b'first', b'income', b'tax', b'this', b'created', b'flat', b'tax', b'of', b'percent', b'on', b'incomes', b'above', b'in', b'current', b'dollar', b'terms', b'which', b'was', b'later', b'changed', b'by', b'the', b'revenue', b'act', b'of', b'to', b'progressive', b'rate', b'structure', b'lincoln', b'also', b'presided', b'over', b'the', b'expansion', b'of', b'the', b'federal', b'government', b'economic', b'influence', b'in', b'several', b'other', b'areas', b'the', b'creation', b'of', b'the', b'system', b'of', b'national', b'banks', b'by', b'the', b'national', b'banking', b'act', b'provided', b'strong', b'financial', b'network', b'in', b'the', b'country', b'it', b'also', b'established', b'national', b'currency', b'in', b'congress', b'created', b'with', b'lincoln', b'approval', b'the', b'department', b'of', b'agriculture', b'in', b'lincoln', b'sent', b'senior', b'general', b'john', b'pope', b'to', b'put', b'down', b'the', b'sioux', b'uprising', b'in', b'minnesota', b'presented', b'with', b'execution', b'warrants', b'for', b'convicted', b'santee', b'dakota', b'who', b'were', b'accused', b'of', b'killing', b'innocent', b'farmers', b'lincoln', b'conducted', b'his', b'own', b'personal', b'review', b'of', b'each', b'of', b'these', b'warrants', b'eventually', b'approving', b'for', b'execution', b'one', b'was', b'later', b'reprieved', b'president', b'lincoln', b'had', b'planned', b'to', b'reform', b'federal', b'indian', b'policy', b'in', b'the', b'wake', b'of', b'grant', b'casualties', b'in', b'his', b'campaign', b'against', b'lee', b'lincoln', b'had', b'considered', b'yet', b'another', b'executive', b'call', b'for', b'military', b'draft', b'but', b'it', b'was', b'never', b'issued', b'in', b'response', b'to', b'rumors', b'of', b'one', b'however', b'the', b'editors', b'of', b'the', b'new', b'york', b'world', b'and', b'the', b'journal', b'of', b'commerce', b'published', b'false', b'draft', b'proclamation', b'which', b'created', b'an', b'opportunity', b'for', b'the', b'editors', b'and', b'others', b'employed', b'at', b'the', b'publications', b'to', b'corner', b'the', b'gold', b'market', b'lincoln', b'reaction', b'was', b'to', b'send', b'the', b'strongest', b'of', b'messages', b'to', b'the', b'media', b'about', b'such', b'behavior', b'he', b'ordered', b'the', b'military', b'to', b'seize', b'the', b'two', b'papers', b'the', b'seizure', b'lasted', b'for', b'two', b'days', b'lincoln', b'is', b'largely', b'responsible', b'for', b'the', b'institution', b'of', b'the', b'thanksgiving', b'holiday', b'in', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'before', b'lincoln', b'presidency', b'thanksgiving', b'while', b'regional', b'holiday', b'in', b'new', b'england', b'since', b'the', b'th', b'century', b'had', b'been', b'proclaimed', b'by', b'the', b'federal', b'government', b'only', b'sporadically', b'and', b'on', b'irregular', b'dates', b'the', b'last', b'such', b'proclamation', b'had', b'been', b'during', b'james', b'madison', b'presidency', b'years', b'before', b'in', b'lincoln', b'declared', b'the', b'final', b'thursday', b'in', b'november', b'of', b'that', b'year', b'to', b'be', b'day', b'of', b'thanksgiving', b'in', b'june', b'lincoln', b'approved', b'the', b'yosemite', b'grant', b'enacted', b'by', b'congress', b'which', b'provided', b'unprecedented', b'federal', b'protection', b'for', b'the', b'area', b'now', b'known', b'as', b'yosemite', b'national', b'park', b'judicial', b'appointments', b'supreme', b'court', b'appointments', b'noah', b'haynes', b'swayne', b'samuel', b'freeman', b'miller', b'david', b'davis', b'stephen', b'johnson', b'field', b'salmon', b'portland', b'chase', b'chief', b'justice', b'salmon', b'portland', b'chase', b'was', b'lincoln', b'choice', b'to', b'be', b'chief', b'justice', b'of', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'lincoln', b'declared', b'philosophy', b'on', b'court', b'nominations', b'was', b'that', b'we', b'cannot', b'ask', b'man', b'what', b'he', b'will', b'do', b'and', b'if', b'we', b'should', b'and', b'he', b'should', b'answer', b'us', b'we', b'should', b'despise', b'him', b'for', b'it', b'therefore', b'we', b'must', b'take', b'man', b'whose', b'opinions', b'are', b'known', b'lincoln', b'made', b'five', b'appointments', b'to', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'supreme', b'court', b'noah', b'haynes', b'swayne', b'nominated', b'january', b'and', b'appointed', b'january', b'was', b'chosen', b'as', b'an', b'anti', b'slavery', b'lawyer', b'who', b'was', b'committed', b'to', b'the', b'union', b'samuel', b'freeman', b'miller', b'nominated', b'and', b'appointed', b'on', b'july', b'supported', b'lincoln', b'in', b'the', b'election', b'and', b'was', b'an', b'avowed', b'abolitionist', b'david', b'davis', b'lincoln', b'campaign', b'manager', b'in', b'nominated', b'december', b'and', b'appointed', b'december', b'had', b'also', b'served', b'as', b'judge', b'in', b'lincoln', b'illinois', b'court', b'circuit', b'stephen', b'johnson', b'field', b'previous', b'california', b'supreme', b'court', b'justice', b'was', b'nominated', b'march', b'and', b'appointed', b'march', b'and', b'provided', b'geographic', b'balance', b'as', b'well', b'as', b'political', b'balance', b'to', b'the', b'court', b'as', b'democrat', b'finally', b'lincoln', b'treasury', b'secretary', b'salmon', b'chase', b'was', b'nominated', b'as', b'chief', b'justice', b'and', b'appointed', b'the', b'same', b'day', b'on', b'december', b'lincoln', b'believed', b'chase', b'was', b'an', b'able', b'jurist', b'would', b'support', b'reconstruction', b'legislation', b'and', b'that', b'his', b'appointment', b'united', b'the', b'republican', b'party', b'other', b'judicial', b'appointments', b'lincoln', b'appointed', b'federal', b'judges', b'including', b'four', b'associate', b'justices', b'and', b'one', b'chief', b'justice', b'to', b'the', b'supreme', b'court', b'of', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'and', b'judges', b'to', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'district', b'courts', b'lincoln', b'appointed', b'no', b'judges', b'to', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'circuit', b'courts', b'during', b'his', b'time', b'in', b'office', b'states', b'admitted', b'to', b'the', b'union', b'west', b'virginia', b'admitted', b'to', b'the', b'union', b'june', b'contained', b'the', b'former', b'north', b'westernmost', b'counties', b'of', b'virginia', b'that', b'seceded', b'from', b'virginia', b'after', b'that', b'commonwealth', b'declared', b'its', b'secession', b'from', b'the', b'union', b'as', b'condition', b'for', b'its', b'admission', b'west', b'virginia', b'constitution', b'was', b'required', b'to', b'provide', b'for', b'the', b'gradual', b'abolition', b'of', b'slavery', b'nevada', b'which', b'became', b'the', b'third', b'state', b'in', b'the', b'far', b'west', b'of', b'the', b'continent', b'was', b'admitted', b'as', b'free', b'state', b'on', b'october', b'assassination', b'and', b'funeral', b'shown', b'in', b'the', b'presidential', b'booth', b'of', b'ford', b'theatre', b'from', b'left', b'to', b'right', b'are', b'assassin', b'john', b'wilkes', b'booth', b'abraham', b'lincoln', b'mary', b'todd', b'lincoln', b'clara', b'harris', b'and', b'henry', b'rathbone', b'abraham', b'lincoln', b'was', b'assassinated', b'by', b'john', b'wilkes', b'booth', b'on', b'good', b'friday', b'april', b'while', b'attending', b'play', b'at', b'ford', b'theatre', b'as', b'the', b'american', b'civil', b'war', b'was', b'drawing', b'to', b'close', b'the', b'assassination', b'occurred', b'five', b'days', b'after', b'the', b'surrender', b'of', b'robert', b'lee', b'and', b'the', b'confederate', b'army', b'of', b'northern', b'virginia', b'booth', b'was', b'well', b'known', b'actor', b'and', b'confederate', b'spy', b'from', b'maryland', b'though', b'he', b'never', b'joined', b'the', b'confederate', b'army', b'he', b'had', b'contacts', b'with', b'the', b'confederate', b'secret', b'service', b'in', b'booth', b'formulated', b'plan', b'very', b'similar', b'to', b'one', b'of', b'thomas', b'conrad', b'previously', b'authorized', b'by', b'the', b'confederacy', b'to', b'kidnap', b'lincoln', b'in', b'exchange', b'for', b'the', b'release', b'of', b'confederate', b'prisoners', b'after', b'attending', b'an', b'april', b'speech', b'in', b'which', b'lincoln', b'promoted', b'voting', b'rights', b'for', b'blacks', b'an', b'incensed', b'booth', b'changed', b'his', b'plans', b'and', b'became', b'determined', b'to', b'assassinate', b'the', b'president', b'learning', b'that', b'the', b'president', b'and', b'grant', b'would', b'be', b'attending', b'ford', b'theatre', b'booth', b'formulated', b'plan', b'with', b'co', b'conspirators', b'to', b'assassinate', b'lincoln', b'and', b'grant', b'at', b'the', b'theater', b'as', b'well', b'as', b'vice', b'president', b'johnson', b'and', b'secretary', b'of', b'state', b'seward', b'at', b'their', b'homes', b'without', b'his', b'main', b'bodyguard', b'ward', b'hill', b'lamon', b'lincoln', b'left', b'to', b'attend', b'the', b'play', b'our', b'american', b'cousin', b'on', b'april', b'at', b'the', b'last', b'minute', b'grant', b'decided', b'to', b'go', b'to', b'new', b'jersey', b'to', b'visit', b'his', b'children', b'instead', b'of', b'attending', b'the', b'play', b'lincoln', b'bodyguard', b'john', b'parker', b'left', b'ford', b'theater', b'during', b'intermission', b'to', b'drink', b'at', b'the', b'saloon', b'next', b'door', b'the', b'now', b'unguarded', b'president', b'sat', b'in', b'his', b'state', b'box', b'in', b'the', b'balcony', b'seizing', b'the', b'opportunity', b'booth', b'crept', b'up', b'from', b'behind', b'and', b'at', b'about', b'pm', b'aimed', b'at', b'the', b'back', b'of', b'lincoln', b'head', b'and', b'fired', b'at', b'point', b'blank', b'range', b'mortally', b'wounding', b'the', b'president', b'major', b'henry', b'rathbone', b'momentarily', b'grappled', b'with', b'booth', b'but', b'booth', b'stabbed', b'him', b'and', b'escaped', b'after', b'being', b'on', b'the', b'run', b'for', b'days', b'booth', b'was', b'tracked', b'down', b'and', b'found', b'on', b'farm', b'in', b'virginia', b'some', b'south', b'of', b'washington', b'after', b'refusing', b'to', b'surrender', b'to', b'union', b'troops', b'booth', b'was', b'killed', b'by', b'sergeant', b'boston', b'corbett', b'on', b'april', b'doctor', b'charles', b'leale', b'an', b'army', b'surgeon', b'found', b'the', b'president', b'unresponsive', b'barely', b'breathing', b'and', b'with', b'no', b'detectable', b'pulse', b'having', b'determined', b'that', b'the', b'president', b'had', b'been', b'shot', b'in', b'the', b'head', b'and', b'not', b'stabbed', b'in', b'the', b'shoulder', b'as', b'originally', b'thought', b'he', b'made', b'an', b'attempt', b'to', b'clear', b'the', b'blood', b'clot', b'after', b'which', b'the', b'president', b'began', b'to', b'breathe', b'more', b'naturally', b'the', b'dying', b'president', b'was', b'taken', b'across', b'the', b'street', b'to', b'petersen', b'house', b'after', b'remaining', b'in', b'coma', b'for', b'nine', b'hours', b'lincoln', b'died', b'at', b'am', b'on', b'april', b'secretary', b'of', b'war', b'stanton', b'saluted', b'and', b'said', b'now', b'he', b'belongs', b'to', b'the', b'ages', b'lincoln', b'flag', b'enfolded', b'body', b'was', b'then', b'escorted', b'in', b'the', b'rain', b'to', b'the', b'white', b'house', b'by', b'bareheaded', b'union', b'officers', b'while', b'the', b'city', b'church', b'bells', b'rang', b'president', b'johnson', b'was', b'sworn', b'in', b'at', b'am', b'less', b'than', b'hours', b'after', b'lincoln', b'death', b'the', b'late', b'president', b'lay', b'in', b'state', b'in', b'the', b'east', b'room', b'and', b'then', b'in', b'the', b'capitol', b'rotunda', b'from', b'april', b'through', b'april', b'for', b'his', b'final', b'journey', b'with', b'his', b'son', b'willie', b'both', b'caskets', b'were', b'transported', b'in', b'the', b'executive', b'coach', b'united', b'states', b'and', b'for', b'three', b'weeks', b'the', b'lincoln', b'special', b'funeral', b'train', b'decorated', b'in', b'black', b'bunting', b'bore', b'lincoln', b'remains', b'on', b'slow', b'circuitous', b'waypoint', b'journey', b'from', b'washington', b'to', b'springfield', b'illinois', b'stopping', b'at', b'many', b'cities', b'across', b'the', b'north', b'for', b'large', b'scale', b'memorials', b'attended', b'by', b'hundreds', b'of', b'thousands', b'as', b'well', b'as', b'many', b'people', b'who', b'gathered', b'in', b'informal', b'trackside', b'tributes', b'with', b'bands', b'bonfires', b'and', b'hymn', b'singing', b'or', b'silent', b'reverence', b'with', b'hat', b'in', b'hand', b'as', b'the', b'railway', b'procession', b'slowly', b'passed', b'by', b'poet', b'walt', b'whitman', b'composed', b'when', b'lilacs', b'last', b'in', b'the', b'dooryard', b'bloom', b'to', b'eulogize', b'lincoln', b'one', b'of', b'four', b'poems', b'he', b'wrote', b'about', b'the', b'assassinated', b'president', b'historians', b'have', b'emphasized', b'the', b'widespread', b'shock', b'and', b'sorrow', b'but', b'also', b'noted', b'that', b'some', b'lincoln', b'haters', b'cheered', b'when', b'they', b'heard', b'the', b'news', b'african', b'americans', b'were', b'especially', b'moved', b'they', b'had', b'lost', b'their', b'moses', b'in', b'larger', b'sense', b'the', b'outpouring', b'of', b'grief', b'and', b'anguish', b'was', b'in', b'response', b'to', b'the', b'deaths', b'of', b'so', b'many', b'men', b'in', b'the', b'war', b'that', b'had', b'just', b'ended', b'religious', b'and', b'philosophical', b'beliefs', b'abraham', b'lincoln', b'painting', b'by', b'george', b'peter', b'alexander', b'healy', b'in', b'as', b'young', b'man', b'lincoln', b'was', b'religious', b'skeptic', b'or', b'in', b'the', b'words', b'of', b'biographer', b'an', b'iconoclast', b'later', b'in', b'life', b'lincoln', b'frequent', b'use', b'of', b'religious', b'imagery', b'and', b'language', b'might', b'have', b'reflected', b'his', b'own', b'personal', b'beliefs', b'or', b'might', b'have', b'been', b'device', b'to', b'appeal', b'to', b'his', b'audiences', b'who', b'were', b'mostly', b'evangelical', b'protestants', b'he', b'never', b'joined', b'church', b'although', b'he', b'frequently', b'attended', b'with', b'his', b'wife', b'however', b'he', b'was', b'deeply', b'familiar', b'with', b'the', b'bible', b'and', b'he', b'both', b'quoted', b'and', b'praised', b'it', b'he', b'was', b'private', b'about', b'his', b'beliefs', b'and', b'respected', b'the', b'beliefs', b'of', b'others', b'lincoln', b'never', b'made', b'clear', b'profession', b'of', b'christian', b'beliefs', b'however', b'he', b'did', b'believe', b'in', b'an', b'all', b'powerful', b'god', b'that', b'shaped', b'events', b'and', b'by', b'was', b'expressing', b'those', b'beliefs', b'in', b'major', b'speeches', b'in', b'the', b'lincoln', b'subscribed', b'to', b'the', b'doctrine', b'of', b'necessity', b'belief', b'that', b'asserted', b'the', b'human', b'mind', b'was', b'controlled', b'by', b'some', b'higher', b'power', b'in', b'the', b'lincoln', b'believed', b'in', b'providence', b'in', b'general', b'way', b'and', b'rarely', b'used', b'the', b'language', b'or', b'imagery', b'of', b'the', b'evangelicals', b'he', b'regarded', b'the', b'republicanism', b'of', b'the', b'founding', b'fathers', b'with', b'an', b'almost', b'religious', b'reverence', b'when', b'he', b'suffered', b'the', b'death', b'of', b'his', b'son', b'edward', b'lincoln', b'more', b'frequently', b'expressed', b'need', b'to', b'depend', b'on', b'god', b'the', b'death', b'of', b'his', b'son', b'willie', b'in', b'february', b'may', b'have', b'caused', b'lincoln', b'to', b'look', b'toward', b'religion', b'for', b'answers', b'and', b'solace', b'after', b'willie', b'death', b'lincoln', b'considered', b'why', b'from', b'divine', b'standpoint', b'the', b'severity', b'of', b'the', b'war', b'was', b'necessary', b'he', b'wrote', b'at', b'this', b'time', b'that', b'god', b'could', b'have', b'either', b'saved', b'or', b'destroyed', b'the', b'union', b'without', b'human', b'contest', b'yet', b'the', b'contest', b'began', b'and', b'having', b'begun', b'he', b'could', b'give', b'the', b'final', b'victory', b'to', b'either', b'side', b'any', b'day', b'yet', b'the', b'contest', b'proceeds', b'on', b'the', b'day', b'lincoln', b'was', b'assassinated', b'he', b'reportedly', b'told', b'his', b'wife', b'he', b'desired', b'to', b'visit', b'the', b'holy', b'land', b'health', b'several', b'claims', b'abound', b'that', b'lincoln', b'health', b'was', b'declining', b'before', b'the', b'assassination', b'these', b'are', b'often', b'based', b'on', b'photographs', b'appearing', b'to', b'show', b'weight', b'loss', b'and', b'muscle', b'wasting', b'one', b'such', b'claim', b'is', b'that', b'he', b'suffered', b'from', b'rare', b'genetic', b'disorder', b'men', b'which', b'manifests', b'with', b'medullary', b'thyroid', b'carcinoma', b'mucosal', b'neuromas', b'and', b'marfanoid', b'appearance', b'others', b'simply', b'claim', b'he', b'had', b'marfan', b'syndrome', b'based', b'on', b'his', b'tall', b'appearance', b'with', b'spindly', b'fingers', b'and', b'the', b'association', b'of', b'possible', b'aortic', b'regurgitation', b'which', b'can', b'cause', b'bobbing', b'of', b'the', b'head', b'demusset', b'sign', b'based', b'on', b'blurring', b'of', b'lincoln', b'head', b'in', b'photographs', b'which', b'back', b'then', b'had', b'long', b'exposure', b'time', b'dna', b'analysis', b'was', b'being', b'refused', b'by', b'the', b'grand', b'army', b'of', b'the', b'republic', b'museum', b'in', b'philadelphia', b'historical', b'reputation', b'lincoln', b'image', b'is', b'carved', b'into', b'the', b'stone', b'of', b'mount', b'rushmore', b'in', b'surveys', b'of', b'scholars', b'ranking', b'presidents', b'conducted', b'since', b'the', b'lincoln', b'is', b'consistently', b'ranked', b'in', b'the', b'top', b'three', b'often', b'as', b'number', b'one', b'study', b'found', b'that', b'scholars', b'in', b'the', b'fields', b'of', b'history', b'and', b'politics', b'ranked', b'lincoln', b'number', b'one', b'while', b'legal', b'scholars', b'placed', b'him', b'second', b'after', b'washington', b'in', b'presidential', b'ranking', b'polls', b'conducted', b'in', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'since', b'lincoln', b'has', b'been', b'rated', b'at', b'the', b'very', b'top', b'in', b'the', b'majority', b'of', b'polls', b'generally', b'the', b'top', b'three', b'presidents', b'are', b'rated', b'as', b'lincoln', b'george', b'washington', b'and', b'franklin', b'roosevelt', b'although', b'lincoln', b'and', b'washington', b'and', b'washington', b'and', b'roosevelt', b'are', b'occasionally', b'reversed', b'president', b'lincoln', b'assassination', b'increased', b'his', b'status', b'to', b'the', b'point', b'of', b'making', b'him', b'national', b'martyr', b'lincoln', b'was', b'viewed', b'by', b'abolitionists', b'as', b'champion', b'for', b'human', b'liberty', b'republicans', b'linked', b'lincoln', b'name', b'to', b'their', b'party', b'many', b'though', b'not', b'all', b'in', b'the', b'south', b'considered', b'lincoln', b'as', b'man', b'of', b'outstanding', b'ability', b'historians', b'have', b'said', b'he', b'was', b'classical', b'liberal', b'in', b'the', b'th', b'century', b'sense', b'allen', b'guelzo', b'states', b'that', b'lincoln', b'was', b'classical', b'liberal', b'democrat', b'an', b'enemy', b'of', b'artificial', b'hierarchy', b'friend', b'to', b'trade', b'and', b'business', b'as', b'ennobling', b'and', b'enabling', b'and', b'an', b'american', b'counterpart', b'to', b'mill', b'cobden', b'and', b'bright', b'whose', b'portrait', b'lincoln', b'hung', b'in', b'his', b'white', b'house', b'office', b'lincoln', b'became', b'favorite', b'exemplar', b'for', b'liberal', b'intellectuals', b'across', b'europe', b'and', b'latin', b'america', b'and', b'even', b'in', b'asia', b'schwartz', b'argues', b'that', b'lincoln', b'american', b'reputation', b'grew', b'slowly', b'in', b'the', b'late', b'th', b'century', b'until', b'the', b'progressive', b'era', b'when', b'he', b'emerged', b'as', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'most', b'venerated', b'heroes', b'in', b'american', b'history', b'with', b'even', b'white', b'southerners', b'in', b'agreement', b'the', b'high', b'point', b'came', b'in', b'with', b'the', b'dedication', b'of', b'the', b'lincoln', b'memorial', b'on', b'the', b'national', b'mall', b'in', b'washington', b'in', b'the', b'new', b'deal', b'era', b'liberals', b'honored', b'lincoln', b'not', b'so', b'much', b'as', b'the', b'self', b'made', b'man', b'or', b'the', b'great', b'war', b'president', b'but', b'as', b'the', b'advocate', b'of', b'the', b'common', b'man', b'who', b'they', b'believe', b'would', b'have', b'supported', b'the', b'welfare', b'state', b'in', b'the', b'cold', b'war', b'years', b'lincoln', b'image', b'shifted', b'to', b'emphasize', b'the', b'symbol', b'of', b'freedom', b'who', b'brought', b'hope', b'to', b'those', b'oppressed', b'by', b'communist', b'regimes', b'by', b'the', b'lincoln', b'had', b'become', b'hero', b'to', b'political', b'conservatives', b'for', b'his', b'intense', b'nationalism', b'support', b'for', b'business', b'his', b'insistence', b'on', b'stopping', b'the', b'spread', b'of', b'human', b'bondage', b'his', b'acting', b'in', b'terms', b'of', b'lockean', b'and', b'burkean', b'principles', b'on', b'behalf', b'of', b'both', b'liberty', b'and', b'tradition', b'and', b'his', b'devotion', b'to', b'the', b'principles', b'of', b'the', b'founding', b'fathers', b'as', b'whig', b'activist', b'lincoln', b'was', b'spokesman', b'for', b'business', b'interests', b'favoring', b'high', b'tariffs', b'banks', b'internal', b'improvements', b'and', b'railroads', b'in', b'opposition', b'to', b'the', b'agrarian', b'democrats', b'william', b'harris', b'found', b'that', b'lincoln', b'reverence', b'for', b'the', b'founding', b'fathers', b'the', b'constitution', b'the', b'laws', b'under', b'it', b'and', b'the', b'preservation', b'of', b'the', b'republic', b'and', b'its', b'institutions', b'undergirded', b'and', b'strengthened', b'his', b'conservatism', b'james', b'randall', b'emphasizes', b'his', b'tolerance', b'and', b'especially', b'his', b'moderation', b'in', b'his', b'preference', b'for', b'orderly', b'progress', b'his', b'distrust', b'of', b'dangerous', b'agitation', b'and', b'his', b'reluctance', b'toward', b'ill', b'digested', b'schemes', b'of', b'reform', b'randall', b'concludes', b'that', b'he', b'was', b'conservative', b'in', b'his', b'complete', b'avoidance', b'of', b'that', b'type', b'of', b'so', b'called', b'radicalism', b'which', b'involved', b'abuse', b'of', b'the', b'south', b'hatred', b'for', b'the', b'slaveholder', b'thirst', b'for', b'vengeance', b'partisan', b'plotting', b'and', b'ungenerous', b'demands', b'that', b'southern', b'institutions', b'be', b'transformed', b'overnight', b'by', b'outsiders', b'by', b'the', b'late', b'some', b'african', b'american', b'intellectuals', b'led', b'by', b'lerone', b'bennett', b'jr', b'rejected', b'lincoln', b'role', b'as', b'the', b'great', b'emancipator', b'bennett', b'won', b'wide', b'attention', b'when', b'he', b'called', b'lincoln', b'white', b'supremacist', b'in', b'he', b'noted', b'that', b'lincoln', b'used', b'ethnic', b'slurs', b'and', b'told', b'jokes', b'that', b'ridiculed', b'blacks', b'bennett', b'argued', b'that', b'lincoln', b'opposed', b'social', b'equality', b'and', b'proposed', b'sending', b'freed', b'slaves', b'to', b'another', b'country', b'defenders', b'such', b'as', b'authors', b'dirck', b'and', b'cashin', b'retorted', b'that', b'he', b'was', b'not', b'as', b'bad', b'as', b'most', b'politicians', b'of', b'his', b'day', b'and', b'that', b'he', b'was', b'moral', b'visionary', b'who', b'deftly', b'advanced', b'the', b'abolitionist', b'cause', b'as', b'fast', b'as', b'politically', b'possible', b'the', b'emphasis', b'shifted', b'away', b'from', b'lincoln', b'the', b'emancipator', b'to', b'an', b'argument', b'that', b'blacks', b'had', b'freed', b'themselves', b'from', b'slavery', b'or', b'at', b'least', b'were', b'responsible', b'for', b'pressuring', b'the', b'government', b'on', b'emancipation', b'historian', b'barry', b'schwartz', b'wrote', b'in', b'that', b'lincoln', b'image', b'suffered', b'erosion', b'fading', b'prestige', b'benign', b'ridicule', b'in', b'the', b'late', b'th', b'century', b'on', b'the', b'other', b'hand', b'donald', b'opined', b'in', b'his', b'biography', b'that', b'lincoln', b'was', b'distinctly', b'endowed', b'with', b'the', b'personality', b'trait', b'of', b'negative', b'capability', b'defined', b'by', b'the', b'poet', b'john', b'keats', b'and', b'attributed', b'to', b'extraordinary', b'leaders', b'who', b'were', b'content', b'in', b'the', b'midst', b'of', b'uncertainties', b'and', b'doubts', b'and', b'not', b'compelled', b'toward', b'fact', b'or', b'reason', b'in', b'the', b'st', b'century', b'president', b'barack', b'obama', b'named', b'lincoln', b'his', b'favorite', b'president', b'and', b'insisted', b'on', b'using', b'lincoln', b'bible', b'for', b'his', b'swearing', b'in', b'of', b'office', b'at', b'both', b'his', b'inaugurations', b'lincoln', b'has', b'often', b'been', b'portrayed', b'by', b'hollywood', b'almost', b'always', b'in', b'flattering', b'light', b'memory', b'and', b'memorials', b'lincoln', b'memorial', b'in', b'washington', b'lincoln', b'portrait', b'appears', b'on', b'two', b'denominations', b'of', b'united', b'states', b'currency', b'the', b'penny', b'and', b'the', b'bill', b'his', b'likeness', b'also', b'appears', b'on', b'many', b'postage', b'stamps', b'and', b'he', b'has', b'been', b'memorialized', b'in', b'many', b'town', b'city', b'and', b'county', b'names', b'including', b'the', b'capital', b'of', b'nebraska', b'while', b'he', b'is', b'usually', b'portrayed', b'bearded', b'he', b'first', b'grew', b'beard', b'in', b'at', b'the', b'suggestion', b'of', b'year', b'old', b'grace', b'bedell', b'the', b'most', b'famous', b'and', b'most', b'visited', b'memorials', b'are', b'lincoln', b'sculpture', b'on', b'mount', b'rushmore', b'lincoln', b'memorial', b'ford', b'theatre', b'and', b'petersen', b'house', b'where', b'he', b'died', b'in', b'washington', b'and', b'the', b'abraham', b'lincoln', b'presidential', b'library', b'and', b'museum', b'in', b'springfield', b'illinois', b'not', b'far', b'from', b'lincoln', b'home', b'as', b'well', b'as', b'his', b'tomb', b'there', b'was', b'also', b'the', b'great', b'moments', b'with', b'mr', b'lincoln', b'exhibit', b'in', b'disneyland', b'and', b'the', b'hall', b'of', b'presidents', b'at', b'walt', b'disney', b'world', b'which', b'had', b'to', b'do', b'with', b'walt', b'disney', b'admiring', b'lincoln', b'ever', b'since', b'he', b'was', b'little', b'boy', b'barry', b'schwartz', b'sociologist', b'who', b'has', b'examined', b'america', b'cultural', b'memory', b'argues', b'that', b'in', b'the', b'and', b'the', b'memory', b'of', b'abraham', b'lincoln', b'was', b'practically', b'sacred', b'and', b'provided', b'the', b'nation', b'with', b'moral', b'symbol', b'inspiring', b'and', b'guiding', b'american', b'life', b'during', b'the', b'great', b'depression', b'he', b'argues', b'lincoln', b'served', b'as', b'means', b'for', b'seeing', b'the', b'world', b'disappointments', b'for', b'making', b'its', b'sufferings', b'not', b'so', b'much', b'explicable', b'as', b'meaningful', b'franklin', b'roosevelt', b'preparing', b'america', b'for', b'war', b'used', b'the', b'words', b'of', b'the', b'civil', b'war', b'president', b'to', b'clarify', b'the', b'threat', b'posed', b'by', b'germany', b'and', b'japan', b'americans', b'asked', b'what', b'would', b'lincoln', b'do', b'however', b'schwartz', b'also', b'finds', b'that', b'since', b'world', b'war', b'ii', b'lincoln', b'symbolic', b'power', b'has', b'lost', b'relevance', b'and', b'this', b'fading', b'hero', b'is', b'symptomatic', b'of', b'fading', b'confidence', b'in', b'national', b'greatness', b'he', b'suggested', b'that', b'postmodernism', b'and', b'have', b'diluted', b'greatness', b'as', b'concept', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'navy', b'is', b'named', b'after', b'lincoln', b'the', b'second', b'navy', b'ship', b'to', b'bear', b'his', b'name', b'see', b'also', b'outline', b'of', b'abraham', b'lincoln', b'dakota', b'war', b'of', b'grace', b'bedell', b'lincoln', b'tower', b'list', b'of', b'photographs', b'of', b'abraham', b'lincoln', b'list', b'of', b'civil', b'rights', b'leaders', b'references', b'bibliography', b'cited', b'in', b'footnotes', b'mcclintock', b'russell', b'lincoln', b'and', b'the', b'decision', b'for', b'war', b'the', b'northern', b'response', b'to', b'secession', b'the', b'university', b'of', b'north', b'carolina', b'press', b'isbn', b'online', b'preview', b'also', b'published', b'as', b'vol', b'of', b'ordeal', b'of', b'the', b'union', b'also', b'published', b'as', b'vol', b'of', b'ordeal', b'of', b'the', b'union', b'historiography', b'barr', b'john', b'holding', b'up', b'flawed', b'mirror', b'to', b'the', b'american', b'soul', b'abraham', b'lincoln', b'in', b'the', b'writings', b'of', b'lerone', b'bennett', b'jr', b'journal', b'of', b'the', b'abraham', b'lincoln', b'association', b'winter', b'barr', b'john', b'loathing', b'lincoln', b'an', b'american', b'tradition', b'from', b'the', b'civil', b'war', b'to', b'the', b'present', b'lsu', b'press', b'holzer', b'harold', b'and', b'craig', b'symonds', b'eds', b'exploring', b'lincoln', b'great', b'historians', b'reappraise', b'our', b'greatest', b'president', b'essays', b'by', b'scholars', b'manning', b'chandra', b'the', b'shifting', b'terrain', b'of', b'attitudes', b'toward', b'abraham', b'lincoln', b'and', b'emancipation', b'journal', b'of', b'the', b'abraham', b'lincoln', b'association', b'winter', b'smith', b'adam', b'the', b'cult', b'of', b'abraham', b'lincoln', b'and', b'the', b'strange', b'survival', b'of', b'liberal', b'england', b'in', b'the', b'era', b'of', b'the', b'world', b'wars', b'twentieth', b'century', b'british', b'history', b'december', b'pp', b'spielberg', b'steven', b'goodwin', b'doris', b'kearns', b'kushner', b'tony', b'mr', b'lincoln', b'goes', b'to', b'hollywood', b'smithsonian', b'pp', b'additional', b'references', b'green', b'michael', b'lincoln', b'and', b'the', b'election', b'of', b'concise', b'lincoln', b'library', b'excerpt', b'and', b'text', b'search', b'vol', b'of', b'detailed', b'biography', b'peraino', b'kevin', b'lincoln', b'in', b'the', b'world', b'the', b'making', b'of', b'statesman', b'and', b'the', b'dawn', b'of', b'american', b'power', b'white', b'ronald', b'lincoln', b'biography', b'external', b'links', b'official', b'abraham', b'lincoln', b'presidential', b'library', b'and', b'museum', b'white', b'house', b'biography', b'organizations', b'abraham', b'lincoln', b'association', b'abraham', b'lincoln', b'bicentennial', b'foundation', b'media', b'coverage', b'other', b'abraham', b'lincoln', b'resource', b'guide', b'from', b'the', b'library', b'of', b'congress', b'life', b'portrait', b'of', b'abraham', b'lincoln', b'from', b'span', b'american', b'presidents', b'life', b'portraits', b'june', b'writings', b'of', b'abraham', b'lincoln', b'from', b'span', b'american', b'writers', b'journey', b'through', b'history', b'abraham', b'lincoln', b'original', b'letters', b'and', b'manuscripts', b'shapell', b'manuscript', b'foundation', b'lincoln', b'net', b'abraham', b'lincoln', b'historical', b'digitization', b'project', b'northern', b'illinois', b'university', b'libraries', b'teaching', b'abraham', b'lincoln', b'national', b'endowment', b'for', b'the', b'humanities', b'in', b'popular', b'song', b'our', b'noble', b'chief', b'has', b'passed', b'away', b'by', b'cooper', b'thomas']
TaggedDocument(['abraham', 'lincoln', 'february', 'april', 'was', 'an', 'american', 'politician', 'and', 'lawyer', 'who', 'served', 'as', 'the', 'th', 'president', 'of', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'from', 'march', 'until', 'his', 'assassination', 'in', 'april', 'lincoln', 'led', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'through', 'its', 'civil', 'war', 'its', 'bloodiest', 'war', 'and', 'perhaps', 'its', 'greatest', 'moral', 'constitutional', 'and', 'political', 'crisis', 'in', 'doing', 'so', 'he', 'preserved', 'the', 'union', 'paved', 'the', 'way', 'to', 'the', 'abolition', 'of', 'slavery', 'strengthened', 'the', 'federal', 'government', 'and', 'modernized', 'the', 'economy', 'born', 'in', 'hodgenville', 'kentucky', 'lincoln', 'grew', 'up', 'on', 'the', 'western', 'frontier', 'in', 'kentucky', 'and', 'indiana', 'largely', 'self', 'educated', 'he', 'became', 'lawyer', 'in', 'illinois', 'whig', 'party', 'leader', 'and', 'was', 'elected', 'to', 'the', 'illinois', 'house', 'of', 'representatives', 'in', 'which', 'he', 'served', 'for', 'eight', 'years', 'elected', 'to', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'house', 'of', 'representatives', 'in', 'lincoln', 'promoted', 'rapid', 'modernization', 'of', 'the', 'economy', 'through', 'banks', 'tariffs', 'and', 'railroads', 'because', 'he', 'had', 'originally', 'agreed', 'not', 'to', 'run', 'for', 'second', 'term', 'in', 'congress', 'and', 'because', 'his', 'opposition', 'to', 'the', 'mexican', 'american', 'war', 'was', 'unpopular', 'among', 'illinois', 'voters', 'lincoln', 'returned', 'to', 'springfield', 'and', 'resumed', 'his', 'successful', 'law', 'practice', 'reentering', 'politics', 'in', 'he', 'became', 'leader', 'in', 'building', 'the', 'new', 'republican', 'party', 'which', 'had', 'statewide', 'majority', 'in', 'illinois', 'in', 'while', 'taking', 'part', 'in', 'series', 'of', 'highly', 'publicized', 'debates', 'with', 'his', 'opponent', 'and', 'rival', 'democrat', 'stephen', 'douglas', 'lincoln', 'spoke', 'out', 'against', 'the', 'expansion', 'of', 'slavery', 'but', 'lost', 'the', 'senate', 'race', 'to', 'douglas', 'in', 'lincoln', 'secured', 'the', 'republican', 'party', 'presidential', 'nomination', 'as', 'moderate', 'from', 'swing', 'state', 'though', 'he', 'gained', 'very', 'little', 'support', 'in', 'the', 'slaveholding', 'states', 'of', 'the', 'south', 'he', 'swept', 'the', 'north', 'and', 'was', 'elected', 'president', 'in', 'lincoln', 'victory', 'prompted', 'seven', 'southern', 'slave', 'states', 'to', 'form', 'the', 'confederate', 'states', 'of', 'america', 'before', 'he', 'moved', 'into', 'the', 'white', 'house', 'no', 'compromise', 'or', 'reconciliation', 'was', 'found', 'regarding', 'slavery', 'and', 'secession', 'subsequently', 'on', 'april', 'confederate', 'attack', 'on', 'fort', 'sumter', 'inspired', 'the', 'north', 'to', 'rally', 'behind', 'the', 'union', 'as', 'the', 'leader', 'of', 'the', 'moderate', 'faction', 'of', 'the', 'republican', 'party', 'lincoln', 'confronted', 'radical', 'republicans', 'who', 'demanded', 'harsher', 'treatment', 'of', 'the', 'south', 'war', 'democrats', 'who', 'called', 'for', 'more', 'compromise', 'anti', 'war', 'democrats', 'called', 'copperheads', 'who', 'despised', 'him', 'and', 'irreconcilable', 'secessionists', 'who', 'plotted', 'his', 'assassination', 'politically', 'lincoln', 'fought', 'back', 'by', 'pitting', 'his', 'opponents', 'against', 'each', 'other', 'by', 'carefully', 'planned', 'political', 'patronage', 'and', 'by', 'appealing', 'to', 'the', 'american', 'people', 'with', 'his', 'powers', 'of', 'oratory', 'his', 'gettysburg', 'address', 'became', 'an', 'iconic', 'endorsement', 'of', 'the', 'principles', 'of', 'nationalism', 'republicanism', 'equal', 'rights', 'liberty', 'and', 'democracy', 'lincoln', 'initially', 'concentrated', 'on', 'the', 'military', 'and', 'political', 'dimensions', 'of', 'the', 'war', 'his', 'primary', 'goal', 'was', 'to', 'reunite', 'the', 'nation', 'he', 'suspended', 'habeas', 'corpus', 'leading', 'to', 'the', 'controversial', 'ex', 'parte', 'merryman', 'decision', 'and', 'he', 'averted', 'potential', 'british', 'intervention', 'in', 'the', 'war', 'by', 'defusing', 'the', 'trent', 'affair', 'in', 'late', 'lincoln', 'closely', 'supervised', 'the', 'war', 'effort', 'especially', 'the', 'selection', 'of', 'top', 'generals', 'including', 'his', 'most', 'successful', 'general', 'ulysses', 'grant', 'he', 'also', 'made', 'major', 'decisions', 'on', 'union', 'war', 'strategy', 'including', 'naval', 'blockade', 'that', 'shut', 'down', 'the', 'south', 'normal', 'trade', 'moves', 'to', 'take', 'control', 'of', 'kentucky', 'and', 'tennessee', 'and', 'using', 'gunboats', 'to', 'gain', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'southern', 'river', 'system', 'lincoln', 'tried', 'repeatedly', 'to', 'capture', 'the', 'confederate', 'capital', 'at', 'richmond', 'each', 'time', 'general', 'failed', 'lincoln', 'substituted', 'another', 'until', 'finally', 'grant', 'succeeded', 'as', 'the', 'war', 'progressed', 'his', 'complex', 'moves', 'toward', 'ending', 'slavery', 'included', 'the', 'emancipation', 'proclamation', 'of', 'lincoln', 'used', 'the', 'army', 'to', 'protect', 'escaped', 'slaves', 'encouraged', 'the', 'border', 'states', 'to', 'outlaw', 'slavery', 'and', 'pushed', 'through', 'congress', 'the', 'thirteenth', 'amendment', 'to', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'constitution', 'which', 'permanently', 'outlawed', 'slavery', 'an', 'exceptionally', 'astute', 'politician', 'deeply', 'involved', 'with', 'power', 'issues', 'in', 'each', 'state', 'lincoln', 'reached', 'out', 'to', 'the', 'war', 'democrats', 'and', 'managed', 'his', 'own', 're', 'election', 'campaign', 'in', 'the', 'presidential', 'election', 'anticipating', 'the', 'war', 'conclusion', 'lincoln', 'pushed', 'moderate', 'view', 'of', 'reconstruction', 'seeking', 'to', 'reunite', 'the', 'nation', 'speedily', 'through', 'policy', 'of', 'generous', 'reconciliation', 'in', 'the', 'face', 'of', 'lingering', 'and', 'bitter', 'divisiveness', 'on', 'april', 'five', 'days', 'after', 'the', 'surrender', 'of', 'confederate', 'commanding', 'general', 'robert', 'lee', 'lincoln', 'was', 'assassinated', 'by', 'john', 'wilkes', 'booth', 'confederate', 'sympathizer', 'secretary', 'of', 'war', 'edwin', 'stanton', 'launched', 'manhunt', 'for', 'booth', 'and', 'days', 'later', 'on', 'april', 'booth', 'was', 'fatally', 'shot', 'by', 'union', 'army', 'soldier', 'boston', 'corbett', 'lincoln', 'has', 'been', 'consistently', 'ranked', 'both', 'by', 'scholars', 'and', 'the', 'public', 'as', 'among', 'the', 'greatest', 'presidents', 'family', 'and', 'childhood', 'early', 'life', 'and', 'ancestry', 'abraham', 'lincoln', 'was', 'born', 'february', 'the', 'second', 'child', 'of', 'thomas', 'and', 'nancy', 'hanks', 'lincoln', 'in', 'one', 'room', 'log', 'cabin', 'on', 'the', 'sinking', 'spring', 'farm', 'near', 'hodgenville', 'kentucky', 'he', 'was', 'descendant', 'of', 'samuel', 'lincoln', 'an', 'englishman', 'who', 'migrated', 'from', 'hingham', 'norfolk', 'to', 'its', 'namesake', 'of', 'hingham', 'massachusetts', 'in', 'samuel', 'grandson', 'and', 'great', 'grandson', 'began', 'the', 'family', 'western', 'migration', 'which', 'passed', 'through', 'new', 'jersey', 'pennsylvania', 'and', 'virginia', 'lincoln', 'paternal', 'grandfather', 'and', 'namesake', 'captain', 'abraham', 'lincoln', 'moved', 'the', 'family', 'from', 'virginia', 'to', 'jefferson', 'county', 'kentucky', 'in', 'the', 'captain', 'lincoln', 'was', 'killed', 'in', 'an', 'indian', 'raid', 'in', 'his', 'children', 'including', 'eight', 'year', 'old', 'thomas', 'the', 'future', 'president', 'father', 'witnessed', 'the', 'attack', 'after', 'his', 'father', 'murder', 'thomas', 'was', 'left', 'to', 'make', 'his', 'own', 'way', 'on', 'the', 'frontier', 'working', 'at', 'odd', 'jobs', 'in', 'kentucky', 'and', 'in', 'tennessee', 'before', 'settling', 'with', 'members', 'of', 'his', 'family', 'in', 'hardin', 'county', 'kentucky', 'in', 'the', 'early', 'lincoln', 'mother', 'nancy', 'is', 'widely', 'assumed', 'to', 'have', 'been', 'the', 'daughter', 'of', 'lucy', 'hanks', 'although', 'no', 'record', 'of', 'nancy', 'hanks', 'birth', 'has', 'ever', 'been', 'found', 'according', 'to', 'william', 'ensign', 'lincoln', 'book', 'the', 'ancestry', 'of', 'abraham', 'lincoln', 'nancy', 'was', 'the', 'daughter', 'of', 'joseph', 'hanks', 'however', 'the', 'debate', 'continues', 'over', 'whether', 'she', 'was', 'born', 'out', 'of', 'wedlock', 'still', 'another', 'researcher', 'adin', 'baber', 'claims', 'that', 'nancy', 'hanks', 'was', 'the', 'daughter', 'of', 'abraham', 'hanks', 'and', 'sarah', 'harper', 'of', 'virginia', 'thomas', 'lincoln', 'and', 'nancy', 'hanks', 'were', 'married', 'on', 'june', 'in', 'washington', 'county', 'and', 'moved', 'to', 'elizabethtown', 'kentucky', 'following', 'their', 'marriage', 'they', 'became', 'the', 'parents', 'of', 'three', 'children', 'sarah', 'born', 'on', 'february', 'abraham', 'on', 'february', 'and', 'another', 'son', 'thomas', 'who', 'died', 'in', 'infancy', 'thomas', 'lincoln', 'bought', 'or', 'leased', 'several', 'farms', 'in', 'kentucky', 'including', 'the', 'sinking', 'spring', 'farm', 'where', 'abraham', 'was', 'born', 'however', 'land', 'title', 'dispute', 'soon', 'forced', 'the', 'lincolns', 'to', 'move', 'in', 'the', 'family', 'moved', 'eight', 'miles', 'km', 'north', 'to', 'knob', 'creek', 'farm', 'where', 'thomas', 'acquired', 'title', 'to', 'of', 'land', 'in', 'claimant', 'in', 'another', 'land', 'dispute', 'sought', 'to', 'eject', 'the', 'family', 'from', 'the', 'farm', 'of', 'the', 'acres', 'ha', 'that', 'thomas', 'held', 'in', 'kentucky', 'he', 'lost', 'all', 'but', 'of', 'his', 'land', 'in', 'court', 'disputes', 'over', 'property', 'titles', 'frustrated', 'over', 'the', 'lack', 'of', 'security', 'provided', 'by', 'the', 'kentucky', 'title', 'survey', 'system', 'in', 'the', 'courts', 'thomas', 'sold', 'the', 'remaining', 'land', 'he', 'held', 'in', 'kentucky', 'in', 'and', 'began', 'planning', 'move', 'to', 'indiana', 'where', 'the', 'land', 'survey', 'process', 'was', 'more', 'reliable', 'and', 'the', 'ability', 'for', 'an', 'individual', 'to', 'retain', 'land', 'titles', 'was', 'more', 'secure', 'in', 'the', 'family', 'moved', 'north', 'across', 'the', 'ohio', 'river', 'to', 'indiana', 'free', 'non', 'slaveholding', 'territory', 'where', 'they', 'settled', 'in', 'an', 'unbroken', 'forest', 'in', 'hurricane', 'township', 'perry', 'county', 'their', 'land', 'in', 'southern', 'indiana', 'became', 'part', 'of', 'spencer', 'county', 'indiana', 'when', 'the', 'county', 'was', 'established', 'in', 'the', 'farm', 'is', 'preserved', 'as', 'part', 'of', 'the', 'lincoln', 'boyhood', 'national', 'memorial', 'in', 'lincoln', 'noted', 'that', 'the', 'family', 'move', 'to', 'indiana', 'was', 'partly', 'on', 'account', 'of', 'slavery', 'but', 'mainly', 'due', 'to', 'land', 'title', 'difficulties', 'in', 'kentucky', 'during', 'the', 'family', 'years', 'in', 'kentucky', 'and', 'indiana', 'thomas', 'lincoln', 'worked', 'as', 'farmer', 'cabinetmaker', 'and', 'carpenter', 'he', 'owned', 'farms', 'several', 'town', 'lots', 'and', 'livestock', 'paid', 'taxes', 'sat', 'on', 'juries', 'appraised', 'estates', 'served', 'on', 'country', 'slave', 'patrols', 'and', 'guarded', 'prisoners', 'thomas', 'and', 'nancy', 'lincoln', 'were', 'also', 'members', 'of', 'separate', 'baptists', 'church', 'which', 'had', 'restrictive', 'moral', 'standards', 'and', 'opposed', 'alcohol', 'dancing', 'and', 'slavery', 'within', 'year', 'of', 'the', 'family', 'arrival', 'in', 'indiana', 'thomas', 'claimed', 'title', 'to', 'of', 'indiana', 'land', 'despite', 'some', 'financial', 'challenges', 'he', 'eventually', 'obtained', 'clear', 'title', 'to', 'of', 'land', 'in', 'what', 'became', 'known', 'as', 'the', 'little', 'pigeon', 'creek', 'community', 'in', 'spencer', 'county', 'prior', 'to', 'the', 'family', 'move', 'to', 'illinois', 'in', 'thomas', 'had', 'acquired', 'an', 'additional', 'twenty', 'acres', 'of', 'land', 'adjacent', 'to', 'his', 'property', 'young', 'lincoln', 'by', 'alt', 'statue', 'of', 'young', 'lincoln', 'sitting', 'on', 'stump', 'holding', 'book', 'open', 'on', 'his', 'lap', 'several', 'significant', 'family', 'events', 'took', 'place', 'during', 'lincoln', 'youth', 'in', 'indiana', 'on', 'october', 'nancy', 'lincoln', 'died', 'of', 'milk', 'sickness', 'leaving', 'eleven', 'year', 'old', 'sarah', 'in', 'charge', 'of', 'household', 'that', 'included', 'her', 'father', 'nine', 'year', 'old', 'abraham', 'and', 'dennis', 'hanks', 'nancy', 'nineteen', 'year', 'old', 'orphaned', 'cousin', 'on', 'december', 'lincoln', 'father', 'married', 'sarah', 'sally', 'bush', 'johnston', 'widow', 'from', 'elizabethtown', 'kentucky', 'with', 'three', 'children', 'of', 'her', 'own', 'abraham', 'became', 'very', 'close', 'to', 'his', 'stepmother', 'whom', 'he', 'referred', 'to', 'as', 'mother', 'those', 'who', 'knew', 'lincoln', 'as', 'teenager', 'later', 'recalled', 'him', 'being', 'very', 'distraught', 'over', 'his', 'sister', 'sarah', 'death', 'on', 'january', 'while', 'giving', 'birth', 'to', 'stillborn', 'son', 'as', 'youth', 'lincoln', 'disliked', 'the', 'hard', 'labor', 'associated', 'with', 'frontier', 'life', 'some', 'of', 'his', 'neighbors', 'and', 'family', 'members', 'thought', 'for', 'time', 'that', 'he', 'was', 'lazy', 'for', 'all', 'his', 'reading', 'scribbling', 'writing', 'ciphering', 'writing', 'poetry', 'etc', 'and', 'must', 'have', 'done', 'it', 'to', 'avoid', 'manual', 'labor', 'his', 'stepmother', 'also', 'acknowledged', 'he', 'did', 'not', 'enjoy', 'physical', 'labor', 'but', 'loved', 'to', 'read', 'lincoln', 'was', 'largely', 'self', 'educated', 'his', 'formal', 'schooling', 'from', 'several', 'itinerant', 'teachers', 'was', 'intermittent', 'the', 'aggregate', 'of', 'which', 'may', 'have', 'amounted', 'to', 'less', 'than', 'year', 'however', 'he', 'was', 'an', 'avid', 'reader', 'and', 'retained', 'lifelong', 'interest', 'in', 'learning', 'family', 'neighbors', 'and', 'schoolmates', 'of', 'lincoln', 'youth', 'recalled', 'that', 'he', 'read', 'and', 'reread', 'the', 'king', 'james', 'bible', 'aesop', 'fables', 'bunyan', 'the', 'pilgrim', 'progress', 'defoe', 'robinson', 'crusoe', 'weems', 'the', 'life', 'of', 'washington', 'and', 'franklin', 'autobiography', 'among', 'others', 'as', 'he', 'grew', 'into', 'his', 'teens', 'lincoln', 'took', 'responsibility', 'for', 'the', 'chores', 'expected', 'of', 'him', 'as', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'boys', 'in', 'the', 'household', 'he', 'also', 'complied', 'with', 'the', 'customary', 'obligation', 'of', 'son', 'giving', 'his', 'father', 'all', 'earnings', 'from', 'work', 'done', 'outside', 'the', 'home', 'until', 'the', 'age', 'of', 'twenty', 'one', 'abraham', 'became', 'adept', 'at', 'using', 'an', 'axe', 'tall', 'for', 'his', 'age', 'lincoln', 'was', 'also', 'strong', 'and', 'athletic', 'he', 'attained', 'reputation', 'for', 'brawn', 'and', 'audacity', 'after', 'very', 'competitive', 'wrestling', 'match', 'with', 'the', 'renowned', 'leader', 'of', 'group', 'of', 'ruffians', 'known', 'as', 'the', 'clary', 'grove', 'boys', 'in', 'early', 'march', 'partly', 'out', 'of', 'fear', 'of', 'milk', 'sickness', 'outbreak', 'along', 'the', 'ohio', 'river', 'several', 'members', 'of', 'the', 'extended', 'lincoln', 'family', 'moved', 'west', 'to', 'illinois', 'non', 'slaveholding', 'state', 'and', 'settled', 'in', 'macon', 'county', 'west', 'of', 'decatur', 'historians', 'disagree', 'on', 'who', 'initiated', 'the', 'move', 'thomas', 'lincoln', 'had', 'no', 'obvious', 'reason', 'to', 'leave', 'indiana', 'and', 'one', 'possibility', 'is', 'that', 'other', 'members', 'of', 'the', 'family', 'including', 'dennis', 'hanks', 'might', 'not', 'have', 'attained', 'the', 'stability', 'and', 'steady', 'income', 'that', 'thomas', 'lincoln', 'had', 'after', 'the', 'family', 'relocated', 'to', 'illinois', 'abraham', 'became', 'increasingly', 'distant', 'from', 'his', 'father', 'in', 'part', 'because', 'of', 'his', 'father', 'lack', 'of', 'education', 'and', 'occasionally', 'lent', 'him', 'money', 'in', 'as', 'thomas', 'and', 'other', 'members', 'of', 'the', 'family', 'prepared', 'to', 'move', 'to', 'new', 'homestead', 'in', 'coles', 'county', 'illinois', 'abraham', 'was', 'old', 'enough', 'to', 'make', 'his', 'own', 'decisions', 'and', 'struck', 'out', 'on', 'his', 'own', 'traveling', 'down', 'the', 'sangamon', 'river', 'he', 'ended', 'up', 'in', 'the', 'village', 'of', 'new', 'salem', 'in', 'sangamon', 'county', 'later', 'that', 'spring', 'denton', 'offutt', 'new', 'salem', 'merchant', 'hired', 'lincoln', 'and', 'some', 'friends', 'to', 'take', 'goods', 'by', 'flatboat', 'from', 'new', 'salem', 'to', 'new', 'orleans', 'via', 'the', 'sangamon', 'illinois', 'and', 'mississippi', 'rivers', 'after', 'arriving', 'in', 'new', 'orleans', 'and', 'witnessing', 'slavery', 'firsthand', 'lincoln', 'returned', 'to', 'new', 'salem', 'where', 'he', 'remained', 'for', 'the', 'next', 'six', 'years', 'marriage', 'and', 'children', 'according', 'to', 'some', 'sources', 'lincoln', 'first', 'romantic', 'interest', 'was', 'ann', 'rutledge', 'whom', 'he', 'met', 'when', 'he', 'first', 'moved', 'to', 'new', 'salem', 'these', 'sources', 'indicate', 'that', 'by', 'they', 'were', 'in', 'relationship', 'but', 'not', 'formally', 'engaged', 'she', 'died', 'at', 'the', 'age', 'of', 'on', 'august', 'most', 'likely', 'of', 'typhoid', 'fever', 'in', 'the', 'early', 'he', 'met', 'mary', 'owens', 'from', 'kentucky', 'when', 'she', 'was', 'visiting', 'her', 'sister', 'late', 'in', 'lincoln', 'agreed', 'to', 'match', 'with', 'mary', 'if', 'she', 'returned', 'to', 'new', 'salem', 'mary', 'did', 'return', 'in', 'november', 'and', 'lincoln', 'courted', 'her', 'for', 'time', 'however', 'they', 'both', 'had', 'second', 'thoughts', 'about', 'their', 'relationship', 'on', 'august', 'lincoln', 'wrote', 'mary', 'letter', 'suggesting', 'he', 'would', 'not', 'blame', 'her', 'if', 'she', 'ended', 'the', 'relationship', 'she', 'never', 'replied', 'and', 'the', 'courtship', 'ended', 'in', 'lincoln', 'became', 'engaged', 'to', 'mary', 'todd', 'who', 'was', 'from', 'wealthy', 'slave', 'holding', 'family', 'in', 'lexington', 'kentucky', 'they', 'met', 'in', 'springfield', 'illinois', 'in', 'december', 'and', 'were', 'engaged', 'the', 'following', 'december', 'wedding', 'set', 'for', 'january', 'was', 'canceled', 'when', 'the', 'two', 'broke', 'off', 'their', 'engagement', 'at', 'lincoln', 'initiative', 'they', 'later', 'met', 'again', 'at', 'party', 'and', 'married', 'on', 'november', 'in', 'the', 'springfield', 'mansion', 'of', 'mary', 'married', 'sister', 'while', 'preparing', 'for', 'the', 'nuptials', 'and', 'feeling', 'anxiety', 'again', 'lincoln', 'when', 'asked', 'where', 'he', 'was', 'going', 'replied', 'to', 'hell', 'suppose', 'in', 'the', 'couple', 'bought', 'house', 'in', 'springfield', 'near', 'lincoln', 'law', 'office', 'mary', 'todd', 'lincoln', 'kept', 'house', 'often', 'with', 'the', 'help', 'of', 'relative', 'or', 'hired', 'servant', 'girl', 'he', 'was', 'an', 'affectionate', 'though', 'often', 'absent', 'husband', 'and', 'father', 'of', 'four', 'children', 'robert', 'todd', 'lincoln', 'was', 'born', 'in', 'and', 'edward', 'baker', 'lincoln', 'eddie', 'in', 'edward', 'died', 'on', 'february', 'in', 'springfield', 'probably', 'of', 'tuberculosis', 'willie', 'lincoln', 'was', 'born', 'on', 'december', 'and', 'died', 'of', 'fever', 'on', 'february', 'the', 'lincolns', 'fourth', 'son', 'thomas', 'tad', 'lincoln', 'was', 'born', 'on', 'april', 'and', 'died', 'of', 'heart', 'failure', 'at', 'the', 'age', 'of', 'on', 'july', 'robert', 'was', 'the', 'only', 'child', 'to', 'live', 'to', 'adulthood', 'and', 'have', 'children', 'the', 'lincolns', 'last', 'descendant', 'great', 'grandson', 'robert', 'todd', 'lincoln', 'beckwith', 'died', 'in', 'lincoln', 'was', 'remarkably', 'fond', 'of', 'children', 'and', 'the', 'lincolns', 'were', 'not', 'considered', 'to', 'be', 'strict', 'with', 'their', 'own', 'the', 'deaths', 'of', 'their', 'sons', 'had', 'profound', 'effects', 'on', 'both', 'parents', 'later', 'in', 'life', 'mary', 'struggled', 'with', 'the', 'stresses', 'of', 'losing', 'her', 'husband', 'and', 'sons', 'and', 'robert', 'lincoln', 'committed', 'her', 'temporarily', 'to', 'mental', 'health', 'asylum', 'in', 'abraham', 'lincoln', 'suffered', 'from', 'melancholy', 'condition', 'which', 'now', 'is', 'referred', 'to', 'as', 'clinical', 'depression', 'lincoln', 'father', 'in', 'law', 'and', 'others', 'of', 'the', 'todd', 'family', 'were', 'either', 'slave', 'owners', 'or', 'slave', 'traders', 'lincoln', 'was', 'close', 'to', 'the', 'todds', 'and', 'he', 'and', 'his', 'family', 'occasionally', 'visited', 'the', 'todd', 'estate', 'in', 'lexington', 'during', 'his', 'term', 'as', 'president', 'of', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'of', 'america', 'mary', 'was', 'known', 'to', 'cook', 'for', 'lincoln', 'often', 'since', 'she', 'was', 'raised', 'by', 'wealthy', 'family', 'her', 'cooking', 'abilities', 'were', 'simple', 'but', 'satisfied', 'lincoln', 'tastes', 'which', 'included', 'particularly', 'imported', 'oysters', 'early', 'career', 'and', 'militia', 'service', 'lincoln', 'depicted', 'protecting', 'native', 'american', 'from', 'his', 'own', 'men', 'in', 'scene', 'often', 'related', 'about', 'lincoln', 'service', 'during', 'the', 'black', 'hawk', 'war', 'in', 'at', 'age', 'lincoln', 'and', 'partner', 'bought', 'small', 'general', 'store', 'on', 'credit', 'in', 'new', 'salem', 'illinois', 'although', 'the', 'economy', 'was', 'booming', 'in', 'the', 'region', 'the', 'business', 'struggled', 'and', 'lincoln', 'eventually', 'sold', 'his', 'share', 'that', 'march', 'he', 'began', 'his', 'political', 'career', 'with', 'his', 'first', 'campaign', 'for', 'the', 'illinois', 'general', 'assembly', 'he', 'had', 'attained', 'local', 'popularity', 'and', 'could', 'draw', 'crowds', 'as', 'natural', 'raconteur', 'in', 'new', 'salem', 'though', 'he', 'lacked', 'an', 'education', 'powerful', 'friends', 'and', 'money', 'which', 'may', 'be', 'why', 'he', 'lost', 'he', 'advocated', 'navigational', 'improvements', 'on', 'the', 'sangamon', 'river', 'before', 'the', 'election', 'lincoln', 'served', 'as', 'captain', 'in', 'the', 'illinois', 'militia', 'during', 'the', 'black', 'hawk', 'war', 'following', 'his', 'return', 'lincoln', 'continued', 'his', 'campaign', 'for', 'the', 'august', 'election', 'for', 'the', 'illinois', 'general', 'assembly', 'at', 'he', 'was', 'tall', 'and', 'strong', 'enough', 'to', 'intimidate', 'any', 'rival', 'at', 'his', 'first', 'speech', 'when', 'he', 'saw', 'supporter', 'in', 'the', 'crowd', 'being', 'attacked', 'lincoln', 'grabbed', 'the', 'assailant', 'by', 'his', 'neck', 'and', 'the', 'seat', 'of', 'his', 'trousers', 'and', 'threw', 'him', 'lincoln', 'finished', 'eighth', 'out', 'of', 'candidates', 'the', 'top', 'four', 'were', 'elected', 'though', 'he', 'received', 'of', 'the', 'votes', 'cast', 'in', 'the', 'new', 'salem', 'precinct', 'lincoln', 'served', 'as', 'new', 'salem', 'postmaster', 'and', 'later', 'as', 'county', 'surveyor', 'all', 'the', 'while', 'reading', 'voraciously', 'he', 'then', 'decided', 'to', 'become', 'lawyer', 'and', 'began', 'teaching', 'himself', 'law', 'by', 'reading', 'blackstone', 'commentaries', 'on', 'the', 'laws', 'of', 'england', 'and', 'other', 'law', 'books', 'of', 'his', 'learning', 'method', 'lincoln', 'stated', 'studied', 'with', 'nobody', 'his', 'second', 'campaign', 'in', 'was', 'successful', 'he', 'won', 'election', 'to', 'the', 'state', 'legislature', 'though', 'he', 'ran', 'as', 'whig', 'many', 'democrats', 'favored', 'him', 'over', 'more', 'powerful', 'whig', 'opponent', 'admitted', 'to', 'the', 'bar', 'in', 'he', 'moved', 'to', 'springfield', 'illinois', 'and', 'began', 'to', 'practice', 'law', 'under', 'john', 'stuart', 'mary', 'todd', 'cousin', 'lincoln', 'became', 'an', 'able', 'and', 'successful', 'lawyer', 'with', 'reputation', 'as', 'formidable', 'adversary', 'during', 'cross', 'examinations', 'and', 'closing', 'arguments', 'he', 'partnered', 'with', 'stephen', 'logan', 'from', 'until', 'then', 'lincoln', 'began', 'his', 'practice', 'with', 'william', 'herndon', 'whom', 'lincoln', 'thought', 'studious', 'young', 'man', 'successful', 'on', 'his', 'second', 'run', 'for', 'office', 'lincoln', 'served', 'four', 'successive', 'terms', 'in', 'the', 'illinois', 'house', 'of', 'representatives', 'as', 'whig', 'representative', 'from', 'sangamon', 'county', 'he', 'supported', 'the', 'construction', 'of', 'the', 'illinois', 'and', 'michigan', 'canal', 'which', 'he', 'remained', 'involved', 'with', 'later', 'as', 'canal', 'commissioner', 'in', 'the', 'legislative', 'session', 'he', 'voted', 'to', 'expand', 'suffrage', 'to', 'white', 'males', 'whether', 'landowners', 'or', 'not', 'he', 'was', 'known', 'for', 'his', 'free', 'soil', 'stance', 'of', 'opposing', 'both', 'slavery', 'and', 'abolitionism', 'he', 'first', 'articulated', 'this', 'in', 'saying', 'the', 'institution', 'of', 'slavery', 'is', 'founded', 'on', 'both', 'injustice', 'and', 'bad', 'policy', 'but', 'the', 'promulgation', 'of', 'abolition', 'doctrines', 'tends', 'rather', 'to', 'increase', 'than', 'abate', 'its', 'evils', 'his', 'stance', 'closely', 'followed', 'henry', 'clay', 'in', 'supporting', 'the', 'american', 'colonization', 'society', 'program', 'of', 'making', 'the', 'abolition', 'of', 'slavery', 'practical', 'by', 'its', 'advocation', 'and', 'helping', 'the', 'freed', 'slaves', 'to', 'settle', 'in', 'liberia', 'in', 'africa', 'house', 'of', 'representatives', 'lincoln', 'in', 'his', 'late', 'as', 'member', 'of', 'the', 'house', 'of', 'representatives', 'photo', 'taken', 'by', 'one', 'of', 'lincoln', 'law', 'students', 'around', 'from', 'the', 'early', 'lincoln', 'was', 'steadfast', 'whig', 'and', 'professed', 'to', 'friends', 'in', 'to', 'be', 'an', 'old', 'line', 'whig', 'disciple', 'of', 'henry', 'clay', 'the', 'party', 'including', 'lincoln', 'favored', 'economic', 'modernization', 'in', 'banking', 'protective', 'tariffs', 'to', 'fund', 'internal', 'improvements', 'including', 'railroads', 'and', 'espoused', 'urbanization', 'as', 'well', 'in', 'lincoln', 'was', 'elected', 'to', 'the', 'house', 'of', 'representatives', 'where', 'he', 'served', 'one', 'two', 'year', 'term', 'he', 'was', 'the', 'only', 'whig', 'in', 'the', 'illinois', 'delegation', 'but', 'he', 'showed', 'his', 'party', 'loyalty', 'by', 'participating', 'in', 'almost', 'all', 'votes', 'and', 'making', 'speeches', 'that', 'echoed', 'the', 'party', 'line', 'lincoln', 'in', 'collaboration', 'with', 'abolitionist', 'congressman', 'joshua', 'giddings', 'wrote', 'bill', 'to', 'abolish', 'slavery', 'in', 'the', 'district', 'of', 'columbia', 'with', 'compensation', 'for', 'the', 'owners', 'enforcement', 'to', 'capture', 'fugitive', 'slaves', 'and', 'popular', 'vote', 'on', 'the', 'matter', 'he', 'abandoned', 'the', 'bill', 'when', 'it', 'failed', 'to', 'garner', 'sufficient', 'whig', 'supporters', 'on', 'foreign', 'and', 'military', 'policy', 'lincoln', 'spoke', 'out', 'against', 'the', 'mexican', 'american', 'war', 'which', 'he', 'attributed', 'to', 'president', 'polk', 'desire', 'for', 'military', 'glory', 'that', 'attractive', 'rainbow', 'that', 'rises', 'in', 'showers', 'of', 'blood', 'lincoln', 'also', 'supported', 'the', 'wilmot', 'proviso', 'which', 'if', 'it', 'had', 'been', 'adopted', 'would', 'have', 'banned', 'slavery', 'in', 'any', 'territory', 'won', 'from', 'mexico', 'lincoln', 'emphasized', 'his', 'opposition', 'to', 'polk', 'by', 'drafting', 'and', 'introducing', 'his', 'spot', 'resolutions', 'the', 'war', 'had', 'begun', 'with', 'mexican', 'slaughter', 'of', 'american', 'soldiers', 'in', 'territory', 'disputed', 'by', 'mexico', 'and', 'the', 'polk', 'insisted', 'that', 'mexican', 'soldiers', 'had', 'invaded', 'our', 'territory', 'and', 'shed', 'the', 'blood', 'of', 'our', 'fellow', 'citizens', 'on', 'our', 'own', 'soil', 'lincoln', 'demanded', 'that', 'polk', 'show', 'congress', 'the', 'exact', 'spot', 'on', 'which', 'blood', 'had', 'been', 'shed', 'and', 'prove', 'that', 'the', 'spot', 'was', 'on', 'american', 'soil', 'congress', 'never', 'enacted', 'the', 'resolution', 'or', 'even', 'debated', 'it', 'the', 'national', 'papers', 'ignored', 'it', 'and', 'it', 'resulted', 'in', 'loss', 'of', 'political', 'support', 'for', 'lincoln', 'in', 'his', 'district', 'one', 'illinois', 'newspaper', 'derisively', 'nicknamed', 'him', 'spotty', 'lincoln', 'lincoln', 'later', 'regretted', 'some', 'of', 'his', 'statements', 'especially', 'his', 'attack', 'on', 'the', 'presidential', 'war', 'making', 'powers', 'realizing', 'clay', 'was', 'unlikely', 'to', 'win', 'the', 'presidency', 'lincoln', 'who', 'had', 'pledged', 'in', 'to', 'serve', 'only', 'one', 'term', 'in', 'the', 'house', 'supported', 'general', 'zachary', 'taylor', 'for', 'the', 'whig', 'nomination', 'in', 'the', 'presidential', 'election', 'taylor', 'won', 'and', 'lincoln', 'hoped', 'to', 'be', 'appointed', 'commissioner', 'of', 'the', 'general', 'land', 'office', 'but', 'that', 'lucrative', 'patronage', 'job', 'went', 'to', 'an', 'illinois', 'rival', 'justin', 'butterfield', 'considered', 'by', 'the', 'administration', 'to', 'be', 'highly', 'skilled', 'lawyer', 'but', 'in', 'lincoln', 'view', 'an', 'old', 'fossil', 'the', 'administration', 'offered', 'him', 'the', 'consolation', 'prize', 'of', 'secretary', 'or', 'governor', 'of', 'the', 'oregon', 'territory', 'this', 'distant', 'territory', 'was', 'democratic', 'stronghold', 'and', 'acceptance', 'of', 'the', 'post', 'would', 'have', 'effectively', 'ended', 'his', 'legal', 'and', 'political', 'career', 'in', 'illinois', 'so', 'he', 'declined', 'and', 'resumed', 'his', 'law', 'practice', 'prairie', 'lawyer', 'lincoln', 'in', 'lincoln', 'returned', 'to', 'practicing', 'law', 'in', 'springfield', 'handling', 'every', 'kind', 'of', 'business', 'that', 'could', 'come', 'before', 'prairie', 'lawyer', 'twice', 'year', 'for', 'years', 'weeks', 'at', 'time', 'he', 'appeared', 'in', 'county', 'seats', 'in', 'the', 'midstate', 'region', 'when', 'the', 'county', 'courts', 'were', 'in', 'session', 'lincoln', 'handled', 'many', 'transportation', 'cases', 'in', 'the', 'midst', 'of', 'the', 'nation', 'western', 'expansion', 'particularly', 'the', 'conflicts', 'arising', 'from', 'the', 'operation', 'of', 'river', 'barges', 'under', 'the', 'many', 'new', 'railroad', 'bridges', 'as', 'riverboat', 'man', 'lincoln', 'initially', 'favored', 'those', 'interests', 'but', 'ultimately', 'represented', 'whoever', 'hired', 'him', 'in', 'fact', 'he', 'later', 'represented', 'bridge', 'company', 'against', 'riverboat', 'company', 'in', 'landmark', 'case', 'involving', 'canal', 'boat', 'that', 'sank', 'after', 'hitting', 'bridge', 'in', 'he', 'received', 'patent', 'for', 'flotation', 'device', 'for', 'the', 'movement', 'of', 'boats', 'in', 'shallow', 'water', 'the', 'idea', 'was', 'never', 'commercialized', 'but', 'lincoln', 'is', 'the', 'only', 'president', 'to', 'hold', 'patent', 'in', 'he', 'represented', 'the', 'alton', 'sangamon', 'railroad', 'in', 'dispute', 'with', 'one', 'of', 'its', 'shareholders', 'james', 'barret', 'who', 'had', 'refused', 'to', 'pay', 'the', 'balance', 'on', 'his', 'pledge', 'to', 'buy', 'shares', 'in', 'the', 'railroad', 'on', 'the', 'grounds', 'that', 'the', 'company', 'had', 'changed', 'its', 'original', 'train', 'route', 'lincoln', 'successfully', 'argued', 'that', 'the', 'railroad', 'company', 'was', 'not', 'bound', 'by', 'its', 'original', 'charter', 'extant', 'at', 'the', 'time', 'of', 'barret', 'pledge', 'the', 'charter', 'was', 'amended', 'in', 'the', 'public', 'interest', 'to', 'provide', 'newer', 'superior', 'and', 'less', 'expensive', 'route', 'and', 'the', 'corporation', 'retained', 'the', 'right', 'to', 'demand', 'barret', 'payment', 'the', 'decision', 'by', 'the', 'illinois', 'supreme', 'court', 'has', 'been', 'cited', 'by', 'numerous', 'other', 'courts', 'in', 'the', 'nation', 'lincoln', 'appeared', 'before', 'the', 'illinois', 'supreme', 'court', 'in', 'cases', 'in', 'as', 'sole', 'counsel', 'of', 'which', 'were', 'decided', 'in', 'his', 'favor', 'from', 'to', 'another', 'of', 'lincoln', 'largest', 'clients', 'was', 'the', 'illinois', 'central', 'railroad', 'lincoln', 'reputation', 'with', 'clients', 'gave', 'rise', 'to', 'his', 'nickname', 'honest', 'abe', 'lincoln', 'most', 'notable', 'criminal', 'trial', 'occurred', 'in', 'when', 'he', 'defended', 'william', 'duff', 'armstrong', 'who', 'was', 'on', 'trial', 'for', 'the', 'murder', 'of', 'james', 'preston', 'metzker', 'the', 'case', 'is', 'famous', 'for', 'lincoln', 'use', 'of', 'fact', 'established', 'by', 'judicial', 'notice', 'in', 'order', 'to', 'challenge', 'the', 'credibility', 'of', 'an', 'eyewitness', 'after', 'an', 'opposing', 'witness', 'testified', 'seeing', 'the', 'crime', 'in', 'the', 'moonlight', 'lincoln', 'produced', 'farmers', 'almanac', 'showing', 'the', 'moon', 'was', 'at', 'low', 'angle', 'drastically', 'reducing', 'visibility', 'based', 'on', 'this', 'evidence', 'armstrong', 'was', 'acquitted', 'lincoln', 'rarely', 'raised', 'objections', 'in', 'the', 'courtroom', 'but', 'in', 'an', 'case', 'where', 'he', 'defended', 'cousin', 'peachy', 'harrison', 'who', 'was', 'accused', 'of', 'stabbing', 'another', 'to', 'death', 'lincoln', 'angrily', 'protested', 'the', 'judge', 'decision', 'to', 'exclude', 'evidence', 'favorable', 'to', 'his', 'client', 'instead', 'of', 'holding', 'lincoln', 'in', 'contempt', 'of', 'court', 'as', 'was', 'expected', 'the', 'judge', 'democrat', 'reversed', 'his', 'ruling', 'allowing', 'the', 'evidence', 'and', 'acquitting', 'harrison', 'republican', 'politics', 'slavery', 'and', 'house', 'divided', 'by', 'the', 'slavery', 'was', 'still', 'legal', 'in', 'the', 'southern', 'united', 'states', 'but', 'had', 'been', 'outlawed', 'in', 'all', 'the', 'northern', 'states', 'since', 'including', 'illinois', 'whose', 'original', 'constitution', 'forbade', 'slavery', 'lincoln', 'disapproved', 'of', 'slavery', 'but', 'he', 'only', 'demanded', 'the', 'end', 'to', 'the', 'spread', 'of', 'slavery', 'to', 'new', 'territory', 'in', 'the', 'west', 'he', 'returned', 'to', 'politics', 'to', 'oppose', 'the', 'pro', 'slavery', 'kansas', 'nebraska', 'act', 'this', 'law', 'repealed', 'the', 'slavery', 'restricting', 'missouri', 'compromise', 'senior', 'senator', 'stephen', 'douglas', 'of', 'illinois', 'had', 'incorporated', 'popular', 'sovereignty', 'into', 'the', 'act', 'douglas', 'provision', 'which', 'lincoln', 'opposed', 'specified', 'settlers', 'had', 'the', 'right', 'to', 'determine', 'locally', 'whether', 'to', 'allow', 'slavery', 'in', 'new', 'territory', 'rather', 'than', 'have', 'such', 'decision', 'restricted', 'by', 'the', 'national', 'congress', 'eric', 'foner', 'contrasts', 'the', 'abolitionists', 'and', 'anti', 'slavery', 'radical', 'republicans', 'of', 'the', 'northeast', 'who', 'saw', 'slavery', 'as', 'sin', 'with', 'the', 'conservative', 'republicans', 'who', 'thought', 'it', 'was', 'bad', 'because', 'it', 'hurt', 'white', 'people', 'and', 'blocked', 'progress', 'foner', 'argues', 'that', 'lincoln', 'was', 'moderate', 'in', 'the', 'middle', 'opposing', 'slavery', 'primarily', 'because', 'it', 'violated', 'the', 'republicanism', 'principles', 'of', 'the', 'founding', 'fathers', 'especially', 'the', 'equality', 'of', 'all', 'men', 'and', 'democratic', 'self', 'government', 'as', 'expressed', 'in', 'the', 'declaration', 'of', 'independence', 'portrait', 'of', 'dred', 'scott', 'lincoln', 'denounced', 'the', 'supreme', 'court', 'decision', 'in', 'dred', 'scott', 'sandford', 'as', 'part', 'of', 'conspiracy', 'to', 'extend', 'slavery', 'on', 'october', 'in', 'his', 'peoria', 'speech', 'lincoln', 'declared', 'his', 'opposition', 'to', 'slavery', 'which', 'he', 'repeated', 'en', 'route', 'to', 'the', 'presidency', 'speaking', 'in', 'his', 'kentucky', 'accent', 'with', 'very', 'powerful', 'voice', 'he', 'said', 'the', 'kansas', 'act', 'had', 'declared', 'indifference', 'but', 'as', 'must', 'think', 'covert', 'real', 'zeal', 'for', 'the', 'spread', 'of', 'slavery', 'cannot', 'but', 'hate', 'it', 'hate', 'it', 'because', 'of', 'the', 'monstrous', 'injustice', 'of', 'slavery', 'itself', 'hate', 'it', 'because', 'it', 'deprives', 'our', 'republican', 'example', 'of', 'its', 'just', 'influence', 'in', 'the', 'world', 'in', 'late', 'lincoln', 'ran', 'as', 'whig', 'for', 'the', 'senate', 'at', 'that', 'time', 'senators', 'were', 'elected', 'by', 'the', 'state', 'legislature', 'after', 'leading', 'in', 'the', 'first', 'six', 'rounds', 'of', 'voting', 'but', 'unable', 'to', 'obtain', 'majority', 'lincoln', 'instructed', 'his', 'backers', 'to', 'vote', 'for', 'lyman', 'trumbull', 'trumbull', 'was', 'an', 'antislavery', 'democrat', 'and', 'had', 'received', 'few', 'votes', 'in', 'the', 'earlier', 'ballots', 'his', 'supporters', 'also', 'antislavery', 'democrats', 'had', 'vowed', 'not', 'to', 'support', 'any', 'whig', 'lincoln', 'decision', 'to', 'withdraw', 'enabled', 'his', 'whig', 'supporters', 'and', 'trumbull', 'antislavery', 'democrats', 'to', 'combine', 'and', 'defeat', 'the', 'mainstream', 'democratic', 'candidate', 'joel', 'aldrich', 'matteson', 'nationally', 'the', 'whigs', 'had', 'been', 'irreparably', 'split', 'by', 'the', 'kansas', 'nebraska', 'act', 'and', 'other', 'efforts', 'to', 'compromise', 'on', 'the', 'slavery', 'issue', 'lincoln', 'wrote', 'think', 'am', 'whig', 'but', 'others', 'say', 'there', 'are', 'no', 'whigs', 'and', 'that', 'am', 'an', 'abolitionist', 'do', 'no', 'more', 'than', 'oppose', 'the', 'extension', 'of', 'slavery', 'drawing', 'on', 'the', 'antislavery', 'portion', 'of', 'the', 'whig', 'party', 'and', 'combining', 'free', 'soil', 'liberty', 'and', 'antislavery', 'democratic', 'party', 'members', 'the', 'new', 'republican', 'party', 'formed', 'as', 'northern', 'party', 'dedicated', 'to', 'antislavery', 'lincoln', 'was', 'one', 'of', 'those', 'instrumental', 'in', 'forging', 'the', 'shape', 'of', 'the', 'new', 'party', 'at', 'the', 'republican', 'national', 'convention', 'he', 'placed', 'second', 'in', 'the', 'contest', 'to', 'become', 'its', 'candidate', 'for', 'vice', 'president', 'in', 'douglas', 'broke', 'with', 'president', 'james', 'buchanan', 'leading', 'to', 'fight', 'for', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'democratic', 'party', 'some', 'eastern', 'republicans', 'even', 'favored', 'the', 'reelection', 'of', 'douglas', 'for', 'the', 'senate', 'in', 'since', 'he', 'had', 'led', 'the', 'opposition', 'to', 'the', 'lecompton', 'constitution', 'which', 'would', 'have', 'admitted', 'kansas', 'as', 'slave', 'state', 'in', 'march', 'the', 'supreme', 'court', 'issued', 'its', 'decision', 'in', 'dred', 'scott', 'sandford', 'chief', 'justice', 'roger', 'taney', 'opined', 'that', 'blacks', 'were', 'not', 'citizens', 'and', 'derived', 'no', 'rights', 'from', 'the', 'constitution', 'lincoln', 'denounced', 'the', 'decision', 'alleging', 'it', 'was', 'the', 'product', 'of', 'conspiracy', 'of', 'democrats', 'to', 'support', 'the', 'slave', 'power', 'lincoln', 'argued', 'the', 'authors', 'of', 'the', 'declaration', 'of', 'independence', 'never', 'intended', 'to', 'say', 'all', 'were', 'equal', 'in', 'color', 'size', 'intellect', 'moral', 'developments', 'or', 'social', 'capacity', 'but', 'they', 'did', 'consider', 'all', 'men', 'created', 'equal', 'equal', 'in', 'certain', 'inalienable', 'rights', 'among', 'which', 'are', 'life', 'liberty', 'and', 'the', 'pursuit', 'of', 'happiness', 'after', 'the', 'state', 'republican', 'party', 'convention', 'nominated', 'him', 'for', 'the', 'senate', 'in', 'lincoln', 'delivered', 'his', 'house', 'divided', 'speech', 'drawing', 'on', 'house', 'divided', 'against', 'itself', 'cannot', 'stand', 'believe', 'this', 'government', 'cannot', 'endure', 'permanently', 'half', 'slave', 'and', 'half', 'free', 'do', 'not', 'expect', 'the', 'union', 'to', 'be', 'dissolved', 'do', 'not', 'expect', 'the', 'house', 'to', 'fall', 'but', 'do', 'expect', 'it', 'will', 'cease', 'to', 'be', 'divided', 'it', 'will', 'become', 'all', 'one', 'thing', 'or', 'all', 'the', 'other', 'the', 'speech', 'created', 'an', 'evocative', 'image', 'of', 'the', 'danger', 'of', 'disunion', 'caused', 'by', 'the', 'slavery', 'debate', 'and', 'rallied', 'republicans', 'across', 'the', 'north', 'the', 'stage', 'was', 'then', 'set', 'for', 'the', 'campaign', 'for', 'statewide', 'election', 'of', 'the', 'illinois', 'legislature', 'which', 'would', 'in', 'turn', 'select', 'lincoln', 'or', 'douglas', 'as', 'its', 'senator', 'lincoln', 'douglas', 'debates', 'and', 'cooper', 'union', 'speech', 'his', 'debates', 'with', 'stephen', 'douglas', 'over', 'slavery', 'the', 'senate', 'campaign', 'featured', 'the', 'seven', 'lincoln', 'douglas', 'debates', 'of', 'the', 'most', 'famous', 'political', 'debates', 'in', 'american', 'history', 'the', 'principals', 'stood', 'in', 'stark', 'contrast', 'both', 'physically', 'and', 'politically', 'lincoln', 'warned', 'that', 'the', 'slave', 'power', 'was', 'threatening', 'the', 'values', 'of', 'republicanism', 'and', 'accused', 'douglas', 'of', 'distorting', 'the', 'values', 'of', 'the', 'founding', 'fathers', 'that', 'all', 'men', 'are', 'created', 'equal', 'while', 'douglas', 'emphasized', 'his', 'freeport', 'doctrine', 'that', 'local', 'settlers', 'were', 'free', 'to', 'choose', 'whether', 'to', 'allow', 'slavery', 'or', 'not', 'and', 'accused', 'lincoln', 'of', 'having', 'joined', 'the', 'abolitionists', 'the', 'debates', 'had', 'an', 'atmosphere', 'of', 'prize', 'fight', 'and', 'drew', 'crowds', 'in', 'the', 'thousands', 'lincoln', 'stated', 'douglas', 'popular', 'sovereignty', 'theory', 'was', 'threat', 'to', 'the', 'nation', 'morality', 'and', 'that', 'douglas', 'represented', 'conspiracy', 'to', 'extend', 'slavery', 'to', 'free', 'states', 'douglas', 'said', 'that', 'lincoln', 'was', 'defying', 'the', 'authority', 'of', 'the', 'supreme', 'court', 'and', 'the', 'dred', 'scott', 'decision', 'though', 'the', 'republican', 'legislative', 'candidates', 'won', 'more', 'popular', 'votes', 'the', 'democrats', 'won', 'more', 'seats', 'and', 'the', 'legislature', 're', 'elected', 'douglas', 'to', 'the', 'senate', 'despite', 'the', 'bitterness', 'of', 'the', 'defeat', 'for', 'lincoln', 'his', 'articulation', 'of', 'the', 'issues', 'gave', 'him', 'national', 'political', 'reputation', 'in', 'may', 'lincoln', 'purchased', 'the', 'illinois', 'staats', 'anzeiger', 'german', 'language', 'newspaper', 'which', 'was', 'consistently', 'supportive', 'most', 'of', 'the', 'state', 'german', 'americans', 'voted', 'democratic', 'but', 'there', 'was', 'republican', 'support', 'that', 'german', 'language', 'paper', 'could', 'mobilize', 'on', 'february', 'new', 'york', 'party', 'leaders', 'invited', 'lincoln', 'to', 'give', 'speech', 'at', 'cooper', 'union', 'to', 'group', 'of', 'powerful', 'republicans', 'lincoln', 'argued', 'that', 'the', 'founding', 'fathers', 'had', 'little', 'use', 'for', 'popular', 'sovereignty', 'and', 'had', 'repeatedly', 'sought', 'to', 'restrict', 'slavery', 'lincoln', 'insisted', 'the', 'moral', 'foundation', 'of', 'the', 'republicans', 'required', 'opposition', 'to', 'slavery', 'and', 'rejected', 'any', 'groping', 'for', 'some', 'middle', 'ground', 'between', 'the', 'right', 'and', 'the', 'wrong', 'despite', 'his', 'inelegant', 'appearance', 'many', 'in', 'the', 'audience', 'thought', 'him', 'awkward', 'and', 'even', 'ugly', 'lincoln', 'demonstrated', 'an', 'intellectual', 'leadership', 'that', 'brought', 'him', 'into', 'the', 'front', 'ranks', 'of', 'the', 'party', 'and', 'into', 'contention', 'for', 'the', 'republican', 'presidential', 'nomination', 'journalist', 'noah', 'brooks', 'reported', 'no', 'man', 'ever', 'before', 'made', 'such', 'an', 'impression', 'on', 'his', 'first', 'appeal', 'to', 'new', 'york', 'audience', 'historian', 'donald', 'described', 'the', 'speech', 'as', 'superb', 'political', 'move', 'for', 'an', 'unannounced', 'candidate', 'to', 'appear', 'in', 'one', 'rival', 'william', 'seward', 'own', 'state', 'at', 'an', 'event', 'sponsored', 'by', 'the', 'second', 'rival', 'salmon', 'chase', 'loyalists', 'while', 'not', 'mentioning', 'either', 'by', 'name', 'during', 'its', 'delivery', 'in', 'response', 'to', 'an', 'inquiry', 'about', 'his', 'presidential', 'intentions', 'lincoln', 'said', 'the', 'taste', 'is', 'in', 'my', 'mouth', 'little', 'presidential', 'nomination', 'and', 'campaign', 'timothy', 'cole', 'wood', 'engraving', 'taken', 'from', 'may', 'ambrotype', 'of', 'lincoln', 'two', 'days', 'following', 'his', 'nomination', 'for', 'president', 'the', 'rail', 'candidate', 'lincoln', 'candidacy', 'is', 'depicted', 'as', 'held', 'up', 'by', 'the', 'slavery', 'issue', 'slave', 'on', 'the', 'left', 'and', 'party', 'organization', 'on', 'the', 'right', 'on', 'may', 'the', 'illinois', 'republican', 'state', 'convention', 'was', 'held', 'in', 'decatur', 'lincoln', 'followers', 'organized', 'campaign', 'team', 'led', 'by', 'david', 'davis', 'norman', 'judd', 'leonard', 'swett', 'and', 'jesse', 'dubois', 'and', 'lincoln', 'received', 'his', 'first', 'endorsement', 'to', 'run', 'for', 'the', 'presidency', 'exploiting', 'the', 'embellished', 'legend', 'of', 'his', 'frontier', 'days', 'with', 'his', 'father', 'clearing', 'the', 'land', 'and', 'splitting', 'fence', 'rails', 'with', 'an', 'ax', 'lincoln', 'supporters', 'adopted', 'the', 'label', 'of', 'the', 'rail', 'candidate', 'in', 'lincoln', 'described', 'himself', 'am', 'in', 'height', 'six', 'feet', 'four', 'inches', 'nearly', 'lean', 'in', 'flesh', 'weighing', 'on', 'an', 'average', 'one', 'hundred', 'and', 'eighty', 'pounds', 'dark', 'complexion', 'with', 'coarse', 'black', 'hair', 'and', 'gray', 'eyes', 'biographer', 'added', 'that', 'he', 'had', 'large', 'head', 'with', 'high', 'crown', 'of', 'skull', 'thick', 'bushy', 'hair', 'large', 'and', 'deep', 'eye', 'caverns', 'heavy', 'eyebrows', 'large', 'nose', 'large', 'ears', 'large', 'mouth', 'thin', 'upper', 'and', 'somewhat', 'thick', 'under', 'lip', 'very', 'high', 'and', 'prominent', 'cheek', 'bones', 'cheeks', 'thin', 'and', 'sunken', 'strongly', 'developed', 'jawbone', 'chin', 'slightly', 'upturned', 'thin', 'but', 'sinewy', 'neck', 'rather', 'long', 'long', 'arms', 'large', 'hands', 'chest', 'thin', 'and', 'narrow', 'as', 'compared', 'with', 'his', 'great', 'height', 'legs', 'of', 'more', 'than', 'proportionate', 'length', 'and', 'large', 'feet', 'on', 'may', 'at', 'the', 'republican', 'national', 'convention', 'in', 'chicago', 'lincoln', 'friends', 'promised', 'and', 'manipulated', 'and', 'won', 'the', 'nomination', 'on', 'the', 'third', 'ballot', 'beating', 'candidates', 'such', 'as', 'william', 'seward', 'and', 'salmon', 'chase', 'former', 'democrat', 'hannibal', 'hamlin', 'of', 'maine', 'was', 'nominated', 'for', 'vice', 'president', 'to', 'balance', 'the', 'ticket', 'lincoln', 'success', 'depended', 'on', 'his', 'reputation', 'as', 'moderate', 'on', 'the', 'slavery', 'issue', 'and', 'his', 'strong', 'support', 'for', 'whiggish', 'programs', 'of', 'internal', 'improvements', 'and', 'the', 'protective', 'tariff', 'on', 'the', 'third', 'ballot', 'pennsylvania', 'put', 'him', 'over', 'the', 'top', 'pennsylvania', 'iron', 'interests', 'were', 'reassured', 'by', 'his', 'support', 'for', 'protective', 'tariffs', 'lincoln', 'managers', 'had', 'been', 'adroitly', 'focused', 'on', 'this', 'delegation', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'the', 'others', 'while', 'following', 'lincoln', 'strong', 'dictate', 'to', 'make', 'no', 'contracts', 'that', 'bind', 'me', 'most', 'republicans', 'agreed', 'with', 'lincoln', 'that', 'the', 'north', 'was', 'the', 'aggrieved', 'party', 'as', 'the', 'slave', 'power', 'tightened', 'its', 'grasp', 'on', 'the', 'national', 'government', 'with', 'the', 'dred', 'scott', 'decision', 'and', 'the', 'presidency', 'of', 'james', 'buchanan', 'throughout', 'the', 'lincoln', 'doubted', 'the', 'prospects', 'of', 'civil', 'war', 'and', 'his', 'supporters', 'rejected', 'claims', 'that', 'his', 'election', 'would', 'incite', 'secession', 'meanwhile', 'douglas', 'was', 'selected', 'as', 'the', 'candidate', 'of', 'the', 'northern', 'democrats', 'delegates', 'from', 'slave', 'states', 'walked', 'out', 'of', 'the', 'democratic', 'convention', 'disagreeing', 'with', 'douglas', 'position', 'on', 'popular', 'sovereignty', 'and', 'ultimately', 'selected', 'john', 'breckinridge', 'as', 'their', 'candidate', 'prior', 'to', 'the', 'republican', 'convention', 'the', 'lincoln', 'campaign', 'began', 'cultivating', 'nationwide', 'teen', 'and', 'young', 'adult', 'organization', 'the', 'wide', 'awakes', 'which', 'it', 'used', 'to', 'generate', 'popular', 'support', 'for', 'lincoln', 'throughout', 'the', 'country', 'to', 'spearhead', 'large', 'voter', 'registration', 'drives', 'knowing', 'that', 'new', 'voters', 'and', 'young', 'voters', 'tend', 'to', 'embrace', 'new', 'and', 'young', 'parties', 'as', 'lincoln', 'ideas', 'of', 'abolishing', 'slavery', 'grew', 'so', 'did', 'his', 'supporters', 'people', 'of', 'the', 'northern', 'states', 'knew', 'the', 'southern', 'states', 'would', 'vote', 'against', 'lincoln', 'because', 'of', 'his', 'ideas', 'of', 'anti', 'slavery', 'and', 'took', 'action', 'to', 'rally', 'supporters', 'for', 'lincoln', 'as', 'douglas', 'and', 'the', 'other', 'candidates', 'went', 'through', 'with', 'their', 'campaigns', 'lincoln', 'was', 'the', 'only', 'one', 'of', 'them', 'who', 'gave', 'no', 'speeches', 'instead', 'he', 'monitored', 'the', 'campaign', 'closely', 'and', 'relied', 'on', 'the', 'enthusiasm', 'of', 'the', 'republican', 'party', 'the', 'party', 'did', 'the', 'leg', 'work', 'that', 'produced', 'majorities', 'across', 'the', 'north', 'and', 'produced', 'an', 'abundance', 'of', 'campaign', 'posters', 'leaflets', 'and', 'newspaper', 'editorials', 'there', 'were', 'thousands', 'of', 'republican', 'speakers', 'who', 'focused', 'first', 'on', 'the', 'party', 'platform', 'and', 'second', 'on', 'lincoln', 'life', 'story', 'emphasizing', 'his', 'childhood', 'poverty', 'the', 'goal', 'was', 'to', 'demonstrate', 'the', 'superior', 'power', 'of', 'free', 'labor', 'whereby', 'common', 'farm', 'boy', 'could', 'work', 'his', 'way', 'to', 'the', 'top', 'by', 'his', 'own', 'efforts', 'the', 'republican', 'party', 'production', 'of', 'campaign', 'literature', 'dwarfed', 'the', 'combined', 'opposition', 'chicago', 'tribune', 'writer', 'produced', 'pamphlet', 'that', 'detailed', 'lincoln', 'life', 'and', 'sold', 'to', 'copies', 'presidency', 'election', 'and', 'secession', 'on', 'november', 'lincoln', 'was', 'elected', 'the', 'th', 'president', 'of', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'beating', 'democrat', 'stephen', 'douglas', 'john', 'breckinridge', 'of', 'the', 'southern', 'democrats', 'and', 'john', 'bell', 'of', 'the', 'new', 'constitutional', 'union', 'party', 'he', 'was', 'the', 'first', 'president', 'from', 'the', 'republican', 'party', 'his', 'victory', 'was', 'entirely', 'due', 'to', 'the', 'strength', 'of', 'his', 'support', 'in', 'the', 'north', 'and', 'west', 'no', 'ballots', 'were', 'cast', 'for', 'him', 'in', 'of', 'the', 'southern', 'slave', 'states', 'and', 'he', 'won', 'only', 'two', 'of', 'counties', 'in', 'all', 'the', 'southern', 'states', 'lincoln', 'received', 'votes', 'douglas', 'votes', 'breckinridge', 'votes', 'and', 'bell', 'votes', 'turnout', 'was', 'percent', 'with', 'lincoln', 'winning', 'the', 'free', 'northern', 'states', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'california', 'and', 'oregon', 'douglas', 'won', 'missouri', 'and', 'split', 'new', 'jersey', 'with', 'lincoln', 'bell', 'won', 'virginia', 'tennessee', 'and', 'kentucky', 'and', 'breckinridge', 'won', 'the', 'rest', 'of', 'the', 'south', 'although', 'lincoln', 'won', 'only', 'plurality', 'of', 'the', 'popular', 'vote', 'his', 'victory', 'in', 'the', 'electoral', 'college', 'was', 'decisive', 'lincoln', 'had', 'and', 'his', 'opponents', 'added', 'together', 'had', 'only', 'there', 'were', 'fusion', 'tickets', 'in', 'which', 'all', 'of', 'lincoln', 'opponents', 'combined', 'to', 'support', 'the', 'same', 'slate', 'of', 'electors', 'in', 'new', 'york', 'new', 'jersey', 'and', 'rhode', 'island', 'but', 'even', 'if', 'the', 'anti', 'lincoln', 'vote', 'had', 'been', 'combined', 'in', 'every', 'state', 'lincoln', 'still', 'would', 'have', 'won', 'majority', 'in', 'the', 'electoral', 'college', 'the', 'first', 'photographic', 'image', 'of', 'the', 'new', 'president', 'as', 'lincoln', 'election', 'became', 'evident', 'secessionists', 'made', 'clear', 'their', 'intent', 'to', 'leave', 'the', 'union', 'before', 'he', 'took', 'office', 'the', 'next', 'march', 'on', 'december', 'south', 'carolina', 'took', 'the', 'lead', 'by', 'adopting', 'an', 'ordinance', 'of', 'secession', 'by', 'february', 'florida', 'mississippi', 'alabama', 'georgia', 'louisiana', 'and', 'texas', 'followed', 'six', 'of', 'these', 'states', 'then', 'adopted', 'constitution', 'and', 'declared', 'themselves', 'to', 'be', 'sovereign', 'nation', 'the', 'confederate', 'states', 'of', 'america', 'the', 'upper', 'south', 'and', 'border', 'states', 'delaware', 'maryland', 'virginia', 'north', 'carolina', 'tennessee', 'kentucky', 'missouri', 'and', 'arkansas', 'listened', 'to', 'but', 'initially', 'rejected', 'the', 'secessionist', 'appeal', 'president', 'buchanan', 'and', 'president', 'elect', 'lincoln', 'refused', 'to', 'recognize', 'the', 'confederacy', 'declaring', 'secession', 'illegal', 'the', 'confederacy', 'selected', 'jefferson', 'davis', 'as', 'its', 'provisional', 'president', 'on', 'february', 'there', 'were', 'attempts', 'at', 'compromise', 'the', 'crittenden', 'compromise', 'would', 'have', 'extended', 'the', 'missouri', 'compromise', 'line', 'of', 'dividing', 'the', 'territories', 'into', 'slave', 'and', 'free', 'contrary', 'to', 'the', 'republican', 'party', 'free', 'soil', 'platform', 'lincoln', 'rejected', 'the', 'idea', 'saying', 'will', 'suffer', 'death', 'before', 'consent', 'to', 'any', 'concession', 'or', 'compromise', 'which', 'looks', 'like', 'buying', 'the', 'privilege', 'to', 'take', 'possession', 'of', 'this', 'government', 'to', 'which', 'we', 'have', 'constitutional', 'right', 'lincoln', 'however', 'did', 'tacitly', 'support', 'the', 'proposed', 'corwin', 'amendment', 'to', 'the', 'constitution', 'which', 'passed', 'congress', 'before', 'lincoln', 'came', 'into', 'office', 'and', 'was', 'then', 'awaiting', 'ratification', 'by', 'the', 'states', 'that', 'proposed', 'amendment', 'would', 'have', 'protected', 'slavery', 'in', 'states', 'where', 'it', 'already', 'existed', 'and', 'would', 'have', 'guaranteed', 'that', 'congress', 'would', 'not', 'interfere', 'with', 'slavery', 'without', 'southern', 'consent', 'few', 'weeks', 'before', 'the', 'war', 'lincoln', 'sent', 'letter', 'to', 'every', 'governor', 'informing', 'them', 'congress', 'had', 'passed', 'joint', 'resolution', 'to', 'amend', 'the', 'constitution', 'lincoln', 'was', 'open', 'to', 'the', 'possibility', 'of', 'constitutional', 'convention', 'to', 'make', 'further', 'amendments', 'to', 'the', 'constitution', 'en', 'route', 'to', 'his', 'inauguration', 'by', 'train', 'lincoln', 'addressed', 'crowds', 'and', 'legislatures', 'across', 'the', 'north', 'the', 'president', 'elect', 'then', 'evaded', 'possible', 'assassins', 'in', 'baltimore', 'who', 'were', 'uncovered', 'by', 'lincoln', 'head', 'of', 'security', 'allan', 'pinkerton', 'on', 'february', 'he', 'arrived', 'in', 'disguise', 'in', 'washington', 'which', 'was', 'placed', 'under', 'substantial', 'military', 'guard', 'lincoln', 'directed', 'his', 'inaugural', 'address', 'to', 'the', 'south', 'proclaiming', 'once', 'again', 'that', 'he', 'had', 'no', 'intention', 'or', 'inclination', 'to', 'abolish', 'slavery', 'in', 'the', 'southern', 'states', 'the', 'president', 'ended', 'his', 'address', 'with', 'an', 'appeal', 'to', 'the', 'people', 'of', 'the', 'south', 'we', 'are', 'not', 'enemies', 'but', 'friends', 'we', 'must', 'not', 'be', 'enemies', 'the', 'mystic', 'chords', 'of', 'memory', 'stretching', 'from', 'every', 'battlefield', 'and', 'patriot', 'grave', 'to', 'every', 'living', 'heart', 'and', 'hearthstone', 'all', 'over', 'this', 'broad', 'land', 'will', 'yet', 'swell', 'the', 'chorus', 'of', 'the', 'union', 'when', 'again', 'touched', 'as', 'surely', 'they', 'will', 'be', 'by', 'the', 'better', 'angels', 'of', 'our', 'nature', 'the', 'failure', 'of', 'the', 'peace', 'conference', 'of', 'signaled', 'that', 'legislative', 'compromise', 'was', 'impossible', 'by', 'march', 'no', 'leaders', 'of', 'the', 'insurrection', 'had', 'proposed', 'rejoining', 'the', 'union', 'on', 'any', 'terms', 'meanwhile', 'lincoln', 'and', 'the', 'republican', 'leadership', 'agreed', 'that', 'the', 'dismantling', 'of', 'the', 'union', 'could', 'not', 'be', 'tolerated', 'lincoln', 'said', 'as', 'the', 'war', 'was', 'ending', 'both', 'parties', 'deprecated', 'war', 'but', 'one', 'of', 'them', 'would', 'make', 'war', 'rather', 'than', 'let', 'the', 'nation', 'survive', 'and', 'the', 'other', 'would', 'accept', 'war', 'rather', 'than', 'let', 'it', 'perish', 'and', 'the', 'war', 'came', 'beginning', 'of', 'the', 'war', 'major', 'anderson', 'ft', 'sumter', 'commander', 'the', 'commander', 'of', 'fort', 'sumter', 'south', 'carolina', 'major', 'robert', 'anderson', 'sent', 'request', 'for', 'provisions', 'to', 'washington', 'and', 'the', 'execution', 'of', 'lincoln', 'order', 'to', 'meet', 'that', 'request', 'was', 'seen', 'by', 'the', 'secessionists', 'as', 'an', 'act', 'of', 'war', 'on', 'april', 'confederate', 'forces', 'fired', 'on', 'union', 'troops', 'at', 'fort', 'sumter', 'forcing', 'them', 'to', 'surrender', 'and', 'began', 'the', 'war', 'historian', 'allan', 'nevins', 'argued', 'that', 'the', 'newly', 'inaugurated', 'lincoln', 'made', 'three', 'miscalculations', 'underestimating', 'the', 'gravity', 'of', 'the', 'crisis', 'exaggerating', 'the', 'strength', 'of', 'unionist', 'sentiment', 'in', 'the', 'south', 'and', 'not', 'realizing', 'the', 'southern', 'unionists', 'were', 'insisting', 'there', 'be', 'no', 'invasion', 'william', 'tecumseh', 'sherman', 'talked', 'to', 'lincoln', 'during', 'inauguration', 'week', 'and', 'was', 'sadly', 'disappointed', 'at', 'his', 'failure', 'to', 'realize', 'that', 'the', 'country', 'was', 'sleeping', 'on', 'volcano', 'and', 'that', 'the', 'south', 'was', 'preparing', 'for', 'war', 'historian', 'donald', 'concludes', 'that', 'his', 'repeated', 'efforts', 'to', 'avoid', 'collision', 'in', 'the', 'months', 'between', 'inauguration', 'and', 'the', 'firing', 'on', 'ft', 'sumter', 'showed', 'he', 'adhered', 'to', 'his', 'vow', 'not', 'to', 'be', 'the', 'first', 'to', 'shed', 'fraternal', 'blood', 'but', 'he', 'also', 'vowed', 'not', 'to', 'surrender', 'the', 'forts', 'the', 'only', 'resolution', 'of', 'these', 'contradictory', 'positions', 'was', 'for', 'the', 'confederates', 'to', 'fire', 'the', 'first', 'shot', 'they', 'did', 'just', 'that', 'on', 'april', 'lincoln', 'called', 'on', 'all', 'the', 'states', 'to', 'send', 'detachments', 'totaling', 'troops', 'to', 'recapture', 'forts', 'protect', 'washington', 'and', 'preserve', 'the', 'union', 'which', 'in', 'his', 'view', 'still', 'existed', 'intact', 'despite', 'the', 'actions', 'of', 'the', 'seceding', 'states', 'this', 'call', 'forced', 'the', 'states', 'to', 'choose', 'sides', 'virginia', 'declared', 'its', 'secession', 'and', 'was', 'rewarded', 'with', 'the', 'confederate', 'capital', 'despite', 'the', 'exposed', 'position', 'of', 'richmond', 'so', 'close', 'to', 'union', 'lines', 'north', 'carolina', 'tennessee', 'and', 'arkansas', 'also', 'voted', 'for', 'secession', 'over', 'the', 'next', 'two', 'months', 'secession', 'sentiment', 'was', 'strong', 'in', 'missouri', 'and', 'maryland', 'but', 'did', 'not', 'prevail', 'kentucky', 'tried', 'to', 'be', 'neutral', 'the', 'confederate', 'attack', 'on', 'fort', 'sumter', 'rallied', 'americans', 'north', 'of', 'the', 'mason', 'dixon', 'line', 'to', 'the', 'defense', 'of', 'the', 'american', 'nation', 'historian', 'allan', 'nevins', 'says', 'the', 'thunderclap', 'of', 'sumter', 'produced', 'startling', 'crystallization', 'of', 'northern', 'sentiment', 'anger', 'swept', 'the', 'land', 'from', 'every', 'side', 'came', 'news', 'of', 'mass', 'meetings', 'speeches', 'resolutions', 'tenders', 'of', 'business', 'support', 'the', 'muster', 'of', 'companies', 'and', 'regiments', 'the', 'determined', 'action', 'of', 'governors', 'and', 'legislatures', 'states', 'sent', 'union', 'regiments', 'south', 'in', 'response', 'to', 'lincoln', 'call', 'to', 'save', 'the', 'capital', 'and', 'confront', 'the', 'rebellion', 'on', 'april', 'mobs', 'in', 'baltimore', 'which', 'controlled', 'the', 'rail', 'links', 'attacked', 'union', 'troops', 'who', 'were', 'changing', 'trains', 'and', 'local', 'leaders', 'groups', 'later', 'burned', 'critical', 'rail', 'bridges', 'to', 'the', 'capital', 'the', 'army', 'responded', 'by', 'arresting', 'local', 'maryland', 'officials', 'lincoln', 'suspended', 'the', 'writ', 'of', 'habeas', 'corpus', 'in', 'areas', 'the', 'army', 'felt', 'it', 'needed', 'to', 'secure', 'for', 'troops', 'to', 'reach', 'washington', 'john', 'merryman', 'maryland', 'official', 'involved', 'in', 'hindering', 'the', 'troop', 'movements', 'petitioned', 'supreme', 'court', 'chief', 'justice', 'and', 'marylander', 'roger', 'taney', 'author', 'of', 'the', 'controversial', 'pro', 'slavery', 'dred', 'scott', 'opinion', 'to', 'issue', 'writ', 'of', 'habeas', 'corpus', 'and', 'in', 'june', 'taney', 'acting', 'as', 'circuit', 'judge', 'and', 'not', 'speaking', 'for', 'the', 'supreme', 'court', 'issued', 'the', 'writ', 'because', 'in', 'his', 'opinion', 'only', 'congress', 'could', 'suspend', 'the', 'writ', 'lincoln', 'continued', 'the', 'army', 'policy', 'that', 'the', 'writ', 'was', 'suspended', 'in', 'limited', 'areas', 'despite', 'the', 'ex', 'parte', 'merryman', 'ruling', 'war', 'strategy', 'after', 'the', 'battle', 'of', 'fort', 'sumter', 'lincoln', 'realized', 'the', 'importance', 'of', 'taking', 'immediate', 'executive', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'war', 'and', 'making', 'an', 'overall', 'strategy', 'to', 'put', 'down', 'the', 'rebellion', 'lincoln', 'encountered', 'an', 'unprecedented', 'political', 'and', 'military', 'crisis', 'and', 'he', 'responded', 'as', 'commander', 'in', 'chief', 'using', 'unprecedented', 'powers', 'he', 'expanded', 'his', 'war', 'powers', 'and', 'imposed', 'blockade', 'on', 'all', 'the', 'confederate', 'shipping', 'ports', 'disbursed', 'funds', 'before', 'appropriation', 'by', 'congress', 'and', 'after', 'suspending', 'habeas', 'corpus', 'arrested', 'and', 'imprisoned', 'thousands', 'of', 'suspected', 'confederate', 'sympathizers', 'lincoln', 'was', 'supported', 'by', 'congress', 'and', 'the', 'northern', 'public', 'for', 'these', 'actions', 'in', 'addition', 'lincoln', 'had', 'to', 'contend', 'with', 'reinforcing', 'strong', 'union', 'sympathies', 'in', 'the', 'border', 'slave', 'states', 'and', 'keeping', 'the', 'war', 'from', 'becoming', 'an', 'international', 'conflict', 'running', 'the', 'machine', 'an', 'political', 'cartoon', 'satirizing', 'lincoln', 'administration', 'featuring', 'william', 'fessenden', 'edwin', 'stanton', 'william', 'seward', 'gideon', 'welles', 'lincoln', 'and', 'others', 'the', 'war', 'effort', 'was', 'the', 'source', 'of', 'continued', 'disparagement', 'of', 'lincoln', 'and', 'dominated', 'his', 'time', 'and', 'attention', 'from', 'the', 'start', 'it', 'was', 'clear', 'that', 'bipartisan', 'support', 'would', 'be', 'essential', 'to', 'success', 'in', 'the', 'war', 'effort', 'and', 'any', 'manner', 'of', 'compromise', 'alienated', 'factions', 'on', 'both', 'sides', 'of', 'the', 'aisle', 'such', 'as', 'the', 'appointment', 'of', 'republicans', 'and', 'democrats', 'to', 'command', 'positions', 'in', 'the', 'union', 'army', 'copperheads', 'criticized', 'lincoln', 'for', 'refusing', 'to', 'compromise', 'on', 'the', 'slavery', 'issue', 'conversely', 'the', 'radical', 'republicans', 'criticized', 'him', 'for', 'moving', 'too', 'slowly', 'in', 'abolishing', 'slavery', 'on', 'august', 'lincoln', 'signed', 'the', 'confiscation', 'act', 'that', 'authorized', 'judiciary', 'proceedings', 'to', 'confiscate', 'and', 'free', 'slaves', 'who', 'were', 'used', 'to', 'support', 'the', 'confederate', 'war', 'effort', 'in', 'practice', 'the', 'law', 'had', 'little', 'effect', 'but', 'it', 'did', 'signal', 'political', 'support', 'for', 'abolishing', 'slavery', 'in', 'the', 'confederacy', 'in', 'late', 'august', 'general', 'john', 'frémont', 'the', 'republican', 'presidential', 'nominee', 'issued', 'without', 'consulting', 'his', 'superiors', 'in', 'washington', 'proclamation', 'of', 'martial', 'law', 'in', 'missouri', 'he', 'declared', 'that', 'any', 'citizen', 'found', 'bearing', 'arms', 'could', 'be', 'court', 'martialed', 'and', 'shot', 'and', 'that', 'slaves', 'of', 'persons', 'aiding', 'the', 'rebellion', 'would', 'be', 'freed', 'frémont', 'was', 'already', 'under', 'cloud', 'with', 'charges', 'of', 'negligence', 'in', 'his', 'command', 'of', 'the', 'department', 'of', 'the', 'west', 'compounded', 'with', 'allegations', 'of', 'fraud', 'and', 'corruption', 'lincoln', 'overruled', 'frémont', 'proclamation', 'lincoln', 'believed', 'that', 'fremont', 'emancipation', 'was', 'political', 'neither', 'militarily', 'necessary', 'nor', 'legal', 'after', 'lincoln', 'acted', 'union', 'enlistments', 'from', 'maryland', 'kentucky', 'and', 'missouri', 'increased', 'by', 'over', 'troops', 'lincoln', 'left', 'most', 'diplomatic', 'matters', 'to', 'his', 'secretary', 'of', 'state', 'william', 'seward', 'at', 'times', 'seward', 'was', 'too', 'bellicose', 'so', 'for', 'balance', 'lincoln', 'stuck', 'close', 'working', 'relationship', 'with', 'senator', 'charles', 'sumner', 'the', 'chairman', 'of', 'the', 'senate', 'foreign', 'relations', 'committee', 'the', 'trent', 'affair', 'of', 'late', 'threatened', 'war', 'with', 'great', 'britain', 'the', 'navy', 'had', 'illegally', 'intercepted', 'british', 'mail', 'ship', 'the', 'trent', 'on', 'the', 'high', 'seas', 'and', 'seized', 'two', 'confederate', 'envoys', 'britain', 'protested', 'vehemently', 'while', 'the', 'cheered', 'lincoln', 'ended', 'the', 'crisis', 'by', 'releasing', 'the', 'two', 'diplomats', 'biographer', 'james', 'randall', 'has', 'dissected', 'lincoln', 'successful', 'techniques', 'his', 'restraint', 'his', 'avoidance', 'of', 'any', 'outward', 'expression', 'of', 'truculence', 'his', 'early', 'softening', 'of', 'state', 'department', 'attitude', 'toward', 'britain', 'his', 'deference', 'toward', 'seward', 'and', 'sumner', 'his', 'withholding', 'of', 'his', 'own', 'paper', 'prepared', 'for', 'the', 'occasion', 'his', 'readiness', 'to', 'arbitrate', 'his', 'golden', 'silence', 'in', 'addressing', 'congress', 'his', 'shrewdness', 'in', 'recognizing', 'that', 'war', 'must', 'be', 'averted', 'and', 'his', 'clear', 'perception', 'that', 'point', 'could', 'be', 'clinched', 'for', 'america', 'true', 'position', 'at', 'the', 'same', 'time', 'that', 'full', 'satisfaction', 'was', 'given', 'to', 'friendly', 'country', 'lincoln', 'painstakingly', 'monitored', 'the', 'telegraphic', 'reports', 'coming', 'into', 'the', 'war', 'department', 'headquarters', 'he', 'kept', 'close', 'tabs', 'on', 'all', 'phases', 'of', 'the', 'military', 'effort', 'consulted', 'with', 'governors', 'and', 'selected', 'generals', 'based', 'on', 'their', 'past', 'success', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'their', 'state', 'and', 'party', 'in', 'january', 'after', 'many', 'complaints', 'of', 'inefficiency', 'and', 'profiteering', 'in', 'the', 'war', 'department', 'lincoln', 'replaced', 'simon', 'cameron', 'with', 'edwin', 'stanton', 'as', 'war', 'secretary', 'stanton', 'was', 'staunchly', 'unionist', 'pro', 'business', 'conservative', 'democrat', 'who', 'moved', 'toward', 'the', 'radical', 'republican', 'faction', 'nevertheless', 'he', 'worked', 'more', 'often', 'and', 'more', 'closely', 'with', 'lincoln', 'than', 'any', 'other', 'senior', 'official', 'stanton', 'and', 'lincoln', 'virtually', 'conducted', 'the', 'war', 'together', 'say', 'thomas', 'and', 'hyman', 'in', 'terms', 'of', 'war', 'strategy', 'lincoln', 'articulated', 'two', 'priorities', 'to', 'ensure', 'that', 'washington', 'was', 'well', 'defended', 'and', 'to', 'conduct', 'an', 'aggressive', 'war', 'effort', 'that', 'would', 'satisfy', 'the', 'demand', 'in', 'the', 'north', 'for', 'prompt', 'decisive', 'victory', 'major', 'northern', 'newspaper', 'editors', 'expected', 'victory', 'within', 'days', 'twice', 'week', 'lincoln', 'would', 'meet', 'with', 'his', 'cabinet', 'in', 'the', 'afternoon', 'and', 'occasionally', 'mary', 'lincoln', 'would', 'force', 'him', 'to', 'take', 'carriage', 'ride', 'because', 'she', 'was', 'concerned', 'he', 'was', 'working', 'too', 'hard', 'lincoln', 'learned', 'from', 'reading', 'the', 'theoretical', 'book', 'of', 'his', 'chief', 'of', 'staff', 'general', 'henry', 'halleck', 'disciple', 'of', 'the', 'european', 'strategist', 'jomini', 'he', 'began', 'to', 'appreciate', 'the', 'critical', 'need', 'to', 'control', 'strategic', 'points', 'such', 'as', 'the', 'mississippi', 'river', 'lincoln', 'saw', 'the', 'importance', 'of', 'vicksburg', 'and', 'understood', 'the', 'necessity', 'of', 'defeating', 'the', 'enemy', 'army', 'rather', 'than', 'simply', 'capturing', 'territory', 'general', 'mcclellan', 'after', 'the', 'union', 'defeat', 'at', 'the', 'first', 'battle', 'of', 'bull', 'run', 'and', 'the', 'retirement', 'of', 'the', 'aged', 'winfield', 'scott', 'in', 'late', 'lincoln', 'appointed', 'major', 'general', 'george', 'mcclellan', 'general', 'in', 'chief', 'of', 'all', 'the', 'union', 'armies', 'mcclellan', 'young', 'west', 'point', 'graduate', 'railroad', 'executive', 'and', 'pennsylvania', 'democrat', 'took', 'several', 'months', 'to', 'plan', 'and', 'attempt', 'his', 'peninsula', 'campaign', 'longer', 'than', 'lincoln', 'wanted', 'the', 'campaign', 'objective', 'was', 'to', 'capture', 'richmond', 'by', 'moving', 'the', 'army', 'of', 'the', 'potomac', 'by', 'boat', 'to', 'the', 'peninsula', 'and', 'then', 'overland', 'to', 'the', 'confederate', 'capital', 'mcclellan', 'repeated', 'delays', 'frustrated', 'lincoln', 'and', 'congress', 'as', 'did', 'his', 'position', 'that', 'no', 'troops', 'were', 'needed', 'to', 'defend', 'washington', 'lincoln', 'insisted', 'on', 'holding', 'some', 'of', 'mcclellan', 'troops', 'in', 'defense', 'of', 'the', 'capital', 'mcclellan', 'who', 'consistently', 'overestimated', 'the', 'strength', 'of', 'confederate', 'troops', 'blamed', 'this', 'decision', 'for', 'the', 'ultimate', 'failure', 'of', 'the', 'peninsula', 'campaign', 'george', 'mcclellan', 'after', 'the', 'battle', 'of', 'antietam', 'in', 'lincoln', 'removed', 'mcclellan', 'as', 'general', 'in', 'chief', 'in', 'march', 'after', 'mcclellan', 'harrison', 'landing', 'letter', 'in', 'which', 'he', 'offered', 'unsolicited', 'political', 'advice', 'to', 'lincoln', 'urging', 'caution', 'in', 'the', 'war', 'effort', 'the', 'office', 'remained', 'empty', 'until', 'july', 'when', 'henry', 'halleck', 'was', 'selected', 'for', 'it', 'mcclellan', 'letter', 'incensed', 'radical', 'republicans', 'who', 'successfully', 'pressured', 'lincoln', 'to', 'appoint', 'john', 'pope', 'republican', 'as', 'head', 'of', 'the', 'new', 'army', 'of', 'virginia', 'pope', 'complied', 'with', 'lincoln', 'strategic', 'desire', 'to', 'move', 'toward', 'richmond', 'from', 'the', 'north', 'thus', 'protecting', 'the', 'capital', 'from', 'attack', 'however', 'lacking', 'requested', 'reinforcements', 'from', 'mcclellan', 'now', 'commanding', 'the', 'army', 'of', 'the', 'potomac', 'pope', 'was', 'soundly', 'defeated', 'at', 'the', 'second', 'battle', 'of', 'bull', 'run', 'in', 'the', 'summer', 'of', 'forcing', 'the', 'army', 'of', 'the', 'potomac', 'to', 'defend', 'washington', 'for', 'second', 'time', 'the', 'war', 'also', 'expanded', 'with', 'naval', 'operations', 'in', 'when', 'the', 'css', 'virginia', 'formerly', 'the', 'uss', 'merrimack', 'damaged', 'or', 'destroyed', 'three', 'union', 'vessels', 'in', 'norfolk', 'virginia', 'before', 'being', 'engaged', 'and', 'damaged', 'by', 'the', 'uss', 'monitor', 'lincoln', 'closely', 'reviewed', 'the', 'dispatches', 'and', 'interrogated', 'naval', 'officers', 'during', 'their', 'clash', 'in', 'the', 'battle', 'of', 'hampton', 'roads', 'despite', 'his', 'dissatisfaction', 'with', 'mcclellan', 'failure', 'to', 'reinforce', 'pope', 'lincoln', 'was', 'desperate', 'and', 'restored', 'him', 'to', 'command', 'of', 'all', 'forces', 'around', 'washington', 'to', 'the', 'dismay', 'of', 'all', 'in', 'his', 'cabinet', 'but', 'seward', 'two', 'days', 'after', 'mcclellan', 'return', 'to', 'command', 'general', 'robert', 'lee', 'forces', 'crossed', 'the', 'potomac', 'river', 'into', 'maryland', 'leading', 'to', 'the', 'battle', 'of', 'antietam', 'in', 'september', 'the', 'ensuing', 'union', 'victory', 'was', 'among', 'the', 'bloodiest', 'in', 'american', 'history', 'but', 'it', 'enabled', 'lincoln', 'to', 'announce', 'that', 'he', 'would', 'issue', 'an', 'emancipation', 'proclamation', 'in', 'january', 'having', 'composed', 'the', 'proclamation', 'some', 'time', 'earlier', 'lincoln', 'had', 'waited', 'for', 'military', 'victory', 'to', 'publish', 'it', 'to', 'avoid', 'it', 'being', 'perceived', 'as', 'the', 'product', 'of', 'desperation', 'mcclellan', 'then', 'resisted', 'the', 'president', 'demand', 'that', 'he', 'pursue', 'lee', 'retreating', 'and', 'exposed', 'army', 'while', 'his', 'counterpart', 'general', 'don', 'carlos', 'buell', 'likewise', 'refused', 'orders', 'to', 'move', 'the', 'army', 'of', 'the', 'ohio', 'against', 'rebel', 'forces', 'in', 'eastern', 'tennessee', 'as', 'result', 'lincoln', 'replaced', 'buell', 'with', 'william', 'rosecrans', 'and', 'after', 'the', 'midterm', 'elections', 'he', 'replaced', 'mcclellan', 'with', 'republican', 'ambrose', 'burnside', 'both', 'of', 'these', 'replacements', 'were', 'political', 'moderates', 'and', 'prospectively', 'more', 'supportive', 'of', 'the', 'commander', 'in', 'chief', 'battle', 'of', 'may', 'burnside', 'against', 'the', 'advice', 'of', 'the', 'president', 'prematurely', 'launched', 'an', 'offensive', 'across', 'the', 'rappahannock', 'river', 'and', 'was', 'stunningly', 'defeated', 'by', 'lee', 'at', 'fredericksburg', 'in', 'december', 'not', 'only', 'had', 'burnside', 'been', 'defeated', 'on', 'the', 'battlefield', 'but', 'his', 'soldiers', 'were', 'disgruntled', 'and', 'undisciplined', 'desertions', 'during', 'were', 'in', 'the', 'thousands', 'and', 'they', 'increased', 'after', 'fredericksburg', 'lincoln', 'brought', 'in', 'joseph', 'hooker', 'despite', 'his', 'record', 'of', 'loose', 'talk', 'about', 'the', 'need', 'for', 'military', 'dictatorship', 'the', 'mid', 'term', 'elections', 'in', 'brought', 'the', 'republicans', 'severe', 'losses', 'due', 'to', 'sharp', 'disfavor', 'with', 'the', 'administration', 'over', 'its', 'failure', 'to', 'deliver', 'speedy', 'end', 'to', 'the', 'war', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'rising', 'inflation', 'new', 'high', 'taxes', 'rumors', 'of', 'corruption', 'the', 'suspension', 'of', 'habeas', 'corpus', 'the', 'military', 'draft', 'law', 'and', 'fears', 'that', 'freed', 'slaves', 'would', 'undermine', 'the', 'labor', 'market', 'the', 'emancipation', 'proclamation', 'announced', 'in', 'september', 'gained', 'votes', 'for', 'the', 'republicans', 'in', 'the', 'rural', 'areas', 'of', 'new', 'england', 'and', 'the', 'upper', 'midwest', 'but', 'it', 'lost', 'votes', 'in', 'the', 'cities', 'and', 'the', 'lower', 'midwest', 'while', 'republicans', 'were', 'discouraged', 'democrats', 'were', 'energized', 'and', 'did', 'especially', 'well', 'in', 'pennsylvania', 'ohio', 'indiana', 'and', 'new', 'york', 'the', 'republicans', 'did', 'maintain', 'their', 'majorities', 'in', 'congress', 'and', 'in', 'the', 'major', 'states', 'except', 'new', 'york', 'the', 'cincinnati', 'gazette', 'contended', 'that', 'the', 'voters', 'were', 'depressed', 'by', 'the', 'interminable', 'nature', 'of', 'this', 'war', 'as', 'so', 'far', 'conducted', 'and', 'by', 'the', 'rapid', 'exhaustion', 'of', 'the', 'national', 'resources', 'without', 'progress', 'in', 'the', 'spring', 'of', 'lincoln', 'was', 'optimistic', 'about', 'upcoming', 'military', 'campaigns', 'to', 'the', 'point', 'of', 'thinking', 'the', 'end', 'of', 'the', 'war', 'could', 'be', 'near', 'if', 'string', 'of', 'victories', 'could', 'be', 'put', 'together', 'these', 'plans', 'included', 'hooker', 'attack', 'on', 'lee', 'north', 'of', 'richmond', 'rosecrans', 'on', 'chattanooga', 'grant', 'on', 'vicksburg', 'and', 'naval', 'assault', 'on', 'charleston', 'hooker', 'was', 'routed', 'by', 'lee', 'at', 'the', 'battle', 'of', 'in', 'may', 'but', 'continued', 'to', 'command', 'his', 'troops', 'for', 'some', 'weeks', 'he', 'ignored', 'lincoln', 'order', 'to', 'divide', 'his', 'troops', 'and', 'possibly', 'force', 'lee', 'to', 'do', 'the', 'same', 'in', 'harper', 'ferry', 'and', 'tendered', 'his', 'resignation', 'which', 'lincoln', 'accepted', 'he', 'was', 'replaced', 'by', 'george', 'meade', 'who', 'followed', 'lee', 'into', 'pennsylvania', 'for', 'the', 'gettysburg', 'campaign', 'which', 'was', 'victory', 'for', 'the', 'union', 'though', 'lee', 'army', 'avoided', 'capture', 'at', 'the', 'same', 'time', 'after', 'initial', 'setbacks', 'grant', 'laid', 'siege', 'to', 'vicksburg', 'and', 'the', 'union', 'navy', 'attained', 'some', 'success', 'in', 'charleston', 'harbor', 'after', 'the', 'battle', 'of', 'gettysburg', 'lincoln', 'clearly', 'understood', 'that', 'his', 'military', 'decisions', 'would', 'be', 'more', 'effectively', 'carried', 'out', 'by', 'conveying', 'his', 'orders', 'through', 'his', 'war', 'secretary', 'or', 'his', 'general', 'in', 'chief', 'on', 'to', 'his', 'generals', 'who', 'resented', 'his', 'civilian', 'interference', 'with', 'their', 'own', 'plans', 'even', 'so', 'he', 'often', 'continued', 'to', 'give', 'detailed', 'directions', 'to', 'his', 'generals', 'as', 'commander', 'in', 'chief', 'emancipation', 'proclamation', 'first', 'reading', 'of', 'the', 'emancipation', 'proclamation', 'of', 'president', 'lincoln', 'by', 'francis', 'bicknell', 'carpenter', 'alt', 'dark', 'haired', 'bearded', 'middle', 'aged', 'man', 'holding', 'documents', 'is', 'seated', 'among', 'seven', 'other', 'men', 'lincoln', 'understood', 'that', 'the', 'federal', 'government', 'power', 'to', 'end', 'slavery', 'was', 'limited', 'by', 'the', 'constitution', 'which', 'before', 'committed', 'the', 'issue', 'to', 'individual', 'states', 'he', 'argued', 'before', 'and', 'during', 'his', 'election', 'that', 'the', 'eventual', 'extinction', 'of', 'slavery', 'would', 'result', 'from', 'preventing', 'its', 'expansion', 'into', 'new', 'territory', 'at', 'the', 'beginning', 'of', 'the', 'war', 'he', 'also', 'sought', 'to', 'persuade', 'the', 'states', 'to', 'accept', 'compensated', 'emancipation', 'in', 'return', 'for', 'their', 'prohibition', 'of', 'slavery', 'lincoln', 'believed', 'that', 'curtailing', 'slavery', 'in', 'these', 'ways', 'would', 'economically', 'expunge', 'it', 'as', 'envisioned', 'by', 'the', 'founding', 'fathers', 'under', 'the', 'constitution', 'president', 'lincoln', 'rejected', 'two', 'geographically', 'limited', 'emancipation', 'attempts', 'by', 'major', 'general', 'john', 'frémont', 'in', 'august', 'and', 'by', 'major', 'general', 'david', 'hunter', 'in', 'may', 'on', 'the', 'grounds', 'that', 'it', 'was', 'not', 'within', 'their', 'power', 'and', 'it', 'would', 'upset', 'the', 'border', 'states', 'loyal', 'to', 'the', 'union', 'on', 'june', 'endorsed', 'by', 'lincoln', 'congress', 'passed', 'an', 'act', 'banning', 'slavery', 'on', 'all', 'federal', 'territory', 'in', 'july', 'the', 'confiscation', 'act', 'of', 'was', 'passed', 'which', 'set', 'up', 'court', 'procedures', 'that', 'could', 'free', 'the', 'slaves', 'of', 'anyone', 'convicted', 'of', 'aiding', 'the', 'rebellion', 'although', 'lincoln', 'believed', 'it', 'was', 'not', 'within', 'congress', 'power', 'to', 'free', 'the', 'slaves', 'within', 'the', 'states', 'he', 'approved', 'the', 'bill', 'in', 'deference', 'to', 'the', 'legislature', 'he', 'felt', 'such', 'action', 'could', 'only', 'be', 'taken', 'by', 'the', 'commander', 'in', 'chief', 'using', 'war', 'powers', 'granted', 'to', 'the', 'president', 'by', 'the', 'constitution', 'and', 'lincoln', 'was', 'planning', 'to', 'take', 'that', 'action', 'in', 'that', 'month', 'lincoln', 'discussed', 'draft', 'of', 'the', 'emancipation', 'proclamation', 'with', 'his', 'cabinet', 'in', 'it', 'he', 'stated', 'that', 'as', 'fit', 'and', 'necessary', 'military', 'measure', 'on', 'january', 'all', 'persons', 'held', 'as', 'slaves', 'in', 'the', 'confederate', 'states', 'will', 'thenceforward', 'and', 'forever', 'be', 'free', 'privately', 'lincoln', 'concluded', 'at', 'this', 'point', 'that', 'the', 'slave', 'base', 'of', 'the', 'confederacy', 'had', 'to', 'be', 'eliminated', 'however', 'copperheads', 'argued', 'that', 'emancipation', 'was', 'stumbling', 'block', 'to', 'peace', 'and', 'reunification', 'republican', 'editor', 'horace', 'greeley', 'of', 'the', 'highly', 'influential', 'new', 'york', 'tribune', 'fell', 'for', 'the', 'ploy', 'and', 'lincoln', 'refuted', 'it', 'directly', 'in', 'shrewd', 'letter', 'of', 'august', 'although', 'he', 'said', 'he', 'personally', 'wished', 'all', 'men', 'could', 'be', 'free', 'lincoln', 'stated', 'that', 'the', 'primary', 'goal', 'of', 'his', 'actions', 'as', 'the', 'president', 'he', 'used', 'the', 'first', 'person', 'pronoun', 'and', 'explicitly', 'refers', 'to', 'his', 'official', 'duty', 'was', 'that', 'of', 'preserving', 'the', 'union', 'the', 'emancipation', 'proclamation', 'issued', 'on', 'september', 'and', 'put', 'into', 'effect', 'on', 'january', 'declared', 'free', 'the', 'slaves', 'in', 'states', 'not', 'then', 'under', 'union', 'control', 'with', 'exemptions', 'specified', 'for', 'areas', 'already', 'under', 'union', 'control', 'in', 'two', 'states', 'lincoln', 'spent', 'the', 'next', 'days', 'preparing', 'the', 'army', 'and', 'the', 'nation', 'for', 'emancipation', 'while', 'democrats', 'rallied', 'their', 'voters', 'in', 'the', 'off', 'year', 'elections', 'by', 'warning', 'of', 'the', 'threat', 'freed', 'slaves', 'posed', 'to', 'northern', 'whites', 'once', 'the', 'abolition', 'of', 'slavery', 'in', 'the', 'rebel', 'states', 'became', 'military', 'objective', 'as', 'union', 'armies', 'advanced', 'south', 'more', 'slaves', 'were', 'liberated', 'until', 'all', 'three', 'million', 'of', 'them', 'in', 'confederate', 'territory', 'were', 'freed', 'lincoln', 'comment', 'on', 'the', 'signing', 'of', 'the', 'proclamation', 'was', 'never', 'in', 'my', 'life', 'felt', 'more', 'certain', 'that', 'was', 'doing', 'right', 'than', 'do', 'in', 'signing', 'this', 'paper', 'for', 'some', 'time', 'lincoln', 'continued', 'earlier', 'plans', 'to', 'set', 'up', 'colonies', 'for', 'the', 'newly', 'freed', 'slaves', 'he', 'commented', 'favorably', 'on', 'colonization', 'in', 'the', 'emancipation', 'proclamation', 'but', 'all', 'attempts', 'at', 'such', 'massive', 'undertaking', 'failed', 'few', 'days', 'after', 'emancipation', 'was', 'announced', 'republican', 'governors', 'met', 'at', 'the', 'war', 'governors', 'conference', 'they', 'supported', 'the', 'president', 'proclamation', 'but', 'suggested', 'the', 'removal', 'of', 'general', 'george', 'mcclellan', 'as', 'commander', 'of', 'the', 'union', 'army', 'enlisting', 'former', 'slaves', 'in', 'the', 'military', 'was', 'official', 'government', 'policy', 'after', 'the', 'issuance', 'of', 'the', 'emancipation', 'proclamation', 'by', 'the', 'spring', 'of', 'lincoln', 'was', 'ready', 'to', 'recruit', 'black', 'troops', 'in', 'more', 'than', 'token', 'numbers', 'in', 'letter', 'to', 'andrew', 'johnson', 'the', 'military', 'governor', 'of', 'tennessee', 'encouraging', 'him', 'to', 'lead', 'the', 'way', 'in', 'raising', 'black', 'troops', 'lincoln', 'wrote', 'the', 'bare', 'sight', 'of', 'armed', 'and', 'drilled', 'black', 'soldiers', 'on', 'the', 'banks', 'of', 'the', 'mississippi', 'would', 'end', 'the', 'rebellion', 'at', 'once', 'by', 'the', 'end', 'of', 'at', 'lincoln', 'direction', 'general', 'lorenzo', 'thomas', 'had', 'recruited', 'regiments', 'of', 'blacks', 'from', 'the', 'mississippi', 'valley', 'frederick', 'douglass', 'once', 'observed', 'of', 'lincoln', 'in', 'his', 'company', 'was', 'never', 'reminded', 'of', 'my', 'humble', 'origin', 'or', 'of', 'my', 'unpopular', 'color', 'gettysburg', 'address', 'the', 'speech', 'with', 'the', 'great', 'union', 'victory', 'at', 'the', 'battle', 'of', 'gettysburg', 'in', 'july', 'and', 'the', 'defeat', 'of', 'the', 'copperheads', 'in', 'the', 'ohio', 'election', 'in', 'the', 'fall', 'lincoln', 'maintained', 'strong', 'base', 'of', 'party', 'support', 'and', 'was', 'in', 'strong', 'position', 'to', 'redefine', 'the', 'war', 'effort', 'despite', 'the', 'new', 'york', 'city', 'draft', 'riots', 'the', 'stage', 'was', 'set', 'for', 'his', 'address', 'at', 'the', 'gettysburg', 'battlefield', 'cemetery', 'on', 'november', 'defying', 'lincoln', 'prediction', 'that', 'the', 'world', 'will', 'little', 'note', 'nor', 'long', 'remember', 'what', 'we', 'say', 'here', 'the', 'address', 'became', 'the', 'most', 'quoted', 'speech', 'in', 'american', 'history', 'in', 'words', 'and', 'three', 'minutes', 'lincoln', 'asserted', 'the', 'nation', 'was', 'born', 'not', 'in', 'but', 'in', 'conceived', 'in', 'liberty', 'and', 'dedicated', 'to', 'the', 'proposition', 'that', 'all', 'men', 'are', 'created', 'equal', 'he', 'defined', 'the', 'war', 'as', 'an', 'effort', 'dedicated', 'to', 'these', 'principles', 'of', 'liberty', 'and', 'equality', 'for', 'all', 'the', 'emancipation', 'of', 'slaves', 'was', 'now', 'part', 'of', 'the', 'national', 'war', 'effort', 'he', 'declared', 'that', 'the', 'deaths', 'of', 'so', 'many', 'brave', 'soldiers', 'would', 'not', 'be', 'in', 'vain', 'that', 'slavery', 'would', 'end', 'as', 'result', 'of', 'the', 'losses', 'and', 'the', 'future', 'of', 'democracy', 'in', 'the', 'world', 'would', 'be', 'assured', 'that', 'government', 'of', 'the', 'people', 'by', 'the', 'people', 'for', 'the', 'people', 'shall', 'not', 'perish', 'from', 'the', 'earth', 'lincoln', 'concluded', 'that', 'the', 'civil', 'war', 'had', 'profound', 'objective', 'new', 'birth', 'of', 'freedom', 'in', 'the', 'nation', 'general', 'grant', 'sherman', 'and', 'grant', 'and', 'admiral', 'porter', 'in', 'the', 'peacemakers', 'painting', 'of', 'events', 'aboard', 'the', 'river', 'queen', 'in', 'march', 'meade', 'failure', 'to', 'capture', 'lee', 'army', 'as', 'it', 'retreated', 'from', 'gettysburg', 'and', 'the', 'continued', 'passivity', 'of', 'the', 'army', 'of', 'the', 'potomac', 'persuaded', 'lincoln', 'that', 'change', 'in', 'command', 'was', 'needed', 'general', 'ulysses', 'grant', 'victories', 'at', 'the', 'battle', 'of', 'shiloh', 'and', 'in', 'the', 'vicksburg', 'campaign', 'impressed', 'lincoln', 'and', 'made', 'grant', 'strong', 'candidate', 'to', 'head', 'the', 'union', 'army', 'responding', 'to', 'criticism', 'of', 'grant', 'after', 'shiloh', 'lincoln', 'had', 'said', 'can', 'spare', 'this', 'man', 'he', 'fights', 'with', 'grant', 'in', 'command', 'lincoln', 'felt', 'the', 'union', 'army', 'could', 'relentlessly', 'pursue', 'series', 'of', 'coordinated', 'offensives', 'in', 'multiple', 'theaters', 'and', 'have', 'top', 'commander', 'who', 'agreed', 'on', 'the', 'use', 'of', 'black', 'troops', 'nevertheless', 'lincoln', 'was', 'concerned', 'that', 'grant', 'might', 'be', 'considering', 'candidacy', 'for', 'president', 'in', 'as', 'mcclellan', 'was', 'lincoln', 'arranged', 'for', 'an', 'intermediary', 'to', 'make', 'inquiry', 'into', 'grant', 'political', 'intentions', 'and', 'being', 'assured', 'that', 'he', 'had', 'none', 'submitted', 'to', 'the', 'senate', 'grant', 'promotion', 'to', 'commander', 'of', 'the', 'union', 'army', 'he', 'obtained', 'congress', 'consent', 'to', 'reinstate', 'for', 'grant', 'the', 'rank', 'of', 'lieutenant', 'general', 'which', 'no', 'officer', 'had', 'held', 'since', 'george', 'washington', 'grant', 'waged', 'his', 'bloody', 'overland', 'campaign', 'in', 'this', 'is', 'often', 'characterized', 'as', 'war', 'of', 'attrition', 'given', 'high', 'union', 'losses', 'at', 'battles', 'such', 'as', 'the', 'battle', 'of', 'the', 'wilderness', 'and', 'cold', 'harbor', 'even', 'though', 'they', 'had', 'the', 'advantage', 'of', 'fighting', 'on', 'the', 'defensive', 'the', 'confederate', 'forces', 'had', 'almost', 'as', 'high', 'percentage', 'of', 'casualties', 'as', 'the', 'union', 'forces', 'the', 'high', 'casualty', 'figures', 'of', 'the', 'union', 'alarmed', 'the', 'north', 'grant', 'had', 'lost', 'third', 'of', 'his', 'army', 'and', 'lincoln', 'asked', 'what', 'grant', 'plans', 'were', 'to', 'which', 'the', 'general', 'replied', 'propose', 'to', 'fight', 'it', 'out', 'on', 'this', 'line', 'if', 'it', 'takes', 'all', 'summer', 'the', 'confederacy', 'lacked', 'reinforcements', 'so', 'lee', 'army', 'shrank', 'with', 'every', 'costly', 'battle', 'grant', 'army', 'moved', 'south', 'crossed', 'the', 'james', 'river', 'forcing', 'siege', 'and', 'trench', 'warfare', 'outside', 'petersburg', 'virginia', 'lincoln', 'then', 'made', 'an', 'extended', 'visit', 'to', 'grant', 'headquarters', 'at', 'city', 'point', 'virginia', 'this', 'allowed', 'the', 'president', 'to', 'confer', 'in', 'person', 'with', 'grant', 'and', 'william', 'tecumseh', 'sherman', 'about', 'the', 'hostilities', 'as', 'sherman', 'coincidentally', 'managed', 'hasty', 'visit', 'to', 'grant', 'from', 'his', 'position', 'in', 'north', 'carolina', 'lincoln', 'and', 'the', 'republican', 'party', 'mobilized', 'support', 'for', 'the', 'draft', 'throughout', 'the', 'north', 'and', 'replaced', 'the', 'union', 'losses', 'lincoln', 'authorized', 'grant', 'to', 'target', 'the', 'confederate', 'infrastructure', 'such', 'as', 'plantations', 'railroads', 'and', 'bridges', 'hoping', 'to', 'destroy', 'the', 'south', 'morale', 'and', 'weaken', 'its', 'economic', 'ability', 'to', 'continue', 'fighting', 'grant', 'move', 'to', 'petersburg', 'resulted', 'in', 'the', 'obstruction', 'of', 'three', 'railroads', 'between', 'richmond', 'and', 'the', 'south', 'this', 'strategy', 'allowed', 'generals', 'sherman', 'and', 'philip', 'sheridan', 'to', 'destroy', 'plantations', 'and', 'towns', 'in', 'virginia', 'shenandoah', 'valley', 'the', 'damage', 'caused', 'by', 'sherman', 'march', 'to', 'the', 'sea', 'through', 'georgia', 'in', 'was', 'limited', 'to', 'swath', 'but', 'neither', 'lincoln', 'nor', 'his', 'commanders', 'saw', 'destruction', 'as', 'the', 'main', 'goal', 'but', 'rather', 'defeat', 'of', 'the', 'confederate', 'armies', 'mark', 'neely', 'jr', 'has', 'argued', 'that', 'there', 'was', 'no', 'effort', 'to', 'engage', 'in', 'total', 'war', 'against', 'civilians', 'which', 'he', 'believed', 'did', 'take', 'place', 'during', 'world', 'war', 'ii', 'confederate', 'general', 'jubal', 'early', 'began', 'series', 'of', 'assaults', 'in', 'the', 'north', 'that', 'threatened', 'the', 'capital', 'during', 'early', 'raid', 'on', 'washington', 'in', 'lincoln', 'was', 'watching', 'the', 'combat', 'from', 'an', 'exposed', 'position', 'captain', 'oliver', 'wendell', 'holmes', 'shouted', 'at', 'him', 'get', 'down', 'you', 'damn', 'fool', 'before', 'you', 'get', 'shot', 'after', 'repeated', 'calls', 'on', 'grant', 'to', 'defend', 'washington', 'sheridan', 'was', 'appointed', 'and', 'the', 'threat', 'from', 'early', 'was', 'dispatched', 'as', 'grant', 'continued', 'to', 'wear', 'down', 'lee', 'forces', 'efforts', 'to', 'discuss', 'peace', 'began', 'confederate', 'vice', 'president', 'stephens', 'led', 'group', 'to', 'meet', 'with', 'lincoln', 'seward', 'and', 'others', 'at', 'hampton', 'roads', 'lincoln', 'refused', 'to', 'allow', 'any', 'negotiation', 'with', 'the', 'confederacy', 'as', 'coequal', 'his', 'sole', 'objective', 'was', 'an', 'agreement', 'to', 'end', 'the', 'fighting', 'and', 'the', 'meetings', 'produced', 'no', 'results', 'on', 'april', 'grant', 'successfully', 'outflanked', 'lee', 'forces', 'in', 'the', 'battle', 'of', 'five', 'forks', 'and', 'nearly', 'encircled', 'petersburg', 'and', 'the', 'confederate', 'government', 'evacuated', 'richmond', 'days', 'later', 'when', 'that', 'city', 'fell', 'lincoln', 'visited', 'the', 'vanquished', 'confederate', 'capital', 'as', 'he', 'walked', 'through', 'the', 'city', 'white', 'southerners', 'were', 'stone', 'faced', 'but', 'freedmen', 'greeted', 'him', 'as', 'hero', 'on', 'april', 'lee', 'surrendered', 'to', 'grant', 'at', 'appomattox', 'and', 'the', 'war', 'was', 'effectively', 'over', 're', 'election', 'while', 'the', 'war', 'was', 'still', 'being', 'waged', 'lincoln', 'faced', 'reelection', 'in', 'lincoln', 'was', 'master', 'politician', 'bringing', 'together', 'and', 'holding', 'together', 'all', 'the', 'main', 'factions', 'of', 'the', 'republican', 'party', 'and', 'bringing', 'in', 'war', 'democrats', 'such', 'as', 'edwin', 'stanton', 'and', 'andrew', 'johnson', 'as', 'well', 'lincoln', 'spent', 'many', 'hours', 'week', 'talking', 'to', 'politicians', 'from', 'across', 'the', 'land', 'and', 'using', 'his', 'patronage', 'powers', 'greatly', 'expanded', 'over', 'peacetime', 'to', 'hold', 'the', 'factions', 'of', 'his', 'party', 'together', 'build', 'support', 'for', 'his', 'own', 'policies', 'and', 'fend', 'off', 'efforts', 'by', 'radicals', 'to', 'drop', 'him', 'from', 'the', 'ticket', 'at', 'its', 'convention', 'the', 'republican', 'party', 'selected', 'johnson', 'war', 'democrat', 'from', 'the', 'southern', 'state', 'of', 'tennessee', 'as', 'his', 'running', 'mate', 'to', 'broaden', 'his', 'coalition', 'to', 'include', 'war', 'democrats', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'republicans', 'lincoln', 'ran', 'under', 'the', 'label', 'of', 'the', 'new', 'union', 'party', 'when', 'grant', 'spring', 'campaigns', 'turned', 'into', 'bloody', 'stalemates', 'and', 'union', 'casualties', 'mounted', 'the', 'lack', 'of', 'military', 'success', 'wore', 'heavily', 'on', 'the', 'president', 're', 'election', 'prospects', 'and', 'many', 'republicans', 'across', 'the', 'country', 'feared', 'that', 'lincoln', 'would', 'be', 'defeated', 'sharing', 'this', 'fear', 'lincoln', 'wrote', 'and', 'signed', 'pledge', 'that', 'if', 'he', 'should', 'lose', 'the', 'election', 'he', 'would', 'still', 'defeat', 'the', 'confederacy', 'before', 'turning', 'over', 'the', 'white', 'house', 'lincoln', 'did', 'not', 'show', 'the', 'pledge', 'to', 'his', 'cabinet', 'but', 'asked', 'them', 'to', 'sign', 'the', 'sealed', 'envelope', 'while', 'the', 'democratic', 'platform', 'followed', 'the', 'peace', 'wing', 'of', 'the', 'party', 'and', 'called', 'the', 'war', 'failure', 'their', 'candidate', 'general', 'george', 'mcclellan', 'supported', 'the', 'war', 'and', 'repudiated', 'the', 'platform', 'lincoln', 'provided', 'grant', 'with', 'more', 'troops', 'and', 'mobilized', 'his', 'party', 'to', 'renew', 'its', 'support', 'of', 'grant', 'in', 'the', 'war', 'effort', 'sherman', 'capture', 'of', 'atlanta', 'in', 'september', 'and', 'david', 'farragut', 'capture', 'of', 'mobile', 'ended', 'defeatist', 'jitters', 'the', 'democratic', 'party', 'was', 'deeply', 'split', 'with', 'some', 'leaders', 'and', 'most', 'soldiers', 'openly', 'for', 'lincoln', 'by', 'contrast', 'the', 'national', 'union', 'party', 'was', 'united', 'and', 'energized', 'as', 'lincoln', 'made', 'emancipation', 'the', 'central', 'issue', 'and', 'state', 'republican', 'parties', 'stressed', 'the', 'perfidy', 'of', 'the', 'copperheads', 'on', 'november', 'lincoln', 'was', 're', 'elected', 'in', 'landslide', 'carrying', 'all', 'but', 'three', 'states', 'and', 'receiving', 'percent', 'of', 'the', 'union', 'soldiers', 'vote', 'on', 'march', 'lincoln', 'delivered', 'his', 'second', 'inaugural', 'address', 'in', 'it', 'he', 'deemed', 'the', 'high', 'casualties', 'on', 'both', 'sides', 'to', 'be', 'god', 'will', 'historian', 'mark', 'noll', 'concludes', 'it', 'ranks', 'among', 'the', 'small', 'handful', 'of', 'semi', 'sacred', 'texts', 'by', 'which', 'americans', 'conceive', 'their', 'place', 'in', 'the', 'world', 'lincoln', 'said', 'reconstruction', 'reconstruction', 'began', 'during', 'the', 'war', 'as', 'lincoln', 'and', 'his', 'associates', 'anticipated', 'questions', 'of', 'how', 'to', 'reintegrate', 'the', 'conquered', 'southern', 'states', 'and', 'how', 'to', 'determine', 'the', 'fates', 'of', 'confederate', 'leaders', 'and', 'freed', 'slaves', 'shortly', 'after', 'lee', 'surrender', 'general', 'had', 'asked', 'lincoln', 'how', 'the', 'defeated', 'confederates', 'should', 'be', 'treated', 'and', 'lincoln', 'replied', 'let', 'em', 'up', 'easy', 'in', 'keeping', 'with', 'that', 'sentiment', 'lincoln', 'led', 'the', 'moderates', 'regarding', 'reconstruction', 'policy', 'and', 'was', 'opposed', 'by', 'the', 'radical', 'republicans', 'under', 'rep', 'thaddeus', 'stevens', 'sen', 'charles', 'sumner', 'and', 'sen', 'benjamin', 'wade', 'political', 'allies', 'of', 'the', 'president', 'on', 'other', 'issues', 'determined', 'to', 'find', 'course', 'that', 'would', 'reunite', 'the', 'nation', 'and', 'not', 'alienate', 'the', 'south', 'lincoln', 'urged', 'that', 'speedy', 'elections', 'under', 'generous', 'terms', 'be', 'held', 'throughout', 'the', 'war', 'his', 'amnesty', 'proclamation', 'of', 'december', 'offered', 'pardons', 'to', 'those', 'who', 'had', 'not', 'held', 'confederate', 'civil', 'office', 'had', 'not', 'mistreated', 'union', 'prisoners', 'and', 'would', 'sign', 'an', 'oath', 'of', 'allegiance', 'political', 'cartoon', 'of', 'vice', 'president', 'andrew', 'johnson', 'former', 'tailor', 'and', 'lincoln', 'entitled', 'the', 'rail', 'splitter', 'at', 'work', 'repairing', 'the', 'union', 'the', 'caption', 'reads', 'johnson', 'take', 'it', 'quietly', 'uncle', 'abe', 'and', 'will', 'draw', 'it', 'closer', 'than', 'ever', 'lincoln', 'few', 'more', 'stitches', 'andy', 'and', 'the', 'good', 'old', 'union', 'will', 'be', 'mended', 'as', 'southern', 'states', 'were', 'subdued', 'critical', 'decisions', 'had', 'to', 'be', 'made', 'as', 'to', 'their', 'leadership', 'while', 'their', 'administrations', 'were', 're', 'formed', 'of', 'special', 'importance', 'were', 'tennessee', 'and', 'arkansas', 'where', 'lincoln', 'appointed', 'generals', 'andrew', 'johnson', 'and', 'frederick', 'steele', 'as', 'military', 'governors', 'respectively', 'in', 'louisiana', 'lincoln', 'ordered', 'general', 'nathaniel', 'banks', 'to', 'promote', 'plan', 'that', 'would', 'restore', 'statehood', 'when', 'percent', 'of', 'the', 'voters', 'agreed', 'to', 'it', 'lincoln', 'democratic', 'opponents', 'seized', 'on', 'these', 'appointments', 'to', 'accuse', 'him', 'of', 'using', 'the', 'military', 'to', 'ensure', 'his', 'and', 'the', 'republicans', 'political', 'aspirations', 'on', 'the', 'other', 'hand', 'the', 'radicals', 'denounced', 'his', 'policy', 'as', 'too', 'lenient', 'and', 'passed', 'their', 'own', 'plan', 'the', 'wade', 'davis', 'bill', 'in', 'when', 'lincoln', 'vetoed', 'the', 'bill', 'the', 'radicals', 'retaliated', 'by', 'refusing', 'to', 'seat', 'representatives', 'elected', 'from', 'louisiana', 'arkansas', 'and', 'tennessee', 'lincoln', 'appointments', 'were', 'designed', 'to', 'keep', 'both', 'the', 'moderate', 'and', 'radical', 'factions', 'in', 'harness', 'to', 'fill', 'chief', 'justice', 'taney', 'seat', 'on', 'the', 'supreme', 'court', 'he', 'named', 'the', 'choice', 'of', 'the', 'radicals', 'salmon', 'chase', 'who', 'lincoln', 'believed', 'would', 'uphold', 'the', 'emancipation', 'and', 'paper', 'money', 'policies', 'after', 'implementing', 'the', 'emancipation', 'proclamation', 'which', 'did', 'not', 'apply', 'to', 'every', 'state', 'lincoln', 'increased', 'pressure', 'on', 'congress', 'to', 'outlaw', 'slavery', 'throughout', 'the', 'entire', 'nation', 'with', 'constitutional', 'amendment', 'lincoln', 'declared', 'that', 'such', 'an', 'amendment', 'would', 'clinch', 'the', 'whole', 'matter', 'by', 'december', 'proposed', 'constitutional', 'amendment', 'that', 'would', 'outlaw', 'slavery', 'was', 'brought', 'to', 'congress', 'for', 'passage', 'this', 'first', 'attempt', 'at', 'an', 'amendment', 'failed', 'to', 'pass', 'falling', 'short', 'of', 'the', 'required', 'two', 'thirds', 'majority', 'on', 'june', 'in', 'the', 'house', 'of', 'representatives', 'passage', 'of', 'the', 'proposed', 'amendment', 'became', 'part', 'of', 'the', 'republican', 'unionist', 'platform', 'in', 'the', 'election', 'of', 'after', 'long', 'debate', 'in', 'the', 'house', 'second', 'attempt', 'passed', 'congress', 'on', 'january', 'and', 'was', 'sent', 'to', 'the', 'state', 'legislatures', 'for', 'ratification', 'upon', 'ratification', 'it', 'became', 'the', 'thirteenth', 'amendment', 'to', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'constitution', 'on', 'december', 'as', 'the', 'war', 'drew', 'to', 'close', 'lincoln', 'presidential', 'reconstruction', 'for', 'the', 'south', 'was', 'in', 'flux', 'having', 'believed', 'the', 'federal', 'government', 'had', 'limited', 'responsibility', 'to', 'the', 'millions', 'of', 'freedmen', 'he', 'signed', 'into', 'law', 'senator', 'charles', 'sumner', 'freedmen', 'bureau', 'bill', 'that', 'set', 'up', 'temporary', 'federal', 'agency', 'designed', 'to', 'meet', 'the', 'immediate', 'material', 'needs', 'of', 'former', 'slaves', 'the', 'law', 'assigned', 'land', 'for', 'lease', 'of', 'three', 'years', 'with', 'the', 'ability', 'to', 'purchase', 'title', 'for', 'the', 'freedmen', 'lincoln', 'stated', 'that', 'his', 'louisiana', 'plan', 'did', 'not', 'apply', 'to', 'all', 'states', 'under', 'reconstruction', 'shortly', 'before', 'his', 'assassination', 'lincoln', 'announced', 'he', 'had', 'new', 'plan', 'for', 'southern', 'reconstruction', 'discussions', 'with', 'his', 'cabinet', 'revealed', 'lincoln', 'planned', 'short', 'term', 'military', 'control', 'over', 'southern', 'states', 'until', 'readmission', 'under', 'the', 'control', 'of', 'southern', 'unionists', 'historians', 'agree', 'that', 'it', 'is', 'impossible', 'to', 'predict', 'exactly', 'what', 'lincoln', 'would', 'have', 'done', 'about', 'reconstruction', 'if', 'he', 'had', 'lived', 'but', 'they', 'make', 'projections', 'based', 'on', 'his', 'known', 'policy', 'positions', 'and', 'political', 'acumen', 'lincoln', 'biographers', 'james', 'randall', 'and', 'richard', 'current', 'according', 'to', 'david', 'lincove', 'argue', 'that', 'it', 'is', 'likely', 'that', 'had', 'he', 'lived', 'lincoln', 'would', 'have', 'followed', 'policy', 'similar', 'to', 'johnson', 'that', 'he', 'would', 'have', 'clashed', 'with', 'congressional', 'radicals', 'that', 'he', 'would', 'have', 'produced', 'better', 'result', 'for', 'the', 'freedmen', 'than', 'occurred', 'and', 'that', 'his', 'political', 'skills', 'would', 'have', 'helped', 'him', 'avoid', 'johnson', 'mistakes', 'eric', 'foner', 'argues', 'that', 'unlike', 'sumner', 'and', 'other', 'radicals', 'lincoln', 'did', 'not', 'see', 'reconstruction', 'as', 'an', 'opportunity', 'for', 'sweeping', 'political', 'and', 'social', 'revolution', 'beyond', 'emancipation', 'he', 'had', 'long', 'made', 'clear', 'his', 'opposition', 'to', 'the', 'confiscation', 'and', 'redistribution', 'of', 'land', 'he', 'believed', 'as', 'most', 'republicans', 'did', 'in', 'april', 'that', 'the', 'voting', 'requirements', 'should', 'be', 'determined', 'by', 'the', 'states', 'he', 'assumed', 'that', 'political', 'control', 'in', 'the', 'south', 'would', 'pass', 'to', 'white', 'unionists', 'reluctant', 'secessionists', 'and', 'forward', 'looking', 'former', 'confederates', 'but', 'time', 'and', 'again', 'during', 'the', 'war', 'lincoln', 'after', 'initial', 'opposition', 'had', 'come', 'to', 'embrace', 'positions', 'first', 'advanced', 'by', 'abolitionists', 'and', 'radical', 'republicans', 'lincoln', 'undoubtedly', 'would', 'have', 'listened', 'carefully', 'to', 'the', 'outcry', 'for', 'further', 'protection', 'for', 'the', 'former', 'slaves', 'it', 'is', 'entirely', 'plausible', 'to', 'imagine', 'lincoln', 'and', 'congress', 'agreeing', 'on', 'reconstruction', 'policy', 'that', 'encompassed', 'federal', 'protection', 'for', 'basic', 'civil', 'rights', 'plus', 'limited', 'black', 'suffrage', 'along', 'the', 'lines', 'lincoln', 'proposed', 'just', 'before', 'his', 'death', 'redefining', 'the', 'republic', 'and', 'republicanism', 'lincoln', 'in', 'february', 'about', 'two', 'months', 'before', 'his', 'death', 'the', 'successful', 'reunification', 'of', 'the', 'states', 'had', 'consequences', 'for', 'the', 'name', 'of', 'the', 'country', 'the', 'term', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'has', 'historically', 'been', 'used', 'sometimes', 'in', 'the', 'plural', 'these', 'united', 'states', 'and', 'other', 'times', 'in', 'the', 'singular', 'without', 'any', 'particular', 'grammatical', 'consistency', 'the', 'civil', 'war', 'was', 'significant', 'force', 'in', 'the', 'eventual', 'dominance', 'of', 'the', 'singular', 'usage', 'by', 'the', 'end', 'of', 'the', 'th', 'century', 'in', 'recent', 'years', 'historians', 'such', 'as', 'harry', 'jaffa', 'herman', 'belz', 'john', 'diggins', 'vernon', 'burton', 'and', 'eric', 'foner', 'have', 'stressed', 'lincoln', 'redefinition', 'of', 'republican', 'values', 'as', 'early', 'as', 'the', 'time', 'when', 'most', 'political', 'rhetoric', 'focused', 'on', 'the', 'sanctity', 'of', 'the', 'constitution', 'lincoln', 'redirected', 'emphasis', 'to', 'the', 'declaration', 'of', 'independence', 'as', 'the', 'foundation', 'of', 'american', 'political', 'values', 'what', 'he', 'called', 'the', 'sheet', 'anchor', 'of', 'republicanism', 'the', 'declaration', 'emphasis', 'on', 'freedom', 'and', 'equality', 'for', 'all', 'in', 'contrast', 'to', 'the', 'constitution', 'tolerance', 'of', 'slavery', 'shifted', 'the', 'debate', 'as', 'diggins', 'concludes', 'regarding', 'the', 'highly', 'influential', 'cooper', 'union', 'speech', 'of', 'early', 'lincoln', 'presented', 'americans', 'theory', 'of', 'history', 'that', 'offers', 'profound', 'contribution', 'to', 'the', 'theory', 'and', 'destiny', 'of', 'republicanism', 'itself', 'his', 'position', 'gained', 'strength', 'because', 'he', 'highlighted', 'the', 'moral', 'basis', 'of', 'republicanism', 'rather', 'than', 'its', 'legalisms', 'nevertheless', 'in', 'lincoln', 'justified', 'the', 'war', 'in', 'terms', 'of', 'legalisms', 'the', 'constitution', 'was', 'contract', 'and', 'for', 'one', 'party', 'to', 'get', 'out', 'of', 'contract', 'all', 'the', 'other', 'parties', 'had', 'to', 'agree', 'and', 'then', 'in', 'terms', 'of', 'the', 'national', 'duty', 'to', 'guarantee', 'republican', 'form', 'of', 'government', 'in', 'every', 'state', 'burton', 'argues', 'that', 'lincoln', 'republicanism', 'was', 'taken', 'up', 'by', 'the', 'freedmen', 'as', 'they', 'were', 'emancipated', 'in', 'march', 'in', 'lincoln', 'first', 'inaugural', 'address', 'he', 'explored', 'the', 'nature', 'of', 'democracy', 'he', 'denounced', 'secession', 'as', 'anarchy', 'and', 'explained', 'that', 'majority', 'rule', 'had', 'to', 'be', 'balanced', 'by', 'constitutional', 'restraints', 'in', 'the', 'american', 'system', 'he', 'said', 'majority', 'held', 'in', 'restraint', 'by', 'constitutional', 'checks', 'and', 'limitations', 'and', 'always', 'changing', 'easily', 'with', 'deliberate', 'changes', 'of', 'popular', 'opinions', 'and', 'sentiments', 'is', 'the', 'only', 'true', 'sovereign', 'of', 'free', 'people', 'other', 'enactments', 'lincoln', 'adhered', 'to', 'the', 'whig', 'theory', 'of', 'the', 'presidency', 'which', 'gave', 'congress', 'primary', 'responsibility', 'for', 'writing', 'the', 'laws', 'while', 'the', 'executive', 'enforced', 'them', 'lincoln', 'vetoed', 'only', 'four', 'bills', 'passed', 'by', 'congress', 'the', 'only', 'important', 'one', 'was', 'the', 'wade', 'davis', 'bill', 'with', 'its', 'harsh', 'program', 'of', 'reconstruction', 'he', 'signed', 'the', 'homestead', 'act', 'in', 'making', 'millions', 'of', 'acres', 'of', 'government', 'held', 'land', 'in', 'the', 'west', 'available', 'for', 'purchase', 'at', 'very', 'low', 'cost', 'the', 'morrill', 'land', 'grant', 'colleges', 'act', 'also', 'signed', 'in', 'provided', 'government', 'grants', 'for', 'agricultural', 'colleges', 'in', 'each', 'state', 'the', 'pacific', 'railway', 'acts', 'of', 'and', 'granted', 'federal', 'support', 'for', 'the', 'construction', 'of', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'first', 'railroad', 'which', 'was', 'completed', 'in', 'the', 'passage', 'of', 'the', 'homestead', 'act', 'and', 'the', 'pacific', 'railway', 'acts', 'was', 'made', 'possible', 'by', 'the', 'absence', 'of', 'southern', 'congressmen', 'and', 'senators', 'who', 'had', 'opposed', 'the', 'measures', 'in', 'the', 'other', 'important', 'legislation', 'involved', 'two', 'measures', 'to', 'raise', 'revenues', 'for', 'the', 'federal', 'government', 'tariffs', 'policy', 'with', 'long', 'precedent', 'and', 'new', 'federal', 'income', 'tax', 'in', 'lincoln', 'signed', 'the', 'second', 'and', 'third', 'morrill', 'tariff', 'the', 'first', 'having', 'become', 'law', 'under', 'james', 'buchanan', 'also', 'in', 'lincoln', 'signed', 'the', 'revenue', 'act', 'of', 'creating', 'the', 'first', 'income', 'tax', 'this', 'created', 'flat', 'tax', 'of', 'percent', 'on', 'incomes', 'above', 'in', 'current', 'dollar', 'terms', 'which', 'was', 'later', 'changed', 'by', 'the', 'revenue', 'act', 'of', 'to', 'progressive', 'rate', 'structure', 'lincoln', 'also', 'presided', 'over', 'the', 'expansion', 'of', 'the', 'federal', 'government', 'economic', 'influence', 'in', 'several', 'other', 'areas', 'the', 'creation', 'of', 'the', 'system', 'of', 'national', 'banks', 'by', 'the', 'national', 'banking', 'act', 'provided', 'strong', 'financial', 'network', 'in', 'the', 'country', 'it', 'also', 'established', 'national', 'currency', 'in', 'congress', 'created', 'with', 'lincoln', 'approval', 'the', 'department', 'of', 'agriculture', 'in', 'lincoln', 'sent', 'senior', 'general', 'john', 'pope', 'to', 'put', 'down', 'the', 'sioux', 'uprising', 'in', 'minnesota', 'presented', 'with', 'execution', 'warrants', 'for', 'convicted', 'santee', 'dakota', 'who', 'were', 'accused', 'of', 'killing', 'innocent', 'farmers', 'lincoln', 'conducted', 'his', 'own', 'personal', 'review', 'of', 'each', 'of', 'these', 'warrants', 'eventually', 'approving', 'for', 'execution', 'one', 'was', 'later', 'reprieved', 'president', 'lincoln', 'had', 'planned', 'to', 'reform', 'federal', 'indian', 'policy', 'in', 'the', 'wake', 'of', 'grant', 'casualties', 'in', 'his', 'campaign', 'against', 'lee', 'lincoln', 'had', 'considered', 'yet', 'another', 'executive', 'call', 'for', 'military', 'draft', 'but', 'it', 'was', 'never', 'issued', 'in', 'response', 'to', 'rumors', 'of', 'one', 'however', 'the', 'editors', 'of', 'the', 'new', 'york', 'world', 'and', 'the', 'journal', 'of', 'commerce', 'published', 'false', 'draft', 'proclamation', 'which', 'created', 'an', 'opportunity', 'for', 'the', 'editors', 'and', 'others', 'employed', 'at', 'the', 'publications', 'to', 'corner', 'the', 'gold', 'market', 'lincoln', 'reaction', 'was', 'to', 'send', 'the', 'strongest', 'of', 'messages', 'to', 'the', 'media', 'about', 'such', 'behavior', 'he', 'ordered', 'the', 'military', 'to', 'seize', 'the', 'two', 'papers', 'the', 'seizure', 'lasted', 'for', 'two', 'days', 'lincoln', 'is', 'largely', 'responsible', 'for', 'the', 'institution', 'of', 'the', 'thanksgiving', 'holiday', 'in', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'before', 'lincoln', 'presidency', 'thanksgiving', 'while', 'regional', 'holiday', 'in', 'new', 'england', 'since', 'the', 'th', 'century', 'had', 'been', 'proclaimed', 'by', 'the', 'federal', 'government', 'only', 'sporadically', 'and', 'on', 'irregular', 'dates', 'the', 'last', 'such', 'proclamation', 'had', 'been', 'during', 'james', 'madison', 'presidency', 'years', 'before', 'in', 'lincoln', 'declared', 'the', 'final', 'thursday', 'in', 'november', 'of', 'that', 'year', 'to', 'be', 'day', 'of', 'thanksgiving', 'in', 'june', 'lincoln', 'approved', 'the', 'yosemite', 'grant', 'enacted', 'by', 'congress', 'which', 'provided', 'unprecedented', 'federal', 'protection', 'for', 'the', 'area', 'now', 'known', 'as', 'yosemite', 'national', 'park', 'judicial', 'appointments', 'supreme', 'court', 'appointments', 'noah', 'haynes', 'swayne', 'samuel', 'freeman', 'miller', 'david', 'davis', 'stephen', 'johnson', 'field', 'salmon', 'portland', 'chase', 'chief', 'justice', 'salmon', 'portland', 'chase', 'was', 'lincoln', 'choice', 'to', 'be', 'chief', 'justice', 'of', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'lincoln', 'declared', 'philosophy', 'on', 'court', 'nominations', 'was', 'that', 'we', 'cannot', 'ask', 'man', 'what', 'he', 'will', 'do', 'and', 'if', 'we', 'should', 'and', 'he', 'should', 'answer', 'us', 'we', 'should', 'despise', 'him', 'for', 'it', 'therefore', 'we', 'must', 'take', 'man', 'whose', 'opinions', 'are', 'known', 'lincoln', 'made', 'five', 'appointments', 'to', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'supreme', 'court', 'noah', 'haynes', 'swayne', 'nominated', 'january', 'and', 'appointed', 'january', 'was', 'chosen', 'as', 'an', 'anti', 'slavery', 'lawyer', 'who', 'was', 'committed', 'to', 'the', 'union', 'samuel', 'freeman', 'miller', 'nominated', 'and', 'appointed', 'on', 'july', 'supported', 'lincoln', 'in', 'the', 'election', 'and', 'was', 'an', 'avowed', 'abolitionist', 'david', 'davis', 'lincoln', 'campaign', 'manager', 'in', 'nominated', 'december', 'and', 'appointed', 'december', 'had', 'also', 'served', 'as', 'judge', 'in', 'lincoln', 'illinois', 'court', 'circuit', 'stephen', 'johnson', 'field', 'previous', 'california', 'supreme', 'court', 'justice', 'was', 'nominated', 'march', 'and', 'appointed', 'march', 'and', 'provided', 'geographic', 'balance', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'political', 'balance', 'to', 'the', 'court', 'as', 'democrat', 'finally', 'lincoln', 'treasury', 'secretary', 'salmon', 'chase', 'was', 'nominated', 'as', 'chief', 'justice', 'and', 'appointed', 'the', 'same', 'day', 'on', 'december', 'lincoln', 'believed', 'chase', 'was', 'an', 'able', 'jurist', 'would', 'support', 'reconstruction', 'legislation', 'and', 'that', 'his', 'appointment', 'united', 'the', 'republican', 'party', 'other', 'judicial', 'appointments', 'lincoln', 'appointed', 'federal', 'judges', 'including', 'four', 'associate', 'justices', 'and', 'one', 'chief', 'justice', 'to', 'the', 'supreme', 'court', 'of', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'and', 'judges', 'to', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'district', 'courts', 'lincoln', 'appointed', 'no', 'judges', 'to', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'circuit', 'courts', 'during', 'his', 'time', 'in', 'office', 'states', 'admitted', 'to', 'the', 'union', 'west', 'virginia', 'admitted', 'to', 'the', 'union', 'june', 'contained', 'the', 'former', 'north', 'westernmost', 'counties', 'of', 'virginia', 'that', 'seceded', 'from', 'virginia', 'after', 'that', 'commonwealth', 'declared', 'its', 'secession', 'from', 'the', 'union', 'as', 'condition', 'for', 'its', 'admission', 'west', 'virginia', 'constitution', 'was', 'required', 'to', 'provide', 'for', 'the', 'gradual', 'abolition', 'of', 'slavery', 'nevada', 'which', 'became', 'the', 'third', 'state', 'in', 'the', 'far', 'west', 'of', 'the', 'continent', 'was', 'admitted', 'as', 'free', 'state', 'on', 'october', 'assassination', 'and', 'funeral', 'shown', 'in', 'the', 'presidential', 'booth', 'of', 'ford', 'theatre', 'from', 'left', 'to', 'right', 'are', 'assassin', 'john', 'wilkes', 'booth', 'abraham', 'lincoln', 'mary', 'todd', 'lincoln', 'clara', 'harris', 'and', 'henry', 'rathbone', 'abraham', 'lincoln', 'was', 'assassinated', 'by', 'john', 'wilkes', 'booth', 'on', 'good', 'friday', 'april', 'while', 'attending', 'play', 'at', 'ford', 'theatre', 'as', 'the', 'american', 'civil', 'war', 'was', 'drawing', 'to', 'close', 'the', 'assassination', 'occurred', 'five', 'days', 'after', 'the', 'surrender', 'of', 'robert', 'lee', 'and', 'the', 'confederate', 'army', 'of', 'northern', 'virginia', 'booth', 'was', 'well', 'known', 'actor', 'and', 'confederate', 'spy', 'from', 'maryland', 'though', 'he', 'never', 'joined', 'the', 'confederate', 'army', 'he', 'had', 'contacts', 'with', 'the', 'confederate', 'secret', 'service', 'in', 'booth', 'formulated', 'plan', 'very', 'similar', 'to', 'one', 'of', 'thomas', 'conrad', 'previously', 'authorized', 'by', 'the', 'confederacy', 'to', 'kidnap', 'lincoln', 'in', 'exchange', 'for', 'the', 'release', 'of', 'confederate', 'prisoners', 'after', 'attending', 'an', 'april', 'speech', 'in', 'which', 'lincoln', 'promoted', 'voting', 'rights', 'for', 'blacks', 'an', 'incensed', 'booth', 'changed', 'his', 'plans', 'and', 'became', 'determined', 'to', 'assassinate', 'the', 'president', 'learning', 'that', 'the', 'president', 'and', 'grant', 'would', 'be', 'attending', 'ford', 'theatre', 'booth', 'formulated', 'plan', 'with', 'co', 'conspirators', 'to', 'assassinate', 'lincoln', 'and', 'grant', 'at', 'the', 'theater', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'vice', 'president', 'johnson', 'and', 'secretary', 'of', 'state', 'seward', 'at', 'their', 'homes', 'without', 'his', 'main', 'bodyguard', 'ward', 'hill', 'lamon', 'lincoln', 'left', 'to', 'attend', 'the', 'play', 'our', 'american', 'cousin', 'on', 'april', 'at', 'the', 'last', 'minute', 'grant', 'decided', 'to', 'go', 'to', 'new', 'jersey', 'to', 'visit', 'his', 'children', 'instead', 'of', 'attending', 'the', 'play', 'lincoln', 'bodyguard', 'john', 'parker', 'left', 'ford', 'theater', 'during', 'intermission', 'to', 'drink', 'at', 'the', 'saloon', 'next', 'door', 'the', 'now', 'unguarded', 'president', 'sat', 'in', 'his', 'state', 'box', 'in', 'the', 'balcony', 'seizing', 'the', 'opportunity', 'booth', 'crept', 'up', 'from', 'behind', 'and', 'at', 'about', 'pm', 'aimed', 'at', 'the', 'back', 'of', 'lincoln', 'head', 'and', 'fired', 'at', 'point', 'blank', 'range', 'mortally', 'wounding', 'the', 'president', 'major', 'henry', 'rathbone', 'momentarily', 'grappled', 'with', 'booth', 'but', 'booth', 'stabbed', 'him', 'and', 'escaped', 'after', 'being', 'on', 'the', 'run', 'for', 'days', 'booth', 'was', 'tracked', 'down', 'and', 'found', 'on', 'farm', 'in', 'virginia', 'some', 'south', 'of', 'washington', 'after', 'refusing', 'to', 'surrender', 'to', 'union', 'troops', 'booth', 'was', 'killed', 'by', 'sergeant', 'boston', 'corbett', 'on', 'april', 'doctor', 'charles', 'leale', 'an', 'army', 'surgeon', 'found', 'the', 'president', 'unresponsive', 'barely', 'breathing', 'and', 'with', 'no', 'detectable', 'pulse', 'having', 'determined', 'that', 'the', 'president', 'had', 'been', 'shot', 'in', 'the', 'head', 'and', 'not', 'stabbed', 'in', 'the', 'shoulder', 'as', 'originally', 'thought', 'he', 'made', 'an', 'attempt', 'to', 'clear', 'the', 'blood', 'clot', 'after', 'which', 'the', 'president', 'began', 'to', 'breathe', 'more', 'naturally', 'the', 'dying', 'president', 'was', 'taken', 'across', 'the', 'street', 'to', 'petersen', 'house', 'after', 'remaining', 'in', 'coma', 'for', 'nine', 'hours', 'lincoln', 'died', 'at', 'am', 'on', 'april', 'secretary', 'of', 'war', 'stanton', 'saluted', 'and', 'said', 'now', 'he', 'belongs', 'to', 'the', 'ages', 'lincoln', 'flag', 'enfolded', 'body', 'was', 'then', 'escorted', 'in', 'the', 'rain', 'to', 'the', 'white', 'house', 'by', 'bareheaded', 'union', 'officers', 'while', 'the', 'city', 'church', 'bells', 'rang', 'president', 'johnson', 'was', 'sworn', 'in', 'at', 'am', 'less', 'than', 'hours', 'after', 'lincoln', 'death', 'the', 'late', 'president', 'lay', 'in', 'state', 'in', 'the', 'east', 'room', 'and', 'then', 'in', 'the', 'capitol', 'rotunda', 'from', 'april', 'through', 'april', 'for', 'his', 'final', 'journey', 'with', 'his', 'son', 'willie', 'both', 'caskets', 'were', 'transported', 'in', 'the', 'executive', 'coach', 'united', 'states', 'and', 'for', 'three', 'weeks', 'the', 'lincoln', 'special', 'funeral', 'train', 'decorated', 'in', 'black', 'bunting', 'bore', 'lincoln', 'remains', 'on', 'slow', 'circuitous', 'waypoint', 'journey', 'from', 'washington', 'to', 'springfield', 'illinois', 'stopping', 'at', 'many', 'cities', 'across', 'the', 'north', 'for', 'large', 'scale', 'memorials', 'attended', 'by', 'hundreds', 'of', 'thousands', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'many', 'people', 'who', 'gathered', 'in', 'informal', 'trackside', 'tributes', 'with', 'bands', 'bonfires', 'and', 'hymn', 'singing', 'or', 'silent', 'reverence', 'with', 'hat', 'in', 'hand', 'as', 'the', 'railway', 'procession', 'slowly', 'passed', 'by', 'poet', 'walt', 'whitman', 'composed', 'when', 'lilacs', 'last', 'in', 'the', 'dooryard', 'bloom', 'to', 'eulogize', 'lincoln', 'one', 'of', 'four', 'poems', 'he', 'wrote', 'about', 'the', 'assassinated', 'president', 'historians', 'have', 'emphasized', 'the', 'widespread', 'shock', 'and', 'sorrow', 'but', 'also', 'noted', 'that', 'some', 'lincoln', 'haters', 'cheered', 'when', 'they', 'heard', 'the', 'news', 'african', 'americans', 'were', 'especially', 'moved', 'they', 'had', 'lost', 'their', 'moses', 'in', 'larger', 'sense', 'the', 'outpouring', 'of', 'grief', 'and', 'anguish', 'was', 'in', 'response', 'to', 'the', 'deaths', 'of', 'so', 'many', 'men', 'in', 'the', 'war', 'that', 'had', 'just', 'ended', 'religious', 'and', 'philosophical', 'beliefs', 'abraham', 'lincoln', 'painting', 'by', 'george', 'peter', 'alexander', 'healy', 'in', 'as', 'young', 'man', 'lincoln', 'was', 'religious', 'skeptic', 'or', 'in', 'the', 'words', 'of', 'biographer', 'an', 'iconoclast', 'later', 'in', 'life', 'lincoln', 'frequent', 'use', 'of', 'religious', 'imagery', 'and', 'language', 'might', 'have', 'reflected', 'his', 'own', 'personal', 'beliefs', 'or', 'might', 'have', 'been', 'device', 'to', 'appeal', 'to', 'his', 'audiences', 'who', 'were', 'mostly', 'evangelical', 'protestants', 'he', 'never', 'joined', 'church', 'although', 'he', 'frequently', 'attended', 'with', 'his', 'wife', 'however', 'he', 'was', 'deeply', 'familiar', 'with', 'the', 'bible', 'and', 'he', 'both', 'quoted', 'and', 'praised', 'it', 'he', 'was', 'private', 'about', 'his', 'beliefs', 'and', 'respected', 'the', 'beliefs', 'of', 'others', 'lincoln', 'never', 'made', 'clear', 'profession', 'of', 'christian', 'beliefs', 'however', 'he', 'did', 'believe', 'in', 'an', 'all', 'powerful', 'god', 'that', 'shaped', 'events', 'and', 'by', 'was', 'expressing', 'those', 'beliefs', 'in', 'major', 'speeches', 'in', 'the', 'lincoln', 'subscribed', 'to', 'the', 'doctrine', 'of', 'necessity', 'belief', 'that', 'asserted', 'the', 'human', 'mind', 'was', 'controlled', 'by', 'some', 'higher', 'power', 'in', 'the', 'lincoln', 'believed', 'in', 'providence', 'in', 'general', 'way', 'and', 'rarely', 'used', 'the', 'language', 'or', 'imagery', 'of', 'the', 'evangelicals', 'he', 'regarded', 'the', 'republicanism', 'of', 'the', 'founding', 'fathers', 'with', 'an', 'almost', 'religious', 'reverence', 'when', 'he', 'suffered', 'the', 'death', 'of', 'his', 'son', 'edward', 'lincoln', 'more', 'frequently', 'expressed', 'need', 'to', 'depend', 'on', 'god', 'the', 'death', 'of', 'his', 'son', 'willie', 'in', 'february', 'may', 'have', 'caused', 'lincoln', 'to', 'look', 'toward', 'religion', 'for', 'answers', 'and', 'solace', 'after', 'willie', 'death', 'lincoln', 'considered', 'why', 'from', 'divine', 'standpoint', 'the', 'severity', 'of', 'the', 'war', 'was', 'necessary', 'he', 'wrote', 'at', 'this', 'time', 'that', 'god', 'could', 'have', 'either', 'saved', 'or', 'destroyed', 'the', 'union', 'without', 'human', 'contest', 'yet', 'the', 'contest', 'began', 'and', 'having', 'begun', 'he', 'could', 'give', 'the', 'final', 'victory', 'to', 'either', 'side', 'any', 'day', 'yet', 'the', 'contest', 'proceeds', 'on', 'the', 'day', 'lincoln', 'was', 'assassinated', 'he', 'reportedly', 'told', 'his', 'wife', 'he', 'desired', 'to', 'visit', 'the', 'holy', 'land', 'health', 'several', 'claims', 'abound', 'that', 'lincoln', 'health', 'was', 'declining', 'before', 'the', 'assassination', 'these', 'are', 'often', 'based', 'on', 'photographs', 'appearing', 'to', 'show', 'weight', 'loss', 'and', 'muscle', 'wasting', 'one', 'such', 'claim', 'is', 'that', 'he', 'suffered', 'from', 'rare', 'genetic', 'disorder', 'men', 'which', 'manifests', 'with', 'medullary', 'thyroid', 'carcinoma', 'mucosal', 'neuromas', 'and', 'marfanoid', 'appearance', 'others', 'simply', 'claim', 'he', 'had', 'marfan', 'syndrome', 'based', 'on', 'his', 'tall', 'appearance', 'with', 'spindly', 'fingers', 'and', 'the', 'association', 'of', 'possible', 'aortic', 'regurgitation', 'which', 'can', 'cause', 'bobbing', 'of', 'the', 'head', 'demusset', 'sign', 'based', 'on', 'blurring', 'of', 'lincoln', 'head', 'in', 'photographs', 'which', 'back', 'then', 'had', 'long', 'exposure', 'time', 'dna', 'analysis', 'was', 'being', 'refused', 'by', 'the', 'grand', 'army', 'of', 'the', 'republic', 'museum', 'in', 'philadelphia', 'historical', 'reputation', 'lincoln', 'image', 'is', 'carved', 'into', 'the', 'stone', 'of', 'mount', 'rushmore', 'in', 'surveys', 'of', 'scholars', 'ranking', 'presidents', 'conducted', 'since', 'the', 'lincoln', 'is', 'consistently', 'ranked', 'in', 'the', 'top', 'three', 'often', 'as', 'number', 'one', 'study', 'found', 'that', 'scholars', 'in', 'the', 'fields', 'of', 'history', 'and', 'politics', 'ranked', 'lincoln', 'number', 'one', 'while', 'legal', 'scholars', 'placed', 'him', 'second', 'after', 'washington', 'in', 'presidential', 'ranking', 'polls', 'conducted', 'in', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'since', 'lincoln', 'has', 'been', 'rated', 'at', 'the', 'very', 'top', 'in', 'the', 'majority', 'of', 'polls', 'generally', 'the', 'top', 'three', 'presidents', 'are', 'rated', 'as', 'lincoln', 'george', 'washington', 'and', 'franklin', 'roosevelt', 'although', 'lincoln', 'and', 'washington', 'and', 'washington', 'and', 'roosevelt', 'are', 'occasionally', 'reversed', 'president', 'lincoln', 'assassination', 'increased', 'his', 'status', 'to', 'the', 'point', 'of', 'making', 'him', 'national', 'martyr', 'lincoln', 'was', 'viewed', 'by', 'abolitionists', 'as', 'champion', 'for', 'human', 'liberty', 'republicans', 'linked', 'lincoln', 'name', 'to', 'their', 'party', 'many', 'though', 'not', 'all', 'in', 'the', 'south', 'considered', 'lincoln', 'as', 'man', 'of', 'outstanding', 'ability', 'historians', 'have', 'said', 'he', 'was', 'classical', 'liberal', 'in', 'the', 'th', 'century', 'sense', 'allen', 'guelzo', 'states', 'that', 'lincoln', 'was', 'classical', 'liberal', 'democrat', 'an', 'enemy', 'of', 'artificial', 'hierarchy', 'friend', 'to', 'trade', 'and', 'business', 'as', 'ennobling', 'and', 'enabling', 'and', 'an', 'american', 'counterpart', 'to', 'mill', 'cobden', 'and', 'bright', 'whose', 'portrait', 'lincoln', 'hung', 'in', 'his', 'white', 'house', 'office', 'lincoln', 'became', 'favorite', 'exemplar', 'for', 'liberal', 'intellectuals', 'across', 'europe', 'and', 'latin', 'america', 'and', 'even', 'in', 'asia', 'schwartz', 'argues', 'that', 'lincoln', 'american', 'reputation', 'grew', 'slowly', 'in', 'the', 'late', 'th', 'century', 'until', 'the', 'progressive', 'era', 'when', 'he', 'emerged', 'as', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'most', 'venerated', 'heroes', 'in', 'american', 'history', 'with', 'even', 'white', 'southerners', 'in', 'agreement', 'the', 'high', 'point', 'came', 'in', 'with', 'the', 'dedication', 'of', 'the', 'lincoln', 'memorial', 'on', 'the', 'national', 'mall', 'in', 'washington', 'in', 'the', 'new', 'deal', 'era', 'liberals', 'honored', 'lincoln', 'not', 'so', 'much', 'as', 'the', 'self', 'made', 'man', 'or', 'the', 'great', 'war', 'president', 'but', 'as', 'the', 'advocate', 'of', 'the', 'common', 'man', 'who', 'they', 'believe', 'would', 'have', 'supported', 'the', 'welfare', 'state', 'in', 'the', 'cold', 'war', 'years', 'lincoln', 'image', 'shifted', 'to', 'emphasize', 'the', 'symbol', 'of', 'freedom', 'who', 'brought', 'hope', 'to', 'those', 'oppressed', 'by', 'communist', 'regimes', 'by', 'the', 'lincoln', 'had', 'become', 'hero', 'to', 'political', 'conservatives', 'for', 'his', 'intense', 'nationalism', 'support', 'for', 'business', 'his', 'insistence', 'on', 'stopping', 'the', 'spread', 'of', 'human', 'bondage', 'his', 'acting', 'in', 'terms', 'of', 'lockean', 'and', 'burkean', 'principles', 'on', 'behalf', 'of', 'both', 'liberty', 'and', 'tradition', 'and', 'his', 'devotion', 'to', 'the', 'principles', 'of', 'the', 'founding', 'fathers', 'as', 'whig', 'activist', 'lincoln', 'was', 'spokesman', 'for', 'business', 'interests', 'favoring', 'high', 'tariffs', 'banks', 'internal', 'improvements', 'and', 'railroads', 'in', 'opposition', 'to', 'the', 'agrarian', 'democrats', 'william', 'harris', 'found', 'that', 'lincoln', 'reverence', 'for', 'the', 'founding', 'fathers', 'the', 'constitution', 'the', 'laws', 'under', 'it', 'and', 'the', 'preservation', 'of', 'the', 'republic', 'and', 'its', 'institutions', 'undergirded', 'and', 'strengthened', 'his', 'conservatism', 'james', 'randall', 'emphasizes', 'his', 'tolerance', 'and', 'especially', 'his', 'moderation', 'in', 'his', 'preference', 'for', 'orderly', 'progress', 'his', 'distrust', 'of', 'dangerous', 'agitation', 'and', 'his', 'reluctance', 'toward', 'ill', 'digested', 'schemes', 'of', 'reform', 'randall', 'concludes', 'that', 'he', 'was', 'conservative', 'in', 'his', 'complete', 'avoidance', 'of', 'that', 'type', 'of', 'so', 'called', 'radicalism', 'which', 'involved', 'abuse', 'of', 'the', 'south', 'hatred', 'for', 'the', 'slaveholder', 'thirst', 'for', 'vengeance', 'partisan', 'plotting', 'and', 'ungenerous', 'demands', 'that', 'southern', 'institutions', 'be', 'transformed', 'overnight', 'by', 'outsiders', 'by', 'the', 'late', 'some', 'african', 'american', 'intellectuals', 'led', 'by', 'lerone', 'bennett', 'jr', 'rejected', 'lincoln', 'role', 'as', 'the', 'great', 'emancipator', 'bennett', 'won', 'wide', 'attention', 'when', 'he', 'called', 'lincoln', 'white', 'supremacist', 'in', 'he', 'noted', 'that', 'lincoln', 'used', 'ethnic', 'slurs', 'and', 'told', 'jokes', 'that', 'ridiculed', 'blacks', 'bennett', 'argued', 'that', 'lincoln', 'opposed', 'social', 'equality', 'and', 'proposed', 'sending', 'freed', 'slaves', 'to', 'another', 'country', 'defenders', 'such', 'as', 'authors', 'dirck', 'and', 'cashin', 'retorted', 'that', 'he', 'was', 'not', 'as', 'bad', 'as', 'most', 'politicians', 'of', 'his', 'day', 'and', 'that', 'he', 'was', 'moral', 'visionary', 'who', 'deftly', 'advanced', 'the', 'abolitionist', 'cause', 'as', 'fast', 'as', 'politically', 'possible', 'the', 'emphasis', 'shifted', 'away', 'from', 'lincoln', 'the', 'emancipator', 'to', 'an', 'argument', 'that', 'blacks', 'had', 'freed', 'themselves', 'from', 'slavery', 'or', 'at', 'least', 'were', 'responsible', 'for', 'pressuring', 'the', 'government', 'on', 'emancipation', 'historian', 'barry', 'schwartz', 'wrote', 'in', 'that', 'lincoln', 'image', 'suffered', 'erosion', 'fading', 'prestige', 'benign', 'ridicule', 'in', 'the', 'late', 'th', 'century', 'on', 'the', 'other', 'hand', 'donald', 'opined', 'in', 'his', 'biography', 'that', 'lincoln', 'was', 'distinctly', 'endowed', 'with', 'the', 'personality', 'trait', 'of', 'negative', 'capability', 'defined', 'by', 'the', 'poet', 'john', 'keats', 'and', 'attributed', 'to', 'extraordinary', 'leaders', 'who', 'were', 'content', 'in', 'the', 'midst', 'of', 'uncertainties', 'and', 'doubts', 'and', 'not', 'compelled', 'toward', 'fact', 'or', 'reason', 'in', 'the', 'st', 'century', 'president', 'barack', 'obama', 'named', 'lincoln', 'his', 'favorite', 'president', 'and', 'insisted', 'on', 'using', 'lincoln', 'bible', 'for', 'his', 'swearing', 'in', 'of', 'office', 'at', 'both', 'his', 'inaugurations', 'lincoln', 'has', 'often', 'been', 'portrayed', 'by', 'hollywood', 'almost', 'always', 'in', 'flattering', 'light', 'memory', 'and', 'memorials', 'lincoln', 'memorial', 'in', 'washington', 'lincoln', 'portrait', 'appears', 'on', 'two', 'denominations', 'of', 'united', 'states', 'currency', 'the', 'penny', 'and', 'the', 'bill', 'his', 'likeness', 'also', 'appears', 'on', 'many', 'postage', 'stamps', 'and', 'he', 'has', 'been', 'memorialized', 'in', 'many', 'town', 'city', 'and', 'county', 'names', 'including', 'the', 'capital', 'of', 'nebraska', 'while', 'he', 'is', 'usually', 'portrayed', 'bearded', 'he', 'first', 'grew', 'beard', 'in', 'at', 'the', 'suggestion', 'of', 'year', 'old', 'grace', 'bedell', 'the', 'most', 'famous', 'and', 'most', 'visited', 'memorials', 'are', 'lincoln', 'sculpture', 'on', 'mount', 'rushmore', 'lincoln', 'memorial', 'ford', 'theatre', 'and', 'petersen', 'house', 'where', 'he', 'died', 'in', 'washington', 'and', 'the', 'abraham', 'lincoln', 'presidential', 'library', 'and', 'museum', 'in', 'springfield', 'illinois', 'not', 'far', 'from', 'lincoln', 'home', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'his', 'tomb', 'there', 'was', 'also', 'the', 'great', 'moments', 'with', 'mr', 'lincoln', 'exhibit', 'in', 'disneyland', 'and', 'the', 'hall', 'of', 'presidents', 'at', 'walt', 'disney', 'world', 'which', 'had', 'to', 'do', 'with', 'walt', 'disney', 'admiring', 'lincoln', 'ever', 'since', 'he', 'was', 'little', 'boy', 'barry', 'schwartz', 'sociologist', 'who', 'has', 'examined', 'america', 'cultural', 'memory', 'argues', 'that', 'in', 'the', 'and', 'the', 'memory', 'of', 'abraham', 'lincoln', 'was', 'practically', 'sacred', 'and', 'provided', 'the', 'nation', 'with', 'moral', 'symbol', 'inspiring', 'and', 'guiding', 'american', 'life', 'during', 'the', 'great', 'depression', 'he', 'argues', 'lincoln', 'served', 'as', 'means', 'for', 'seeing', 'the', 'world', 'disappointments', 'for', 'making', 'its', 'sufferings', 'not', 'so', 'much', 'explicable', 'as', 'meaningful', 'franklin', 'roosevelt', 'preparing', 'america', 'for', 'war', 'used', 'the', 'words', 'of', 'the', 'civil', 'war', 'president', 'to', 'clarify', 'the', 'threat', 'posed', 'by', 'germany', 'and', 'japan', 'americans', 'asked', 'what', 'would', 'lincoln', 'do', 'however', 'schwartz', 'also', 'finds', 'that', 'since', 'world', 'war', 'ii', 'lincoln', 'symbolic', 'power', 'has', 'lost', 'relevance', 'and', 'this', 'fading', 'hero', 'is', 'symptomatic', 'of', 'fading', 'confidence', 'in', 'national', 'greatness', 'he', 'suggested', 'that', 'postmodernism', 'and', 'have', 'diluted', 'greatness', 'as', 'concept', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'navy', 'is', 'named', 'after', 'lincoln', 'the', 'second', 'navy', 'ship', 'to', 'bear', 'his', 'name', 'see', 'also', 'outline', 'of', 'abraham', 'lincoln', 'dakota', 'war', 'of', 'grace', 'bedell', 'lincoln', 'tower', 'list', 'of', 'photographs', 'of', 'abraham', 'lincoln', 'list', 'of', 'civil', 'rights', 'leaders', 'references', 'bibliography', 'cited', 'in', 'footnotes', 'mcclintock', 'russell', 'lincoln', 'and', 'the', 'decision', 'for', 'war', 'the', 'northern', 'response', 'to', 'secession', 'the', 'university', 'of', 'north', 'carolina', 'press', 'isbn', 'online', 'preview', 'also', 'published', 'as', 'vol', 'of', 'ordeal', 'of', 'the', 'union', 'also', 'published', 'as', 'vol', 'of', 'ordeal', 'of', 'the', 'union', 'historiography', 'barr', 'john', 'holding', 'up', 'flawed', 'mirror', 'to', 'the', 'american', 'soul', 'abraham', 'lincoln', 'in', 'the', 'writings', 'of', 'lerone', 'bennett', 'jr', 'journal', 'of', 'the', 'abraham', 'lincoln', 'association', 'winter', 'barr', 'john', 'loathing', 'lincoln', 'an', 'american', 'tradition', 'from', 'the', 'civil', 'war', 'to', 'the', 'present', 'lsu', 'press', 'holzer', 'harold', 'and', 'craig', 'symonds', 'eds', 'exploring', 'lincoln', 'great', 'historians', 'reappraise', 'our', 'greatest', 'president', 'essays', 'by', 'scholars', 'manning', 'chandra', 'the', 'shifting', 'terrain', 'of', 'attitudes', 'toward', 'abraham', 'lincoln', 'and', 'emancipation', 'journal', 'of', 'the', 'abraham', 'lincoln', 'association', 'winter', 'smith', 'adam', 'the', 'cult', 'of', 'abraham', 'lincoln', 'and', 'the', 'strange', 'survival', 'of', 'liberal', 'england', 'in', 'the', 'era', 'of', 'the', 'world', 'wars', 'twentieth', 'century', 'british', 'history', 'december', 'pp', 'spielberg', 'steven', 'goodwin', 'doris', 'kearns', 'kushner', 'tony', 'mr', 'lincoln', 'goes', 'to', 'hollywood', 'smithsonian', 'pp', 'additional', 'references', 'green', 'michael', 'lincoln', 'and', 'the', 'election', 'of', 'concise', 'lincoln', 'library', 'excerpt', 'and', 'text', 'search', 'vol', 'of', 'detailed', 'biography', 'peraino', 'kevin', 'lincoln', 'in', 'the', 'world', 'the', 'making', 'of', 'statesman', 'and', 'the', 'dawn', 'of', 'american', 'power', 'white', 'ronald', 'lincoln', 'biography', 'external', 'links', 'official', 'abraham', 'lincoln', 'presidential', 'library', 'and', 'museum', 'white', 'house', 'biography', 'organizations', 'abraham', 'lincoln', 'association', 'abraham', 'lincoln', 'bicentennial', 'foundation', 'media', 'coverage', 'other', 'abraham', 'lincoln', 'resource', 'guide', 'from', 'the', 'library', 'of', 'congress', 'life', 'portrait', 'of', 'abraham', 'lincoln', 'from', 'span', 'american', 'presidents', 'life', 'portraits', 'june', 'writings', 'of', 'abraham', 'lincoln', 'from', 'span', 'american', 'writers', 'journey', 'through', 'history', 'abraham', 'lincoln', 'original', 'letters', 'and', 'manuscripts', 'shapell', 'manuscript', 'foundation', 'lincoln', 'net', 'abraham', 'lincoln', 'historical', 'digitization', 'project', 'northern', 'illinois', 'university', 'libraries', 'teaching', 'abraham', 'lincoln', 'national', 'endowment', 'for', 'the', 'humanities', 'in', 'popular', 'song', 'our', 'noble', 'chief', 'has', 'passed', 'away', 'by', 'cooper', 'thomas'], ['Abraham Lincoln'])
308
Aristotle
[b'aristotle', b'aristot\xc3\xa9l\xc4\x93s', b'bc', b'was', b'an', b'ancient', b'greek', b'philosopher', b'and', b'scientist', b'born', b'in', b'the', b'city', b'of', b'stagira', b'chalkidice', b'on', b'the', b'northern', b'periphery', b'of', b'classical', b'greece', b'his', b'father', b'nicomachus', b'died', b'when', b'aristotle', b'was', b'child', b'whereafter', b'proxenus', b'of', b'atarneus', b'became', b'his', b'guardian', b'at', b'seventeen', b'or', b'eighteen', b'years', b'of', b'age', b'he', b'joined', b'plato', b'academy', b'in', b'athens', b'and', b'remained', b'there', b'until', b'the', b'age', b'of', b'thirty', b'seven', b'bc', b'his', b'writings', b'cover', b'many', b'subjects', b'including', b'physics', b'biology', b'zoology', b'metaphysics', b'logic', b'ethics', b'aesthetics', b'poetry', b'theater', b'music', b'rhetoric', b'linguistics', b'politics', b'and', b'government', b'and', b'constitute', b'the', b'first', b'comprehensive', b'system', b'of', b'western', b'philosophy', b'shortly', b'after', b'plato', b'died', b'aristotle', b'left', b'athens', b'and', b'at', b'the', b'request', b'of', b'philip', b'ii', b'of', b'macedon', b'tutored', b'alexander', b'the', b'great', b'beginning', b'in', b'bc', b'teaching', b'alexander', b'the', b'great', b'gave', b'aristotle', b'many', b'opportunities', b'and', b'an', b'abundance', b'of', b'supplies', b'he', b'established', b'library', b'in', b'the', b'lyceum', b'which', b'aided', b'in', b'the', b'production', b'of', b'many', b'of', b'his', b'hundreds', b'of', b'books', b'the', b'fact', b'that', b'aristotle', b'was', b'pupil', b'of', b'plato', b'contributed', b'to', b'his', b'former', b'views', b'of', b'platonism', b'but', b'following', b'plato', b'death', b'aristotle', b'immersed', b'himself', b'in', b'empirical', b'studies', b'and', b'shifted', b'from', b'platonism', b'to', b'empiricism', b'he', b'believed', b'all', b'peoples', b'concepts', b'and', b'all', b'of', b'their', b'knowledge', b'was', b'ultimately', b'based', b'on', b'perception', b'aristotle', b'views', b'on', b'natural', b'sciences', b'represent', b'the', b'groundwork', b'underlying', b'many', b'of', b'his', b'works', b'aristotle', b'views', b'on', b'physical', b'science', b'profoundly', b'shaped', b'medieval', b'scholarship', b'their', b'influence', b'extended', b'from', b'late', b'antiquity', b'and', b'the', b'early', b'middle', b'ages', b'into', b'the', b'renaissance', b'and', b'were', b'not', b'replaced', b'systematically', b'until', b'the', b'enlightenment', b'and', b'theories', b'such', b'as', b'classical', b'mechanics', b'some', b'of', b'aristotle', b'zoological', b'observations', b'such', b'as', b'on', b'the', b'hectocotyl', b'reproductive', b'arm', b'of', b'the', b'octopus', b'were', b'not', b'confirmed', b'or', b'refuted', b'until', b'the', b'th', b'century', b'his', b'works', b'contain', b'the', b'earliest', b'known', b'formal', b'study', b'of', b'logic', b'which', b'was', b'incorporated', b'in', b'the', b'late', b'th', b'century', b'into', b'modern', b'formal', b'logic', b'in', b'metaphysics', b'aristotelianism', b'profoundly', b'influenced', b'judeo', b'islamic', b'philosophical', b'and', b'theological', b'thought', b'during', b'the', b'middle', b'ages', b'and', b'continues', b'to', b'influence', b'christian', b'theology', b'especially', b'the', b'neoplatonism', b'of', b'the', b'early', b'church', b'and', b'the', b'scholastic', b'tradition', b'of', b'the', b'roman', b'catholic', b'church', b'aristotle', b'was', b'well', b'known', b'among', b'medieval', b'muslim', b'intellectuals', b'and', b'revered', b'as', b'the', b'first', b'teacher', b'his', b'ethics', b'though', b'always', b'influential', b'gained', b'renewed', b'interest', b'with', b'the', b'modern', b'advent', b'of', b'virtue', b'ethics', b'all', b'aspects', b'of', b'aristotle', b'philosophy', b'continue', b'to', b'be', b'the', b'object', b'of', b'active', b'academic', b'study', b'today', b'though', b'aristotle', b'wrote', b'many', b'elegant', b'treatises', b'and', b'dialogues', b'cicero', b'described', b'his', b'literary', b'style', b'as', b'river', b'of', b'gold', b'it', b'is', b'thought', b'that', b'only', b'around', b'third', b'of', b'his', b'original', b'output', b'has', b'survived', b'life', b'mieza', b'macedonia', b'greece', b'aristotle', b'whose', b'name', b'means', b'the', b'best', b'purpose', b'was', b'born', b'in', b'bc', b'in', b'stagira', b'chalcidice', b'about', b'km', b'miles', b'east', b'of', b'modern', b'day', b'thessaloniki', b'his', b'father', b'nicomachus', b'was', b'the', b'personal', b'physician', b'to', b'king', b'amyntas', b'of', b'macedon', b'aristotle', b'was', b'orphaned', b'at', b'young', b'age', b'although', b'there', b'is', b'little', b'information', b'on', b'aristotle', b'childhood', b'he', b'probably', b'spent', b'some', b'time', b'within', b'the', b'macedonian', b'palace', b'making', b'his', b'first', b'connections', b'with', b'the', b'macedonian', b'monarchy', b'at', b'the', b'age', b'of', b'seventeen', b'or', b'eighteen', b'aristotle', b'moved', b'to', b'athens', b'to', b'continue', b'his', b'education', b'at', b'plato', b'academy', b'he', b'remained', b'there', b'for', b'nearly', b'twenty', b'years', b'before', b'leaving', b'athens', b'in', b'bc', b'the', b'traditional', b'story', b'about', b'his', b'departure', b'records', b'that', b'he', b'was', b'disappointed', b'with', b'the', b'academy', b'direction', b'after', b'control', b'passed', b'to', b'plato', b'nephew', b'speusippus', b'although', b'it', b'is', b'possible', b'that', b'he', b'feared', b'anti', b'macedonian', b'sentiments', b'and', b'left', b'before', b'plato', b'died', b'aristotle', b'by', b'francesco', b'hayez', b'aristotle', b'then', b'accompanied', b'xenocrates', b'to', b'the', b'court', b'of', b'his', b'friend', b'hermias', b'of', b'atarneus', b'in', b'asia', b'minor', b'there', b'he', b'traveled', b'with', b'theophrastus', b'to', b'the', b'island', b'of', b'lesbos', b'where', b'together', b'they', b'researched', b'the', b'botany', b'and', b'zoology', b'of', b'the', b'island', b'aristotle', b'married', b'pythias', b'either', b'hermias', b'adoptive', b'daughter', b'or', b'niece', b'she', b'bore', b'him', b'daughter', b'whom', b'they', b'also', b'named', b'pythias', b'soon', b'after', b'hermias', b'death', b'aristotle', b'was', b'invited', b'by', b'philip', b'ii', b'of', b'macedon', b'to', b'become', b'the', b'tutor', b'to', b'his', b'son', b'alexander', b'in', b'bc', b'aristotle', b'was', b'appointed', b'as', b'the', b'head', b'of', b'the', b'royal', b'academy', b'of', b'macedon', b'during', b'that', b'time', b'he', b'gave', b'lessons', b'not', b'only', b'to', b'alexander', b'but', b'also', b'to', b'two', b'other', b'future', b'kings', b'ptolemy', b'and', b'cassander', b'aristotle', b'encouraged', b'alexander', b'toward', b'eastern', b'conquest', b'and', b'his', b'attitude', b'towards', b'persia', b'was', b'unabashedly', b'ethnocentric', b'in', b'one', b'famous', b'example', b'he', b'counsels', b'alexander', b'to', b'be', b'leader', b'to', b'the', b'greeks', b'and', b'despot', b'to', b'the', b'barbarians', b'to', b'look', b'after', b'the', b'former', b'as', b'after', b'friends', b'and', b'relatives', b'and', b'to', b'deal', b'with', b'the', b'latter', b'as', b'with', b'beasts', b'or', b'plants', b'by', b'bc', b'aristotle', b'had', b'returned', b'to', b'athens', b'establishing', b'his', b'own', b'school', b'there', b'known', b'as', b'the', b'lyceum', b'aristotle', b'conducted', b'courses', b'at', b'the', b'school', b'for', b'the', b'next', b'twelve', b'years', b'while', b'in', b'athens', b'his', b'wife', b'pythias', b'died', b'and', b'aristotle', b'became', b'involved', b'with', b'herpyllis', b'of', b'stagira', b'who', b'bore', b'him', b'son', b'whom', b'he', b'named', b'after', b'his', b'father', b'nicomachus', b'according', b'to', b'the', b'suda', b'he', b'also', b'had', b'an', b'eromenos', b'palaephatus', b'of', b'abydus', b'this', b'period', b'in', b'athens', b'between', b'and', b'bc', b'is', b'when', b'aristotle', b'is', b'believed', b'to', b'have', b'composed', b'many', b'of', b'his', b'works', b'he', b'wrote', b'many', b'dialogues', b'of', b'which', b'only', b'fragments', b'have', b'survived', b'those', b'works', b'that', b'have', b'survived', b'are', b'in', b'treatise', b'form', b'and', b'were', b'not', b'for', b'the', b'most', b'part', b'intended', b'for', b'widespread', b'publication', b'they', b'are', b'generally', b'thought', b'to', b'be', b'lecture', b'aids', b'for', b'his', b'students', b'his', b'most', b'important', b'treatises', b'include', b'physics', b'metaphysics', b'nicomachean', b'ethics', b'politics', b'de', b'anima', b'on', b'the', b'soul', b'and', b'poetics', b'aristotle', b'not', b'only', b'studied', b'almost', b'every', b'subject', b'possible', b'at', b'the', b'time', b'but', b'made', b'significant', b'contributions', b'to', b'most', b'of', b'them', b'in', b'physical', b'science', b'aristotle', b'studied', b'anatomy', b'astronomy', b'embryology', b'geography', b'geology', b'meteorology', b'physics', b'and', b'zoology', b'in', b'philosophy', b'he', b'wrote', b'on', b'aesthetics', b'ethics', b'government', b'metaphysics', b'politics', b'economics', b'psychology', b'rhetoric', b'and', b'theology', b'he', b'also', b'studied', b'education', b'foreign', b'customs', b'literature', b'and', b'poetry', b'his', b'combined', b'works', b'constitute', b'virtual', b'encyclopedia', b'of', b'greek', b'knowledge', b'portrait', b'bust', b'of', b'aristotle', b'an', b'imperial', b'roman', b'st', b'or', b'nd', b'century', b'ad', b'copy', b'of', b'lost', b'bronze', b'sculpture', b'made', b'by', b'lysippos', b'near', b'the', b'end', b'of', b'his', b'life', b'alexander', b'and', b'aristotle', b'became', b'estranged', b'over', b'alexander', b'relationship', b'with', b'persia', b'and', b'persians', b'widespread', b'tradition', b'in', b'antiquity', b'suspected', b'aristotle', b'of', b'playing', b'role', b'in', b'alexander', b'death', b'but', b'the', b'only', b'evidence', b'of', b'this', b'is', b'an', b'unlikely', b'claim', b'made', b'some', b'six', b'years', b'after', b'the', b'death', b'following', b'alexander', b'death', b'anti', b'macedonian', b'sentiment', b'in', b'athens', b'was', b'rekindled', b'in', b'bc', b'demophilus', b'and', b'eurymedon', b'the', b'hierophant', b'reportedly', b'denounced', b'aristotle', b'for', b'impiety', b'prompting', b'him', b'to', b'flee', b'to', b'his', b'mother', b'family', b'estate', b'in', b'chalcis', b'at', b'which', b'occasion', b'he', b'was', b'said', b'to', b'have', b'stated', b'will', b'not', b'allow', b'the', b'athenians', b'to', b'sin', b'twice', b'against', b'philosophy', b'reference', b'to', b'athens', b'prior', b'trial', b'and', b'execution', b'of', b'socrates', b'he', b'died', b'in', b'euboea', b'of', b'natural', b'causes', b'later', b'that', b'same', b'year', b'having', b'named', b'his', b'student', b'antipater', b'as', b'his', b'chief', b'executor', b'and', b'leaving', b'will', b'in', b'which', b'he', b'asked', b'to', b'be', b'buried', b'next', b'to', b'his', b'wife', b'charles', b'walston', b'argues', b'that', b'the', b'tomb', b'of', b'aristotle', b'is', b'located', b'on', b'the', b'sacred', b'way', b'between', b'chalcis', b'and', b'eretria', b'and', b'to', b'have', b'contained', b'two', b'styluses', b'pen', b'signet', b'ring', b'and', b'some', b'terra', b'cottas', b'as', b'well', b'as', b'what', b'is', b'supposed', b'to', b'be', b'the', b'earthly', b'remains', b'of', b'aristotle', b'in', b'the', b'form', b'of', b'some', b'skull', b'fragments', b'in', b'general', b'the', b'details', b'of', b'the', b'life', b'of', b'aristotle', b'are', b'not', b'well', b'established', b'the', b'biographies', b'of', b'aristotle', b'written', b'in', b'ancient', b'times', b'are', b'often', b'speculative', b'and', b'historians', b'only', b'agree', b'on', b'few', b'salient', b'points', b'thought', b'logic', b'aristotle', b'as', b'portrayed', b'in', b'the', b'nuremberg', b'chronicle', b'with', b'the', b'prior', b'analytics', b'aristotle', b'is', b'credited', b'with', b'the', b'earliest', b'study', b'of', b'formal', b'logic', b'and', b'his', b'conception', b'of', b'it', b'was', b'the', b'dominant', b'form', b'of', b'western', b'logic', b'until', b'th', b'century', b'advances', b'in', b'mathematical', b'logic', b'kant', b'stated', b'in', b'the', b'critique', b'of', b'pure', b'reason', b'that', b'aristotle', b'theory', b'of', b'logic', b'completely', b'accounted', b'for', b'the', b'core', b'of', b'deductive', b'inference', b'history', b'aristotle', b'says', b'that', b'on', b'the', b'subject', b'of', b'reasoning', b'he', b'had', b'nothing', b'else', b'on', b'an', b'earlier', b'date', b'to', b'speak', b'of', b'however', b'plato', b'reports', b'that', b'syntax', b'was', b'devised', b'before', b'him', b'by', b'prodicus', b'of', b'ceos', b'who', b'was', b'concerned', b'by', b'the', b'correct', b'use', b'of', b'words', b'logic', b'seems', b'to', b'have', b'emerged', b'from', b'dialectics', b'the', b'earlier', b'philosophers', b'made', b'frequent', b'use', b'of', b'concepts', b'like', b'reductio', b'ad', b'absurdum', b'in', b'their', b'discussions', b'but', b'never', b'truly', b'understood', b'the', b'logical', b'implications', b'even', b'plato', b'had', b'difficulties', b'with', b'logic', b'although', b'he', b'had', b'reasonable', b'conception', b'of', b'deductive', b'system', b'he', b'could', b'never', b'actually', b'construct', b'one', b'thus', b'he', b'relied', b'instead', b'on', b'his', b'dialectic', b'plato', b'believed', b'that', b'deduction', b'would', b'simply', b'follow', b'from', b'premises', b'hence', b'he', b'focused', b'on', b'maintaining', b'solid', b'premises', b'so', b'that', b'the', b'conclusion', b'would', b'logically', b'follow', b'consequently', b'plato', b'realized', b'that', b'method', b'for', b'obtaining', b'conclusions', b'would', b'be', b'most', b'beneficial', b'he', b'never', b'succeeded', b'in', b'devising', b'such', b'method', b'but', b'his', b'best', b'attempt', b'was', b'published', b'in', b'his', b'book', b'sophist', b'where', b'he', b'introduced', b'his', b'division', b'method', b'analytics', b'and', b'the', b'organon', b'what', b'we', b'today', b'call', b'aristotelian', b'logic', b'aristotle', b'himself', b'would', b'have', b'labeled', b'analytics', b'the', b'term', b'logic', b'he', b'reserved', b'to', b'mean', b'dialectics', b'most', b'of', b'aristotle', b'work', b'is', b'probably', b'not', b'in', b'its', b'original', b'form', b'because', b'it', b'was', b'most', b'likely', b'edited', b'by', b'students', b'and', b'later', b'lecturers', b'the', b'logical', b'works', b'of', b'aristotle', b'were', b'compiled', b'into', b'six', b'books', b'in', b'about', b'the', b'early', b'st', b'century', b'ce', b'categories', b'on', b'interpretation', b'prior', b'analytics', b'posterior', b'analytics', b'topics', b'on', b'sophistical', b'refutations', b'the', b'order', b'of', b'the', b'books', b'or', b'the', b'teachings', b'from', b'which', b'they', b'are', b'composed', b'is', b'not', b'certain', b'but', b'this', b'list', b'was', b'derived', b'from', b'analysis', b'of', b'aristotle', b'writings', b'it', b'goes', b'from', b'the', b'basics', b'the', b'analysis', b'of', b'simple', b'terms', b'in', b'the', b'categories', b'the', b'analysis', b'of', b'propositions', b'and', b'their', b'elementary', b'relations', b'in', b'on', b'interpretation', b'to', b'the', b'study', b'of', b'more', b'complex', b'forms', b'namely', b'syllogisms', b'in', b'the', b'analytics', b'and', b'dialectics', b'in', b'the', b'topics', b'and', b'sophistical', b'refutations', b'the', b'first', b'three', b'treatises', b'form', b'the', b'core', b'of', b'the', b'logical', b'theory', b'stricto', b'sensu', b'the', b'grammar', b'of', b'the', b'language', b'of', b'logic', b'and', b'the', b'correct', b'rules', b'of', b'reasoning', b'there', b'is', b'one', b'volume', b'of', b'aristotle', b'concerning', b'logic', b'not', b'found', b'in', b'the', b'organon', b'namely', b'the', b'fourth', b'book', b'of', b'metaphysics', b'aristotle', b'epistemology', b'plato', b'left', b'and', b'aristotle', b'right', b'detail', b'of', b'the', b'school', b'of', b'athens', b'fresco', b'by', b'raphael', b'aristotle', b'gestures', b'to', b'the', b'earth', b'representing', b'his', b'belief', b'in', b'knowledge', b'through', b'empirical', b'observation', b'and', b'experience', b'while', b'holding', b'copy', b'of', b'his', b'nicomachean', b'ethics', b'in', b'his', b'hand', b'whilst', b'plato', b'gestures', b'to', b'the', b'heavens', b'representing', b'his', b'belief', b'in', b'the', b'forms', b'while', b'holding', b'copy', b'of', b'timaeus', b'ancient', b'roman', b'mosaic', b'depicting', b'aristotle', b'r\xc3\xb6misch', b'germanisches', b'museum', b'koln', b'germany', b'like', b'his', b'teacher', b'plato', b'aristotle', b'philosophy', b'aims', b'at', b'the', b'universal', b'aristotle', b'ontology', b'however', b'finds', b'the', b'universal', b'in', b'particular', b'things', b'which', b'he', b'calls', b'the', b'essence', b'of', b'things', b'while', b'in', b'plato', b'ontology', b'the', b'universal', b'exists', b'apart', b'from', b'particular', b'things', b'and', b'is', b'related', b'to', b'them', b'as', b'their', b'prototype', b'or', b'exemplar', b'for', b'aristotle', b'therefore', b'epistemology', b'is', b'based', b'on', b'the', b'study', b'of', b'particular', b'phenomena', b'and', b'rises', b'to', b'the', b'knowledge', b'of', b'essences', b'while', b'for', b'plato', b'epistemology', b'begins', b'with', b'knowledge', b'of', b'universal', b'forms', b'or', b'ideas', b'and', b'descends', b'to', b'knowledge', b'of', b'particular', b'imitations', b'of', b'these', b'for', b'aristotle', b'form', b'still', b'refers', b'to', b'the', b'unconditional', b'basis', b'of', b'phenomena', b'but', b'is', b'instantiated', b'in', b'particular', b'substance', b'see', b'universals', b'and', b'particulars', b'below', b'in', b'certain', b'sense', b'aristotle', b'method', b'is', b'both', b'inductive', b'and', b'deductive', b'while', b'plato', b'is', b'essentially', b'deductive', b'from', b'priori', b'principles', b'in', b'aristotle', b'terminology', b'natural', b'philosophy', b'is', b'branch', b'of', b'philosophy', b'examining', b'the', b'phenomena', b'of', b'the', b'natural', b'world', b'and', b'includes', b'fields', b'that', b'would', b'be', b'regarded', b'today', b'as', b'physics', b'biology', b'and', b'other', b'natural', b'sciences', b'in', b'modern', b'times', b'the', b'scope', b'of', b'philosophy', b'has', b'become', b'limited', b'to', b'more', b'generic', b'or', b'abstract', b'inquiries', b'such', b'as', b'ethics', b'and', b'metaphysics', b'in', b'which', b'logic', b'plays', b'major', b'role', b'today', b'philosophy', b'tends', b'to', b'exclude', b'empirical', b'study', b'of', b'the', b'natural', b'world', b'by', b'means', b'of', b'the', b'scientific', b'method', b'in', b'contrast', b'aristotle', b'philosophical', b'endeavors', b'encompassed', b'virtually', b'all', b'facets', b'of', b'intellectual', b'inquiry', b'in', b'the', b'larger', b'sense', b'of', b'the', b'word', b'aristotle', b'makes', b'philosophy', b'coextensive', b'with', b'reasoning', b'which', b'he', b'also', b'would', b'describe', b'as', b'science', b'note', b'however', b'that', b'his', b'use', b'of', b'the', b'term', b'science', b'carries', b'different', b'meaning', b'than', b'that', b'covered', b'by', b'the', b'term', b'scientific', b'method', b'for', b'aristotle', b'all', b'science', b'dianoia', b'is', b'either', b'practical', b'poetical', b'or', b'theoretical', b'metaphysics', b'by', b'practical', b'science', b'he', b'means', b'ethics', b'and', b'politics', b'by', b'poetical', b'science', b'he', b'means', b'the', b'study', b'of', b'poetry', b'and', b'the', b'other', b'fine', b'arts', b'by', b'theoretical', b'science', b'he', b'means', b'physics', b'mathematics', b'and', b'metaphysics', b'if', b'logic', b'or', b'analytics', b'is', b'regarded', b'as', b'study', b'preliminary', b'to', b'philosophy', b'the', b'divisions', b'of', b'aristotelian', b'philosophy', b'would', b'consist', b'of', b'logic', b'theoretical', b'philosophy', b'including', b'metaphysics', b'physics', b'and', b'mathematics', b'practical', b'philosophy', b'and', b'poetical', b'philosophy', b'in', b'the', b'period', b'between', b'his', b'two', b'stays', b'in', b'athens', b'between', b'his', b'times', b'at', b'the', b'academy', b'and', b'the', b'lyceum', b'aristotle', b'conducted', b'most', b'of', b'the', b'scientific', b'thinking', b'and', b'research', b'for', b'which', b'he', b'is', b'renowned', b'today', b'in', b'fact', b'most', b'of', b'aristotle', b'life', b'was', b'devoted', b'to', b'the', b'study', b'of', b'the', b'objects', b'of', b'natural', b'science', b'aristotle', b'metaphysics', b'contains', b'observations', b'on', b'the', b'nature', b'of', b'numbers', b'but', b'he', b'made', b'no', b'original', b'contributions', b'to', b'mathematics', b'he', b'did', b'however', b'perform', b'original', b'research', b'in', b'the', b'natural', b'sciences', b'botany', b'zoology', b'physics', b'astronomy', b'chemistry', b'meteorology', b'and', b'several', b'other', b'sciences', b'aristotle', b'writings', b'on', b'science', b'are', b'largely', b'qualitative', b'as', b'opposed', b'to', b'quantitative', b'beginning', b'in', b'the', b'th', b'century', b'scientists', b'began', b'applying', b'mathematics', b'to', b'the', b'physical', b'sciences', b'and', b'aristotle', b'work', b'in', b'this', b'area', b'was', b'deemed', b'hopelessly', b'inadequate', b'his', b'failings', b'were', b'largely', b'due', b'to', b'the', b'absence', b'of', b'concepts', b'like', b'mass', b'velocity', b'force', b'and', b'temperature', b'he', b'had', b'conception', b'of', b'speed', b'and', b'temperature', b'but', b'no', b'quantitative', b'understanding', b'of', b'them', b'which', b'was', b'partly', b'due', b'to', b'the', b'absence', b'of', b'basic', b'experimental', b'devices', b'like', b'clocks', b'and', b'thermometers', b'his', b'writings', b'provide', b'an', b'account', b'of', b'many', b'scientific', b'observations', b'mixture', b'of', b'precocious', b'accuracy', b'and', b'curious', b'errors', b'for', b'example', b'in', b'his', b'history', b'of', b'animals', b'he', b'claimed', b'that', b'human', b'males', b'have', b'more', b'teeth', b'than', b'females', b'in', b'similar', b'vein', b'john', b'philoponus', b'and', b'later', b'galileo', b'showed', b'by', b'simple', b'experiments', b'that', b'aristotle', b'theory', b'that', b'heavier', b'object', b'falls', b'faster', b'than', b'lighter', b'object', b'is', b'incorrect', b'on', b'the', b'other', b'hand', b'aristotle', b'refuted', b'democritus', b'claim', b'that', b'the', b'milky', b'way', b'was', b'made', b'up', b'of', b'those', b'stars', b'which', b'are', b'shaded', b'by', b'the', b'earth', b'from', b'the', b'sun', b'rays', b'pointing', b'out', b'correctly', b'even', b'if', b'such', b'reasoning', b'was', b'bound', b'to', b'be', b'dismissed', b'for', b'long', b'time', b'that', b'given', b'current', b'astronomical', b'demonstrations', b'that', b'the', b'size', b'of', b'the', b'sun', b'is', b'greater', b'than', b'that', b'of', b'the', b'earth', b'and', b'the', b'distance', b'of', b'the', b'stars', b'from', b'the', b'earth', b'many', b'times', b'greater', b'than', b'that', b'of', b'the', b'sun', b'then', b'the', b'sun', b'shines', b'on', b'all', b'the', b'stars', b'and', b'the', b'earth', b'screens', b'none', b'of', b'them', b'aristotle', b'also', b'had', b'some', b'scientific', b'blind', b'spots', b'he', b'posited', b'geocentric', b'cosmology', b'that', b'we', b'may', b'discern', b'in', b'selections', b'of', b'the', b'metaphysics', b'which', b'was', b'widely', b'accepted', b'up', b'until', b'the', b'th', b'century', b'from', b'the', b'rd', b'century', b'to', b'the', b'th', b'century', b'the', b'dominant', b'view', b'held', b'that', b'the', b'earth', b'was', b'the', b'rotational', b'center', b'of', b'the', b'universe', b'because', b'he', b'was', b'perhaps', b'the', b'philosopher', b'most', b'respected', b'by', b'european', b'thinkers', b'during', b'and', b'after', b'the', b'renaissance', b'these', b'thinkers', b'often', b'took', b'aristotle', b'erroneous', b'positions', b'as', b'given', b'which', b'held', b'back', b'science', b'in', b'this', b'epoch', b'however', b'aristotle', b'scientific', b'shortcomings', b'should', b'not', b'mislead', b'one', b'into', b'forgetting', b'his', b'great', b'advances', b'in', b'the', b'many', b'scientific', b'fields', b'for', b'instance', b'he', b'founded', b'logic', b'as', b'formal', b'science', b'and', b'created', b'foundations', b'to', b'biology', b'that', b'were', b'not', b'superseded', b'for', b'two', b'millennia', b'moreover', b'he', b'introduced', b'the', b'fundamental', b'notion', b'that', b'nature', b'is', b'composed', b'of', b'things', b'that', b'change', b'and', b'that', b'studying', b'such', b'changes', b'can', b'provide', b'useful', b'knowledge', b'of', b'underlying', b'constants', b'geology', b'as', b'quoted', b'from', b'charles', b'lyell', b'principles', b'of', b'geology', b'he', b'aristotle', b'refers', b'to', b'many', b'examples', b'of', b'changes', b'now', b'constantly', b'going', b'on', b'and', b'insists', b'emphatically', b'on', b'the', b'great', b'results', b'which', b'they', b'must', b'produce', b'in', b'the', b'lapse', b'of', b'ages', b'he', b'instances', b'particular', b'cases', b'of', b'lakes', b'that', b'had', b'dried', b'up', b'and', b'deserts', b'that', b'had', b'at', b'length', b'become', b'watered', b'by', b'rivers', b'and', b'fertilized', b'he', b'points', b'to', b'the', b'growth', b'of', b'the', b'nilotic', b'delta', b'since', b'the', b'time', b'of', b'homer', b'to', b'the', b'shallowing', b'of', b'the', b'palus', b'maeotis', b'within', b'sixty', b'years', b'from', b'his', b'own', b'time', b'he', b'alludes', b'to', b'the', b'upheaving', b'of', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'eolian', b'islands', b'previous', b'to', b'volcanic', b'eruption', b'the', b'changes', b'of', b'the', b'earth', b'he', b'says', b'are', b'so', b'slow', b'in', b'comparison', b'to', b'the', b'duration', b'of', b'our', b'lives', b'that', b'they', b'are', b'overlooked', b'and', b'the', b'migrations', b'of', b'people', b'after', b'great', b'catastrophes', b'and', b'their', b'removal', b'to', b'other', b'regions', b'cause', b'the', b'event', b'to', b'be', b'forgotten', b'he', b'says', b'th', b'chapter', b'of', b'his', b'meteorics', b'the', b'distribution', b'of', b'land', b'and', b'sea', b'in', b'particular', b'regions', b'does', b'not', b'endure', b'throughout', b'all', b'time', b'but', b'it', b'becomes', b'sea', b'in', b'those', b'parts', b'where', b'it', b'was', b'land', b'and', b'again', b'it', b'becomes', b'land', b'where', b'it', b'was', b'sea', b'and', b'there', b'is', b'reason', b'for', b'thinking', b'that', b'these', b'changes', b'take', b'place', b'according', b'to', b'certain', b'system', b'and', b'within', b'certain', b'period', b'the', b'concluding', b'observation', b'is', b'as', b'follows', b'as', b'time', b'never', b'fails', b'and', b'the', b'universe', b'is', b'eternal', b'neither', b'the', b'tanais', b'nor', b'the', b'nile', b'can', b'have', b'flowed', b'for', b'ever', b'the', b'places', b'where', b'they', b'rise', b'were', b'once', b'dry', b'and', b'there', b'is', b'limit', b'to', b'their', b'operations', b'but', b'there', b'is', b'none', b'to', b'time', b'so', b'also', b'of', b'all', b'other', b'rivers', b'they', b'spring', b'up', b'and', b'they', b'perish', b'and', b'the', b'sea', b'also', b'continually', b'deserts', b'some', b'lands', b'and', b'invades', b'others', b'the', b'same', b'tracts', b'therefore', b'of', b'the', b'earth', b'are', b'not', b'some', b'always', b'sea', b'and', b'others', b'always', b'continents', b'but', b'every', b'thing', b'changes', b'in', b'the', b'course', b'of', b'time', b'physics', b'five', b'elements', b'aristotle', b'proposed', b'fifth', b'element', b'aether', b'in', b'addition', b'to', b'the', b'four', b'proposed', b'earlier', b'by', b'empedocles', b'earth', b'which', b'is', b'cold', b'and', b'dry', b'this', b'corresponds', b'to', b'the', b'modern', b'idea', b'of', b'solid', b'water', b'which', b'is', b'cold', b'and', b'wet', b'this', b'corresponds', b'to', b'the', b'modern', b'idea', b'of', b'liquid', b'air', b'which', b'is', b'hot', b'and', b'wet', b'this', b'corresponds', b'to', b'the', b'modern', b'idea', b'of', b'gas', b'fire', b'which', b'is', b'hot', b'and', b'dry', b'this', b'corresponds', b'to', b'the', b'modern', b'ideas', b'of', b'plasma', b'and', b'heat', b'aether', b'which', b'is', b'the', b'divine', b'substance', b'that', b'makes', b'up', b'the', b'heavenly', b'spheres', b'and', b'heavenly', b'bodies', b'stars', b'and', b'planets', b'each', b'of', b'the', b'four', b'earthly', b'elements', b'has', b'its', b'natural', b'place', b'all', b'that', b'is', b'earthly', b'tends', b'toward', b'the', b'center', b'of', b'the', b'universe', b'the', b'center', b'of', b'the', b'earth', b'water', b'tends', b'toward', b'sphere', b'surrounding', b'the', b'center', b'air', b'tends', b'toward', b'sphere', b'surrounding', b'the', b'water', b'sphere', b'fire', b'tends', b'toward', b'the', b'lunar', b'sphere', b'in', b'which', b'the', b'moon', b'orbits', b'when', b'elements', b'are', b'moved', b'out', b'of', b'their', b'natural', b'place', b'they', b'naturally', b'move', b'back', b'towards', b'it', b'this', b'is', b'natural', b'motion', b'motion', b'requiring', b'no', b'extrinsic', b'cause', b'so', b'for', b'example', b'in', b'water', b'earthy', b'bodies', b'sink', b'while', b'air', b'bubbles', b'rise', b'up', b'in', b'air', b'rain', b'falls', b'and', b'flame', b'rises', b'outside', b'all', b'the', b'other', b'spheres', b'the', b'heavenly', b'fifth', b'element', b'manifested', b'in', b'the', b'stars', b'and', b'planets', b'moves', b'in', b'the', b'perfection', b'of', b'circles', b'motion', b'aristotle', b'defined', b'motion', b'as', b'the', b'actuality', b'of', b'potentiality', b'as', b'such', b'aquinas', b'suggested', b'that', b'the', b'passage', b'be', b'understood', b'literally', b'that', b'motion', b'can', b'indeed', b'be', b'understood', b'as', b'the', b'active', b'fulfillment', b'of', b'potential', b'as', b'transition', b'toward', b'potentially', b'possible', b'state', b'because', b'actuality', b'and', b'potentiality', b'are', b'normally', b'opposites', b'in', b'aristotle', b'other', b'commentators', b'either', b'suggest', b'that', b'the', b'wording', b'which', b'has', b'come', b'down', b'to', b'us', b'is', b'erroneous', b'or', b'that', b'the', b'addition', b'of', b'the', b'as', b'such', b'to', b'the', b'definition', b'is', b'critical', b'to', b'understanding', b'it', b'causality', b'the', b'four', b'causes', b'aristotle', b'suggested', b'that', b'the', b'reason', b'for', b'anything', b'coming', b'about', b'can', b'be', b'attributed', b'to', b'four', b'different', b'types', b'of', b'simultaneously', b'active', b'factors', b'his', b'name', b'aitia', b'is', b'traditionally', b'translated', b'as', b'cause', b'but', b'it', b'does', b'not', b'always', b'refer', b'to', b'temporal', b'sequence', b'it', b'might', b'be', b'better', b'translated', b'as', b'explanation', b'but', b'the', b'traditional', b'rendering', b'will', b'be', b'employed', b'here', b'material', b'cause', b'describes', b'the', b'material', b'out', b'of', b'which', b'something', b'is', b'composed', b'thus', b'the', b'material', b'cause', b'of', b'table', b'is', b'wood', b'and', b'the', b'material', b'cause', b'of', b'car', b'is', b'rubber', b'and', b'steel', b'it', b'is', b'not', b'about', b'action', b'it', b'does', b'not', b'mean', b'that', b'one', b'domino', b'knocks', b'over', b'another', b'domino', b'the', b'formal', b'cause', b'is', b'its', b'form', b'the', b'arrangement', b'of', b'that', b'matter', b'it', b'tells', b'us', b'what', b'thing', b'is', b'that', b'any', b'thing', b'is', b'determined', b'by', b'the', b'definition', b'form', b'pattern', b'essence', b'whole', b'synthesis', b'or', b'archetype', b'it', b'embraces', b'the', b'account', b'of', b'causes', b'in', b'terms', b'of', b'fundamental', b'principles', b'or', b'general', b'laws', b'as', b'the', b'whole', b'macrostructure', b'is', b'the', b'cause', b'of', b'its', b'parts', b'relationship', b'known', b'as', b'the', b'whole', b'part', b'causation', b'plainly', b'put', b'the', b'formal', b'cause', b'is', b'the', b'idea', b'existing', b'in', b'the', b'first', b'place', b'as', b'exemplar', b'in', b'the', b'mind', b'of', b'the', b'sculptor', b'and', b'in', b'the', b'second', b'place', b'as', b'intrinsic', b'determining', b'cause', b'embodied', b'in', b'the', b'matter', b'formal', b'cause', b'could', b'only', b'refer', b'to', b'the', b'essential', b'quality', b'of', b'causation', b'simple', b'example', b'of', b'the', b'formal', b'cause', b'is', b'the', b'mental', b'image', b'or', b'idea', b'that', b'allows', b'an', b'artist', b'architect', b'or', b'engineer', b'to', b'create', b'drawing', b'the', b'efficient', b'cause', b'is', b'the', b'primary', b'source', b'or', b'that', b'from', b'which', b'the', b'change', b'under', b'consideration', b'proceeds', b'it', b'identifies', b'what', b'makes', b'of', b'what', b'is', b'made', b'and', b'what', b'causes', b'change', b'of', b'what', b'is', b'changed', b'and', b'so', b'suggests', b'all', b'sorts', b'of', b'agents', b'nonliving', b'or', b'living', b'acting', b'as', b'the', b'sources', b'of', b'change', b'or', b'movement', b'or', b'rest', b'representing', b'the', b'current', b'understanding', b'of', b'causality', b'as', b'the', b'relation', b'of', b'cause', b'and', b'effect', b'this', b'covers', b'the', b'modern', b'definitions', b'of', b'cause', b'as', b'either', b'the', b'agent', b'or', b'agency', b'or', b'particular', b'events', b'or', b'states', b'of', b'affairs', b'so', b'take', b'the', b'two', b'dominoes', b'this', b'time', b'of', b'equal', b'weighting', b'the', b'first', b'is', b'knocked', b'over', b'causing', b'the', b'second', b'also', b'to', b'fall', b'over', b'the', b'final', b'cause', b'telos', b'is', b'its', b'purpose', b'or', b'that', b'for', b'the', b'sake', b'of', b'which', b'thing', b'exists', b'or', b'is', b'done', b'including', b'both', b'purposeful', b'and', b'instrumental', b'actions', b'and', b'activities', b'the', b'final', b'cause', b'is', b'the', b'purpose', b'or', b'function', b'that', b'something', b'is', b'supposed', b'to', b'serve', b'this', b'covers', b'modern', b'ideas', b'of', b'motivating', b'causes', b'such', b'as', b'volition', b'need', b'desire', b'ethics', b'or', b'spiritual', b'beliefs', b'additionally', b'things', b'can', b'be', b'causes', b'of', b'one', b'another', b'causing', b'each', b'other', b'reciprocally', b'as', b'hard', b'work', b'causes', b'fitness', b'and', b'vice', b'versa', b'although', b'not', b'in', b'the', b'same', b'way', b'or', b'function', b'the', b'one', b'is', b'as', b'the', b'beginning', b'of', b'change', b'the', b'other', b'as', b'the', b'goal', b'thus', b'aristotle', b'first', b'suggested', b'reciprocal', b'or', b'circular', b'causality', b'as', b'relation', b'of', b'mutual', b'dependence', b'or', b'influence', b'of', b'cause', b'upon', b'effect', b'moreover', b'aristotle', b'indicated', b'that', b'the', b'same', b'thing', b'can', b'be', b'the', b'cause', b'of', b'contrary', b'effects', b'its', b'presence', b'and', b'absence', b'may', b'result', b'in', b'different', b'outcomes', b'simply', b'it', b'is', b'the', b'goal', b'or', b'purpose', b'that', b'brings', b'about', b'an', b'event', b'our', b'two', b'dominoes', b'require', b'someone', b'or', b'something', b'to', b'intentionally', b'knock', b'over', b'the', b'first', b'domino', b'because', b'it', b'cannot', b'fall', b'of', b'its', b'own', b'accord', b'aristotle', b'marked', b'two', b'modes', b'of', b'causation', b'proper', b'prior', b'causation', b'and', b'accidental', b'chance', b'causation', b'all', b'causes', b'both', b'proper', b'and', b'incidental', b'can', b'be', b'spoken', b'of', b'as', b'actual', b'or', b'potential', b'and', b'as', b'generic', b'or', b'particular', b'the', b'same', b'language', b'refers', b'to', b'the', b'effects', b'of', b'causes', b'so', b'that', b'actual', b'effects', b'are', b'assigned', b'to', b'operating', b'causes', b'generic', b'effects', b'to', b'generic', b'causes', b'and', b'particular', b'effects', b'to', b'particular', b'causes', b'optics', b'aristotle', b'held', b'more', b'accurate', b'theories', b'on', b'some', b'optical', b'concepts', b'than', b'other', b'philosophers', b'of', b'his', b'day', b'the', b'second', b'oldest', b'written', b'evidence', b'of', b'camera', b'obscura', b'after', b'mozi', b'bc', b'can', b'be', b'found', b'in', b'aristotle', b'documentation', b'of', b'such', b'device', b'in', b'bc', b'in', b'problemata', b'aristotle', b'apparatus', b'contained', b'dark', b'chamber', b'that', b'had', b'single', b'small', b'hole', b'or', b'aperture', b'to', b'allow', b'for', b'sunlight', b'to', b'enter', b'aristotle', b'used', b'the', b'device', b'to', b'make', b'observations', b'of', b'the', b'sun', b'and', b'noted', b'that', b'no', b'matter', b'what', b'shape', b'the', b'hole', b'was', b'the', b'sun', b'would', b'still', b'be', b'correctly', b'displayed', b'as', b'round', b'object', b'in', b'modern', b'cameras', b'this', b'is', b'analogous', b'to', b'the', b'diaphragm', b'aristotle', b'also', b'made', b'the', b'observation', b'that', b'when', b'the', b'distance', b'between', b'the', b'aperture', b'and', b'the', b'surface', b'with', b'the', b'image', b'increased', b'the', b'image', b'was', b'magnified', b'chance', b'and', b'spontaneity', b'according', b'to', b'aristotle', b'spontaneity', b'and', b'chance', b'are', b'causes', b'of', b'some', b'things', b'distinguishable', b'from', b'other', b'types', b'of', b'cause', b'chance', b'as', b'an', b'incidental', b'cause', b'lies', b'in', b'the', b'realm', b'of', b'accidental', b'things', b'it', b'is', b'from', b'what', b'is', b'spontaneous', b'but', b'note', b'that', b'what', b'is', b'spontaneous', b'does', b'not', b'come', b'from', b'chance', b'for', b'better', b'understanding', b'of', b'aristotle', b'conception', b'of', b'chance', b'it', b'might', b'be', b'better', b'to', b'think', b'of', b'coincidence', b'something', b'takes', b'place', b'by', b'chance', b'if', b'person', b'sets', b'out', b'with', b'the', b'intent', b'of', b'having', b'one', b'thing', b'take', b'place', b'but', b'with', b'the', b'result', b'of', b'another', b'thing', b'not', b'intended', b'taking', b'place', b'for', b'example', b'person', b'seeks', b'donations', b'that', b'person', b'may', b'find', b'another', b'person', b'willing', b'to', b'donate', b'substantial', b'sum', b'however', b'if', b'the', b'person', b'seeking', b'the', b'donations', b'met', b'the', b'person', b'donating', b'not', b'for', b'the', b'purpose', b'of', b'collecting', b'donations', b'but', b'for', b'some', b'other', b'purpose', b'aristotle', b'would', b'call', b'the', b'collecting', b'of', b'the', b'donation', b'by', b'that', b'particular', b'donator', b'result', b'of', b'chance', b'it', b'must', b'be', b'unusual', b'that', b'something', b'happens', b'by', b'chance', b'in', b'other', b'words', b'if', b'something', b'happens', b'all', b'or', b'most', b'of', b'the', b'time', b'we', b'cannot', b'say', b'that', b'it', b'is', b'by', b'chance', b'there', b'is', b'also', b'more', b'specific', b'kind', b'of', b'chance', b'which', b'aristotle', b'names', b'luck', b'that', b'can', b'only', b'apply', b'to', b'human', b'beings', b'because', b'it', b'is', b'in', b'the', b'sphere', b'of', b'moral', b'actions', b'according', b'to', b'aristotle', b'luck', b'must', b'involve', b'choice', b'and', b'thus', b'deliberation', b'and', b'only', b'humans', b'are', b'capable', b'of', b'deliberation', b'and', b'choice', b'what', b'is', b'not', b'capable', b'of', b'action', b'cannot', b'do', b'anything', b'by', b'chance', b'metaphysics', b'aristotle', b'defines', b'metaphysics', b'as', b'the', b'knowledge', b'of', b'immaterial', b'being', b'or', b'of', b'being', b'in', b'the', b'highest', b'degree', b'of', b'abstraction', b'he', b'refers', b'to', b'metaphysics', b'as', b'first', b'philosophy', b'as', b'well', b'as', b'the', b'theologic', b'science', b'substance', b'potentiality', b'and', b'actuality', b'aristotle', b'examines', b'the', b'concepts', b'of', b'substance', b'and', b'essence', b'ousia', b'in', b'his', b'metaphysics', b'book', b'vii', b'and', b'he', b'concludes', b'that', b'particular', b'substance', b'is', b'combination', b'of', b'both', b'matter', b'and', b'form', b'in', b'book', b'viii', b'he', b'distinguishes', b'the', b'matter', b'of', b'the', b'substance', b'as', b'the', b'substratum', b'or', b'the', b'stuff', b'of', b'which', b'it', b'is', b'composed', b'for', b'example', b'the', b'matter', b'of', b'house', b'is', b'the', b'bricks', b'stones', b'timbers', b'etc', b'or', b'whatever', b'constitutes', b'the', b'potential', b'house', b'while', b'the', b'form', b'of', b'the', b'substance', b'is', b'the', b'actual', b'house', b'namely', b'covering', b'for', b'bodies', b'and', b'chattels', b'or', b'any', b'other', b'differentia', b'see', b'also', b'predicables', b'that', b'let', b'us', b'define', b'something', b'as', b'house', b'the', b'formula', b'that', b'gives', b'the', b'components', b'is', b'the', b'account', b'of', b'the', b'matter', b'and', b'the', b'formula', b'that', b'gives', b'the', b'differentia', b'is', b'the', b'account', b'of', b'the', b'form', b'with', b'regard', b'to', b'the', b'change', b'kinesis', b'and', b'its', b'causes', b'now', b'as', b'he', b'defines', b'in', b'his', b'physics', b'and', b'on', b'generation', b'and', b'corruption', b'he', b'distinguishes', b'the', b'coming', b'to', b'be', b'from', b'growth', b'and', b'diminution', b'which', b'is', b'change', b'in', b'quantity', b'locomotion', b'which', b'is', b'change', b'in', b'space', b'and', b'alteration', b'which', b'is', b'change', b'in', b'quality', b'the', b'coming', b'to', b'be', b'is', b'change', b'where', b'nothing', b'persists', b'of', b'which', b'the', b'resultant', b'is', b'property', b'in', b'that', b'particular', b'change', b'he', b'introduces', b'the', b'concept', b'of', b'potentiality', b'dynamis', b'and', b'actuality', b'entelecheia', b'in', b'association', b'with', b'the', b'matter', b'and', b'the', b'form', b'referring', b'to', b'potentiality', b'this', b'is', b'what', b'thing', b'is', b'capable', b'of', b'doing', b'or', b'being', b'acted', b'upon', b'if', b'the', b'conditions', b'are', b'right', b'and', b'it', b'is', b'not', b'prevented', b'by', b'something', b'else', b'for', b'example', b'the', b'seed', b'of', b'plant', b'in', b'the', b'soil', b'is', b'potentially', b'dynamei', b'plant', b'and', b'if', b'is', b'not', b'prevented', b'by', b'something', b'it', b'will', b'become', b'plant', b'potentially', b'beings', b'can', b'either', b'act', b'poiein', b'or', b'be', b'acted', b'upon', b'paschein', b'which', b'can', b'be', b'either', b'innate', b'or', b'learned', b'for', b'example', b'the', b'eyes', b'possess', b'the', b'potentiality', b'of', b'sight', b'innate', b'being', b'acted', b'upon', b'while', b'the', b'capability', b'of', b'playing', b'the', b'flute', b'can', b'be', b'possessed', b'by', b'learning', b'exercise', b'acting', b'actuality', b'is', b'the', b'fulfillment', b'of', b'the', b'end', b'of', b'the', b'potentiality', b'because', b'the', b'end', b'telos', b'is', b'the', b'principle', b'of', b'every', b'change', b'and', b'for', b'the', b'sake', b'of', b'the', b'end', b'exists', b'potentiality', b'therefore', b'actuality', b'is', b'the', b'end', b'referring', b'then', b'to', b'our', b'previous', b'example', b'we', b'could', b'say', b'that', b'an', b'actuality', b'is', b'when', b'plant', b'does', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'activities', b'that', b'plants', b'do', b'for', b'that', b'for', b'the', b'sake', b'of', b'which', b'thing', b'is', b'is', b'its', b'principle', b'and', b'the', b'becoming', b'is', b'for', b'the', b'sake', b'of', b'the', b'end', b'and', b'the', b'actuality', b'is', b'the', b'end', b'and', b'it', b'is', b'for', b'the', b'sake', b'of', b'this', b'that', b'the', b'potentiality', b'is', b'acquired', b'for', b'animals', b'do', b'not', b'see', b'in', b'order', b'that', b'they', b'may', b'have', b'sight', b'but', b'they', b'have', b'sight', b'that', b'they', b'may', b'see', b'in', b'summary', b'the', b'matter', b'used', b'to', b'make', b'house', b'has', b'potentiality', b'to', b'be', b'house', b'and', b'both', b'the', b'activity', b'of', b'building', b'and', b'the', b'form', b'of', b'the', b'final', b'house', b'are', b'actualities', b'which', b'is', b'also', b'final', b'cause', b'or', b'end', b'then', b'aristotle', b'proceeds', b'and', b'concludes', b'that', b'the', b'actuality', b'is', b'prior', b'to', b'potentiality', b'in', b'formula', b'in', b'time', b'and', b'in', b'substantiality', b'with', b'this', b'definition', b'of', b'the', b'particular', b'substance', b'matter', b'and', b'form', b'aristotle', b'tries', b'to', b'solve', b'the', b'problem', b'of', b'the', b'unity', b'of', b'the', b'beings', b'for', b'example', b'what', b'is', b'it', b'that', b'makes', b'man', b'one', b'since', b'according', b'to', b'plato', b'there', b'are', b'two', b'ideas', b'animal', b'and', b'biped', b'how', b'then', b'is', b'man', b'unity', b'however', b'according', b'to', b'aristotle', b'the', b'potential', b'being', b'matter', b'and', b'the', b'actual', b'one', b'form', b'are', b'one', b'and', b'the', b'same', b'thing', b'universals', b'and', b'particulars', b'aristotle', b'predecessor', b'plato', b'argued', b'that', b'all', b'things', b'have', b'universal', b'form', b'which', b'could', b'be', b'either', b'property', b'or', b'relation', b'to', b'other', b'things', b'when', b'we', b'look', b'at', b'an', b'apple', b'for', b'example', b'we', b'see', b'an', b'apple', b'and', b'we', b'can', b'also', b'analyze', b'form', b'of', b'an', b'apple', b'in', b'this', b'distinction', b'there', b'is', b'particular', b'apple', b'and', b'universal', b'form', b'of', b'an', b'apple', b'moreover', b'we', b'can', b'place', b'an', b'apple', b'next', b'to', b'book', b'so', b'that', b'we', b'can', b'speak', b'of', b'both', b'the', b'book', b'and', b'apple', b'as', b'being', b'next', b'to', b'each', b'other', b'plato', b'argued', b'that', b'there', b'are', b'some', b'universal', b'forms', b'that', b'are', b'not', b'part', b'of', b'particular', b'things', b'for', b'example', b'it', b'is', b'possible', b'that', b'there', b'is', b'no', b'particular', b'good', b'in', b'existence', b'but', b'good', b'is', b'still', b'proper', b'universal', b'form', b'bertrand', b'russell', b'is', b'th', b'century', b'philosopher', b'who', b'agreed', b'with', b'plato', b'on', b'the', b'existence', b'of', b'uninstantiated', b'universals', b'aristotle', b'disagreed', b'with', b'plato', b'on', b'this', b'point', b'arguing', b'that', b'all', b'universals', b'are', b'instantiated', b'aristotle', b'argued', b'that', b'there', b'are', b'no', b'universals', b'that', b'are', b'unattached', b'to', b'existing', b'things', b'according', b'to', b'aristotle', b'if', b'universal', b'exists', b'either', b'as', b'particular', b'or', b'relation', b'then', b'there', b'must', b'have', b'been', b'must', b'be', b'currently', b'or', b'must', b'be', b'in', b'the', b'future', b'something', b'on', b'which', b'the', b'universal', b'can', b'be', b'predicated', b'consequently', b'according', b'to', b'aristotle', b'if', b'it', b'is', b'not', b'the', b'case', b'that', b'some', b'universal', b'can', b'be', b'predicated', b'to', b'an', b'object', b'that', b'exists', b'at', b'some', b'period', b'of', b'time', b'then', b'it', b'does', b'not', b'exist', b'in', b'addition', b'aristotle', b'disagreed', b'with', b'plato', b'about', b'the', b'location', b'of', b'universals', b'as', b'plato', b'spoke', b'of', b'the', b'world', b'of', b'the', b'forms', b'location', b'where', b'all', b'universal', b'forms', b'subsist', b'aristotle', b'maintained', b'that', b'universals', b'exist', b'within', b'each', b'thing', b'on', b'which', b'each', b'universal', b'is', b'predicated', b'so', b'according', b'to', b'aristotle', b'the', b'form', b'of', b'apple', b'exists', b'within', b'each', b'apple', b'rather', b'than', b'in', b'the', b'world', b'of', b'the', b'forms', b'biology', b'and', b'medicine', b'in', b'aristotelian', b'science', b'especially', b'in', b'biology', b'things', b'he', b'saw', b'himself', b'have', b'stood', b'the', b'test', b'of', b'time', b'better', b'than', b'his', b'retelling', b'of', b'the', b'reports', b'of', b'others', b'which', b'contain', b'error', b'and', b'superstition', b'he', b'dissected', b'animals', b'but', b'not', b'humans', b'his', b'ideas', b'on', b'how', b'the', b'human', b'body', b'works', b'have', b'been', b'almost', b'entirely', b'superseded', b'empirical', b'research', b'program', b'octopus', b'swimming', b'torpedo', b'fuscomaculata', b'leopard', b'shark', b'aristotle', b'is', b'the', b'earliest', b'natural', b'historian', b'whose', b'work', b'has', b'survived', b'in', b'some', b'detail', b'aristotle', b'certainly', b'did', b'research', b'on', b'the', b'natural', b'history', b'of', b'lesbos', b'and', b'the', b'surrounding', b'seas', b'and', b'neighbouring', b'areas', b'the', b'works', b'that', b'reflect', b'this', b'research', b'the', b'history', b'of', b'animals', b'generation', b'of', b'animals', b'movement', b'of', b'animals', b'and', b'parts', b'of', b'animals', b'contain', b'some', b'observations', b'and', b'interpretations', b'along', b'with', b'sundry', b'myths', b'and', b'mistakes', b'the', b'most', b'striking', b'passages', b'are', b'about', b'the', b'sea', b'life', b'visible', b'from', b'observation', b'on', b'lesbos', b'and', b'available', b'from', b'the', b'catches', b'of', b'fishermen', b'his', b'observations', b'on', b'catfish', b'electric', b'fish', b'torpedo', b'and', b'angler', b'fish', b'are', b'detailed', b'as', b'is', b'his', b'writing', b'on', b'cephalopods', b'namely', b'octopus', b'sepia', b'cuttlefish', b'and', b'the', b'paper', b'nautilus', b'argonauta', b'argo', b'his', b'description', b'of', b'the', b'hectocotyl', b'arm', b'used', b'in', b'sexual', b'reproduction', b'was', b'widely', b'disbelieved', b'until', b'its', b'rediscovery', b'in', b'the', b'th', b'century', b'he', b'separated', b'the', b'aquatic', b'mammals', b'from', b'fish', b'and', b'knew', b'that', b'sharks', b'and', b'rays', b'were', b'part', b'of', b'the', b'group', b'he', b'called', b'selach\xc4\x93', b'selachians', b'an', b'example', b'of', b'his', b'methods', b'including', b'dissection', b'and', b'observation', b'comes', b'from', b'the', b'generation', b'of', b'animals', b'where', b'he', b'describes', b'breaking', b'open', b'fertilized', b'chicken', b'eggs', b'at', b'intervals', b'to', b'discover', b'the', b'sequence', b'in', b'which', b'visible', b'organs', b'are', b'generated', b'aristotle', b'gave', b'accurate', b'descriptions', b'of', b'the', b'four', b'chambered', b'fore', b'stomachs', b'of', b'ruminants', b'and', b'of', b'the', b'ovoviviparous', b'embryological', b'development', b'of', b'the', b'hound', b'shark', b'mustelus', b'mustelus', b'classification', b'of', b'living', b'things', b'aristotle', b'distinguished', b'about', b'species', b'of', b'birds', b'mammals', b'and', b'fishes', b'what', b'the', b'modern', b'zoologist', b'would', b'call', b'vertebrates', b'and', b'invertebrates', b'aristotle', b'called', b'animals', b'with', b'blood', b'and', b'animals', b'without', b'blood', b'animals', b'with', b'blood', b'were', b'divided', b'into', b'live', b'bearing', b'mammals', b'and', b'egg', b'bearing', b'birds', b'and', b'fish', b'invertebrates', b'animals', b'without', b'blood', b'are', b'insects', b'crustacea', b'divided', b'into', b'non', b'shelled', b'cephalopods', b'and', b'shelled', b'and', b'testacea', b'molluscs', b'aristotle', b'believed', b'that', b'intellectual', b'purposes', b'final', b'causes', b'guided', b'all', b'natural', b'processes', b'such', b'teleological', b'view', b'gave', b'aristotle', b'cause', b'to', b'justify', b'his', b'observed', b'data', b'as', b'an', b'expression', b'of', b'formal', b'design', b'noting', b'that', b'no', b'animal', b'has', b'at', b'the', b'same', b'time', b'both', b'tusks', b'and', b'horns', b'and', b'single', b'hooved', b'animal', b'with', b'two', b'horns', b'have', b'never', b'seen', b'aristotle', b'suggested', b'that', b'nature', b'giving', b'no', b'animal', b'both', b'horns', b'and', b'tusks', b'was', b'staving', b'off', b'vanity', b'and', b'giving', b'creatures', b'faculties', b'only', b'to', b'such', b'degree', b'as', b'they', b'are', b'necessary', b'noting', b'that', b'ruminants', b'had', b'multiple', b'stomachs', b'and', b'weak', b'teeth', b'he', b'supposed', b'the', b'first', b'was', b'to', b'compensate', b'for', b'the', b'latter', b'with', b'nature', b'trying', b'to', b'preserve', b'type', b'of', b'balance', b'he', b'stated', b'in', b'the', b'history', b'of', b'animals', b'that', b'creatures', b'were', b'arranged', b'in', b'graded', b'scale', b'of', b'perfection', b'rising', b'from', b'minerals', b'to', b'plants', b'and', b'animals', b'and', b'on', b'up', b'to', b'man', b'forming', b'the', b'scala', b'naturae', b'or', b'great', b'chain', b'of', b'being', b'his', b'system', b'had', b'eleven', b'grades', b'arranged', b'according', b'to', b'the', b'degree', b'to', b'which', b'they', b'are', b'infected', b'with', b'potentiality', b'expressed', b'in', b'their', b'form', b'at', b'birth', b'the', b'highest', b'animals', b'laid', b'warm', b'and', b'wet', b'creatures', b'alive', b'the', b'lowest', b'bore', b'theirs', b'cold', b'dry', b'and', b'in', b'thick', b'eggs', b'for', b'charles', b'singer', b'nothing', b'is', b'more', b'remarkable', b'than', b'aristotle', b'efforts', b'to', b'exhibit', b'the', b'relationships', b'of', b'living', b'things', b'as', b'scala', b'naturae', b'aristotle', b'also', b'held', b'that', b'the', b'level', b'of', b'creature', b'perfection', b'was', b'reflected', b'in', b'its', b'form', b'but', b'not', b'preordained', b'by', b'that', b'form', b'ideas', b'like', b'this', b'and', b'his', b'ideas', b'about', b'souls', b'are', b'not', b'regarded', b'as', b'science', b'at', b'all', b'in', b'modern', b'times', b'he', b'placed', b'emphasis', b'on', b'the', b'type', b'of', b'soul', b'an', b'organism', b'possessed', b'asserting', b'that', b'plants', b'possess', b'vegetative', b'soul', b'responsible', b'for', b'reproduction', b'and', b'growth', b'animals', b'vegetative', b'and', b'sensitive', b'soul', b'responsible', b'for', b'mobility', b'and', b'sensation', b'and', b'humans', b'vegetative', b'sensitive', b'and', b'rational', b'soul', b'capable', b'of', b'thought', b'and', b'reflection', b'aristotle', b'in', b'contrast', b'to', b'earlier', b'philosophers', b'but', b'in', b'accordance', b'with', b'the', b'egyptians', b'placed', b'the', b'rational', b'soul', b'in', b'the', b'heart', b'rather', b'than', b'the', b'brain', b'notable', b'is', b'aristotle', b'division', b'of', b'sensation', b'and', b'thought', b'which', b'generally', b'went', b'against', b'previous', b'philosophers', b'with', b'the', b'exception', b'of', b'alcmaeon', b'successor', b'theophrastus', b'frontispiece', b'to', b'version', b'of', b'the', b'expanded', b'and', b'illustrated', b'edition', b'of', b'historia', b'plantarum', b'ca', b'which', b'was', b'originally', b'written', b'around', b'bc', b'aristotle', b'successor', b'at', b'the', b'lyceum', b'theophrastus', b'wrote', b'series', b'of', b'books', b'on', b'botany', b'the', b'history', b'of', b'plants', b'which', b'survived', b'as', b'the', b'most', b'important', b'contribution', b'of', b'antiquity', b'to', b'botany', b'even', b'into', b'the', b'middle', b'ages', b'many', b'of', b'theophrastus', b'names', b'survive', b'into', b'modern', b'times', b'such', b'as', b'carpos', b'for', b'fruit', b'and', b'pericarpion', b'for', b'seed', b'vessel', b'rather', b'than', b'focus', b'on', b'formal', b'causes', b'as', b'aristotle', b'did', b'theophrastus', b'suggested', b'mechanistic', b'scheme', b'drawing', b'analogies', b'between', b'natural', b'and', b'artificial', b'processes', b'and', b'relying', b'on', b'aristotle', b'concept', b'of', b'the', b'efficient', b'cause', b'theophrastus', b'also', b'recognized', b'the', b'role', b'of', b'sex', b'in', b'the', b'reproduction', b'of', b'some', b'higher', b'plants', b'though', b'this', b'last', b'discovery', b'was', b'lost', b'in', b'later', b'ages', b'influence', b'on', b'hellenistic', b'medicine', b'after', b'theophrastus', b'the', b'lyceum', b'failed', b'to', b'produce', b'any', b'original', b'work', b'though', b'interest', b'in', b'aristotle', b'ideas', b'survived', b'they', b'were', b'generally', b'taken', b'unquestioningly', b'it', b'is', b'not', b'until', b'the', b'age', b'of', b'alexandria', b'under', b'the', b'ptolemies', b'that', b'advances', b'in', b'biology', b'can', b'be', b'again', b'found', b'the', b'first', b'medical', b'teacher', b'at', b'alexandria', b'herophilus', b'of', b'chalcedon', b'corrected', b'aristotle', b'placing', b'intelligence', b'in', b'the', b'brain', b'and', b'connected', b'the', b'nervous', b'system', b'to', b'motion', b'and', b'sensation', b'herophilus', b'also', b'distinguished', b'between', b'veins', b'and', b'arteries', b'noting', b'that', b'the', b'latter', b'pulse', b'while', b'the', b'former', b'do', b'not', b'though', b'few', b'ancient', b'atomists', b'such', b'as', b'lucretius', b'challenged', b'the', b'teleological', b'viewpoint', b'of', b'aristotelian', b'ideas', b'about', b'life', b'teleology', b'and', b'after', b'the', b'rise', b'of', b'christianity', b'natural', b'theology', b'would', b'remain', b'central', b'to', b'biological', b'thought', b'essentially', b'until', b'the', b'th', b'and', b'th', b'centuries', b'ernst', b'mayr', b'claimed', b'that', b'there', b'was', b'nothing', b'of', b'any', b'real', b'consequence', b'in', b'biology', b'after', b'lucretius', b'and', b'galen', b'until', b'the', b'renaissance', b'aristotle', b'ideas', b'of', b'natural', b'history', b'and', b'medicine', b'survived', b'but', b'they', b'were', b'generally', b'taken', b'unquestioningly', b'psychology', b'aristotle', b'psychology', b'given', b'in', b'his', b'treatise', b'on', b'the', b'soul', b'peri', b'psyche', b'often', b'known', b'by', b'its', b'latin', b'title', b'de', b'anima', b'posits', b'three', b'kinds', b'of', b'soul', b'psyches', b'the', b'vegetative', b'soul', b'the', b'sensitive', b'soul', b'and', b'the', b'rational', b'soul', b'humans', b'have', b'rational', b'soul', b'this', b'kind', b'of', b'soul', b'is', b'capable', b'of', b'the', b'same', b'powers', b'as', b'the', b'other', b'kinds', b'like', b'the', b'vegetative', b'soul', b'it', b'can', b'grow', b'and', b'nourish', b'itself', b'like', b'the', b'sensitive', b'soul', b'it', b'can', b'experience', b'sensations', b'and', b'move', b'locally', b'the', b'unique', b'part', b'of', b'the', b'human', b'rational', b'soul', b'is', b'its', b'ability', b'to', b'receive', b'forms', b'of', b'other', b'things', b'and', b'compare', b'them', b'for', b'aristotle', b'the', b'soul', b'psyche', b'was', b'simpler', b'concept', b'than', b'it', b'is', b'for', b'us', b'today', b'by', b'soul', b'he', b'simply', b'meant', b'the', b'form', b'of', b'living', b'being', b'because', b'all', b'beings', b'are', b'composites', b'of', b'form', b'and', b'matter', b'the', b'form', b'of', b'living', b'beings', b'is', b'that', b'which', b'endows', b'them', b'with', b'what', b'is', b'specific', b'to', b'living', b'beings', b'the', b'ability', b'to', b'initiate', b'movement', b'or', b'in', b'the', b'case', b'of', b'plants', b'growth', b'and', b'chemical', b'transformations', b'which', b'aristotle', b'considers', b'types', b'of', b'movement', b'memory', b'according', b'to', b'aristotle', b'memory', b'is', b'the', b'ability', b'to', b'hold', b'perceived', b'experience', b'in', b'your', b'mind', b'and', b'to', b'have', b'the', b'ability', b'to', b'distinguish', b'between', b'the', b'internal', b'appearance', b'and', b'an', b'occurrence', b'in', b'the', b'past', b'in', b'other', b'words', b'memory', b'is', b'mental', b'picture', b'phantasm', b'in', b'which', b'aristotle', b'defines', b'in', b'de', b'anima', b'as', b'an', b'appearance', b'which', b'is', b'imprinted', b'on', b'the', b'part', b'of', b'the', b'body', b'that', b'forms', b'memory', b'aristotle', b'believed', b'an', b'imprint', b'becomes', b'impressed', b'on', b'semi', b'fluid', b'bodily', b'organ', b'that', b'undergoes', b'several', b'changes', b'in', b'order', b'to', b'make', b'memory', b'memory', b'occurs', b'when', b'stimuli', b'is', b'too', b'complex', b'that', b'the', b'nervous', b'system', b'semi', b'fluid', b'bodily', b'organ', b'cannot', b'receive', b'all', b'the', b'impressions', b'at', b'once', b'these', b'changes', b'are', b'the', b'same', b'as', b'those', b'involved', b'in', b'the', b'operations', b'of', b'sensation', b'common', b'sense', b'and', b'thinking', b'the', b'mental', b'picture', b'imprinted', b'on', b'the', b'bodily', b'organ', b'is', b'the', b'final', b'product', b'of', b'the', b'entire', b'process', b'of', b'sense', b'perception', b'it', b'does', b'not', b'matter', b'if', b'the', b'experience', b'was', b'seen', b'or', b'heard', b'every', b'experience', b'ends', b'up', b'as', b'mental', b'image', b'in', b'memory', b'aristotle', b'uses', b'the', b'word', b'memory', b'for', b'two', b'basic', b'abilities', b'first', b'the', b'actual', b'retaining', b'of', b'the', b'experience', b'in', b'the', b'mnemonic', b'imprint', b'that', b'can', b'develop', b'from', b'sensation', b'second', b'the', b'intellectual', b'anxiety', b'that', b'comes', b'with', b'the', b'imprint', b'due', b'to', b'being', b'impressed', b'at', b'particular', b'time', b'and', b'processing', b'specific', b'contents', b'these', b'abilities', b'can', b'be', b'explained', b'as', b'memory', b'is', b'neither', b'sensation', b'nor', b'thinking', b'because', b'is', b'arises', b'only', b'after', b'lapse', b'of', b'time', b'therefore', b'memory', b'is', b'of', b'the', b'past', b'prediction', b'is', b'of', b'the', b'future', b'and', b'sensation', b'is', b'of', b'the', b'present', b'the', b'retrieval', b'of', b'our', b'imprints', b'cannot', b'be', b'performed', b'suddenly', b'transitional', b'channel', b'is', b'needed', b'and', b'located', b'in', b'our', b'past', b'experiences', b'both', b'for', b'our', b'previous', b'experience', b'and', b'present', b'experience', b'aristotle', b'proposed', b'that', b'slow', b'witted', b'people', b'have', b'good', b'memory', b'because', b'the', b'fluids', b'in', b'their', b'brain', b'do', b'not', b'wash', b'away', b'their', b'memory', b'organ', b'used', b'to', b'imprint', b'experiences', b'and', b'so', b'the', b'imprint', b'can', b'easily', b'continue', b'however', b'they', b'cannot', b'be', b'too', b'slow', b'or', b'the', b'hardened', b'surface', b'of', b'the', b'organ', b'will', b'not', b'receive', b'new', b'imprints', b'he', b'believed', b'the', b'young', b'and', b'the', b'old', b'do', b'not', b'properly', b'develop', b'an', b'imprint', b'young', b'people', b'undergo', b'rapid', b'changes', b'as', b'they', b'develop', b'while', b'the', b'elderly', b'organs', b'are', b'beginning', b'to', b'decay', b'thus', b'stunting', b'new', b'imprints', b'likewise', b'people', b'who', b'are', b'too', b'quick', b'witted', b'are', b'similar', b'to', b'the', b'young', b'and', b'the', b'image', b'cannot', b'be', b'fixed', b'because', b'of', b'the', b'rapid', b'changes', b'of', b'their', b'organ', b'because', b'intellectual', b'functions', b'are', b'not', b'involved', b'in', b'memory', b'memories', b'belong', b'to', b'some', b'animals', b'too', b'but', b'only', b'those', b'in', b'which', b'have', b'perception', b'of', b'time', b'recollection', b'because', b'aristotle', b'believes', b'people', b'receive', b'all', b'kinds', b'of', b'sense', b'perceptions', b'and', b'people', b'perceive', b'them', b'as', b'images', b'or', b'imprints', b'people', b'are', b'continually', b'weaving', b'together', b'new', b'imprints', b'of', b'things', b'they', b'experience', b'in', b'order', b'to', b'search', b'for', b'these', b'imprints', b'people', b'search', b'the', b'memory', b'itself', b'within', b'the', b'memory', b'if', b'one', b'experience', b'is', b'offered', b'instead', b'of', b'specific', b'memory', b'that', b'person', b'will', b'reject', b'this', b'experience', b'until', b'they', b'find', b'what', b'they', b'are', b'looking', b'for', b'recollection', b'occurs', b'when', b'one', b'experience', b'naturally', b'follows', b'another', b'if', b'the', b'chain', b'of', b'images', b'is', b'needed', b'one', b'memory', b'will', b'stimulate', b'the', b'other', b'if', b'the', b'chain', b'of', b'images', b'is', b'not', b'needed', b'but', b'expected', b'then', b'it', b'will', b'only', b'stimulate', b'the', b'other', b'memory', b'in', b'most', b'instances', b'when', b'people', b'recall', b'experiences', b'they', b'stimulate', b'certain', b'previous', b'experiences', b'until', b'they', b'have', b'stimulated', b'the', b'one', b'that', b'was', b'needed', b'recollection', b'is', b'the', b'self', b'directed', b'activity', b'of', b'retrieving', b'the', b'information', b'stored', b'in', b'memory', b'imprint', b'after', b'some', b'time', b'has', b'passed', b'retrieval', b'of', b'stored', b'information', b'is', b'dependent', b'on', b'the', b'scope', b'of', b'mnemonic', b'capabilities', b'of', b'being', b'human', b'or', b'animal', b'and', b'the', b'abilities', b'the', b'human', b'or', b'animal', b'possesses', b'only', b'humans', b'will', b'remember', b'imprints', b'of', b'intellectual', b'activity', b'such', b'as', b'numbers', b'and', b'words', b'animals', b'that', b'have', b'perception', b'of', b'time', b'will', b'be', b'able', b'to', b'retrieve', b'memories', b'of', b'their', b'past', b'observations', b'remembering', b'involves', b'only', b'perception', b'of', b'the', b'things', b'remembered', b'and', b'of', b'the', b'time', b'passed', b'recollection', b'of', b'an', b'imprint', b'is', b'when', b'the', b'present', b'experiences', b'person', b'remembers', b'are', b'similar', b'with', b'elements', b'corresponding', b'in', b'character', b'and', b'arrangement', b'of', b'past', b'sensory', b'experiences', b'when', b'an', b'imprint', b'is', b'recalled', b'it', b'may', b'bring', b'forth', b'large', b'group', b'of', b'related', b'imprints', b'aristotle', b'believed', b'the', b'chain', b'of', b'thought', b'which', b'ends', b'in', b'recollection', b'of', b'certain', b'imprints', b'was', b'connected', b'systematically', b'in', b'three', b'sorts', b'of', b'relationships', b'similarity', b'contrast', b'and', b'contiguity', b'these', b'three', b'laws', b'make', b'up', b'his', b'laws', b'of', b'association', b'aristotle', b'believed', b'that', b'past', b'experiences', b'are', b'hidden', b'within', b'our', b'mind', b'force', b'operates', b'to', b'awaken', b'the', b'hidden', b'material', b'to', b'bring', b'up', b'the', b'actual', b'experience', b'according', b'to', b'aristotle', b'association', b'is', b'the', b'power', b'innate', b'in', b'mental', b'state', b'which', b'operates', b'upon', b'the', b'unexpressed', b'remains', b'of', b'former', b'experiences', b'allowing', b'them', b'to', b'rise', b'and', b'be', b'recalled', b'dreams', b'sleep', b'before', b'understanding', b'aristotle', b'views', b'on', b'dreams', b'first', b'his', b'idea', b'of', b'sleep', b'must', b'be', b'examined', b'aristotle', b'gives', b'an', b'account', b'of', b'his', b'explanation', b'of', b'sleep', b'in', b'on', b'sleep', b'and', b'wakefulness', b'sleep', b'takes', b'place', b'as', b'result', b'of', b'overuse', b'of', b'the', b'senses', b'or', b'of', b'digestion', b'so', b'it', b'is', b'vital', b'to', b'the', b'body', b'including', b'the', b'senses', b'so', b'it', b'can', b'be', b'revitalized', b'while', b'person', b'is', b'asleep', b'the', b'critical', b'activities', b'which', b'include', b'thinking', b'sensing', b'recalling', b'and', b'remembering', b'do', b'not', b'function', b'as', b'they', b'do', b'during', b'wakefulness', b'since', b'person', b'cannot', b'sense', b'during', b'sleep', b'they', b'can', b'also', b'not', b'have', b'desire', b'which', b'is', b'the', b'result', b'of', b'sensation', b'however', b'the', b'senses', b'are', b'able', b'to', b'work', b'during', b'sleep', b'albeit', b'differently', b'than', b'when', b'person', b'is', b'awake', b'because', b'during', b'sleep', b'person', b'can', b'still', b'have', b'sensory', b'experiences', b'also', b'not', b'all', b'of', b'the', b'senses', b'are', b'inactive', b'during', b'sleep', b'only', b'the', b'ones', b'that', b'are', b'weary', b'theory', b'of', b'dreams', b'dreams', b'do', b'not', b'involve', b'actually', b'sensing', b'stimulus', b'because', b'as', b'discussed', b'the', b'senses', b'do', b'not', b'work', b'as', b'they', b'normally', b'do', b'during', b'sleep', b'in', b'dreams', b'sensation', b'is', b'still', b'involved', b'but', b'in', b'an', b'altered', b'manner', b'than', b'when', b'awake', b'aristotle', b'explains', b'the', b'phenomenon', b'that', b'occurs', b'when', b'person', b'stares', b'at', b'moving', b'stimulus', b'such', b'as', b'the', b'waves', b'in', b'body', b'of', b'water', b'when', b'they', b'look', b'away', b'from', b'that', b'stimulus', b'the', b'next', b'thing', b'they', b'look', b'at', b'appears', b'to', b'be', b'moving', b'in', b'wave', b'like', b'motion', b'when', b'person', b'perceives', b'stimulus', b'and', b'the', b'stimulus', b'is', b'no', b'longer', b'the', b'focus', b'of', b'their', b'attention', b'it', b'leaves', b'an', b'impression', b'when', b'the', b'body', b'is', b'awake', b'and', b'the', b'senses', b'are', b'functioning', b'properly', b'person', b'constantly', b'encounters', b'new', b'stimuli', b'to', b'sense', b'and', b'so', b'the', b'impressions', b'left', b'from', b'previously', b'perceived', b'stimuli', b'become', b'irrelevant', b'however', b'during', b'sleep', b'the', b'impressions', b'stimuli', b'made', b'throughout', b'the', b'day', b'become', b'noticed', b'because', b'there', b'are', b'not', b'new', b'sensory', b'experiences', b'to', b'distract', b'from', b'these', b'impressions', b'that', b'were', b'made', b'so', b'dreams', b'result', b'from', b'these', b'lasting', b'impressions', b'since', b'impressions', b'are', b'all', b'that', b'are', b'left', b'and', b'not', b'the', b'exact', b'stimuli', b'dreams', b'will', b'not', b'resemble', b'the', b'actual', b'experience', b'that', b'occurred', b'when', b'awake', b'during', b'sleep', b'person', b'is', b'in', b'an', b'altered', b'state', b'of', b'mind', b'aristotle', b'compares', b'sleeping', b'person', b'to', b'person', b'who', b'is', b'overtaken', b'by', b'strong', b'feelings', b'toward', b'stimulus', b'for', b'example', b'person', b'who', b'has', b'strong', b'infatuation', b'with', b'someone', b'may', b'begin', b'to', b'think', b'they', b'see', b'that', b'person', b'everywhere', b'because', b'they', b'are', b'so', b'overtaken', b'by', b'their', b'feelings', b'when', b'person', b'is', b'asleep', b'their', b'senses', b'are', b'not', b'acting', b'as', b'they', b'do', b'when', b'they', b'are', b'awake', b'and', b'this', b'results', b'in', b'them', b'thinking', b'like', b'person', b'who', b'is', b'influenced', b'by', b'strong', b'feelings', b'since', b'person', b'sleeping', b'is', b'in', b'this', b'suggestible', b'state', b'they', b'become', b'easily', b'deceived', b'by', b'what', b'appears', b'in', b'their', b'dreams', b'when', b'asleep', b'person', b'is', b'unable', b'to', b'make', b'judgments', b'as', b'they', b'do', b'when', b'they', b'are', b'awake', b'due', b'to', b'the', b'senses', b'not', b'functioning', b'normally', b'during', b'sleep', b'they', b'are', b'unable', b'to', b'help', b'person', b'judge', b'what', b'is', b'happening', b'in', b'their', b'dream', b'this', b'in', b'turn', b'leads', b'the', b'person', b'to', b'believe', b'the', b'dream', b'is', b'real', b'dreams', b'may', b'be', b'absurd', b'in', b'nature', b'but', b'the', b'senses', b'are', b'not', b'able', b'to', b'discern', b'whether', b'they', b'are', b'real', b'or', b'not', b'so', b'the', b'dreamer', b'is', b'left', b'to', b'accept', b'the', b'dream', b'because', b'they', b'lack', b'the', b'choice', b'to', b'judge', b'it', b'one', b'component', b'of', b'aristotle', b'theory', b'of', b'dreams', b'introduces', b'ideas', b'that', b'are', b'contradictory', b'to', b'previously', b'held', b'beliefs', b'he', b'claimed', b'that', b'dreams', b'are', b'not', b'foretelling', b'and', b'that', b'they', b'are', b'not', b'sent', b'by', b'divine', b'being', b'aristotle', b'reasoned', b'that', b'instances', b'in', b'which', b'dreams', b'do', b'resemble', b'future', b'events', b'are', b'happenstances', b'not', b'divinations', b'these', b'ideas', b'were', b'contradictory', b'to', b'what', b'had', b'been', b'believed', b'about', b'dreams', b'but', b'at', b'the', b'time', b'in', b'which', b'he', b'introduced', b'these', b'ideas', b'more', b'thinkers', b'were', b'beginning', b'to', b'give', b'naturalistic', b'as', b'opposed', b'to', b'supernatural', b'explanations', b'to', b'phenomena', b'aristotle', b'also', b'includes', b'in', b'his', b'theory', b'of', b'dreams', b'what', b'constitutes', b'dream', b'and', b'what', b'does', b'not', b'he', b'claimed', b'that', b'dream', b'is', b'first', b'established', b'by', b'the', b'fact', b'that', b'the', b'person', b'is', b'asleep', b'when', b'they', b'experience', b'it', b'if', b'person', b'had', b'an', b'image', b'appear', b'for', b'moment', b'after', b'waking', b'up', b'or', b'if', b'they', b'see', b'something', b'in', b'the', b'dark', b'it', b'is', b'not', b'considered', b'dream', b'because', b'they', b'were', b'awake', b'when', b'it', b'occurred', b'secondly', b'any', b'sensory', b'experience', b'that', b'actually', b'occurs', b'while', b'person', b'is', b'asleep', b'and', b'is', b'perceived', b'by', b'the', b'person', b'while', b'asleep', b'does', b'not', b'qualify', b'as', b'part', b'of', b'dream', b'for', b'example', b'if', b'while', b'person', b'is', b'sleeping', b'door', b'shuts', b'and', b'in', b'their', b'dream', b'they', b'hear', b'door', b'is', b'shut', b'aristotle', b'argues', b'that', b'this', b'sensory', b'experience', b'is', b'not', b'part', b'of', b'the', b'dream', b'the', b'actual', b'sensory', b'experience', b'is', b'perceived', b'by', b'the', b'senses', b'the', b'fact', b'that', b'it', b'occurred', b'while', b'the', b'person', b'was', b'asleep', b'does', b'not', b'make', b'it', b'part', b'of', b'the', b'dream', b'lastly', b'the', b'images', b'of', b'dreams', b'must', b'be', b'result', b'of', b'lasting', b'impressions', b'of', b'sensory', b'experiences', b'had', b'when', b'awake', b'practical', b'philosophy', b'ethics', b'aristotle', b'considered', b'ethics', b'to', b'be', b'practical', b'rather', b'than', b'theoretical', b'study', b'one', b'aimed', b'at', b'becoming', b'good', b'and', b'doing', b'good', b'rather', b'than', b'knowing', b'for', b'its', b'own', b'sake', b'he', b'wrote', b'several', b'treatises', b'on', b'ethics', b'including', b'most', b'notably', b'the', b'nicomachean', b'ethics', b'aristotle', b'taught', b'that', b'virtue', b'has', b'to', b'do', b'with', b'the', b'proper', b'function', b'ergon', b'of', b'thing', b'an', b'eye', b'is', b'only', b'good', b'eye', b'in', b'so', b'much', b'as', b'it', b'can', b'see', b'because', b'the', b'proper', b'function', b'of', b'an', b'eye', b'is', b'sight', b'aristotle', b'reasoned', b'that', b'humans', b'must', b'have', b'function', b'specific', b'to', b'humans', b'and', b'that', b'this', b'function', b'must', b'be', b'an', b'activity', b'of', b'the', b'psuch\xc4\x93', b'normally', b'translated', b'as', b'soul', b'in', b'accordance', b'with', b'reason', b'logos', b'aristotle', b'identified', b'such', b'an', b'optimum', b'activity', b'of', b'the', b'soul', b'as', b'the', b'aim', b'of', b'all', b'human', b'deliberate', b'action', b'eudaimonia', b'generally', b'translated', b'as', b'happiness', b'or', b'sometimes', b'well', b'being', b'to', b'have', b'the', b'potential', b'of', b'ever', b'being', b'happy', b'in', b'this', b'way', b'necessarily', b'requires', b'good', b'character', b'\xc4\x93thik\xc4\x93', b'aret\xc4\x93', b'often', b'translated', b'as', b'moral', b'or', b'ethical', b'virtue', b'or', b'excellence', b'aristotle', b'taught', b'that', b'to', b'achieve', b'virtuous', b'and', b'potentially', b'happy', b'character', b'requires', b'first', b'stage', b'of', b'having', b'the', b'fortune', b'to', b'be', b'habituated', b'not', b'deliberately', b'but', b'by', b'teachers', b'and', b'experience', b'leading', b'to', b'later', b'stage', b'in', b'which', b'one', b'consciously', b'chooses', b'to', b'do', b'the', b'best', b'things', b'when', b'the', b'best', b'people', b'come', b'to', b'live', b'life', b'this', b'way', b'their', b'practical', b'wisdom', b'phronesis', b'and', b'their', b'intellect', b'nous', b'can', b'develop', b'with', b'each', b'other', b'towards', b'the', b'highest', b'possible', b'human', b'virtue', b'the', b'wisdom', b'of', b'an', b'accomplished', b'theoretical', b'or', b'speculative', b'thinker', b'or', b'in', b'other', b'words', b'philosopher', b'politics', b'aristotle', b'classification', b'of', b'constitutions', b'in', b'addition', b'to', b'his', b'works', b'on', b'ethics', b'which', b'address', b'the', b'individual', b'aristotle', b'addressed', b'the', b'city', b'in', b'his', b'work', b'titled', b'politics', b'aristotle', b'considered', b'the', b'city', b'to', b'be', b'natural', b'community', b'moreover', b'he', b'considered', b'the', b'city', b'to', b'be', b'prior', b'in', b'importance', b'to', b'the', b'family', b'which', b'in', b'turn', b'is', b'prior', b'to', b'the', b'individual', b'for', b'the', b'whole', b'must', b'of', b'necessity', b'be', b'prior', b'to', b'the', b'part', b'he', b'also', b'famously', b'stated', b'that', b'man', b'is', b'by', b'nature', b'political', b'animal', b'and', b'also', b'arguing', b'that', b'humanity', b'defining', b'factor', b'among', b'others', b'in', b'the', b'animal', b'kingdom', b'is', b'its', b'rationality', b'aristotle', b'conceived', b'of', b'politics', b'as', b'being', b'like', b'an', b'organism', b'rather', b'than', b'like', b'machine', b'and', b'as', b'collection', b'of', b'parts', b'none', b'of', b'which', b'can', b'exist', b'without', b'the', b'others', b'aristotle', b'conception', b'of', b'the', b'city', b'is', b'organic', b'and', b'he', b'is', b'considered', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'first', b'to', b'conceive', b'of', b'the', b'city', b'in', b'this', b'manner', b'the', b'common', b'modern', b'understanding', b'of', b'political', b'community', b'as', b'modern', b'state', b'is', b'quite', b'different', b'from', b'aristotle', b'understanding', b'although', b'he', b'was', b'aware', b'of', b'the', b'existence', b'and', b'potential', b'of', b'larger', b'empires', b'the', b'natural', b'community', b'according', b'to', b'aristotle', b'was', b'the', b'city', b'polis', b'which', b'functions', b'as', b'political', b'community', b'or', b'partnership', b'koin\xc5\x8dnia', b'the', b'aim', b'of', b'the', b'city', b'is', b'not', b'just', b'to', b'avoid', b'injustice', b'or', b'for', b'economic', b'stability', b'but', b'rather', b'to', b'allow', b'at', b'least', b'some', b'citizens', b'the', b'possibility', b'to', b'live', b'good', b'life', b'and', b'to', b'perform', b'beautiful', b'acts', b'the', b'political', b'partnership', b'must', b'be', b'regarded', b'therefore', b'as', b'being', b'for', b'the', b'sake', b'of', b'noble', b'actions', b'not', b'for', b'the', b'sake', b'of', b'living', b'together', b'this', b'is', b'distinguished', b'from', b'modern', b'approaches', b'beginning', b'with', b'social', b'contract', b'theory', b'according', b'to', b'which', b'individuals', b'leave', b'the', b'state', b'of', b'nature', b'because', b'of', b'fear', b'of', b'violent', b'death', b'or', b'its', b'inconveniences', b'excerpt', b'from', b'speech', b'by', b'the', b'character', b'aristotle', b'in', b'the', b'book', b'protrepticus', b'hutchinson', b'and', b'johnson', b'for', b'we', b'all', b'agree', b'that', b'the', b'most', b'excellent', b'man', b'should', b'rule', b'the', b'supreme', b'by', b'nature', b'and', b'that', b'the', b'law', b'rules', b'and', b'alone', b'is', b'authoritative', b'but', b'the', b'law', b'is', b'kind', b'of', b'intelligence', b'discourse', b'based', b'on', b'intelligence', b'and', b'again', b'what', b'standard', b'do', b'we', b'have', b'what', b'criterion', b'of', b'good', b'things', b'that', b'is', b'more', b'precise', b'than', b'the', b'intelligent', b'man', b'for', b'all', b'that', b'this', b'man', b'will', b'choose', b'if', b'the', b'choice', b'is', b'based', b'on', b'his', b'knowledge', b'are', b'good', b'things', b'and', b'their', b'contraries', b'are', b'bad', b'and', b'since', b'everybody', b'chooses', b'most', b'of', b'all', b'what', b'conforms', b'to', b'their', b'own', b'proper', b'dispositions', b'just', b'man', b'choosing', b'to', b'live', b'justly', b'man', b'with', b'bravery', b'to', b'live', b'bravely', b'likewise', b'self', b'controlled', b'man', b'to', b'live', b'with', b'self', b'control', b'it', b'is', b'clear', b'that', b'the', b'intelligent', b'man', b'will', b'choose', b'most', b'of', b'all', b'to', b'be', b'intelligent', b'for', b'this', b'is', b'the', b'function', b'of', b'that', b'capacity', b'hence', b'it', b'evident', b'that', b'according', b'to', b'the', b'most', b'authoritative', b'judgment', b'intelligence', b'is', b'supreme', b'among', b'goods', b'rhetoric', b'and', b'poetics', b'aristotle', b'considered', b'epic', b'poetry', b'tragedy', b'comedy', b'dithyrambic', b'poetry', b'and', b'music', b'to', b'be', b'imitative', b'each', b'varying', b'in', b'imitation', b'by', b'medium', b'object', b'and', b'manner', b'for', b'example', b'music', b'imitates', b'with', b'the', b'media', b'of', b'rhythm', b'and', b'harmony', b'whereas', b'dance', b'imitates', b'with', b'rhythm', b'alone', b'and', b'poetry', b'with', b'language', b'the', b'forms', b'also', b'differ', b'in', b'their', b'object', b'of', b'imitation', b'comedy', b'for', b'instance', b'is', b'dramatic', b'imitation', b'of', b'men', b'worse', b'than', b'average', b'whereas', b'tragedy', b'imitates', b'men', b'slightly', b'better', b'than', b'average', b'lastly', b'the', b'forms', b'differ', b'in', b'their', b'manner', b'of', b'imitation', b'through', b'narrative', b'or', b'character', b'through', b'change', b'or', b'no', b'change', b'and', b'through', b'drama', b'or', b'no', b'drama', b'aristotle', b'believed', b'that', b'imitation', b'is', b'natural', b'to', b'mankind', b'and', b'constitutes', b'one', b'of', b'mankind', b'advantages', b'over', b'animals', b'while', b'it', b'is', b'believed', b'that', b'aristotle', b'poetics', b'comprised', b'two', b'books', b'one', b'on', b'comedy', b'and', b'one', b'on', b'tragedy', b'only', b'the', b'portion', b'that', b'focuses', b'on', b'tragedy', b'has', b'survived', b'aristotle', b'taught', b'that', b'tragedy', b'is', b'composed', b'of', b'six', b'elements', b'plot', b'structure', b'character', b'style', b'thought', b'spectacle', b'and', b'lyric', b'poetry', b'the', b'characters', b'in', b'tragedy', b'are', b'merely', b'means', b'of', b'driving', b'the', b'story', b'and', b'the', b'plot', b'not', b'the', b'characters', b'is', b'the', b'chief', b'focus', b'of', b'tragedy', b'tragedy', b'is', b'the', b'imitation', b'of', b'action', b'arousing', b'pity', b'and', b'fear', b'and', b'is', b'meant', b'to', b'effect', b'the', b'catharsis', b'of', b'those', b'same', b'emotions', b'aristotle', b'concludes', b'poetics', b'with', b'discussion', b'on', b'which', b'if', b'either', b'is', b'superior', b'epic', b'or', b'tragic', b'mimesis', b'he', b'suggests', b'that', b'because', b'tragedy', b'possesses', b'all', b'the', b'attributes', b'of', b'an', b'epic', b'possibly', b'possesses', b'additional', b'attributes', b'such', b'as', b'spectacle', b'and', b'music', b'is', b'more', b'unified', b'and', b'achieves', b'the', b'aim', b'of', b'its', b'mimesis', b'in', b'shorter', b'scope', b'it', b'can', b'be', b'considered', b'superior', b'to', b'epic', b'aristotle', b'was', b'keen', b'systematic', b'collector', b'of', b'riddles', b'folklore', b'and', b'proverbs', b'he', b'and', b'his', b'school', b'had', b'special', b'interest', b'in', b'the', b'riddles', b'of', b'the', b'delphic', b'oracle', b'and', b'studied', b'the', b'fables', b'of', b'aesop', b'views', b'on', b'women', b'aristotle', b'analysis', b'of', b'procreation', b'describes', b'an', b'active', b'ensouling', b'masculine', b'element', b'bringing', b'life', b'to', b'an', b'inert', b'passive', b'female', b'element', b'on', b'this', b'ground', b'feminist', b'metaphysics', b'have', b'accused', b'aristotle', b'of', b'misogyny', b'and', b'sexism', b'however', b'aristotle', b'gave', b'equal', b'weight', b'to', b'women', b'happiness', b'as', b'he', b'did', b'to', b'men', b'and', b'commented', b'in', b'his', b'rhetoric', b'that', b'the', b'things', b'that', b'lead', b'to', b'happiness', b'need', b'to', b'be', b'in', b'women', b'as', b'well', b'as', b'men', b'loss', b'and', b'preservation', b'of', b'his', b'works', b'first', b'page', b'of', b'edition', b'of', b'the', b'nicomachean', b'ethics', b'in', b'greek', b'and', b'latin', b'modern', b'scholarship', b'reveals', b'that', b'aristotle', b'lost', b'works', b'stray', b'considerably', b'in', b'from', b'the', b'surviving', b'aristotelian', b'corpus', b'whereas', b'the', b'lost', b'works', b'appear', b'to', b'have', b'been', b'originally', b'written', b'with', b'an', b'intent', b'for', b'subsequent', b'publication', b'the', b'surviving', b'works', b'do', b'not', b'appear', b'to', b'have', b'been', b'so', b'rather', b'the', b'surviving', b'works', b'mostly', b'resemble', b'lecture', b'notes', b'unintended', b'for', b'publication', b'the', b'authenticity', b'of', b'portion', b'of', b'the', b'surviving', b'works', b'as', b'originally', b'aristotelian', b'is', b'also', b'today', b'held', b'suspect', b'with', b'some', b'books', b'duplicating', b'or', b'summarizing', b'each', b'other', b'the', b'authorship', b'of', b'one', b'book', b'questioned', b'and', b'another', b'book', b'considered', b'to', b'be', b'unlikely', b'aristotle', b'at', b'all', b'some', b'of', b'the', b'individual', b'works', b'within', b'the', b'corpus', b'including', b'the', b'constitution', b'of', b'athens', b'are', b'regarded', b'by', b'most', b'scholars', b'as', b'products', b'of', b'aristotle', b'school', b'perhaps', b'compiled', b'under', b'his', b'direction', b'or', b'supervision', b'others', b'such', b'as', b'on', b'colors', b'may', b'have', b'been', b'produced', b'by', b'aristotle', b'successors', b'at', b'the', b'lyceum', b'theophrastus', b'and', b'straton', b'still', b'others', b'acquired', b'aristotle', b'name', b'through', b'similarities', b'in', b'doctrine', b'or', b'content', b'such', b'as', b'the', b'de', b'plantis', b'possibly', b'by', b'nicolaus', b'of', b'damascus', b'other', b'works', b'in', b'the', b'corpus', b'include', b'medieval', b'palmistries', b'and', b'astrological', b'and', b'magical', b'texts', b'whose', b'connections', b'to', b'aristotle', b'are', b'purely', b'fanciful', b'and', b'self', b'promotional', b'according', b'to', b'distinction', b'that', b'originates', b'with', b'aristotle', b'himself', b'his', b'writings', b'are', b'divisible', b'into', b'two', b'groups', b'the', b'exoteric', b'and', b'the', b'esoteric', b'most', b'scholars', b'have', b'understood', b'this', b'as', b'distinction', b'between', b'works', b'aristotle', b'intended', b'for', b'the', b'public', b'exoteric', b'and', b'the', b'more', b'technical', b'works', b'intended', b'for', b'use', b'within', b'the', b'lyceum', b'course', b'school', b'esoteric', b'modern', b'scholars', b'commonly', b'assume', b'these', b'latter', b'to', b'be', b'aristotle', b'own', b'unpolished', b'lecture', b'notes', b'or', b'in', b'some', b'cases', b'possible', b'notes', b'by', b'his', b'students', b'however', b'one', b'classic', b'scholar', b'offers', b'an', b'alternative', b'interpretation', b'the', b'th', b'century', b'neoplatonist', b'ammonius', b'hermiae', b'writes', b'that', b'aristotle', b'writing', b'style', b'is', b'deliberately', b'obscurantist', b'so', b'that', b'good', b'people', b'may', b'for', b'that', b'reason', b'stretch', b'their', b'mind', b'even', b'more', b'whereas', b'empty', b'minds', b'that', b'are', b'lost', b'through', b'carelessness', b'will', b'be', b'put', b'to', b'flight', b'by', b'the', b'obscurity', b'when', b'they', b'encounter', b'sentences', b'like', b'these', b'another', b'common', b'assumption', b'is', b'that', b'none', b'of', b'the', b'exoteric', b'works', b'is', b'extant', b'that', b'all', b'of', b'aristotle', b'extant', b'writings', b'are', b'of', b'the', b'esoteric', b'kind', b'current', b'knowledge', b'of', b'what', b'exactly', b'the', b'exoteric', b'writings', b'were', b'like', b'is', b'scant', b'and', b'dubious', b'though', b'many', b'of', b'them', b'may', b'have', b'been', b'in', b'dialogue', b'form', b'fragments', b'of', b'some', b'of', b'aristotle', b'dialogues', b'have', b'survived', b'perhaps', b'it', b'is', b'to', b'these', b'that', b'cicero', b'refers', b'when', b'he', b'characterized', b'aristotle', b'writing', b'style', b'as', b'river', b'of', b'gold', b'it', b'is', b'hard', b'for', b'many', b'modern', b'readers', b'to', b'accept', b'that', b'one', b'could', b'seriously', b'so', b'admire', b'the', b'style', b'of', b'those', b'works', b'currently', b'available', b'to', b'us', b'however', b'some', b'modern', b'scholars', b'have', b'warned', b'that', b'we', b'cannot', b'know', b'for', b'certain', b'that', b'cicero', b'praise', b'was', b'reserved', b'specifically', b'for', b'the', b'exoteric', b'works', b'few', b'modern', b'scholars', b'have', b'actually', b'admired', b'the', b'concise', b'writing', b'style', b'found', b'in', b'aristotle', b'extant', b'works', b'one', b'major', b'question', b'in', b'the', b'history', b'of', b'aristotle', b'works', b'then', b'is', b'how', b'were', b'the', b'exoteric', b'writings', b'all', b'lost', b'and', b'how', b'did', b'the', b'ones', b'we', b'now', b'possess', b'come', b'to', b'us', b'the', b'story', b'of', b'the', b'original', b'manuscripts', b'of', b'the', b'esoteric', b'treatises', b'is', b'described', b'by', b'strabo', b'in', b'his', b'geography', b'and', b'plutarch', b'in', b'his', b'parallel', b'lives', b'the', b'manuscripts', b'were', b'left', b'from', b'aristotle', b'to', b'his', b'successor', b'theophrastus', b'who', b'in', b'turn', b'willed', b'them', b'to', b'neleus', b'of', b'scepsis', b'neleus', b'supposedly', b'took', b'the', b'writings', b'from', b'athens', b'to', b'scepsis', b'where', b'his', b'heirs', b'let', b'them', b'languish', b'in', b'cellar', b'until', b'the', b'st', b'century', b'bc', b'when', b'apellicon', b'of', b'teos', b'discovered', b'and', b'purchased', b'the', b'manuscripts', b'bringing', b'them', b'back', b'to', b'athens', b'according', b'to', b'the', b'story', b'apellicon', b'tried', b'to', b'repair', b'some', b'of', b'the', b'damage', b'that', b'was', b'done', b'during', b'the', b'manuscripts', b'stay', b'in', b'the', b'basement', b'introducing', b'number', b'of', b'errors', b'into', b'the', b'text', b'when', b'lucius', b'cornelius', b'sulla', b'occupied', b'athens', b'in', b'bc', b'he', b'carried', b'off', b'the', b'library', b'of', b'apellicon', b'to', b'rome', b'where', b'they', b'were', b'first', b'published', b'in', b'bc', b'by', b'the', b'grammarian', b'tyrannion', b'of', b'amisus', b'and', b'then', b'by', b'the', b'philosopher', b'andronicus', b'of', b'rhodes', b'carnes', b'lord', b'attributes', b'the', b'popular', b'belief', b'in', b'this', b'story', b'to', b'the', b'fact', b'that', b'it', b'provides', b'the', b'most', b'plausible', b'explanation', b'for', b'the', b'rapid', b'eclipse', b'of', b'the', b'peripatetic', b'school', b'after', b'the', b'middle', b'of', b'the', b'third', b'century', b'and', b'for', b'the', b'absence', b'of', b'widespread', b'knowledge', b'of', b'the', b'specialized', b'treatises', b'of', b'aristotle', b'throughout', b'the', b'hellenistic', b'period', b'as', b'well', b'as', b'for', b'the', b'sudden', b'reappearance', b'of', b'flourishing', b'aristotelianism', b'during', b'the', b'first', b'century', b'lord', b'voices', b'number', b'of', b'reservations', b'concerning', b'this', b'story', b'however', b'first', b'the', b'condition', b'of', b'the', b'texts', b'is', b'far', b'too', b'good', b'for', b'them', b'to', b'have', b'suffered', b'considerable', b'damage', b'followed', b'by', b'apellicon', b'inexpert', b'attempt', b'at', b'repair', b'second', b'there', b'is', b'evidence', b'lord', b'says', b'that', b'the', b'treatises', b'were', b'in', b'circulation', b'during', b'the', b'time', b'in', b'which', b'strabo', b'and', b'plutarch', b'suggest', b'they', b'were', b'confined', b'within', b'the', b'cellar', b'in', b'scepsis', b'third', b'the', b'definitive', b'edition', b'of', b'aristotle', b'texts', b'seems', b'to', b'have', b'been', b'made', b'in', b'athens', b'some', b'fifty', b'years', b'before', b'andronicus', b'supposedly', b'compiled', b'his', b'and', b'fourth', b'ancient', b'library', b'catalogues', b'predating', b'andronicus', b'intervention', b'list', b'an', b'aristotelian', b'corpus', b'quite', b'similar', b'to', b'the', b'one', b'we', b'currently', b'possess', b'lord', b'sees', b'number', b'of', b'post', b'aristotelian', b'interpolations', b'in', b'the', b'politics', b'for', b'example', b'but', b'is', b'generally', b'confident', b'that', b'the', b'work', b'has', b'come', b'down', b'to', b'us', b'relatively', b'intact', b'on', b'the', b'one', b'hand', b'the', b'surviving', b'texts', b'of', b'aristotle', b'do', b'not', b'derive', b'from', b'finished', b'literary', b'texts', b'but', b'rather', b'from', b'working', b'drafts', b'used', b'within', b'aristotle', b'school', b'as', b'opposed', b'on', b'the', b'other', b'hand', b'to', b'the', b'dialogues', b'and', b'other', b'exoteric', b'texts', b'which', b'aristotle', b'published', b'more', b'widely', b'during', b'his', b'lifetime', b'the', b'consensus', b'is', b'that', b'andronicus', b'of', b'rhodes', b'collected', b'the', b'esoteric', b'works', b'of', b'aristotle', b'school', b'which', b'existed', b'in', b'the', b'form', b'of', b'smaller', b'separate', b'works', b'distinguished', b'them', b'from', b'those', b'of', b'theophrastus', b'and', b'other', b'peripatetics', b'edited', b'them', b'and', b'finally', b'compiled', b'them', b'into', b'the', b'more', b'cohesive', b'larger', b'works', b'as', b'they', b'are', b'known', b'today', b'legacy', b'aristotle', b'by', b'jusepe', b'de', b'ribera', b'aristotle', b'with', b'bust', b'of', b'homer', b'by', b'rembrandt', b'thirteenth', b'century', b'islamic', b'portrayal', b'of', b'aristotle', b'statue', b'by', b'cipri', b'adolf', b'bermann', b'at', b'the', b'university', b'of', b'freiburg', b'more', b'than', b'years', b'after', b'his', b'death', b'aristotle', b'remains', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'most', b'influential', b'people', b'who', b'ever', b'lived', b'he', b'contributed', b'to', b'almost', b'every', b'field', b'of', b'human', b'knowledge', b'then', b'in', b'existence', b'and', b'he', b'was', b'the', b'founder', b'of', b'many', b'new', b'fields', b'according', b'to', b'the', b'philosopher', b'bryan', b'magee', b'it', b'is', b'doubtful', b'whether', b'any', b'human', b'being', b'has', b'ever', b'known', b'as', b'much', b'as', b'he', b'did', b'among', b'countless', b'other', b'achievements', b'aristotle', b'was', b'the', b'founder', b'of', b'formal', b'logic', b'pioneered', b'the', b'study', b'of', b'zoology', b'and', b'left', b'every', b'future', b'scientist', b'and', b'philosopher', b'in', b'his', b'debt', b'through', b'his', b'contributions', b'to', b'the', b'scientific', b'method', b'despite', b'these', b'achievements', b'the', b'influence', b'of', b'aristotle', b'errors', b'is', b'considered', b'by', b'some', b'to', b'have', b'held', b'back', b'science', b'considerably', b'bertrand', b'russell', b'notes', b'that', b'almost', b'every', b'serious', b'intellectual', b'advance', b'has', b'had', b'to', b'begin', b'with', b'an', b'attack', b'on', b'some', b'aristotelian', b'doctrine', b'russell', b'also', b'refers', b'to', b'aristotle', b'ethics', b'as', b'repulsive', b'and', b'calls', b'his', b'logic', b'as', b'definitely', b'antiquated', b'as', b'ptolemaic', b'astronomy', b'russell', b'notes', b'that', b'these', b'errors', b'make', b'it', b'difficult', b'to', b'do', b'historical', b'justice', b'to', b'aristotle', b'until', b'one', b'remembers', b'how', b'large', b'of', b'an', b'advance', b'he', b'made', b'upon', b'all', b'of', b'his', b'predecessors', b'later', b'greek', b'philosophers', b'the', b'immediate', b'influence', b'of', b'aristotle', b'work', b'was', b'felt', b'as', b'the', b'lyceum', b'grew', b'into', b'the', b'peripatetic', b'school', b'aristotle', b'notable', b'students', b'included', b'aristoxenus', b'dicaearchus', b'demetrius', b'of', b'phalerum', b'eudemos', b'of', b'rhodes', b'harpalus', b'hephaestion', b'mnason', b'of', b'phocis', b'nicomachus', b'and', b'theophrastus', b'aristotle', b'influence', b'over', b'alexander', b'the', b'great', b'is', b'seen', b'in', b'the', b'latter', b'bringing', b'with', b'him', b'on', b'his', b'expedition', b'host', b'of', b'zoologists', b'botanists', b'and', b'researchers', b'he', b'had', b'also', b'learned', b'great', b'deal', b'about', b'persian', b'customs', b'and', b'traditions', b'from', b'his', b'teacher', b'although', b'his', b'respect', b'for', b'aristotle', b'was', b'diminished', b'as', b'his', b'travels', b'made', b'it', b'clear', b'that', b'much', b'of', b'aristotle', b'geography', b'was', b'clearly', b'wrong', b'when', b'the', b'old', b'philosopher', b'released', b'his', b'works', b'to', b'the', b'public', b'alexander', b'complained', b'thou', b'hast', b'not', b'done', b'well', b'to', b'publish', b'thy', b'acroamatic', b'doctrines', b'for', b'in', b'what', b'shall', b'surpass', b'other', b'men', b'if', b'those', b'doctrines', b'wherein', b'have', b'been', b'trained', b'are', b'to', b'be', b'all', b'men', b'common', b'property', b'influence', b'on', b'byzantine', b'scholars', b'greek', b'christian', b'scribes', b'played', b'crucial', b'role', b'in', b'the', b'preservation', b'of', b'aristotle', b'by', b'copying', b'all', b'the', b'extant', b'greek', b'language', b'manuscripts', b'of', b'the', b'corpus', b'the', b'first', b'greek', b'christians', b'to', b'comment', b'extensively', b'on', b'aristotle', b'were', b'john', b'philoponus', b'elias', b'and', b'david', b'in', b'the', b'sixth', b'century', b'and', b'stephen', b'of', b'alexandria', b'in', b'the', b'early', b'seventh', b'century', b'john', b'philoponus', b'stands', b'out', b'for', b'having', b'attempted', b'fundamental', b'critique', b'of', b'aristotle', b'views', b'on', b'the', b'eternity', b'of', b'the', b'world', b'movement', b'and', b'other', b'elements', b'of', b'aristotelian', b'thought', b'after', b'hiatus', b'of', b'several', b'centuries', b'formal', b'commentary', b'by', b'eustratius', b'and', b'michael', b'of', b'ephesus', b'reappears', b'in', b'the', b'late', b'eleventh', b'and', b'early', b'twelfth', b'centuries', b'apparently', b'sponsored', b'by', b'anna', b'comnena', b'influence', b'on', b'islamic', b'theologians', b'aristotle', b'was', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'most', b'revered', b'western', b'thinkers', b'in', b'early', b'islamic', b'theology', b'most', b'of', b'the', b'still', b'extant', b'works', b'of', b'aristotle', b'as', b'well', b'as', b'number', b'of', b'the', b'original', b'greek', b'commentaries', b'were', b'translated', b'into', b'arabic', b'and', b'studied', b'by', b'muslim', b'philosophers', b'scientists', b'and', b'scholars', b'averroes', b'avicenna', b'and', b'alpharabius', b'who', b'wrote', b'on', b'aristotle', b'in', b'great', b'depth', b'also', b'influenced', b'thomas', b'aquinas', b'and', b'other', b'western', b'christian', b'scholastic', b'philosophers', b'alkindus', b'considered', b'aristotle', b'as', b'the', b'outstanding', b'and', b'unique', b'representative', b'of', b'philosophy', b'and', b'averroes', b'spoke', b'of', b'aristotle', b'as', b'the', b'exemplar', b'for', b'all', b'future', b'philosophers', b'medieval', b'muslim', b'scholars', b'regularly', b'described', b'aristotle', b'as', b'the', b'first', b'teacher', b'the', b'title', b'teacher', b'was', b'first', b'given', b'to', b'aristotle', b'by', b'muslim', b'scholars', b'and', b'was', b'later', b'used', b'by', b'western', b'philosophers', b'as', b'in', b'the', b'famous', b'poem', b'of', b'dante', b'who', b'were', b'influenced', b'by', b'the', b'tradition', b'of', b'islamic', b'philosophy', b'in', b'accordance', b'with', b'the', b'greek', b'theorists', b'the', b'muslims', b'considered', b'aristotle', b'to', b'be', b'dogmatic', b'philosopher', b'the', b'author', b'of', b'closed', b'system', b'and', b'believed', b'that', b'aristotle', b'shared', b'with', b'plato', b'essential', b'tenets', b'of', b'thought', b'some', b'went', b'so', b'far', b'as', b'to', b'credit', b'aristotle', b'himself', b'with', b'neo', b'platonic', b'metaphysical', b'ideas', b'influence', b'on', b'western', b'christian', b'theologians', b'with', b'the', b'loss', b'of', b'the', b'study', b'of', b'ancient', b'greek', b'in', b'the', b'early', b'medieval', b'latin', b'west', b'aristotle', b'was', b'practically', b'unknown', b'there', b'from', b'ad', b'to', b'except', b'through', b'the', b'latin', b'translation', b'of', b'the', b'organon', b'made', b'by', b'boethius', b'in', b'the', b'twelfth', b'and', b'thirteenth', b'centuries', b'interest', b'in', b'aristotle', b'revived', b'and', b'latin', b'christians', b'had', b'translations', b'made', b'both', b'from', b'arabic', b'translations', b'such', b'as', b'those', b'by', b'gerard', b'of', b'cremona', b'and', b'from', b'the', b'original', b'greek', b'such', b'as', b'those', b'by', b'james', b'of', b'venice', b'and', b'william', b'of', b'moerbeke', b'after', b'thomas', b'aquinas', b'wrote', b'his', b'theology', b'working', b'from', b'moerbeke', b'translations', b'the', b'demand', b'for', b'aristotle', b'writings', b'grew', b'and', b'the', b'greek', b'manuscripts', b'returned', b'to', b'the', b'west', b'stimulating', b'revival', b'of', b'aristotelianism', b'in', b'europe', b'that', b'continued', b'into', b'the', b'renaissance', b'aristotle', b'is', b'referred', b'to', b'as', b'the', b'philosopher', b'by', b'scholastic', b'thinkers', b'such', b'as', b'thomas', b'aquinas', b'see', b'summa', b'theologica', b'part', b'question', b'etc', b'these', b'thinkers', b'blended', b'aristotelian', b'philosophy', b'with', b'christianity', b'bringing', b'the', b'thought', b'of', b'ancient', b'greece', b'into', b'the', b'middle', b'ages', b'it', b'required', b'repudiation', b'of', b'some', b'aristotelian', b'principles', b'for', b'the', b'sciences', b'and', b'the', b'arts', b'to', b'free', b'themselves', b'for', b'the', b'discovery', b'of', b'modern', b'scientific', b'laws', b'and', b'empirical', b'methods', b'the', b'medieval', b'english', b'poet', b'chaucer', b'describes', b'his', b'student', b'as', b'being', b'happy', b'by', b'having', b'at', b'his', b'beddes', b'heed', b'twenty', b'bookes', b'clad', b'in', b'blak', b'or', b'reed', b'of', b'aristotle', b'and', b'his', b'philosophie', b'the', b'italian', b'poet', b'dante', b'says', b'of', b'aristotle', b'in', b'the', b'first', b'circles', b'of', b'hell', b'vidi', b'maestro', b'di', b'color', b'che', b'sanno', b'seder', b'tra', b'filosofica', b'famiglia', b'tutti', b'lo', b'miran', b'tutti', b'onor', b'li', b'fanno', b'quivi', b'vid', b'\xc3\xafo', b'socrate', b'platone', b'che', b'nnanzi', b'li', b'altri', b'pi\xc3\xb9', b'presso', b'li', b'stanno', b'saw', b'the', b'master', b'there', b'of', b'those', b'who', b'know', b'amid', b'the', b'philosophic', b'family', b'by', b'all', b'admired', b'and', b'by', b'all', b'reverenced', b'there', b'plato', b'too', b'saw', b'and', b'socrates', b'who', b'stood', b'beside', b'him', b'closer', b'than', b'the', b'rest', b'dante', b'inferno', b'hell', b'canto', b'iv', b'lines', b'post', b'enlightenment', b'thinkers', b'the', b'german', b'philosopher', b'friedrich', b'nietzsche', b'has', b'been', b'said', b'to', b'have', b'taken', b'nearly', b'all', b'of', b'his', b'political', b'philosophy', b'from', b'aristotle', b'however', b'debatable', b'this', b'is', b'aristotle', b'rigidly', b'separated', b'action', b'from', b'production', b'and', b'argued', b'for', b'the', b'deserved', b'subservience', b'of', b'some', b'people', b'natural', b'slaves', b'and', b'the', b'natural', b'superiority', b'virtue', b'arete', b'of', b'others', b'it', b'is', b'martin', b'heidegger', b'not', b'nietzsche', b'who', b'elaborated', b'new', b'interpretation', b'of', b'aristotle', b'intended', b'to', b'warrant', b'his', b'deconstruction', b'of', b'scholastic', b'and', b'philosophical', b'tradition', b'ayn', b'rand', b'accredited', b'aristotle', b'as', b'the', b'greatest', b'philosopher', b'in', b'history', b'and', b'cited', b'him', b'as', b'major', b'influence', b'on', b'her', b'thinking', b'more', b'recently', b'alasdair', b'macintyre', b'has', b'attempted', b'to', b'reform', b'what', b'he', b'calls', b'the', b'aristotelian', b'tradition', b'in', b'way', b'that', b'is', b'anti', b'elitist', b'and', b'capable', b'of', b'disputing', b'the', b'claims', b'of', b'both', b'liberals', b'and', b'nietzscheans', b'list', b'of', b'works', b'the', b'works', b'of', b'aristotle', b'that', b'have', b'survived', b'from', b'antiquity', b'through', b'medieval', b'manuscript', b'transmission', b'are', b'collected', b'in', b'the', b'corpus', b'aristotelicum', b'these', b'texts', b'as', b'opposed', b'to', b'aristotle', b'lost', b'works', b'are', b'technical', b'philosophical', b'treatises', b'from', b'within', b'aristotle', b'school', b'reference', b'to', b'them', b'is', b'made', b'according', b'to', b'the', b'organization', b'of', b'immanuel', b'bekker', b'royal', b'prussian', b'academy', b'edition', b'aristotelis', b'opera', b'edidit', b'academia', b'regia', b'borussica', b'berlin', b'which', b'in', b'turn', b'is', b'based', b'on', b'ancient', b'classifications', b'of', b'these', b'works', b'eponyms', b'aristotle', b'near', b'the', b'ceiling', b'of', b'the', b'great', b'hall', b'in', b'the', b'library', b'of', b'congress', b'the', b'aristotle', b'mountains', b'along', b'the', b'oscar', b'ii', b'coast', b'of', b'graham', b'land', b'antarctica', b'are', b'named', b'after', b'aristotle', b'he', b'was', b'the', b'first', b'person', b'known', b'to', b'conjecture', b'in', b'his', b'book', b'meteorology', b'the', b'existence', b'of', b'landmass', b'in', b'the', b'southern', b'high', b'latitude', b'region', b'and', b'call', b'it', b'antarctica', b'aristoteles', b'is', b'crater', b'on', b'the', b'moon', b'bearing', b'the', b'classical', b'form', b'of', b'aristotle', b'name', b'see', b'also', b'aristotelian', b'physics', b'aristotelian', b'society', b'aristotelian', b'theology', b'conimbricenses', b'list', b'of', b'writers', b'influenced', b'by', b'aristotle', b'otium', b'philia', b'pseudo', b'aristotle', b'notes', b'and', b'references', b'further', b'reading', b'the', b'secondary', b'literature', b'on', b'aristotle', b'is', b'vast', b'the', b'following', b'references', b'are', b'only', b'small', b'selection', b'ackrill', b'essays', b'on', b'plato', b'and', b'aristotle', b'oxford', b'university', b'press', b'us', b'popular', b'exposition', b'for', b'the', b'general', b'reader', b'these', b'translations', b'are', b'available', b'in', b'several', b'places', b'online', b'see', b'external', b'links', b'bakalis', b'nikolaos', b'handbook', b'of', b'greek', b'philosophy', b'from', b'thales', b'to', b'the', b'stoics', b'analysis', b'and', b'fragments', b'trafford', b'publishing', b'isbn', b'bolotin', b'david', b'an', b'approach', b'to', b'aristotle', b'physics', b'with', b'particular', b'attention', b'to', b'the', b'role', b'of', b'his', b'manner', b'of', b'writing', b'albany', b'suny', b'press', b'contribution', b'to', b'our', b'understanding', b'of', b'how', b'to', b'read', b'aristotle', b'scientific', b'works', b'burnyeat', b'et', b'al', b'notes', b'on', b'book', b'zeta', b'of', b'aristotle', b'metaphysics', b'oxford', b'sub', b'faculty', b'of', b'philosophy', b'code', b'alan', b'potentiality', b'in', b'aristotle', b'science', b'and', b'metaphysics', b'pacific', b'philosophical', b'quarterly', b'de', b'groot', b'jean', b'aristotle', b'empiricism', b'experience', b'and', b'mechanics', b'in', b'the', b'th', b'century', b'bc', b'parmenides', b'publishing', b'isbn', b'frede', b'michael', b'essays', b'in', b'ancient', b'philosophy', b'minneapolis', b'university', b'of', b'minnesota', b'press', b'gendlin', b'eugene', b'line', b'by', b'line', b'commentary', b'on', b'aristotle', b'de', b'anima', b'volume', b'books', b'ii', b'volume', b'book', b'iii', b'spring', b'valley', b'new', b'york', b'the', b'focusing', b'institute', b'available', b'online', b'in', b'pdf', b'gill', b'mary', b'louise', b'aristotle', b'on', b'substance', b'the', b'paradox', b'of', b'unity', b'princeton', b'princeton', b'university', b'press', b'halper', b'edward', b'one', b'and', b'many', b'in', b'aristotle', b'metaphysics', b'volume', b'books', b'alpha', b'delta', b'parmenides', b'publishing', b'isbn', b'halper', b'edward', b'one', b'and', b'many', b'in', b'aristotle', b'metaphysics', b'volume', b'the', b'central', b'books', b'parmenides', b'publishing', b'isbn', b'irwin', b'aristotle', b'first', b'principles', b'oxford', b'clarendon', b'press', b'isbn', b'jori', b'alberto', b'aristotele', b'milano', b'bruno', b'mondadori', b'editore', b'prize', b'of', b'the', b'international', b'academy', b'of', b'the', b'history', b'of', b'science', b'isbn', b'knight', b'kelvin', b'aristotelian', b'philosophy', b'ethics', b'and', b'politics', b'from', b'aristotle', b'to', b'macintyre', b'polity', b'press', b'lewis', b'frank', b'substance', b'and', b'predication', b'in', b'aristotle', b'cambridge', b'cambridge', b'university', b'press', b'lloyd', b'aristotle', b'the', b'growth', b'and', b'structure', b'of', b'his', b'thought', b'cambridge', b'cambridge', b'univ', b'pr', b'isbn', b'lord', b'carnes', b'introduction', b'to', b'the', b'politics', b'by', b'aristotle', b'chicago', b'chicago', b'university', b'press', b'loux', b'michael', b'primary', b'ousia', b'an', b'essay', b'on', b'aristotle', b'metaphysics', b'and', b'ithaca', b'ny', b'cornell', b'university', b'press', b'maso', b'stefano', b'ed', b'natali', b'carlo', b'ed', b'seel', b'gerhard', b'ed', b'reading', b'aristotle', b'physics', b'vii', b'what', b'is', b'alteration', b'proceedings', b'of', b'the', b'international', b'esap', b'hyele', b'conference', b'parmenides', b'publishing', b'isbn', b'reprinted', b'in', b'barnes', b'schofield', b'and', b'sorabji', b'eds', b'articles', b'on', b'aristotle', b'vol', b'science', b'london', b'duckworth', b'pangle', b'lorraine', b'smith', b'aristotle', b'and', b'the', b'philosophy', b'of', b'friendship', b'cambridge', b'cambridge', b'university', b'press', b'aristotle', b'conception', b'of', b'the', b'deepest', b'human', b'relationship', b'viewed', b'in', b'the', b'light', b'of', b'the', b'history', b'of', b'philosophic', b'thought', b'on', b'friendship', b'reeve', b'substantial', b'knowledge', b'aristotle', b'metaphysics', b'indianapolis', b'hackett', b'classic', b'overview', b'by', b'one', b'of', b'aristotle', b'most', b'prominent', b'english', b'translators', b'in', b'print', b'since', b'scaltsas', b'substances', b'and', b'universals', b'in', b'aristotle', b'metaphysics', b'ithaca', b'cornell', b'university', b'press', b'strauss', b'leo', b'on', b'aristotle', b'politics', b'in', b'the', b'city', b'and', b'man', b'chicago', b'rand', b'mcnally', b'for', b'the', b'general', b'reader', b'external', b'links', b'at', b'the', b'internet', b'encyclopedia', b'of', b'philosophy', b'from', b'the', b'stanford', b'encyclopedia', b'of', b'philosophy', b'works', b'of', b'aristotle', b'at', b'the', b'internet', b'classics', b'archive', b'mit', b'aristoteles', b'park', b'in', b'stagira', b'collections', b'of', b'works', b'at', b'the', b'massachusetts', b'institute', b'of', b'technology', b'primarily', b'in', b'english', b'perseus', b'project', b'at', b'tufts', b'university', b'at', b'the', b'university', b'of', b'adelaide', b'primarily', b'in', b'english', b'remacle', b'the', b'volume', b'bekker', b'edition', b'of', b'aristotle', b'works', b'in', b'greek', b'pdf', b'djvu', b'bekker', b'prussian', b'academy', b'of', b'sciences', b'edition', b'of', b'the', b'complete', b'works', b'of', b'aristotle', b'at', b'archive', b'org', b'aristotle', b'collection', b'translation']
TaggedDocument(['aristotle', 'aristotélēs', 'bc', 'was', 'an', 'ancient', 'greek', 'philosopher', 'and', 'scientist', 'born', 'in', 'the', 'city', 'of', 'stagira', 'chalkidice', 'on', 'the', 'northern', 'periphery', 'of', 'classical', 'greece', 'his', 'father', 'nicomachus', 'died', 'when', 'aristotle', 'was', 'child', 'whereafter', 'proxenus', 'of', 'atarneus', 'became', 'his', 'guardian', 'at', 'seventeen', 'or', 'eighteen', 'years', 'of', 'age', 'he', 'joined', 'plato', 'academy', 'in', 'athens', 'and', 'remained', 'there', 'until', 'the', 'age', 'of', 'thirty', 'seven', 'bc', 'his', 'writings', 'cover', 'many', 'subjects', 'including', 'physics', 'biology', 'zoology', 'metaphysics', 'logic', 'ethics', 'aesthetics', 'poetry', 'theater', 'music', 'rhetoric', 'linguistics', 'politics', 'and', 'government', 'and', 'constitute', 'the', 'first', 'comprehensive', 'system', 'of', 'western', 'philosophy', 'shortly', 'after', 'plato', 'died', 'aristotle', 'left', 'athens', 'and', 'at', 'the', 'request', 'of', 'philip', 'ii', 'of', 'macedon', 'tutored', 'alexander', 'the', 'great', 'beginning', 'in', 'bc', 'teaching', 'alexander', 'the', 'great', 'gave', 'aristotle', 'many', 'opportunities', 'and', 'an', 'abundance', 'of', 'supplies', 'he', 'established', 'library', 'in', 'the', 'lyceum', 'which', 'aided', 'in', 'the', 'production', 'of', 'many', 'of', 'his', 'hundreds', 'of', 'books', 'the', 'fact', 'that', 'aristotle', 'was', 'pupil', 'of', 'plato', 'contributed', 'to', 'his', 'former', 'views', 'of', 'platonism', 'but', 'following', 'plato', 'death', 'aristotle', 'immersed', 'himself', 'in', 'empirical', 'studies', 'and', 'shifted', 'from', 'platonism', 'to', 'empiricism', 'he', 'believed', 'all', 'peoples', 'concepts', 'and', 'all', 'of', 'their', 'knowledge', 'was', 'ultimately', 'based', 'on', 'perception', 'aristotle', 'views', 'on', 'natural', 'sciences', 'represent', 'the', 'groundwork', 'underlying', 'many', 'of', 'his', 'works', 'aristotle', 'views', 'on', 'physical', 'science', 'profoundly', 'shaped', 'medieval', 'scholarship', 'their', 'influence', 'extended', 'from', 'late', 'antiquity', 'and', 'the', 'early', 'middle', 'ages', 'into', 'the', 'renaissance', 'and', 'were', 'not', 'replaced', 'systematically', 'until', 'the', 'enlightenment', 'and', 'theories', 'such', 'as', 'classical', 'mechanics', 'some', 'of', 'aristotle', 'zoological', 'observations', 'such', 'as', 'on', 'the', 'hectocotyl', 'reproductive', 'arm', 'of', 'the', 'octopus', 'were', 'not', 'confirmed', 'or', 'refuted', 'until', 'the', 'th', 'century', 'his', 'works', 'contain', 'the', 'earliest', 'known', 'formal', 'study', 'of', 'logic', 'which', 'was', 'incorporated', 'in', 'the', 'late', 'th', 'century', 'into', 'modern', 'formal', 'logic', 'in', 'metaphysics', 'aristotelianism', 'profoundly', 'influenced', 'judeo', 'islamic', 'philosophical', 'and', 'theological', 'thought', 'during', 'the', 'middle', 'ages', 'and', 'continues', 'to', 'influence', 'christian', 'theology', 'especially', 'the', 'neoplatonism', 'of', 'the', 'early', 'church', 'and', 'the', 'scholastic', 'tradition', 'of', 'the', 'roman', 'catholic', 'church', 'aristotle', 'was', 'well', 'known', 'among', 'medieval', 'muslim', 'intellectuals', 'and', 'revered', 'as', 'the', 'first', 'teacher', 'his', 'ethics', 'though', 'always', 'influential', 'gained', 'renewed', 'interest', 'with', 'the', 'modern', 'advent', 'of', 'virtue', 'ethics', 'all', 'aspects', 'of', 'aristotle', 'philosophy', 'continue', 'to', 'be', 'the', 'object', 'of', 'active', 'academic', 'study', 'today', 'though', 'aristotle', 'wrote', 'many', 'elegant', 'treatises', 'and', 'dialogues', 'cicero', 'described', 'his', 'literary', 'style', 'as', 'river', 'of', 'gold', 'it', 'is', 'thought', 'that', 'only', 'around', 'third', 'of', 'his', 'original', 'output', 'has', 'survived', 'life', 'mieza', 'macedonia', 'greece', 'aristotle', 'whose', 'name', 'means', 'the', 'best', 'purpose', 'was', 'born', 'in', 'bc', 'in', 'stagira', 'chalcidice', 'about', 'km', 'miles', 'east', 'of', 'modern', 'day', 'thessaloniki', 'his', 'father', 'nicomachus', 'was', 'the', 'personal', 'physician', 'to', 'king', 'amyntas', 'of', 'macedon', 'aristotle', 'was', 'orphaned', 'at', 'young', 'age', 'although', 'there', 'is', 'little', 'information', 'on', 'aristotle', 'childhood', 'he', 'probably', 'spent', 'some', 'time', 'within', 'the', 'macedonian', 'palace', 'making', 'his', 'first', 'connections', 'with', 'the', 'macedonian', 'monarchy', 'at', 'the', 'age', 'of', 'seventeen', 'or', 'eighteen', 'aristotle', 'moved', 'to', 'athens', 'to', 'continue', 'his', 'education', 'at', 'plato', 'academy', 'he', 'remained', 'there', 'for', 'nearly', 'twenty', 'years', 'before', 'leaving', 'athens', 'in', 'bc', 'the', 'traditional', 'story', 'about', 'his', 'departure', 'records', 'that', 'he', 'was', 'disappointed', 'with', 'the', 'academy', 'direction', 'after', 'control', 'passed', 'to', 'plato', 'nephew', 'speusippus', 'although', 'it', 'is', 'possible', 'that', 'he', 'feared', 'anti', 'macedonian', 'sentiments', 'and', 'left', 'before', 'plato', 'died', 'aristotle', 'by', 'francesco', 'hayez', 'aristotle', 'then', 'accompanied', 'xenocrates', 'to', 'the', 'court', 'of', 'his', 'friend', 'hermias', 'of', 'atarneus', 'in', 'asia', 'minor', 'there', 'he', 'traveled', 'with', 'theophrastus', 'to', 'the', 'island', 'of', 'lesbos', 'where', 'together', 'they', 'researched', 'the', 'botany', 'and', 'zoology', 'of', 'the', 'island', 'aristotle', 'married', 'pythias', 'either', 'hermias', 'adoptive', 'daughter', 'or', 'niece', 'she', 'bore', 'him', 'daughter', 'whom', 'they', 'also', 'named', 'pythias', 'soon', 'after', 'hermias', 'death', 'aristotle', 'was', 'invited', 'by', 'philip', 'ii', 'of', 'macedon', 'to', 'become', 'the', 'tutor', 'to', 'his', 'son', 'alexander', 'in', 'bc', 'aristotle', 'was', 'appointed', 'as', 'the', 'head', 'of', 'the', 'royal', 'academy', 'of', 'macedon', 'during', 'that', 'time', 'he', 'gave', 'lessons', 'not', 'only', 'to', 'alexander', 'but', 'also', 'to', 'two', 'other', 'future', 'kings', 'ptolemy', 'and', 'cassander', 'aristotle', 'encouraged', 'alexander', 'toward', 'eastern', 'conquest', 'and', 'his', 'attitude', 'towards', 'persia', 'was', 'unabashedly', 'ethnocentric', 'in', 'one', 'famous', 'example', 'he', 'counsels', 'alexander', 'to', 'be', 'leader', 'to', 'the', 'greeks', 'and', 'despot', 'to', 'the', 'barbarians', 'to', 'look', 'after', 'the', 'former', 'as', 'after', 'friends', 'and', 'relatives', 'and', 'to', 'deal', 'with', 'the', 'latter', 'as', 'with', 'beasts', 'or', 'plants', 'by', 'bc', 'aristotle', 'had', 'returned', 'to', 'athens', 'establishing', 'his', 'own', 'school', 'there', 'known', 'as', 'the', 'lyceum', 'aristotle', 'conducted', 'courses', 'at', 'the', 'school', 'for', 'the', 'next', 'twelve', 'years', 'while', 'in', 'athens', 'his', 'wife', 'pythias', 'died', 'and', 'aristotle', 'became', 'involved', 'with', 'herpyllis', 'of', 'stagira', 'who', 'bore', 'him', 'son', 'whom', 'he', 'named', 'after', 'his', 'father', 'nicomachus', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'suda', 'he', 'also', 'had', 'an', 'eromenos', 'palaephatus', 'of', 'abydus', 'this', 'period', 'in', 'athens', 'between', 'and', 'bc', 'is', 'when', 'aristotle', 'is', 'believed', 'to', 'have', 'composed', 'many', 'of', 'his', 'works', 'he', 'wrote', 'many', 'dialogues', 'of', 'which', 'only', 'fragments', 'have', 'survived', 'those', 'works', 'that', 'have', 'survived', 'are', 'in', 'treatise', 'form', 'and', 'were', 'not', 'for', 'the', 'most', 'part', 'intended', 'for', 'widespread', 'publication', 'they', 'are', 'generally', 'thought', 'to', 'be', 'lecture', 'aids', 'for', 'his', 'students', 'his', 'most', 'important', 'treatises', 'include', 'physics', 'metaphysics', 'nicomachean', 'ethics', 'politics', 'de', 'anima', 'on', 'the', 'soul', 'and', 'poetics', 'aristotle', 'not', 'only', 'studied', 'almost', 'every', 'subject', 'possible', 'at', 'the', 'time', 'but', 'made', 'significant', 'contributions', 'to', 'most', 'of', 'them', 'in', 'physical', 'science', 'aristotle', 'studied', 'anatomy', 'astronomy', 'embryology', 'geography', 'geology', 'meteorology', 'physics', 'and', 'zoology', 'in', 'philosophy', 'he', 'wrote', 'on', 'aesthetics', 'ethics', 'government', 'metaphysics', 'politics', 'economics', 'psychology', 'rhetoric', 'and', 'theology', 'he', 'also', 'studied', 'education', 'foreign', 'customs', 'literature', 'and', 'poetry', 'his', 'combined', 'works', 'constitute', 'virtual', 'encyclopedia', 'of', 'greek', 'knowledge', 'portrait', 'bust', 'of', 'aristotle', 'an', 'imperial', 'roman', 'st', 'or', 'nd', 'century', 'ad', 'copy', 'of', 'lost', 'bronze', 'sculpture', 'made', 'by', 'lysippos', 'near', 'the', 'end', 'of', 'his', 'life', 'alexander', 'and', 'aristotle', 'became', 'estranged', 'over', 'alexander', 'relationship', 'with', 'persia', 'and', 'persians', 'widespread', 'tradition', 'in', 'antiquity', 'suspected', 'aristotle', 'of', 'playing', 'role', 'in', 'alexander', 'death', 'but', 'the', 'only', 'evidence', 'of', 'this', 'is', 'an', 'unlikely', 'claim', 'made', 'some', 'six', 'years', 'after', 'the', 'death', 'following', 'alexander', 'death', 'anti', 'macedonian', 'sentiment', 'in', 'athens', 'was', 'rekindled', 'in', 'bc', 'demophilus', 'and', 'eurymedon', 'the', 'hierophant', 'reportedly', 'denounced', 'aristotle', 'for', 'impiety', 'prompting', 'him', 'to', 'flee', 'to', 'his', 'mother', 'family', 'estate', 'in', 'chalcis', 'at', 'which', 'occasion', 'he', 'was', 'said', 'to', 'have', 'stated', 'will', 'not', 'allow', 'the', 'athenians', 'to', 'sin', 'twice', 'against', 'philosophy', 'reference', 'to', 'athens', 'prior', 'trial', 'and', 'execution', 'of', 'socrates', 'he', 'died', 'in', 'euboea', 'of', 'natural', 'causes', 'later', 'that', 'same', 'year', 'having', 'named', 'his', 'student', 'antipater', 'as', 'his', 'chief', 'executor', 'and', 'leaving', 'will', 'in', 'which', 'he', 'asked', 'to', 'be', 'buried', 'next', 'to', 'his', 'wife', 'charles', 'walston', 'argues', 'that', 'the', 'tomb', 'of', 'aristotle', 'is', 'located', 'on', 'the', 'sacred', 'way', 'between', 'chalcis', 'and', 'eretria', 'and', 'to', 'have', 'contained', 'two', 'styluses', 'pen', 'signet', 'ring', 'and', 'some', 'terra', 'cottas', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'what', 'is', 'supposed', 'to', 'be', 'the', 'earthly', 'remains', 'of', 'aristotle', 'in', 'the', 'form', 'of', 'some', 'skull', 'fragments', 'in', 'general', 'the', 'details', 'of', 'the', 'life', 'of', 'aristotle', 'are', 'not', 'well', 'established', 'the', 'biographies', 'of', 'aristotle', 'written', 'in', 'ancient', 'times', 'are', 'often', 'speculative', 'and', 'historians', 'only', 'agree', 'on', 'few', 'salient', 'points', 'thought', 'logic', 'aristotle', 'as', 'portrayed', 'in', 'the', 'nuremberg', 'chronicle', 'with', 'the', 'prior', 'analytics', 'aristotle', 'is', 'credited', 'with', 'the', 'earliest', 'study', 'of', 'formal', 'logic', 'and', 'his', 'conception', 'of', 'it', 'was', 'the', 'dominant', 'form', 'of', 'western', 'logic', 'until', 'th', 'century', 'advances', 'in', 'mathematical', 'logic', 'kant', 'stated', 'in', 'the', 'critique', 'of', 'pure', 'reason', 'that', 'aristotle', 'theory', 'of', 'logic', 'completely', 'accounted', 'for', 'the', 'core', 'of', 'deductive', 'inference', 'history', 'aristotle', 'says', 'that', 'on', 'the', 'subject', 'of', 'reasoning', 'he', 'had', 'nothing', 'else', 'on', 'an', 'earlier', 'date', 'to', 'speak', 'of', 'however', 'plato', 'reports', 'that', 'syntax', 'was', 'devised', 'before', 'him', 'by', 'prodicus', 'of', 'ceos', 'who', 'was', 'concerned', 'by', 'the', 'correct', 'use', 'of', 'words', 'logic', 'seems', 'to', 'have', 'emerged', 'from', 'dialectics', 'the', 'earlier', 'philosophers', 'made', 'frequent', 'use', 'of', 'concepts', 'like', 'reductio', 'ad', 'absurdum', 'in', 'their', 'discussions', 'but', 'never', 'truly', 'understood', 'the', 'logical', 'implications', 'even', 'plato', 'had', 'difficulties', 'with', 'logic', 'although', 'he', 'had', 'reasonable', 'conception', 'of', 'deductive', 'system', 'he', 'could', 'never', 'actually', 'construct', 'one', 'thus', 'he', 'relied', 'instead', 'on', 'his', 'dialectic', 'plato', 'believed', 'that', 'deduction', 'would', 'simply', 'follow', 'from', 'premises', 'hence', 'he', 'focused', 'on', 'maintaining', 'solid', 'premises', 'so', 'that', 'the', 'conclusion', 'would', 'logically', 'follow', 'consequently', 'plato', 'realized', 'that', 'method', 'for', 'obtaining', 'conclusions', 'would', 'be', 'most', 'beneficial', 'he', 'never', 'succeeded', 'in', 'devising', 'such', 'method', 'but', 'his', 'best', 'attempt', 'was', 'published', 'in', 'his', 'book', 'sophist', 'where', 'he', 'introduced', 'his', 'division', 'method', 'analytics', 'and', 'the', 'organon', 'what', 'we', 'today', 'call', 'aristotelian', 'logic', 'aristotle', 'himself', 'would', 'have', 'labeled', 'analytics', 'the', 'term', 'logic', 'he', 'reserved', 'to', 'mean', 'dialectics', 'most', 'of', 'aristotle', 'work', 'is', 'probably', 'not', 'in', 'its', 'original', 'form', 'because', 'it', 'was', 'most', 'likely', 'edited', 'by', 'students', 'and', 'later', 'lecturers', 'the', 'logical', 'works', 'of', 'aristotle', 'were', 'compiled', 'into', 'six', 'books', 'in', 'about', 'the', 'early', 'st', 'century', 'ce', 'categories', 'on', 'interpretation', 'prior', 'analytics', 'posterior', 'analytics', 'topics', 'on', 'sophistical', 'refutations', 'the', 'order', 'of', 'the', 'books', 'or', 'the', 'teachings', 'from', 'which', 'they', 'are', 'composed', 'is', 'not', 'certain', 'but', 'this', 'list', 'was', 'derived', 'from', 'analysis', 'of', 'aristotle', 'writings', 'it', 'goes', 'from', 'the', 'basics', 'the', 'analysis', 'of', 'simple', 'terms', 'in', 'the', 'categories', 'the', 'analysis', 'of', 'propositions', 'and', 'their', 'elementary', 'relations', 'in', 'on', 'interpretation', 'to', 'the', 'study', 'of', 'more', 'complex', 'forms', 'namely', 'syllogisms', 'in', 'the', 'analytics', 'and', 'dialectics', 'in', 'the', 'topics', 'and', 'sophistical', 'refutations', 'the', 'first', 'three', 'treatises', 'form', 'the', 'core', 'of', 'the', 'logical', 'theory', 'stricto', 'sensu', 'the', 'grammar', 'of', 'the', 'language', 'of', 'logic', 'and', 'the', 'correct', 'rules', 'of', 'reasoning', 'there', 'is', 'one', 'volume', 'of', 'aristotle', 'concerning', 'logic', 'not', 'found', 'in', 'the', 'organon', 'namely', 'the', 'fourth', 'book', 'of', 'metaphysics', 'aristotle', 'epistemology', 'plato', 'left', 'and', 'aristotle', 'right', 'detail', 'of', 'the', 'school', 'of', 'athens', 'fresco', 'by', 'raphael', 'aristotle', 'gestures', 'to', 'the', 'earth', 'representing', 'his', 'belief', 'in', 'knowledge', 'through', 'empirical', 'observation', 'and', 'experience', 'while', 'holding', 'copy', 'of', 'his', 'nicomachean', 'ethics', 'in', 'his', 'hand', 'whilst', 'plato', 'gestures', 'to', 'the', 'heavens', 'representing', 'his', 'belief', 'in', 'the', 'forms', 'while', 'holding', 'copy', 'of', 'timaeus', 'ancient', 'roman', 'mosaic', 'depicting', 'aristotle', 'römisch', 'germanisches', 'museum', 'koln', 'germany', 'like', 'his', 'teacher', 'plato', 'aristotle', 'philosophy', 'aims', 'at', 'the', 'universal', 'aristotle', 'ontology', 'however', 'finds', 'the', 'universal', 'in', 'particular', 'things', 'which', 'he', 'calls', 'the', 'essence', 'of', 'things', 'while', 'in', 'plato', 'ontology', 'the', 'universal', 'exists', 'apart', 'from', 'particular', 'things', 'and', 'is', 'related', 'to', 'them', 'as', 'their', 'prototype', 'or', 'exemplar', 'for', 'aristotle', 'therefore', 'epistemology', 'is', 'based', 'on', 'the', 'study', 'of', 'particular', 'phenomena', 'and', 'rises', 'to', 'the', 'knowledge', 'of', 'essences', 'while', 'for', 'plato', 'epistemology', 'begins', 'with', 'knowledge', 'of', 'universal', 'forms', 'or', 'ideas', 'and', 'descends', 'to', 'knowledge', 'of', 'particular', 'imitations', 'of', 'these', 'for', 'aristotle', 'form', 'still', 'refers', 'to', 'the', 'unconditional', 'basis', 'of', 'phenomena', 'but', 'is', 'instantiated', 'in', 'particular', 'substance', 'see', 'universals', 'and', 'particulars', 'below', 'in', 'certain', 'sense', 'aristotle', 'method', 'is', 'both', 'inductive', 'and', 'deductive', 'while', 'plato', 'is', 'essentially', 'deductive', 'from', 'priori', 'principles', 'in', 'aristotle', 'terminology', 'natural', 'philosophy', 'is', 'branch', 'of', 'philosophy', 'examining', 'the', 'phenomena', 'of', 'the', 'natural', 'world', 'and', 'includes', 'fields', 'that', 'would', 'be', 'regarded', 'today', 'as', 'physics', 'biology', 'and', 'other', 'natural', 'sciences', 'in', 'modern', 'times', 'the', 'scope', 'of', 'philosophy', 'has', 'become', 'limited', 'to', 'more', 'generic', 'or', 'abstract', 'inquiries', 'such', 'as', 'ethics', 'and', 'metaphysics', 'in', 'which', 'logic', 'plays', 'major', 'role', 'today', 'philosophy', 'tends', 'to', 'exclude', 'empirical', 'study', 'of', 'the', 'natural', 'world', 'by', 'means', 'of', 'the', 'scientific', 'method', 'in', 'contrast', 'aristotle', 'philosophical', 'endeavors', 'encompassed', 'virtually', 'all', 'facets', 'of', 'intellectual', 'inquiry', 'in', 'the', 'larger', 'sense', 'of', 'the', 'word', 'aristotle', 'makes', 'philosophy', 'coextensive', 'with', 'reasoning', 'which', 'he', 'also', 'would', 'describe', 'as', 'science', 'note', 'however', 'that', 'his', 'use', 'of', 'the', 'term', 'science', 'carries', 'different', 'meaning', 'than', 'that', 'covered', 'by', 'the', 'term', 'scientific', 'method', 'for', 'aristotle', 'all', 'science', 'dianoia', 'is', 'either', 'practical', 'poetical', 'or', 'theoretical', 'metaphysics', 'by', 'practical', 'science', 'he', 'means', 'ethics', 'and', 'politics', 'by', 'poetical', 'science', 'he', 'means', 'the', 'study', 'of', 'poetry', 'and', 'the', 'other', 'fine', 'arts', 'by', 'theoretical', 'science', 'he', 'means', 'physics', 'mathematics', 'and', 'metaphysics', 'if', 'logic', 'or', 'analytics', 'is', 'regarded', 'as', 'study', 'preliminary', 'to', 'philosophy', 'the', 'divisions', 'of', 'aristotelian', 'philosophy', 'would', 'consist', 'of', 'logic', 'theoretical', 'philosophy', 'including', 'metaphysics', 'physics', 'and', 'mathematics', 'practical', 'philosophy', 'and', 'poetical', 'philosophy', 'in', 'the', 'period', 'between', 'his', 'two', 'stays', 'in', 'athens', 'between', 'his', 'times', 'at', 'the', 'academy', 'and', 'the', 'lyceum', 'aristotle', 'conducted', 'most', 'of', 'the', 'scientific', 'thinking', 'and', 'research', 'for', 'which', 'he', 'is', 'renowned', 'today', 'in', 'fact', 'most', 'of', 'aristotle', 'life', 'was', 'devoted', 'to', 'the', 'study', 'of', 'the', 'objects', 'of', 'natural', 'science', 'aristotle', 'metaphysics', 'contains', 'observations', 'on', 'the', 'nature', 'of', 'numbers', 'but', 'he', 'made', 'no', 'original', 'contributions', 'to', 'mathematics', 'he', 'did', 'however', 'perform', 'original', 'research', 'in', 'the', 'natural', 'sciences', 'botany', 'zoology', 'physics', 'astronomy', 'chemistry', 'meteorology', 'and', 'several', 'other', 'sciences', 'aristotle', 'writings', 'on', 'science', 'are', 'largely', 'qualitative', 'as', 'opposed', 'to', 'quantitative', 'beginning', 'in', 'the', 'th', 'century', 'scientists', 'began', 'applying', 'mathematics', 'to', 'the', 'physical', 'sciences', 'and', 'aristotle', 'work', 'in', 'this', 'area', 'was', 'deemed', 'hopelessly', 'inadequate', 'his', 'failings', 'were', 'largely', 'due', 'to', 'the', 'absence', 'of', 'concepts', 'like', 'mass', 'velocity', 'force', 'and', 'temperature', 'he', 'had', 'conception', 'of', 'speed', 'and', 'temperature', 'but', 'no', 'quantitative', 'understanding', 'of', 'them', 'which', 'was', 'partly', 'due', 'to', 'the', 'absence', 'of', 'basic', 'experimental', 'devices', 'like', 'clocks', 'and', 'thermometers', 'his', 'writings', 'provide', 'an', 'account', 'of', 'many', 'scientific', 'observations', 'mixture', 'of', 'precocious', 'accuracy', 'and', 'curious', 'errors', 'for', 'example', 'in', 'his', 'history', 'of', 'animals', 'he', 'claimed', 'that', 'human', 'males', 'have', 'more', 'teeth', 'than', 'females', 'in', 'similar', 'vein', 'john', 'philoponus', 'and', 'later', 'galileo', 'showed', 'by', 'simple', 'experiments', 'that', 'aristotle', 'theory', 'that', 'heavier', 'object', 'falls', 'faster', 'than', 'lighter', 'object', 'is', 'incorrect', 'on', 'the', 'other', 'hand', 'aristotle', 'refuted', 'democritus', 'claim', 'that', 'the', 'milky', 'way', 'was', 'made', 'up', 'of', 'those', 'stars', 'which', 'are', 'shaded', 'by', 'the', 'earth', 'from', 'the', 'sun', 'rays', 'pointing', 'out', 'correctly', 'even', 'if', 'such', 'reasoning', 'was', 'bound', 'to', 'be', 'dismissed', 'for', 'long', 'time', 'that', 'given', 'current', 'astronomical', 'demonstrations', 'that', 'the', 'size', 'of', 'the', 'sun', 'is', 'greater', 'than', 'that', 'of', 'the', 'earth', 'and', 'the', 'distance', 'of', 'the', 'stars', 'from', 'the', 'earth', 'many', 'times', 'greater', 'than', 'that', 'of', 'the', 'sun', 'then', 'the', 'sun', 'shines', 'on', 'all', 'the', 'stars', 'and', 'the', 'earth', 'screens', 'none', 'of', 'them', 'aristotle', 'also', 'had', 'some', 'scientific', 'blind', 'spots', 'he', 'posited', 'geocentric', 'cosmology', 'that', 'we', 'may', 'discern', 'in', 'selections', 'of', 'the', 'metaphysics', 'which', 'was', 'widely', 'accepted', 'up', 'until', 'the', 'th', 'century', 'from', 'the', 'rd', 'century', 'to', 'the', 'th', 'century', 'the', 'dominant', 'view', 'held', 'that', 'the', 'earth', 'was', 'the', 'rotational', 'center', 'of', 'the', 'universe', 'because', 'he', 'was', 'perhaps', 'the', 'philosopher', 'most', 'respected', 'by', 'european', 'thinkers', 'during', 'and', 'after', 'the', 'renaissance', 'these', 'thinkers', 'often', 'took', 'aristotle', 'erroneous', 'positions', 'as', 'given', 'which', 'held', 'back', 'science', 'in', 'this', 'epoch', 'however', 'aristotle', 'scientific', 'shortcomings', 'should', 'not', 'mislead', 'one', 'into', 'forgetting', 'his', 'great', 'advances', 'in', 'the', 'many', 'scientific', 'fields', 'for', 'instance', 'he', 'founded', 'logic', 'as', 'formal', 'science', 'and', 'created', 'foundations', 'to', 'biology', 'that', 'were', 'not', 'superseded', 'for', 'two', 'millennia', 'moreover', 'he', 'introduced', 'the', 'fundamental', 'notion', 'that', 'nature', 'is', 'composed', 'of', 'things', 'that', 'change', 'and', 'that', 'studying', 'such', 'changes', 'can', 'provide', 'useful', 'knowledge', 'of', 'underlying', 'constants', 'geology', 'as', 'quoted', 'from', 'charles', 'lyell', 'principles', 'of', 'geology', 'he', 'aristotle', 'refers', 'to', 'many', 'examples', 'of', 'changes', 'now', 'constantly', 'going', 'on', 'and', 'insists', 'emphatically', 'on', 'the', 'great', 'results', 'which', 'they', 'must', 'produce', 'in', 'the', 'lapse', 'of', 'ages', 'he', 'instances', 'particular', 'cases', 'of', 'lakes', 'that', 'had', 'dried', 'up', 'and', 'deserts', 'that', 'had', 'at', 'length', 'become', 'watered', 'by', 'rivers', 'and', 'fertilized', 'he', 'points', 'to', 'the', 'growth', 'of', 'the', 'nilotic', 'delta', 'since', 'the', 'time', 'of', 'homer', 'to', 'the', 'shallowing', 'of', 'the', 'palus', 'maeotis', 'within', 'sixty', 'years', 'from', 'his', 'own', 'time', 'he', 'alludes', 'to', 'the', 'upheaving', 'of', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'eolian', 'islands', 'previous', 'to', 'volcanic', 'eruption', 'the', 'changes', 'of', 'the', 'earth', 'he', 'says', 'are', 'so', 'slow', 'in', 'comparison', 'to', 'the', 'duration', 'of', 'our', 'lives', 'that', 'they', 'are', 'overlooked', 'and', 'the', 'migrations', 'of', 'people', 'after', 'great', 'catastrophes', 'and', 'their', 'removal', 'to', 'other', 'regions', 'cause', 'the', 'event', 'to', 'be', 'forgotten', 'he', 'says', 'th', 'chapter', 'of', 'his', 'meteorics', 'the', 'distribution', 'of', 'land', 'and', 'sea', 'in', 'particular', 'regions', 'does', 'not', 'endure', 'throughout', 'all', 'time', 'but', 'it', 'becomes', 'sea', 'in', 'those', 'parts', 'where', 'it', 'was', 'land', 'and', 'again', 'it', 'becomes', 'land', 'where', 'it', 'was', 'sea', 'and', 'there', 'is', 'reason', 'for', 'thinking', 'that', 'these', 'changes', 'take', 'place', 'according', 'to', 'certain', 'system', 'and', 'within', 'certain', 'period', 'the', 'concluding', 'observation', 'is', 'as', 'follows', 'as', 'time', 'never', 'fails', 'and', 'the', 'universe', 'is', 'eternal', 'neither', 'the', 'tanais', 'nor', 'the', 'nile', 'can', 'have', 'flowed', 'for', 'ever', 'the', 'places', 'where', 'they', 'rise', 'were', 'once', 'dry', 'and', 'there', 'is', 'limit', 'to', 'their', 'operations', 'but', 'there', 'is', 'none', 'to', 'time', 'so', 'also', 'of', 'all', 'other', 'rivers', 'they', 'spring', 'up', 'and', 'they', 'perish', 'and', 'the', 'sea', 'also', 'continually', 'deserts', 'some', 'lands', 'and', 'invades', 'others', 'the', 'same', 'tracts', 'therefore', 'of', 'the', 'earth', 'are', 'not', 'some', 'always', 'sea', 'and', 'others', 'always', 'continents', 'but', 'every', 'thing', 'changes', 'in', 'the', 'course', 'of', 'time', 'physics', 'five', 'elements', 'aristotle', 'proposed', 'fifth', 'element', 'aether', 'in', 'addition', 'to', 'the', 'four', 'proposed', 'earlier', 'by', 'empedocles', 'earth', 'which', 'is', 'cold', 'and', 'dry', 'this', 'corresponds', 'to', 'the', 'modern', 'idea', 'of', 'solid', 'water', 'which', 'is', 'cold', 'and', 'wet', 'this', 'corresponds', 'to', 'the', 'modern', 'idea', 'of', 'liquid', 'air', 'which', 'is', 'hot', 'and', 'wet', 'this', 'corresponds', 'to', 'the', 'modern', 'idea', 'of', 'gas', 'fire', 'which', 'is', 'hot', 'and', 'dry', 'this', 'corresponds', 'to', 'the', 'modern', 'ideas', 'of', 'plasma', 'and', 'heat', 'aether', 'which', 'is', 'the', 'divine', 'substance', 'that', 'makes', 'up', 'the', 'heavenly', 'spheres', 'and', 'heavenly', 'bodies', 'stars', 'and', 'planets', 'each', 'of', 'the', 'four', 'earthly', 'elements', 'has', 'its', 'natural', 'place', 'all', 'that', 'is', 'earthly', 'tends', 'toward', 'the', 'center', 'of', 'the', 'universe', 'the', 'center', 'of', 'the', 'earth', 'water', 'tends', 'toward', 'sphere', 'surrounding', 'the', 'center', 'air', 'tends', 'toward', 'sphere', 'surrounding', 'the', 'water', 'sphere', 'fire', 'tends', 'toward', 'the', 'lunar', 'sphere', 'in', 'which', 'the', 'moon', 'orbits', 'when', 'elements', 'are', 'moved', 'out', 'of', 'their', 'natural', 'place', 'they', 'naturally', 'move', 'back', 'towards', 'it', 'this', 'is', 'natural', 'motion', 'motion', 'requiring', 'no', 'extrinsic', 'cause', 'so', 'for', 'example', 'in', 'water', 'earthy', 'bodies', 'sink', 'while', 'air', 'bubbles', 'rise', 'up', 'in', 'air', 'rain', 'falls', 'and', 'flame', 'rises', 'outside', 'all', 'the', 'other', 'spheres', 'the', 'heavenly', 'fifth', 'element', 'manifested', 'in', 'the', 'stars', 'and', 'planets', 'moves', 'in', 'the', 'perfection', 'of', 'circles', 'motion', 'aristotle', 'defined', 'motion', 'as', 'the', 'actuality', 'of', 'potentiality', 'as', 'such', 'aquinas', 'suggested', 'that', 'the', 'passage', 'be', 'understood', 'literally', 'that', 'motion', 'can', 'indeed', 'be', 'understood', 'as', 'the', 'active', 'fulfillment', 'of', 'potential', 'as', 'transition', 'toward', 'potentially', 'possible', 'state', 'because', 'actuality', 'and', 'potentiality', 'are', 'normally', 'opposites', 'in', 'aristotle', 'other', 'commentators', 'either', 'suggest', 'that', 'the', 'wording', 'which', 'has', 'come', 'down', 'to', 'us', 'is', 'erroneous', 'or', 'that', 'the', 'addition', 'of', 'the', 'as', 'such', 'to', 'the', 'definition', 'is', 'critical', 'to', 'understanding', 'it', 'causality', 'the', 'four', 'causes', 'aristotle', 'suggested', 'that', 'the', 'reason', 'for', 'anything', 'coming', 'about', 'can', 'be', 'attributed', 'to', 'four', 'different', 'types', 'of', 'simultaneously', 'active', 'factors', 'his', 'name', 'aitia', 'is', 'traditionally', 'translated', 'as', 'cause', 'but', 'it', 'does', 'not', 'always', 'refer', 'to', 'temporal', 'sequence', 'it', 'might', 'be', 'better', 'translated', 'as', 'explanation', 'but', 'the', 'traditional', 'rendering', 'will', 'be', 'employed', 'here', 'material', 'cause', 'describes', 'the', 'material', 'out', 'of', 'which', 'something', 'is', 'composed', 'thus', 'the', 'material', 'cause', 'of', 'table', 'is', 'wood', 'and', 'the', 'material', 'cause', 'of', 'car', 'is', 'rubber', 'and', 'steel', 'it', 'is', 'not', 'about', 'action', 'it', 'does', 'not', 'mean', 'that', 'one', 'domino', 'knocks', 'over', 'another', 'domino', 'the', 'formal', 'cause', 'is', 'its', 'form', 'the', 'arrangement', 'of', 'that', 'matter', 'it', 'tells', 'us', 'what', 'thing', 'is', 'that', 'any', 'thing', 'is', 'determined', 'by', 'the', 'definition', 'form', 'pattern', 'essence', 'whole', 'synthesis', 'or', 'archetype', 'it', 'embraces', 'the', 'account', 'of', 'causes', 'in', 'terms', 'of', 'fundamental', 'principles', 'or', 'general', 'laws', 'as', 'the', 'whole', 'macrostructure', 'is', 'the', 'cause', 'of', 'its', 'parts', 'relationship', 'known', 'as', 'the', 'whole', 'part', 'causation', 'plainly', 'put', 'the', 'formal', 'cause', 'is', 'the', 'idea', 'existing', 'in', 'the', 'first', 'place', 'as', 'exemplar', 'in', 'the', 'mind', 'of', 'the', 'sculptor', 'and', 'in', 'the', 'second', 'place', 'as', 'intrinsic', 'determining', 'cause', 'embodied', 'in', 'the', 'matter', 'formal', 'cause', 'could', 'only', 'refer', 'to', 'the', 'essential', 'quality', 'of', 'causation', 'simple', 'example', 'of', 'the', 'formal', 'cause', 'is', 'the', 'mental', 'image', 'or', 'idea', 'that', 'allows', 'an', 'artist', 'architect', 'or', 'engineer', 'to', 'create', 'drawing', 'the', 'efficient', 'cause', 'is', 'the', 'primary', 'source', 'or', 'that', 'from', 'which', 'the', 'change', 'under', 'consideration', 'proceeds', 'it', 'identifies', 'what', 'makes', 'of', 'what', 'is', 'made', 'and', 'what', 'causes', 'change', 'of', 'what', 'is', 'changed', 'and', 'so', 'suggests', 'all', 'sorts', 'of', 'agents', 'nonliving', 'or', 'living', 'acting', 'as', 'the', 'sources', 'of', 'change', 'or', 'movement', 'or', 'rest', 'representing', 'the', 'current', 'understanding', 'of', 'causality', 'as', 'the', 'relation', 'of', 'cause', 'and', 'effect', 'this', 'covers', 'the', 'modern', 'definitions', 'of', 'cause', 'as', 'either', 'the', 'agent', 'or', 'agency', 'or', 'particular', 'events', 'or', 'states', 'of', 'affairs', 'so', 'take', 'the', 'two', 'dominoes', 'this', 'time', 'of', 'equal', 'weighting', 'the', 'first', 'is', 'knocked', 'over', 'causing', 'the', 'second', 'also', 'to', 'fall', 'over', 'the', 'final', 'cause', 'telos', 'is', 'its', 'purpose', 'or', 'that', 'for', 'the', 'sake', 'of', 'which', 'thing', 'exists', 'or', 'is', 'done', 'including', 'both', 'purposeful', 'and', 'instrumental', 'actions', 'and', 'activities', 'the', 'final', 'cause', 'is', 'the', 'purpose', 'or', 'function', 'that', 'something', 'is', 'supposed', 'to', 'serve', 'this', 'covers', 'modern', 'ideas', 'of', 'motivating', 'causes', 'such', 'as', 'volition', 'need', 'desire', 'ethics', 'or', 'spiritual', 'beliefs', 'additionally', 'things', 'can', 'be', 'causes', 'of', 'one', 'another', 'causing', 'each', 'other', 'reciprocally', 'as', 'hard', 'work', 'causes', 'fitness', 'and', 'vice', 'versa', 'although', 'not', 'in', 'the', 'same', 'way', 'or', 'function', 'the', 'one', 'is', 'as', 'the', 'beginning', 'of', 'change', 'the', 'other', 'as', 'the', 'goal', 'thus', 'aristotle', 'first', 'suggested', 'reciprocal', 'or', 'circular', 'causality', 'as', 'relation', 'of', 'mutual', 'dependence', 'or', 'influence', 'of', 'cause', 'upon', 'effect', 'moreover', 'aristotle', 'indicated', 'that', 'the', 'same', 'thing', 'can', 'be', 'the', 'cause', 'of', 'contrary', 'effects', 'its', 'presence', 'and', 'absence', 'may', 'result', 'in', 'different', 'outcomes', 'simply', 'it', 'is', 'the', 'goal', 'or', 'purpose', 'that', 'brings', 'about', 'an', 'event', 'our', 'two', 'dominoes', 'require', 'someone', 'or', 'something', 'to', 'intentionally', 'knock', 'over', 'the', 'first', 'domino', 'because', 'it', 'cannot', 'fall', 'of', 'its', 'own', 'accord', 'aristotle', 'marked', 'two', 'modes', 'of', 'causation', 'proper', 'prior', 'causation', 'and', 'accidental', 'chance', 'causation', 'all', 'causes', 'both', 'proper', 'and', 'incidental', 'can', 'be', 'spoken', 'of', 'as', 'actual', 'or', 'potential', 'and', 'as', 'generic', 'or', 'particular', 'the', 'same', 'language', 'refers', 'to', 'the', 'effects', 'of', 'causes', 'so', 'that', 'actual', 'effects', 'are', 'assigned', 'to', 'operating', 'causes', 'generic', 'effects', 'to', 'generic', 'causes', 'and', 'particular', 'effects', 'to', 'particular', 'causes', 'optics', 'aristotle', 'held', 'more', 'accurate', 'theories', 'on', 'some', 'optical', 'concepts', 'than', 'other', 'philosophers', 'of', 'his', 'day', 'the', 'second', 'oldest', 'written', 'evidence', 'of', 'camera', 'obscura', 'after', 'mozi', 'bc', 'can', 'be', 'found', 'in', 'aristotle', 'documentation', 'of', 'such', 'device', 'in', 'bc', 'in', 'problemata', 'aristotle', 'apparatus', 'contained', 'dark', 'chamber', 'that', 'had', 'single', 'small', 'hole', 'or', 'aperture', 'to', 'allow', 'for', 'sunlight', 'to', 'enter', 'aristotle', 'used', 'the', 'device', 'to', 'make', 'observations', 'of', 'the', 'sun', 'and', 'noted', 'that', 'no', 'matter', 'what', 'shape', 'the', 'hole', 'was', 'the', 'sun', 'would', 'still', 'be', 'correctly', 'displayed', 'as', 'round', 'object', 'in', 'modern', 'cameras', 'this', 'is', 'analogous', 'to', 'the', 'diaphragm', 'aristotle', 'also', 'made', 'the', 'observation', 'that', 'when', 'the', 'distance', 'between', 'the', 'aperture', 'and', 'the', 'surface', 'with', 'the', 'image', 'increased', 'the', 'image', 'was', 'magnified', 'chance', 'and', 'spontaneity', 'according', 'to', 'aristotle', 'spontaneity', 'and', 'chance', 'are', 'causes', 'of', 'some', 'things', 'distinguishable', 'from', 'other', 'types', 'of', 'cause', 'chance', 'as', 'an', 'incidental', 'cause', 'lies', 'in', 'the', 'realm', 'of', 'accidental', 'things', 'it', 'is', 'from', 'what', 'is', 'spontaneous', 'but', 'note', 'that', 'what', 'is', 'spontaneous', 'does', 'not', 'come', 'from', 'chance', 'for', 'better', 'understanding', 'of', 'aristotle', 'conception', 'of', 'chance', 'it', 'might', 'be', 'better', 'to', 'think', 'of', 'coincidence', 'something', 'takes', 'place', 'by', 'chance', 'if', 'person', 'sets', 'out', 'with', 'the', 'intent', 'of', 'having', 'one', 'thing', 'take', 'place', 'but', 'with', 'the', 'result', 'of', 'another', 'thing', 'not', 'intended', 'taking', 'place', 'for', 'example', 'person', 'seeks', 'donations', 'that', 'person', 'may', 'find', 'another', 'person', 'willing', 'to', 'donate', 'substantial', 'sum', 'however', 'if', 'the', 'person', 'seeking', 'the', 'donations', 'met', 'the', 'person', 'donating', 'not', 'for', 'the', 'purpose', 'of', 'collecting', 'donations', 'but', 'for', 'some', 'other', 'purpose', 'aristotle', 'would', 'call', 'the', 'collecting', 'of', 'the', 'donation', 'by', 'that', 'particular', 'donator', 'result', 'of', 'chance', 'it', 'must', 'be', 'unusual', 'that', 'something', 'happens', 'by', 'chance', 'in', 'other', 'words', 'if', 'something', 'happens', 'all', 'or', 'most', 'of', 'the', 'time', 'we', 'cannot', 'say', 'that', 'it', 'is', 'by', 'chance', 'there', 'is', 'also', 'more', 'specific', 'kind', 'of', 'chance', 'which', 'aristotle', 'names', 'luck', 'that', 'can', 'only', 'apply', 'to', 'human', 'beings', 'because', 'it', 'is', 'in', 'the', 'sphere', 'of', 'moral', 'actions', 'according', 'to', 'aristotle', 'luck', 'must', 'involve', 'choice', 'and', 'thus', 'deliberation', 'and', 'only', 'humans', 'are', 'capable', 'of', 'deliberation', 'and', 'choice', 'what', 'is', 'not', 'capable', 'of', 'action', 'cannot', 'do', 'anything', 'by', 'chance', 'metaphysics', 'aristotle', 'defines', 'metaphysics', 'as', 'the', 'knowledge', 'of', 'immaterial', 'being', 'or', 'of', 'being', 'in', 'the', 'highest', 'degree', 'of', 'abstraction', 'he', 'refers', 'to', 'metaphysics', 'as', 'first', 'philosophy', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'the', 'theologic', 'science', 'substance', 'potentiality', 'and', 'actuality', 'aristotle', 'examines', 'the', 'concepts', 'of', 'substance', 'and', 'essence', 'ousia', 'in', 'his', 'metaphysics', 'book', 'vii', 'and', 'he', 'concludes', 'that', 'particular', 'substance', 'is', 'combination', 'of', 'both', 'matter', 'and', 'form', 'in', 'book', 'viii', 'he', 'distinguishes', 'the', 'matter', 'of', 'the', 'substance', 'as', 'the', 'substratum', 'or', 'the', 'stuff', 'of', 'which', 'it', 'is', 'composed', 'for', 'example', 'the', 'matter', 'of', 'house', 'is', 'the', 'bricks', 'stones', 'timbers', 'etc', 'or', 'whatever', 'constitutes', 'the', 'potential', 'house', 'while', 'the', 'form', 'of', 'the', 'substance', 'is', 'the', 'actual', 'house', 'namely', 'covering', 'for', 'bodies', 'and', 'chattels', 'or', 'any', 'other', 'differentia', 'see', 'also', 'predicables', 'that', 'let', 'us', 'define', 'something', 'as', 'house', 'the', 'formula', 'that', 'gives', 'the', 'components', 'is', 'the', 'account', 'of', 'the', 'matter', 'and', 'the', 'formula', 'that', 'gives', 'the', 'differentia', 'is', 'the', 'account', 'of', 'the', 'form', 'with', 'regard', 'to', 'the', 'change', 'kinesis', 'and', 'its', 'causes', 'now', 'as', 'he', 'defines', 'in', 'his', 'physics', 'and', 'on', 'generation', 'and', 'corruption', 'he', 'distinguishes', 'the', 'coming', 'to', 'be', 'from', 'growth', 'and', 'diminution', 'which', 'is', 'change', 'in', 'quantity', 'locomotion', 'which', 'is', 'change', 'in', 'space', 'and', 'alteration', 'which', 'is', 'change', 'in', 'quality', 'the', 'coming', 'to', 'be', 'is', 'change', 'where', 'nothing', 'persists', 'of', 'which', 'the', 'resultant', 'is', 'property', 'in', 'that', 'particular', 'change', 'he', 'introduces', 'the', 'concept', 'of', 'potentiality', 'dynamis', 'and', 'actuality', 'entelecheia', 'in', 'association', 'with', 'the', 'matter', 'and', 'the', 'form', 'referring', 'to', 'potentiality', 'this', 'is', 'what', 'thing', 'is', 'capable', 'of', 'doing', 'or', 'being', 'acted', 'upon', 'if', 'the', 'conditions', 'are', 'right', 'and', 'it', 'is', 'not', 'prevented', 'by', 'something', 'else', 'for', 'example', 'the', 'seed', 'of', 'plant', 'in', 'the', 'soil', 'is', 'potentially', 'dynamei', 'plant', 'and', 'if', 'is', 'not', 'prevented', 'by', 'something', 'it', 'will', 'become', 'plant', 'potentially', 'beings', 'can', 'either', 'act', 'poiein', 'or', 'be', 'acted', 'upon', 'paschein', 'which', 'can', 'be', 'either', 'innate', 'or', 'learned', 'for', 'example', 'the', 'eyes', 'possess', 'the', 'potentiality', 'of', 'sight', 'innate', 'being', 'acted', 'upon', 'while', 'the', 'capability', 'of', 'playing', 'the', 'flute', 'can', 'be', 'possessed', 'by', 'learning', 'exercise', 'acting', 'actuality', 'is', 'the', 'fulfillment', 'of', 'the', 'end', 'of', 'the', 'potentiality', 'because', 'the', 'end', 'telos', 'is', 'the', 'principle', 'of', 'every', 'change', 'and', 'for', 'the', 'sake', 'of', 'the', 'end', 'exists', 'potentiality', 'therefore', 'actuality', 'is', 'the', 'end', 'referring', 'then', 'to', 'our', 'previous', 'example', 'we', 'could', 'say', 'that', 'an', 'actuality', 'is', 'when', 'plant', 'does', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'activities', 'that', 'plants', 'do', 'for', 'that', 'for', 'the', 'sake', 'of', 'which', 'thing', 'is', 'is', 'its', 'principle', 'and', 'the', 'becoming', 'is', 'for', 'the', 'sake', 'of', 'the', 'end', 'and', 'the', 'actuality', 'is', 'the', 'end', 'and', 'it', 'is', 'for', 'the', 'sake', 'of', 'this', 'that', 'the', 'potentiality', 'is', 'acquired', 'for', 'animals', 'do', 'not', 'see', 'in', 'order', 'that', 'they', 'may', 'have', 'sight', 'but', 'they', 'have', 'sight', 'that', 'they', 'may', 'see', 'in', 'summary', 'the', 'matter', 'used', 'to', 'make', 'house', 'has', 'potentiality', 'to', 'be', 'house', 'and', 'both', 'the', 'activity', 'of', 'building', 'and', 'the', 'form', 'of', 'the', 'final', 'house', 'are', 'actualities', 'which', 'is', 'also', 'final', 'cause', 'or', 'end', 'then', 'aristotle', 'proceeds', 'and', 'concludes', 'that', 'the', 'actuality', 'is', 'prior', 'to', 'potentiality', 'in', 'formula', 'in', 'time', 'and', 'in', 'substantiality', 'with', 'this', 'definition', 'of', 'the', 'particular', 'substance', 'matter', 'and', 'form', 'aristotle', 'tries', 'to', 'solve', 'the', 'problem', 'of', 'the', 'unity', 'of', 'the', 'beings', 'for', 'example', 'what', 'is', 'it', 'that', 'makes', 'man', 'one', 'since', 'according', 'to', 'plato', 'there', 'are', 'two', 'ideas', 'animal', 'and', 'biped', 'how', 'then', 'is', 'man', 'unity', 'however', 'according', 'to', 'aristotle', 'the', 'potential', 'being', 'matter', 'and', 'the', 'actual', 'one', 'form', 'are', 'one', 'and', 'the', 'same', 'thing', 'universals', 'and', 'particulars', 'aristotle', 'predecessor', 'plato', 'argued', 'that', 'all', 'things', 'have', 'universal', 'form', 'which', 'could', 'be', 'either', 'property', 'or', 'relation', 'to', 'other', 'things', 'when', 'we', 'look', 'at', 'an', 'apple', 'for', 'example', 'we', 'see', 'an', 'apple', 'and', 'we', 'can', 'also', 'analyze', 'form', 'of', 'an', 'apple', 'in', 'this', 'distinction', 'there', 'is', 'particular', 'apple', 'and', 'universal', 'form', 'of', 'an', 'apple', 'moreover', 'we', 'can', 'place', 'an', 'apple', 'next', 'to', 'book', 'so', 'that', 'we', 'can', 'speak', 'of', 'both', 'the', 'book', 'and', 'apple', 'as', 'being', 'next', 'to', 'each', 'other', 'plato', 'argued', 'that', 'there', 'are', 'some', 'universal', 'forms', 'that', 'are', 'not', 'part', 'of', 'particular', 'things', 'for', 'example', 'it', 'is', 'possible', 'that', 'there', 'is', 'no', 'particular', 'good', 'in', 'existence', 'but', 'good', 'is', 'still', 'proper', 'universal', 'form', 'bertrand', 'russell', 'is', 'th', 'century', 'philosopher', 'who', 'agreed', 'with', 'plato', 'on', 'the', 'existence', 'of', 'uninstantiated', 'universals', 'aristotle', 'disagreed', 'with', 'plato', 'on', 'this', 'point', 'arguing', 'that', 'all', 'universals', 'are', 'instantiated', 'aristotle', 'argued', 'that', 'there', 'are', 'no', 'universals', 'that', 'are', 'unattached', 'to', 'existing', 'things', 'according', 'to', 'aristotle', 'if', 'universal', 'exists', 'either', 'as', 'particular', 'or', 'relation', 'then', 'there', 'must', 'have', 'been', 'must', 'be', 'currently', 'or', 'must', 'be', 'in', 'the', 'future', 'something', 'on', 'which', 'the', 'universal', 'can', 'be', 'predicated', 'consequently', 'according', 'to', 'aristotle', 'if', 'it', 'is', 'not', 'the', 'case', 'that', 'some', 'universal', 'can', 'be', 'predicated', 'to', 'an', 'object', 'that', 'exists', 'at', 'some', 'period', 'of', 'time', 'then', 'it', 'does', 'not', 'exist', 'in', 'addition', 'aristotle', 'disagreed', 'with', 'plato', 'about', 'the', 'location', 'of', 'universals', 'as', 'plato', 'spoke', 'of', 'the', 'world', 'of', 'the', 'forms', 'location', 'where', 'all', 'universal', 'forms', 'subsist', 'aristotle', 'maintained', 'that', 'universals', 'exist', 'within', 'each', 'thing', 'on', 'which', 'each', 'universal', 'is', 'predicated', 'so', 'according', 'to', 'aristotle', 'the', 'form', 'of', 'apple', 'exists', 'within', 'each', 'apple', 'rather', 'than', 'in', 'the', 'world', 'of', 'the', 'forms', 'biology', 'and', 'medicine', 'in', 'aristotelian', 'science', 'especially', 'in', 'biology', 'things', 'he', 'saw', 'himself', 'have', 'stood', 'the', 'test', 'of', 'time', 'better', 'than', 'his', 'retelling', 'of', 'the', 'reports', 'of', 'others', 'which', 'contain', 'error', 'and', 'superstition', 'he', 'dissected', 'animals', 'but', 'not', 'humans', 'his', 'ideas', 'on', 'how', 'the', 'human', 'body', 'works', 'have', 'been', 'almost', 'entirely', 'superseded', 'empirical', 'research', 'program', 'octopus', 'swimming', 'torpedo', 'fuscomaculata', 'leopard', 'shark', 'aristotle', 'is', 'the', 'earliest', 'natural', 'historian', 'whose', 'work', 'has', 'survived', 'in', 'some', 'detail', 'aristotle', 'certainly', 'did', 'research', 'on', 'the', 'natural', 'history', 'of', 'lesbos', 'and', 'the', 'surrounding', 'seas', 'and', 'neighbouring', 'areas', 'the', 'works', 'that', 'reflect', 'this', 'research', 'the', 'history', 'of', 'animals', 'generation', 'of', 'animals', 'movement', 'of', 'animals', 'and', 'parts', 'of', 'animals', 'contain', 'some', 'observations', 'and', 'interpretations', 'along', 'with', 'sundry', 'myths', 'and', 'mistakes', 'the', 'most', 'striking', 'passages', 'are', 'about', 'the', 'sea', 'life', 'visible', 'from', 'observation', 'on', 'lesbos', 'and', 'available', 'from', 'the', 'catches', 'of', 'fishermen', 'his', 'observations', 'on', 'catfish', 'electric', 'fish', 'torpedo', 'and', 'angler', 'fish', 'are', 'detailed', 'as', 'is', 'his', 'writing', 'on', 'cephalopods', 'namely', 'octopus', 'sepia', 'cuttlefish', 'and', 'the', 'paper', 'nautilus', 'argonauta', 'argo', 'his', 'description', 'of', 'the', 'hectocotyl', 'arm', 'used', 'in', 'sexual', 'reproduction', 'was', 'widely', 'disbelieved', 'until', 'its', 'rediscovery', 'in', 'the', 'th', 'century', 'he', 'separated', 'the', 'aquatic', 'mammals', 'from', 'fish', 'and', 'knew', 'that', 'sharks', 'and', 'rays', 'were', 'part', 'of', 'the', 'group', 'he', 'called', 'selachē', 'selachians', 'an', 'example', 'of', 'his', 'methods', 'including', 'dissection', 'and', 'observation', 'comes', 'from', 'the', 'generation', 'of', 'animals', 'where', 'he', 'describes', 'breaking', 'open', 'fertilized', 'chicken', 'eggs', 'at', 'intervals', 'to', 'discover', 'the', 'sequence', 'in', 'which', 'visible', 'organs', 'are', 'generated', 'aristotle', 'gave', 'accurate', 'descriptions', 'of', 'the', 'four', 'chambered', 'fore', 'stomachs', 'of', 'ruminants', 'and', 'of', 'the', 'ovoviviparous', 'embryological', 'development', 'of', 'the', 'hound', 'shark', 'mustelus', 'mustelus', 'classification', 'of', 'living', 'things', 'aristotle', 'distinguished', 'about', 'species', 'of', 'birds', 'mammals', 'and', 'fishes', 'what', 'the', 'modern', 'zoologist', 'would', 'call', 'vertebrates', 'and', 'invertebrates', 'aristotle', 'called', 'animals', 'with', 'blood', 'and', 'animals', 'without', 'blood', 'animals', 'with', 'blood', 'were', 'divided', 'into', 'live', 'bearing', 'mammals', 'and', 'egg', 'bearing', 'birds', 'and', 'fish', 'invertebrates', 'animals', 'without', 'blood', 'are', 'insects', 'crustacea', 'divided', 'into', 'non', 'shelled', 'cephalopods', 'and', 'shelled', 'and', 'testacea', 'molluscs', 'aristotle', 'believed', 'that', 'intellectual', 'purposes', 'final', 'causes', 'guided', 'all', 'natural', 'processes', 'such', 'teleological', 'view', 'gave', 'aristotle', 'cause', 'to', 'justify', 'his', 'observed', 'data', 'as', 'an', 'expression', 'of', 'formal', 'design', 'noting', 'that', 'no', 'animal', 'has', 'at', 'the', 'same', 'time', 'both', 'tusks', 'and', 'horns', 'and', 'single', 'hooved', 'animal', 'with', 'two', 'horns', 'have', 'never', 'seen', 'aristotle', 'suggested', 'that', 'nature', 'giving', 'no', 'animal', 'both', 'horns', 'and', 'tusks', 'was', 'staving', 'off', 'vanity', 'and', 'giving', 'creatures', 'faculties', 'only', 'to', 'such', 'degree', 'as', 'they', 'are', 'necessary', 'noting', 'that', 'ruminants', 'had', 'multiple', 'stomachs', 'and', 'weak', 'teeth', 'he', 'supposed', 'the', 'first', 'was', 'to', 'compensate', 'for', 'the', 'latter', 'with', 'nature', 'trying', 'to', 'preserve', 'type', 'of', 'balance', 'he', 'stated', 'in', 'the', 'history', 'of', 'animals', 'that', 'creatures', 'were', 'arranged', 'in', 'graded', 'scale', 'of', 'perfection', 'rising', 'from', 'minerals', 'to', 'plants', 'and', 'animals', 'and', 'on', 'up', 'to', 'man', 'forming', 'the', 'scala', 'naturae', 'or', 'great', 'chain', 'of', 'being', 'his', 'system', 'had', 'eleven', 'grades', 'arranged', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'degree', 'to', 'which', 'they', 'are', 'infected', 'with', 'potentiality', 'expressed', 'in', 'their', 'form', 'at', 'birth', 'the', 'highest', 'animals', 'laid', 'warm', 'and', 'wet', 'creatures', 'alive', 'the', 'lowest', 'bore', 'theirs', 'cold', 'dry', 'and', 'in', 'thick', 'eggs', 'for', 'charles', 'singer', 'nothing', 'is', 'more', 'remarkable', 'than', 'aristotle', 'efforts', 'to', 'exhibit', 'the', 'relationships', 'of', 'living', 'things', 'as', 'scala', 'naturae', 'aristotle', 'also', 'held', 'that', 'the', 'level', 'of', 'creature', 'perfection', 'was', 'reflected', 'in', 'its', 'form', 'but', 'not', 'preordained', 'by', 'that', 'form', 'ideas', 'like', 'this', 'and', 'his', 'ideas', 'about', 'souls', 'are', 'not', 'regarded', 'as', 'science', 'at', 'all', 'in', 'modern', 'times', 'he', 'placed', 'emphasis', 'on', 'the', 'type', 'of', 'soul', 'an', 'organism', 'possessed', 'asserting', 'that', 'plants', 'possess', 'vegetative', 'soul', 'responsible', 'for', 'reproduction', 'and', 'growth', 'animals', 'vegetative', 'and', 'sensitive', 'soul', 'responsible', 'for', 'mobility', 'and', 'sensation', 'and', 'humans', 'vegetative', 'sensitive', 'and', 'rational', 'soul', 'capable', 'of', 'thought', 'and', 'reflection', 'aristotle', 'in', 'contrast', 'to', 'earlier', 'philosophers', 'but', 'in', 'accordance', 'with', 'the', 'egyptians', 'placed', 'the', 'rational', 'soul', 'in', 'the', 'heart', 'rather', 'than', 'the', 'brain', 'notable', 'is', 'aristotle', 'division', 'of', 'sensation', 'and', 'thought', 'which', 'generally', 'went', 'against', 'previous', 'philosophers', 'with', 'the', 'exception', 'of', 'alcmaeon', 'successor', 'theophrastus', 'frontispiece', 'to', 'version', 'of', 'the', 'expanded', 'and', 'illustrated', 'edition', 'of', 'historia', 'plantarum', 'ca', 'which', 'was', 'originally', 'written', 'around', 'bc', 'aristotle', 'successor', 'at', 'the', 'lyceum', 'theophrastus', 'wrote', 'series', 'of', 'books', 'on', 'botany', 'the', 'history', 'of', 'plants', 'which', 'survived', 'as', 'the', 'most', 'important', 'contribution', 'of', 'antiquity', 'to', 'botany', 'even', 'into', 'the', 'middle', 'ages', 'many', 'of', 'theophrastus', 'names', 'survive', 'into', 'modern', 'times', 'such', 'as', 'carpos', 'for', 'fruit', 'and', 'pericarpion', 'for', 'seed', 'vessel', 'rather', 'than', 'focus', 'on', 'formal', 'causes', 'as', 'aristotle', 'did', 'theophrastus', 'suggested', 'mechanistic', 'scheme', 'drawing', 'analogies', 'between', 'natural', 'and', 'artificial', 'processes', 'and', 'relying', 'on', 'aristotle', 'concept', 'of', 'the', 'efficient', 'cause', 'theophrastus', 'also', 'recognized', 'the', 'role', 'of', 'sex', 'in', 'the', 'reproduction', 'of', 'some', 'higher', 'plants', 'though', 'this', 'last', 'discovery', 'was', 'lost', 'in', 'later', 'ages', 'influence', 'on', 'hellenistic', 'medicine', 'after', 'theophrastus', 'the', 'lyceum', 'failed', 'to', 'produce', 'any', 'original', 'work', 'though', 'interest', 'in', 'aristotle', 'ideas', 'survived', 'they', 'were', 'generally', 'taken', 'unquestioningly', 'it', 'is', 'not', 'until', 'the', 'age', 'of', 'alexandria', 'under', 'the', 'ptolemies', 'that', 'advances', 'in', 'biology', 'can', 'be', 'again', 'found', 'the', 'first', 'medical', 'teacher', 'at', 'alexandria', 'herophilus', 'of', 'chalcedon', 'corrected', 'aristotle', 'placing', 'intelligence', 'in', 'the', 'brain', 'and', 'connected', 'the', 'nervous', 'system', 'to', 'motion', 'and', 'sensation', 'herophilus', 'also', 'distinguished', 'between', 'veins', 'and', 'arteries', 'noting', 'that', 'the', 'latter', 'pulse', 'while', 'the', 'former', 'do', 'not', 'though', 'few', 'ancient', 'atomists', 'such', 'as', 'lucretius', 'challenged', 'the', 'teleological', 'viewpoint', 'of', 'aristotelian', 'ideas', 'about', 'life', 'teleology', 'and', 'after', 'the', 'rise', 'of', 'christianity', 'natural', 'theology', 'would', 'remain', 'central', 'to', 'biological', 'thought', 'essentially', 'until', 'the', 'th', 'and', 'th', 'centuries', 'ernst', 'mayr', 'claimed', 'that', 'there', 'was', 'nothing', 'of', 'any', 'real', 'consequence', 'in', 'biology', 'after', 'lucretius', 'and', 'galen', 'until', 'the', 'renaissance', 'aristotle', 'ideas', 'of', 'natural', 'history', 'and', 'medicine', 'survived', 'but', 'they', 'were', 'generally', 'taken', 'unquestioningly', 'psychology', 'aristotle', 'psychology', 'given', 'in', 'his', 'treatise', 'on', 'the', 'soul', 'peri', 'psyche', 'often', 'known', 'by', 'its', 'latin', 'title', 'de', 'anima', 'posits', 'three', 'kinds', 'of', 'soul', 'psyches', 'the', 'vegetative', 'soul', 'the', 'sensitive', 'soul', 'and', 'the', 'rational', 'soul', 'humans', 'have', 'rational', 'soul', 'this', 'kind', 'of', 'soul', 'is', 'capable', 'of', 'the', 'same', 'powers', 'as', 'the', 'other', 'kinds', 'like', 'the', 'vegetative', 'soul', 'it', 'can', 'grow', 'and', 'nourish', 'itself', 'like', 'the', 'sensitive', 'soul', 'it', 'can', 'experience', 'sensations', 'and', 'move', 'locally', 'the', 'unique', 'part', 'of', 'the', 'human', 'rational', 'soul', 'is', 'its', 'ability', 'to', 'receive', 'forms', 'of', 'other', 'things', 'and', 'compare', 'them', 'for', 'aristotle', 'the', 'soul', 'psyche', 'was', 'simpler', 'concept', 'than', 'it', 'is', 'for', 'us', 'today', 'by', 'soul', 'he', 'simply', 'meant', 'the', 'form', 'of', 'living', 'being', 'because', 'all', 'beings', 'are', 'composites', 'of', 'form', 'and', 'matter', 'the', 'form', 'of', 'living', 'beings', 'is', 'that', 'which', 'endows', 'them', 'with', 'what', 'is', 'specific', 'to', 'living', 'beings', 'the', 'ability', 'to', 'initiate', 'movement', 'or', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'plants', 'growth', 'and', 'chemical', 'transformations', 'which', 'aristotle', 'considers', 'types', 'of', 'movement', 'memory', 'according', 'to', 'aristotle', 'memory', 'is', 'the', 'ability', 'to', 'hold', 'perceived', 'experience', 'in', 'your', 'mind', 'and', 'to', 'have', 'the', 'ability', 'to', 'distinguish', 'between', 'the', 'internal', 'appearance', 'and', 'an', 'occurrence', 'in', 'the', 'past', 'in', 'other', 'words', 'memory', 'is', 'mental', 'picture', 'phantasm', 'in', 'which', 'aristotle', 'defines', 'in', 'de', 'anima', 'as', 'an', 'appearance', 'which', 'is', 'imprinted', 'on', 'the', 'part', 'of', 'the', 'body', 'that', 'forms', 'memory', 'aristotle', 'believed', 'an', 'imprint', 'becomes', 'impressed', 'on', 'semi', 'fluid', 'bodily', 'organ', 'that', 'undergoes', 'several', 'changes', 'in', 'order', 'to', 'make', 'memory', 'memory', 'occurs', 'when', 'stimuli', 'is', 'too', 'complex', 'that', 'the', 'nervous', 'system', 'semi', 'fluid', 'bodily', 'organ', 'cannot', 'receive', 'all', 'the', 'impressions', 'at', 'once', 'these', 'changes', 'are', 'the', 'same', 'as', 'those', 'involved', 'in', 'the', 'operations', 'of', 'sensation', 'common', 'sense', 'and', 'thinking', 'the', 'mental', 'picture', 'imprinted', 'on', 'the', 'bodily', 'organ', 'is', 'the', 'final', 'product', 'of', 'the', 'entire', 'process', 'of', 'sense', 'perception', 'it', 'does', 'not', 'matter', 'if', 'the', 'experience', 'was', 'seen', 'or', 'heard', 'every', 'experience', 'ends', 'up', 'as', 'mental', 'image', 'in', 'memory', 'aristotle', 'uses', 'the', 'word', 'memory', 'for', 'two', 'basic', 'abilities', 'first', 'the', 'actual', 'retaining', 'of', 'the', 'experience', 'in', 'the', 'mnemonic', 'imprint', 'that', 'can', 'develop', 'from', 'sensation', 'second', 'the', 'intellectual', 'anxiety', 'that', 'comes', 'with', 'the', 'imprint', 'due', 'to', 'being', 'impressed', 'at', 'particular', 'time', 'and', 'processing', 'specific', 'contents', 'these', 'abilities', 'can', 'be', 'explained', 'as', 'memory', 'is', 'neither', 'sensation', 'nor', 'thinking', 'because', 'is', 'arises', 'only', 'after', 'lapse', 'of', 'time', 'therefore', 'memory', 'is', 'of', 'the', 'past', 'prediction', 'is', 'of', 'the', 'future', 'and', 'sensation', 'is', 'of', 'the', 'present', 'the', 'retrieval', 'of', 'our', 'imprints', 'cannot', 'be', 'performed', 'suddenly', 'transitional', 'channel', 'is', 'needed', 'and', 'located', 'in', 'our', 'past', 'experiences', 'both', 'for', 'our', 'previous', 'experience', 'and', 'present', 'experience', 'aristotle', 'proposed', 'that', 'slow', 'witted', 'people', 'have', 'good', 'memory', 'because', 'the', 'fluids', 'in', 'their', 'brain', 'do', 'not', 'wash', 'away', 'their', 'memory', 'organ', 'used', 'to', 'imprint', 'experiences', 'and', 'so', 'the', 'imprint', 'can', 'easily', 'continue', 'however', 'they', 'cannot', 'be', 'too', 'slow', 'or', 'the', 'hardened', 'surface', 'of', 'the', 'organ', 'will', 'not', 'receive', 'new', 'imprints', 'he', 'believed', 'the', 'young', 'and', 'the', 'old', 'do', 'not', 'properly', 'develop', 'an', 'imprint', 'young', 'people', 'undergo', 'rapid', 'changes', 'as', 'they', 'develop', 'while', 'the', 'elderly', 'organs', 'are', 'beginning', 'to', 'decay', 'thus', 'stunting', 'new', 'imprints', 'likewise', 'people', 'who', 'are', 'too', 'quick', 'witted', 'are', 'similar', 'to', 'the', 'young', 'and', 'the', 'image', 'cannot', 'be', 'fixed', 'because', 'of', 'the', 'rapid', 'changes', 'of', 'their', 'organ', 'because', 'intellectual', 'functions', 'are', 'not', 'involved', 'in', 'memory', 'memories', 'belong', 'to', 'some', 'animals', 'too', 'but', 'only', 'those', 'in', 'which', 'have', 'perception', 'of', 'time', 'recollection', 'because', 'aristotle', 'believes', 'people', 'receive', 'all', 'kinds', 'of', 'sense', 'perceptions', 'and', 'people', 'perceive', 'them', 'as', 'images', 'or', 'imprints', 'people', 'are', 'continually', 'weaving', 'together', 'new', 'imprints', 'of', 'things', 'they', 'experience', 'in', 'order', 'to', 'search', 'for', 'these', 'imprints', 'people', 'search', 'the', 'memory', 'itself', 'within', 'the', 'memory', 'if', 'one', 'experience', 'is', 'offered', 'instead', 'of', 'specific', 'memory', 'that', 'person', 'will', 'reject', 'this', 'experience', 'until', 'they', 'find', 'what', 'they', 'are', 'looking', 'for', 'recollection', 'occurs', 'when', 'one', 'experience', 'naturally', 'follows', 'another', 'if', 'the', 'chain', 'of', 'images', 'is', 'needed', 'one', 'memory', 'will', 'stimulate', 'the', 'other', 'if', 'the', 'chain', 'of', 'images', 'is', 'not', 'needed', 'but', 'expected', 'then', 'it', 'will', 'only', 'stimulate', 'the', 'other', 'memory', 'in', 'most', 'instances', 'when', 'people', 'recall', 'experiences', 'they', 'stimulate', 'certain', 'previous', 'experiences', 'until', 'they', 'have', 'stimulated', 'the', 'one', 'that', 'was', 'needed', 'recollection', 'is', 'the', 'self', 'directed', 'activity', 'of', 'retrieving', 'the', 'information', 'stored', 'in', 'memory', 'imprint', 'after', 'some', 'time', 'has', 'passed', 'retrieval', 'of', 'stored', 'information', 'is', 'dependent', 'on', 'the', 'scope', 'of', 'mnemonic', 'capabilities', 'of', 'being', 'human', 'or', 'animal', 'and', 'the', 'abilities', 'the', 'human', 'or', 'animal', 'possesses', 'only', 'humans', 'will', 'remember', 'imprints', 'of', 'intellectual', 'activity', 'such', 'as', 'numbers', 'and', 'words', 'animals', 'that', 'have', 'perception', 'of', 'time', 'will', 'be', 'able', 'to', 'retrieve', 'memories', 'of', 'their', 'past', 'observations', 'remembering', 'involves', 'only', 'perception', 'of', 'the', 'things', 'remembered', 'and', 'of', 'the', 'time', 'passed', 'recollection', 'of', 'an', 'imprint', 'is', 'when', 'the', 'present', 'experiences', 'person', 'remembers', 'are', 'similar', 'with', 'elements', 'corresponding', 'in', 'character', 'and', 'arrangement', 'of', 'past', 'sensory', 'experiences', 'when', 'an', 'imprint', 'is', 'recalled', 'it', 'may', 'bring', 'forth', 'large', 'group', 'of', 'related', 'imprints', 'aristotle', 'believed', 'the', 'chain', 'of', 'thought', 'which', 'ends', 'in', 'recollection', 'of', 'certain', 'imprints', 'was', 'connected', 'systematically', 'in', 'three', 'sorts', 'of', 'relationships', 'similarity', 'contrast', 'and', 'contiguity', 'these', 'three', 'laws', 'make', 'up', 'his', 'laws', 'of', 'association', 'aristotle', 'believed', 'that', 'past', 'experiences', 'are', 'hidden', 'within', 'our', 'mind', 'force', 'operates', 'to', 'awaken', 'the', 'hidden', 'material', 'to', 'bring', 'up', 'the', 'actual', 'experience', 'according', 'to', 'aristotle', 'association', 'is', 'the', 'power', 'innate', 'in', 'mental', 'state', 'which', 'operates', 'upon', 'the', 'unexpressed', 'remains', 'of', 'former', 'experiences', 'allowing', 'them', 'to', 'rise', 'and', 'be', 'recalled', 'dreams', 'sleep', 'before', 'understanding', 'aristotle', 'views', 'on', 'dreams', 'first', 'his', 'idea', 'of', 'sleep', 'must', 'be', 'examined', 'aristotle', 'gives', 'an', 'account', 'of', 'his', 'explanation', 'of', 'sleep', 'in', 'on', 'sleep', 'and', 'wakefulness', 'sleep', 'takes', 'place', 'as', 'result', 'of', 'overuse', 'of', 'the', 'senses', 'or', 'of', 'digestion', 'so', 'it', 'is', 'vital', 'to', 'the', 'body', 'including', 'the', 'senses', 'so', 'it', 'can', 'be', 'revitalized', 'while', 'person', 'is', 'asleep', 'the', 'critical', 'activities', 'which', 'include', 'thinking', 'sensing', 'recalling', 'and', 'remembering', 'do', 'not', 'function', 'as', 'they', 'do', 'during', 'wakefulness', 'since', 'person', 'cannot', 'sense', 'during', 'sleep', 'they', 'can', 'also', 'not', 'have', 'desire', 'which', 'is', 'the', 'result', 'of', 'sensation', 'however', 'the', 'senses', 'are', 'able', 'to', 'work', 'during', 'sleep', 'albeit', 'differently', 'than', 'when', 'person', 'is', 'awake', 'because', 'during', 'sleep', 'person', 'can', 'still', 'have', 'sensory', 'experiences', 'also', 'not', 'all', 'of', 'the', 'senses', 'are', 'inactive', 'during', 'sleep', 'only', 'the', 'ones', 'that', 'are', 'weary', 'theory', 'of', 'dreams', 'dreams', 'do', 'not', 'involve', 'actually', 'sensing', 'stimulus', 'because', 'as', 'discussed', 'the', 'senses', 'do', 'not', 'work', 'as', 'they', 'normally', 'do', 'during', 'sleep', 'in', 'dreams', 'sensation', 'is', 'still', 'involved', 'but', 'in', 'an', 'altered', 'manner', 'than', 'when', 'awake', 'aristotle', 'explains', 'the', 'phenomenon', 'that', 'occurs', 'when', 'person', 'stares', 'at', 'moving', 'stimulus', 'such', 'as', 'the', 'waves', 'in', 'body', 'of', 'water', 'when', 'they', 'look', 'away', 'from', 'that', 'stimulus', 'the', 'next', 'thing', 'they', 'look', 'at', 'appears', 'to', 'be', 'moving', 'in', 'wave', 'like', 'motion', 'when', 'person', 'perceives', 'stimulus', 'and', 'the', 'stimulus', 'is', 'no', 'longer', 'the', 'focus', 'of', 'their', 'attention', 'it', 'leaves', 'an', 'impression', 'when', 'the', 'body', 'is', 'awake', 'and', 'the', 'senses', 'are', 'functioning', 'properly', 'person', 'constantly', 'encounters', 'new', 'stimuli', 'to', 'sense', 'and', 'so', 'the', 'impressions', 'left', 'from', 'previously', 'perceived', 'stimuli', 'become', 'irrelevant', 'however', 'during', 'sleep', 'the', 'impressions', 'stimuli', 'made', 'throughout', 'the', 'day', 'become', 'noticed', 'because', 'there', 'are', 'not', 'new', 'sensory', 'experiences', 'to', 'distract', 'from', 'these', 'impressions', 'that', 'were', 'made', 'so', 'dreams', 'result', 'from', 'these', 'lasting', 'impressions', 'since', 'impressions', 'are', 'all', 'that', 'are', 'left', 'and', 'not', 'the', 'exact', 'stimuli', 'dreams', 'will', 'not', 'resemble', 'the', 'actual', 'experience', 'that', 'occurred', 'when', 'awake', 'during', 'sleep', 'person', 'is', 'in', 'an', 'altered', 'state', 'of', 'mind', 'aristotle', 'compares', 'sleeping', 'person', 'to', 'person', 'who', 'is', 'overtaken', 'by', 'strong', 'feelings', 'toward', 'stimulus', 'for', 'example', 'person', 'who', 'has', 'strong', 'infatuation', 'with', 'someone', 'may', 'begin', 'to', 'think', 'they', 'see', 'that', 'person', 'everywhere', 'because', 'they', 'are', 'so', 'overtaken', 'by', 'their', 'feelings', 'when', 'person', 'is', 'asleep', 'their', 'senses', 'are', 'not', 'acting', 'as', 'they', 'do', 'when', 'they', 'are', 'awake', 'and', 'this', 'results', 'in', 'them', 'thinking', 'like', 'person', 'who', 'is', 'influenced', 'by', 'strong', 'feelings', 'since', 'person', 'sleeping', 'is', 'in', 'this', 'suggestible', 'state', 'they', 'become', 'easily', 'deceived', 'by', 'what', 'appears', 'in', 'their', 'dreams', 'when', 'asleep', 'person', 'is', 'unable', 'to', 'make', 'judgments', 'as', 'they', 'do', 'when', 'they', 'are', 'awake', 'due', 'to', 'the', 'senses', 'not', 'functioning', 'normally', 'during', 'sleep', 'they', 'are', 'unable', 'to', 'help', 'person', 'judge', 'what', 'is', 'happening', 'in', 'their', 'dream', 'this', 'in', 'turn', 'leads', 'the', 'person', 'to', 'believe', 'the', 'dream', 'is', 'real', 'dreams', 'may', 'be', 'absurd', 'in', 'nature', 'but', 'the', 'senses', 'are', 'not', 'able', 'to', 'discern', 'whether', 'they', 'are', 'real', 'or', 'not', 'so', 'the', 'dreamer', 'is', 'left', 'to', 'accept', 'the', 'dream', 'because', 'they', 'lack', 'the', 'choice', 'to', 'judge', 'it', 'one', 'component', 'of', 'aristotle', 'theory', 'of', 'dreams', 'introduces', 'ideas', 'that', 'are', 'contradictory', 'to', 'previously', 'held', 'beliefs', 'he', 'claimed', 'that', 'dreams', 'are', 'not', 'foretelling', 'and', 'that', 'they', 'are', 'not', 'sent', 'by', 'divine', 'being', 'aristotle', 'reasoned', 'that', 'instances', 'in', 'which', 'dreams', 'do', 'resemble', 'future', 'events', 'are', 'happenstances', 'not', 'divinations', 'these', 'ideas', 'were', 'contradictory', 'to', 'what', 'had', 'been', 'believed', 'about', 'dreams', 'but', 'at', 'the', 'time', 'in', 'which', 'he', 'introduced', 'these', 'ideas', 'more', 'thinkers', 'were', 'beginning', 'to', 'give', 'naturalistic', 'as', 'opposed', 'to', 'supernatural', 'explanations', 'to', 'phenomena', 'aristotle', 'also', 'includes', 'in', 'his', 'theory', 'of', 'dreams', 'what', 'constitutes', 'dream', 'and', 'what', 'does', 'not', 'he', 'claimed', 'that', 'dream', 'is', 'first', 'established', 'by', 'the', 'fact', 'that', 'the', 'person', 'is', 'asleep', 'when', 'they', 'experience', 'it', 'if', 'person', 'had', 'an', 'image', 'appear', 'for', 'moment', 'after', 'waking', 'up', 'or', 'if', 'they', 'see', 'something', 'in', 'the', 'dark', 'it', 'is', 'not', 'considered', 'dream', 'because', 'they', 'were', 'awake', 'when', 'it', 'occurred', 'secondly', 'any', 'sensory', 'experience', 'that', 'actually', 'occurs', 'while', 'person', 'is', 'asleep', 'and', 'is', 'perceived', 'by', 'the', 'person', 'while', 'asleep', 'does', 'not', 'qualify', 'as', 'part', 'of', 'dream', 'for', 'example', 'if', 'while', 'person', 'is', 'sleeping', 'door', 'shuts', 'and', 'in', 'their', 'dream', 'they', 'hear', 'door', 'is', 'shut', 'aristotle', 'argues', 'that', 'this', 'sensory', 'experience', 'is', 'not', 'part', 'of', 'the', 'dream', 'the', 'actual', 'sensory', 'experience', 'is', 'perceived', 'by', 'the', 'senses', 'the', 'fact', 'that', 'it', 'occurred', 'while', 'the', 'person', 'was', 'asleep', 'does', 'not', 'make', 'it', 'part', 'of', 'the', 'dream', 'lastly', 'the', 'images', 'of', 'dreams', 'must', 'be', 'result', 'of', 'lasting', 'impressions', 'of', 'sensory', 'experiences', 'had', 'when', 'awake', 'practical', 'philosophy', 'ethics', 'aristotle', 'considered', 'ethics', 'to', 'be', 'practical', 'rather', 'than', 'theoretical', 'study', 'one', 'aimed', 'at', 'becoming', 'good', 'and', 'doing', 'good', 'rather', 'than', 'knowing', 'for', 'its', 'own', 'sake', 'he', 'wrote', 'several', 'treatises', 'on', 'ethics', 'including', 'most', 'notably', 'the', 'nicomachean', 'ethics', 'aristotle', 'taught', 'that', 'virtue', 'has', 'to', 'do', 'with', 'the', 'proper', 'function', 'ergon', 'of', 'thing', 'an', 'eye', 'is', 'only', 'good', 'eye', 'in', 'so', 'much', 'as', 'it', 'can', 'see', 'because', 'the', 'proper', 'function', 'of', 'an', 'eye', 'is', 'sight', 'aristotle', 'reasoned', 'that', 'humans', 'must', 'have', 'function', 'specific', 'to', 'humans', 'and', 'that', 'this', 'function', 'must', 'be', 'an', 'activity', 'of', 'the', 'psuchē', 'normally', 'translated', 'as', 'soul', 'in', 'accordance', 'with', 'reason', 'logos', 'aristotle', 'identified', 'such', 'an', 'optimum', 'activity', 'of', 'the', 'soul', 'as', 'the', 'aim', 'of', 'all', 'human', 'deliberate', 'action', 'eudaimonia', 'generally', 'translated', 'as', 'happiness', 'or', 'sometimes', 'well', 'being', 'to', 'have', 'the', 'potential', 'of', 'ever', 'being', 'happy', 'in', 'this', 'way', 'necessarily', 'requires', 'good', 'character', 'ēthikē', 'aretē', 'often', 'translated', 'as', 'moral', 'or', 'ethical', 'virtue', 'or', 'excellence', 'aristotle', 'taught', 'that', 'to', 'achieve', 'virtuous', 'and', 'potentially', 'happy', 'character', 'requires', 'first', 'stage', 'of', 'having', 'the', 'fortune', 'to', 'be', 'habituated', 'not', 'deliberately', 'but', 'by', 'teachers', 'and', 'experience', 'leading', 'to', 'later', 'stage', 'in', 'which', 'one', 'consciously', 'chooses', 'to', 'do', 'the', 'best', 'things', 'when', 'the', 'best', 'people', 'come', 'to', 'live', 'life', 'this', 'way', 'their', 'practical', 'wisdom', 'phronesis', 'and', 'their', 'intellect', 'nous', 'can', 'develop', 'with', 'each', 'other', 'towards', 'the', 'highest', 'possible', 'human', 'virtue', 'the', 'wisdom', 'of', 'an', 'accomplished', 'theoretical', 'or', 'speculative', 'thinker', 'or', 'in', 'other', 'words', 'philosopher', 'politics', 'aristotle', 'classification', 'of', 'constitutions', 'in', 'addition', 'to', 'his', 'works', 'on', 'ethics', 'which', 'address', 'the', 'individual', 'aristotle', 'addressed', 'the', 'city', 'in', 'his', 'work', 'titled', 'politics', 'aristotle', 'considered', 'the', 'city', 'to', 'be', 'natural', 'community', 'moreover', 'he', 'considered', 'the', 'city', 'to', 'be', 'prior', 'in', 'importance', 'to', 'the', 'family', 'which', 'in', 'turn', 'is', 'prior', 'to', 'the', 'individual', 'for', 'the', 'whole', 'must', 'of', 'necessity', 'be', 'prior', 'to', 'the', 'part', 'he', 'also', 'famously', 'stated', 'that', 'man', 'is', 'by', 'nature', 'political', 'animal', 'and', 'also', 'arguing', 'that', 'humanity', 'defining', 'factor', 'among', 'others', 'in', 'the', 'animal', 'kingdom', 'is', 'its', 'rationality', 'aristotle', 'conceived', 'of', 'politics', 'as', 'being', 'like', 'an', 'organism', 'rather', 'than', 'like', 'machine', 'and', 'as', 'collection', 'of', 'parts', 'none', 'of', 'which', 'can', 'exist', 'without', 'the', 'others', 'aristotle', 'conception', 'of', 'the', 'city', 'is', 'organic', 'and', 'he', 'is', 'considered', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'first', 'to', 'conceive', 'of', 'the', 'city', 'in', 'this', 'manner', 'the', 'common', 'modern', 'understanding', 'of', 'political', 'community', 'as', 'modern', 'state', 'is', 'quite', 'different', 'from', 'aristotle', 'understanding', 'although', 'he', 'was', 'aware', 'of', 'the', 'existence', 'and', 'potential', 'of', 'larger', 'empires', 'the', 'natural', 'community', 'according', 'to', 'aristotle', 'was', 'the', 'city', 'polis', 'which', 'functions', 'as', 'political', 'community', 'or', 'partnership', 'koinōnia', 'the', 'aim', 'of', 'the', 'city', 'is', 'not', 'just', 'to', 'avoid', 'injustice', 'or', 'for', 'economic', 'stability', 'but', 'rather', 'to', 'allow', 'at', 'least', 'some', 'citizens', 'the', 'possibility', 'to', 'live', 'good', 'life', 'and', 'to', 'perform', 'beautiful', 'acts', 'the', 'political', 'partnership', 'must', 'be', 'regarded', 'therefore', 'as', 'being', 'for', 'the', 'sake', 'of', 'noble', 'actions', 'not', 'for', 'the', 'sake', 'of', 'living', 'together', 'this', 'is', 'distinguished', 'from', 'modern', 'approaches', 'beginning', 'with', 'social', 'contract', 'theory', 'according', 'to', 'which', 'individuals', 'leave', 'the', 'state', 'of', 'nature', 'because', 'of', 'fear', 'of', 'violent', 'death', 'or', 'its', 'inconveniences', 'excerpt', 'from', 'speech', 'by', 'the', 'character', 'aristotle', 'in', 'the', 'book', 'protrepticus', 'hutchinson', 'and', 'johnson', 'for', 'we', 'all', 'agree', 'that', 'the', 'most', 'excellent', 'man', 'should', 'rule', 'the', 'supreme', 'by', 'nature', 'and', 'that', 'the', 'law', 'rules', 'and', 'alone', 'is', 'authoritative', 'but', 'the', 'law', 'is', 'kind', 'of', 'intelligence', 'discourse', 'based', 'on', 'intelligence', 'and', 'again', 'what', 'standard', 'do', 'we', 'have', 'what', 'criterion', 'of', 'good', 'things', 'that', 'is', 'more', 'precise', 'than', 'the', 'intelligent', 'man', 'for', 'all', 'that', 'this', 'man', 'will', 'choose', 'if', 'the', 'choice', 'is', 'based', 'on', 'his', 'knowledge', 'are', 'good', 'things', 'and', 'their', 'contraries', 'are', 'bad', 'and', 'since', 'everybody', 'chooses', 'most', 'of', 'all', 'what', 'conforms', 'to', 'their', 'own', 'proper', 'dispositions', 'just', 'man', 'choosing', 'to', 'live', 'justly', 'man', 'with', 'bravery', 'to', 'live', 'bravely', 'likewise', 'self', 'controlled', 'man', 'to', 'live', 'with', 'self', 'control', 'it', 'is', 'clear', 'that', 'the', 'intelligent', 'man', 'will', 'choose', 'most', 'of', 'all', 'to', 'be', 'intelligent', 'for', 'this', 'is', 'the', 'function', 'of', 'that', 'capacity', 'hence', 'it', 'evident', 'that', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'most', 'authoritative', 'judgment', 'intelligence', 'is', 'supreme', 'among', 'goods', 'rhetoric', 'and', 'poetics', 'aristotle', 'considered', 'epic', 'poetry', 'tragedy', 'comedy', 'dithyrambic', 'poetry', 'and', 'music', 'to', 'be', 'imitative', 'each', 'varying', 'in', 'imitation', 'by', 'medium', 'object', 'and', 'manner', 'for', 'example', 'music', 'imitates', 'with', 'the', 'media', 'of', 'rhythm', 'and', 'harmony', 'whereas', 'dance', 'imitates', 'with', 'rhythm', 'alone', 'and', 'poetry', 'with', 'language', 'the', 'forms', 'also', 'differ', 'in', 'their', 'object', 'of', 'imitation', 'comedy', 'for', 'instance', 'is', 'dramatic', 'imitation', 'of', 'men', 'worse', 'than', 'average', 'whereas', 'tragedy', 'imitates', 'men', 'slightly', 'better', 'than', 'average', 'lastly', 'the', 'forms', 'differ', 'in', 'their', 'manner', 'of', 'imitation', 'through', 'narrative', 'or', 'character', 'through', 'change', 'or', 'no', 'change', 'and', 'through', 'drama', 'or', 'no', 'drama', 'aristotle', 'believed', 'that', 'imitation', 'is', 'natural', 'to', 'mankind', 'and', 'constitutes', 'one', 'of', 'mankind', 'advantages', 'over', 'animals', 'while', 'it', 'is', 'believed', 'that', 'aristotle', 'poetics', 'comprised', 'two', 'books', 'one', 'on', 'comedy', 'and', 'one', 'on', 'tragedy', 'only', 'the', 'portion', 'that', 'focuses', 'on', 'tragedy', 'has', 'survived', 'aristotle', 'taught', 'that', 'tragedy', 'is', 'composed', 'of', 'six', 'elements', 'plot', 'structure', 'character', 'style', 'thought', 'spectacle', 'and', 'lyric', 'poetry', 'the', 'characters', 'in', 'tragedy', 'are', 'merely', 'means', 'of', 'driving', 'the', 'story', 'and', 'the', 'plot', 'not', 'the', 'characters', 'is', 'the', 'chief', 'focus', 'of', 'tragedy', 'tragedy', 'is', 'the', 'imitation', 'of', 'action', 'arousing', 'pity', 'and', 'fear', 'and', 'is', 'meant', 'to', 'effect', 'the', 'catharsis', 'of', 'those', 'same', 'emotions', 'aristotle', 'concludes', 'poetics', 'with', 'discussion', 'on', 'which', 'if', 'either', 'is', 'superior', 'epic', 'or', 'tragic', 'mimesis', 'he', 'suggests', 'that', 'because', 'tragedy', 'possesses', 'all', 'the', 'attributes', 'of', 'an', 'epic', 'possibly', 'possesses', 'additional', 'attributes', 'such', 'as', 'spectacle', 'and', 'music', 'is', 'more', 'unified', 'and', 'achieves', 'the', 'aim', 'of', 'its', 'mimesis', 'in', 'shorter', 'scope', 'it', 'can', 'be', 'considered', 'superior', 'to', 'epic', 'aristotle', 'was', 'keen', 'systematic', 'collector', 'of', 'riddles', 'folklore', 'and', 'proverbs', 'he', 'and', 'his', 'school', 'had', 'special', 'interest', 'in', 'the', 'riddles', 'of', 'the', 'delphic', 'oracle', 'and', 'studied', 'the', 'fables', 'of', 'aesop', 'views', 'on', 'women', 'aristotle', 'analysis', 'of', 'procreation', 'describes', 'an', 'active', 'ensouling', 'masculine', 'element', 'bringing', 'life', 'to', 'an', 'inert', 'passive', 'female', 'element', 'on', 'this', 'ground', 'feminist', 'metaphysics', 'have', 'accused', 'aristotle', 'of', 'misogyny', 'and', 'sexism', 'however', 'aristotle', 'gave', 'equal', 'weight', 'to', 'women', 'happiness', 'as', 'he', 'did', 'to', 'men', 'and', 'commented', 'in', 'his', 'rhetoric', 'that', 'the', 'things', 'that', 'lead', 'to', 'happiness', 'need', 'to', 'be', 'in', 'women', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'men', 'loss', 'and', 'preservation', 'of', 'his', 'works', 'first', 'page', 'of', 'edition', 'of', 'the', 'nicomachean', 'ethics', 'in', 'greek', 'and', 'latin', 'modern', 'scholarship', 'reveals', 'that', 'aristotle', 'lost', 'works', 'stray', 'considerably', 'in', 'from', 'the', 'surviving', 'aristotelian', 'corpus', 'whereas', 'the', 'lost', 'works', 'appear', 'to', 'have', 'been', 'originally', 'written', 'with', 'an', 'intent', 'for', 'subsequent', 'publication', 'the', 'surviving', 'works', 'do', 'not', 'appear', 'to', 'have', 'been', 'so', 'rather', 'the', 'surviving', 'works', 'mostly', 'resemble', 'lecture', 'notes', 'unintended', 'for', 'publication', 'the', 'authenticity', 'of', 'portion', 'of', 'the', 'surviving', 'works', 'as', 'originally', 'aristotelian', 'is', 'also', 'today', 'held', 'suspect', 'with', 'some', 'books', 'duplicating', 'or', 'summarizing', 'each', 'other', 'the', 'authorship', 'of', 'one', 'book', 'questioned', 'and', 'another', 'book', 'considered', 'to', 'be', 'unlikely', 'aristotle', 'at', 'all', 'some', 'of', 'the', 'individual', 'works', 'within', 'the', 'corpus', 'including', 'the', 'constitution', 'of', 'athens', 'are', 'regarded', 'by', 'most', 'scholars', 'as', 'products', 'of', 'aristotle', 'school', 'perhaps', 'compiled', 'under', 'his', 'direction', 'or', 'supervision', 'others', 'such', 'as', 'on', 'colors', 'may', 'have', 'been', 'produced', 'by', 'aristotle', 'successors', 'at', 'the', 'lyceum', 'theophrastus', 'and', 'straton', 'still', 'others', 'acquired', 'aristotle', 'name', 'through', 'similarities', 'in', 'doctrine', 'or', 'content', 'such', 'as', 'the', 'de', 'plantis', 'possibly', 'by', 'nicolaus', 'of', 'damascus', 'other', 'works', 'in', 'the', 'corpus', 'include', 'medieval', 'palmistries', 'and', 'astrological', 'and', 'magical', 'texts', 'whose', 'connections', 'to', 'aristotle', 'are', 'purely', 'fanciful', 'and', 'self', 'promotional', 'according', 'to', 'distinction', 'that', 'originates', 'with', 'aristotle', 'himself', 'his', 'writings', 'are', 'divisible', 'into', 'two', 'groups', 'the', 'exoteric', 'and', 'the', 'esoteric', 'most', 'scholars', 'have', 'understood', 'this', 'as', 'distinction', 'between', 'works', 'aristotle', 'intended', 'for', 'the', 'public', 'exoteric', 'and', 'the', 'more', 'technical', 'works', 'intended', 'for', 'use', 'within', 'the', 'lyceum', 'course', 'school', 'esoteric', 'modern', 'scholars', 'commonly', 'assume', 'these', 'latter', 'to', 'be', 'aristotle', 'own', 'unpolished', 'lecture', 'notes', 'or', 'in', 'some', 'cases', 'possible', 'notes', 'by', 'his', 'students', 'however', 'one', 'classic', 'scholar', 'offers', 'an', 'alternative', 'interpretation', 'the', 'th', 'century', 'neoplatonist', 'ammonius', 'hermiae', 'writes', 'that', 'aristotle', 'writing', 'style', 'is', 'deliberately', 'obscurantist', 'so', 'that', 'good', 'people', 'may', 'for', 'that', 'reason', 'stretch', 'their', 'mind', 'even', 'more', 'whereas', 'empty', 'minds', 'that', 'are', 'lost', 'through', 'carelessness', 'will', 'be', 'put', 'to', 'flight', 'by', 'the', 'obscurity', 'when', 'they', 'encounter', 'sentences', 'like', 'these', 'another', 'common', 'assumption', 'is', 'that', 'none', 'of', 'the', 'exoteric', 'works', 'is', 'extant', 'that', 'all', 'of', 'aristotle', 'extant', 'writings', 'are', 'of', 'the', 'esoteric', 'kind', 'current', 'knowledge', 'of', 'what', 'exactly', 'the', 'exoteric', 'writings', 'were', 'like', 'is', 'scant', 'and', 'dubious', 'though', 'many', 'of', 'them', 'may', 'have', 'been', 'in', 'dialogue', 'form', 'fragments', 'of', 'some', 'of', 'aristotle', 'dialogues', 'have', 'survived', 'perhaps', 'it', 'is', 'to', 'these', 'that', 'cicero', 'refers', 'when', 'he', 'characterized', 'aristotle', 'writing', 'style', 'as', 'river', 'of', 'gold', 'it', 'is', 'hard', 'for', 'many', 'modern', 'readers', 'to', 'accept', 'that', 'one', 'could', 'seriously', 'so', 'admire', 'the', 'style', 'of', 'those', 'works', 'currently', 'available', 'to', 'us', 'however', 'some', 'modern', 'scholars', 'have', 'warned', 'that', 'we', 'cannot', 'know', 'for', 'certain', 'that', 'cicero', 'praise', 'was', 'reserved', 'specifically', 'for', 'the', 'exoteric', 'works', 'few', 'modern', 'scholars', 'have', 'actually', 'admired', 'the', 'concise', 'writing', 'style', 'found', 'in', 'aristotle', 'extant', 'works', 'one', 'major', 'question', 'in', 'the', 'history', 'of', 'aristotle', 'works', 'then', 'is', 'how', 'were', 'the', 'exoteric', 'writings', 'all', 'lost', 'and', 'how', 'did', 'the', 'ones', 'we', 'now', 'possess', 'come', 'to', 'us', 'the', 'story', 'of', 'the', 'original', 'manuscripts', 'of', 'the', 'esoteric', 'treatises', 'is', 'described', 'by', 'strabo', 'in', 'his', 'geography', 'and', 'plutarch', 'in', 'his', 'parallel', 'lives', 'the', 'manuscripts', 'were', 'left', 'from', 'aristotle', 'to', 'his', 'successor', 'theophrastus', 'who', 'in', 'turn', 'willed', 'them', 'to', 'neleus', 'of', 'scepsis', 'neleus', 'supposedly', 'took', 'the', 'writings', 'from', 'athens', 'to', 'scepsis', 'where', 'his', 'heirs', 'let', 'them', 'languish', 'in', 'cellar', 'until', 'the', 'st', 'century', 'bc', 'when', 'apellicon', 'of', 'teos', 'discovered', 'and', 'purchased', 'the', 'manuscripts', 'bringing', 'them', 'back', 'to', 'athens', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'story', 'apellicon', 'tried', 'to', 'repair', 'some', 'of', 'the', 'damage', 'that', 'was', 'done', 'during', 'the', 'manuscripts', 'stay', 'in', 'the', 'basement', 'introducing', 'number', 'of', 'errors', 'into', 'the', 'text', 'when', 'lucius', 'cornelius', 'sulla', 'occupied', 'athens', 'in', 'bc', 'he', 'carried', 'off', 'the', 'library', 'of', 'apellicon', 'to', 'rome', 'where', 'they', 'were', 'first', 'published', 'in', 'bc', 'by', 'the', 'grammarian', 'tyrannion', 'of', 'amisus', 'and', 'then', 'by', 'the', 'philosopher', 'andronicus', 'of', 'rhodes', 'carnes', 'lord', 'attributes', 'the', 'popular', 'belief', 'in', 'this', 'story', 'to', 'the', 'fact', 'that', 'it', 'provides', 'the', 'most', 'plausible', 'explanation', 'for', 'the', 'rapid', 'eclipse', 'of', 'the', 'peripatetic', 'school', 'after', 'the', 'middle', 'of', 'the', 'third', 'century', 'and', 'for', 'the', 'absence', 'of', 'widespread', 'knowledge', 'of', 'the', 'specialized', 'treatises', 'of', 'aristotle', 'throughout', 'the', 'hellenistic', 'period', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'for', 'the', 'sudden', 'reappearance', 'of', 'flourishing', 'aristotelianism', 'during', 'the', 'first', 'century', 'lord', 'voices', 'number', 'of', 'reservations', 'concerning', 'this', 'story', 'however', 'first', 'the', 'condition', 'of', 'the', 'texts', 'is', 'far', 'too', 'good', 'for', 'them', 'to', 'have', 'suffered', 'considerable', 'damage', 'followed', 'by', 'apellicon', 'inexpert', 'attempt', 'at', 'repair', 'second', 'there', 'is', 'evidence', 'lord', 'says', 'that', 'the', 'treatises', 'were', 'in', 'circulation', 'during', 'the', 'time', 'in', 'which', 'strabo', 'and', 'plutarch', 'suggest', 'they', 'were', 'confined', 'within', 'the', 'cellar', 'in', 'scepsis', 'third', 'the', 'definitive', 'edition', 'of', 'aristotle', 'texts', 'seems', 'to', 'have', 'been', 'made', 'in', 'athens', 'some', 'fifty', 'years', 'before', 'andronicus', 'supposedly', 'compiled', 'his', 'and', 'fourth', 'ancient', 'library', 'catalogues', 'predating', 'andronicus', 'intervention', 'list', 'an', 'aristotelian', 'corpus', 'quite', 'similar', 'to', 'the', 'one', 'we', 'currently', 'possess', 'lord', 'sees', 'number', 'of', 'post', 'aristotelian', 'interpolations', 'in', 'the', 'politics', 'for', 'example', 'but', 'is', 'generally', 'confident', 'that', 'the', 'work', 'has', 'come', 'down', 'to', 'us', 'relatively', 'intact', 'on', 'the', 'one', 'hand', 'the', 'surviving', 'texts', 'of', 'aristotle', 'do', 'not', 'derive', 'from', 'finished', 'literary', 'texts', 'but', 'rather', 'from', 'working', 'drafts', 'used', 'within', 'aristotle', 'school', 'as', 'opposed', 'on', 'the', 'other', 'hand', 'to', 'the', 'dialogues', 'and', 'other', 'exoteric', 'texts', 'which', 'aristotle', 'published', 'more', 'widely', 'during', 'his', 'lifetime', 'the', 'consensus', 'is', 'that', 'andronicus', 'of', 'rhodes', 'collected', 'the', 'esoteric', 'works', 'of', 'aristotle', 'school', 'which', 'existed', 'in', 'the', 'form', 'of', 'smaller', 'separate', 'works', 'distinguished', 'them', 'from', 'those', 'of', 'theophrastus', 'and', 'other', 'peripatetics', 'edited', 'them', 'and', 'finally', 'compiled', 'them', 'into', 'the', 'more', 'cohesive', 'larger', 'works', 'as', 'they', 'are', 'known', 'today', 'legacy', 'aristotle', 'by', 'jusepe', 'de', 'ribera', 'aristotle', 'with', 'bust', 'of', 'homer', 'by', 'rembrandt', 'thirteenth', 'century', 'islamic', 'portrayal', 'of', 'aristotle', 'statue', 'by', 'cipri', 'adolf', 'bermann', 'at', 'the', 'university', 'of', 'freiburg', 'more', 'than', 'years', 'after', 'his', 'death', 'aristotle', 'remains', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'most', 'influential', 'people', 'who', 'ever', 'lived', 'he', 'contributed', 'to', 'almost', 'every', 'field', 'of', 'human', 'knowledge', 'then', 'in', 'existence', 'and', 'he', 'was', 'the', 'founder', 'of', 'many', 'new', 'fields', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'philosopher', 'bryan', 'magee', 'it', 'is', 'doubtful', 'whether', 'any', 'human', 'being', 'has', 'ever', 'known', 'as', 'much', 'as', 'he', 'did', 'among', 'countless', 'other', 'achievements', 'aristotle', 'was', 'the', 'founder', 'of', 'formal', 'logic', 'pioneered', 'the', 'study', 'of', 'zoology', 'and', 'left', 'every', 'future', 'scientist', 'and', 'philosopher', 'in', 'his', 'debt', 'through', 'his', 'contributions', 'to', 'the', 'scientific', 'method', 'despite', 'these', 'achievements', 'the', 'influence', 'of', 'aristotle', 'errors', 'is', 'considered', 'by', 'some', 'to', 'have', 'held', 'back', 'science', 'considerably', 'bertrand', 'russell', 'notes', 'that', 'almost', 'every', 'serious', 'intellectual', 'advance', 'has', 'had', 'to', 'begin', 'with', 'an', 'attack', 'on', 'some', 'aristotelian', 'doctrine', 'russell', 'also', 'refers', 'to', 'aristotle', 'ethics', 'as', 'repulsive', 'and', 'calls', 'his', 'logic', 'as', 'definitely', 'antiquated', 'as', 'ptolemaic', 'astronomy', 'russell', 'notes', 'that', 'these', 'errors', 'make', 'it', 'difficult', 'to', 'do', 'historical', 'justice', 'to', 'aristotle', 'until', 'one', 'remembers', 'how', 'large', 'of', 'an', 'advance', 'he', 'made', 'upon', 'all', 'of', 'his', 'predecessors', 'later', 'greek', 'philosophers', 'the', 'immediate', 'influence', 'of', 'aristotle', 'work', 'was', 'felt', 'as', 'the', 'lyceum', 'grew', 'into', 'the', 'peripatetic', 'school', 'aristotle', 'notable', 'students', 'included', 'aristoxenus', 'dicaearchus', 'demetrius', 'of', 'phalerum', 'eudemos', 'of', 'rhodes', 'harpalus', 'hephaestion', 'mnason', 'of', 'phocis', 'nicomachus', 'and', 'theophrastus', 'aristotle', 'influence', 'over', 'alexander', 'the', 'great', 'is', 'seen', 'in', 'the', 'latter', 'bringing', 'with', 'him', 'on', 'his', 'expedition', 'host', 'of', 'zoologists', 'botanists', 'and', 'researchers', 'he', 'had', 'also', 'learned', 'great', 'deal', 'about', 'persian', 'customs', 'and', 'traditions', 'from', 'his', 'teacher', 'although', 'his', 'respect', 'for', 'aristotle', 'was', 'diminished', 'as', 'his', 'travels', 'made', 'it', 'clear', 'that', 'much', 'of', 'aristotle', 'geography', 'was', 'clearly', 'wrong', 'when', 'the', 'old', 'philosopher', 'released', 'his', 'works', 'to', 'the', 'public', 'alexander', 'complained', 'thou', 'hast', 'not', 'done', 'well', 'to', 'publish', 'thy', 'acroamatic', 'doctrines', 'for', 'in', 'what', 'shall', 'surpass', 'other', 'men', 'if', 'those', 'doctrines', 'wherein', 'have', 'been', 'trained', 'are', 'to', 'be', 'all', 'men', 'common', 'property', 'influence', 'on', 'byzantine', 'scholars', 'greek', 'christian', 'scribes', 'played', 'crucial', 'role', 'in', 'the', 'preservation', 'of', 'aristotle', 'by', 'copying', 'all', 'the', 'extant', 'greek', 'language', 'manuscripts', 'of', 'the', 'corpus', 'the', 'first', 'greek', 'christians', 'to', 'comment', 'extensively', 'on', 'aristotle', 'were', 'john', 'philoponus', 'elias', 'and', 'david', 'in', 'the', 'sixth', 'century', 'and', 'stephen', 'of', 'alexandria', 'in', 'the', 'early', 'seventh', 'century', 'john', 'philoponus', 'stands', 'out', 'for', 'having', 'attempted', 'fundamental', 'critique', 'of', 'aristotle', 'views', 'on', 'the', 'eternity', 'of', 'the', 'world', 'movement', 'and', 'other', 'elements', 'of', 'aristotelian', 'thought', 'after', 'hiatus', 'of', 'several', 'centuries', 'formal', 'commentary', 'by', 'eustratius', 'and', 'michael', 'of', 'ephesus', 'reappears', 'in', 'the', 'late', 'eleventh', 'and', 'early', 'twelfth', 'centuries', 'apparently', 'sponsored', 'by', 'anna', 'comnena', 'influence', 'on', 'islamic', 'theologians', 'aristotle', 'was', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'most', 'revered', 'western', 'thinkers', 'in', 'early', 'islamic', 'theology', 'most', 'of', 'the', 'still', 'extant', 'works', 'of', 'aristotle', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'number', 'of', 'the', 'original', 'greek', 'commentaries', 'were', 'translated', 'into', 'arabic', 'and', 'studied', 'by', 'muslim', 'philosophers', 'scientists', 'and', 'scholars', 'averroes', 'avicenna', 'and', 'alpharabius', 'who', 'wrote', 'on', 'aristotle', 'in', 'great', 'depth', 'also', 'influenced', 'thomas', 'aquinas', 'and', 'other', 'western', 'christian', 'scholastic', 'philosophers', 'alkindus', 'considered', 'aristotle', 'as', 'the', 'outstanding', 'and', 'unique', 'representative', 'of', 'philosophy', 'and', 'averroes', 'spoke', 'of', 'aristotle', 'as', 'the', 'exemplar', 'for', 'all', 'future', 'philosophers', 'medieval', 'muslim', 'scholars', 'regularly', 'described', 'aristotle', 'as', 'the', 'first', 'teacher', 'the', 'title', 'teacher', 'was', 'first', 'given', 'to', 'aristotle', 'by', 'muslim', 'scholars', 'and', 'was', 'later', 'used', 'by', 'western', 'philosophers', 'as', 'in', 'the', 'famous', 'poem', 'of', 'dante', 'who', 'were', 'influenced', 'by', 'the', 'tradition', 'of', 'islamic', 'philosophy', 'in', 'accordance', 'with', 'the', 'greek', 'theorists', 'the', 'muslims', 'considered', 'aristotle', 'to', 'be', 'dogmatic', 'philosopher', 'the', 'author', 'of', 'closed', 'system', 'and', 'believed', 'that', 'aristotle', 'shared', 'with', 'plato', 'essential', 'tenets', 'of', 'thought', 'some', 'went', 'so', 'far', 'as', 'to', 'credit', 'aristotle', 'himself', 'with', 'neo', 'platonic', 'metaphysical', 'ideas', 'influence', 'on', 'western', 'christian', 'theologians', 'with', 'the', 'loss', 'of', 'the', 'study', 'of', 'ancient', 'greek', 'in', 'the', 'early', 'medieval', 'latin', 'west', 'aristotle', 'was', 'practically', 'unknown', 'there', 'from', 'ad', 'to', 'except', 'through', 'the', 'latin', 'translation', 'of', 'the', 'organon', 'made', 'by', 'boethius', 'in', 'the', 'twelfth', 'and', 'thirteenth', 'centuries', 'interest', 'in', 'aristotle', 'revived', 'and', 'latin', 'christians', 'had', 'translations', 'made', 'both', 'from', 'arabic', 'translations', 'such', 'as', 'those', 'by', 'gerard', 'of', 'cremona', 'and', 'from', 'the', 'original', 'greek', 'such', 'as', 'those', 'by', 'james', 'of', 'venice', 'and', 'william', 'of', 'moerbeke', 'after', 'thomas', 'aquinas', 'wrote', 'his', 'theology', 'working', 'from', 'moerbeke', 'translations', 'the', 'demand', 'for', 'aristotle', 'writings', 'grew', 'and', 'the', 'greek', 'manuscripts', 'returned', 'to', 'the', 'west', 'stimulating', 'revival', 'of', 'aristotelianism', 'in', 'europe', 'that', 'continued', 'into', 'the', 'renaissance', 'aristotle', 'is', 'referred', 'to', 'as', 'the', 'philosopher', 'by', 'scholastic', 'thinkers', 'such', 'as', 'thomas', 'aquinas', 'see', 'summa', 'theologica', 'part', 'question', 'etc', 'these', 'thinkers', 'blended', 'aristotelian', 'philosophy', 'with', 'christianity', 'bringing', 'the', 'thought', 'of', 'ancient', 'greece', 'into', 'the', 'middle', 'ages', 'it', 'required', 'repudiation', 'of', 'some', 'aristotelian', 'principles', 'for', 'the', 'sciences', 'and', 'the', 'arts', 'to', 'free', 'themselves', 'for', 'the', 'discovery', 'of', 'modern', 'scientific', 'laws', 'and', 'empirical', 'methods', 'the', 'medieval', 'english', 'poet', 'chaucer', 'describes', 'his', 'student', 'as', 'being', 'happy', 'by', 'having', 'at', 'his', 'beddes', 'heed', 'twenty', 'bookes', 'clad', 'in', 'blak', 'or', 'reed', 'of', 'aristotle', 'and', 'his', 'philosophie', 'the', 'italian', 'poet', 'dante', 'says', 'of', 'aristotle', 'in', 'the', 'first', 'circles', 'of', 'hell', 'vidi', 'maestro', 'di', 'color', 'che', 'sanno', 'seder', 'tra', 'filosofica', 'famiglia', 'tutti', 'lo', 'miran', 'tutti', 'onor', 'li', 'fanno', 'quivi', 'vid', 'ïo', 'socrate', 'platone', 'che', 'nnanzi', 'li', 'altri', 'più', 'presso', 'li', 'stanno', 'saw', 'the', 'master', 'there', 'of', 'those', 'who', 'know', 'amid', 'the', 'philosophic', 'family', 'by', 'all', 'admired', 'and', 'by', 'all', 'reverenced', 'there', 'plato', 'too', 'saw', 'and', 'socrates', 'who', 'stood', 'beside', 'him', 'closer', 'than', 'the', 'rest', 'dante', 'inferno', 'hell', 'canto', 'iv', 'lines', 'post', 'enlightenment', 'thinkers', 'the', 'german', 'philosopher', 'friedrich', 'nietzsche', 'has', 'been', 'said', 'to', 'have', 'taken', 'nearly', 'all', 'of', 'his', 'political', 'philosophy', 'from', 'aristotle', 'however', 'debatable', 'this', 'is', 'aristotle', 'rigidly', 'separated', 'action', 'from', 'production', 'and', 'argued', 'for', 'the', 'deserved', 'subservience', 'of', 'some', 'people', 'natural', 'slaves', 'and', 'the', 'natural', 'superiority', 'virtue', 'arete', 'of', 'others', 'it', 'is', 'martin', 'heidegger', 'not', 'nietzsche', 'who', 'elaborated', 'new', 'interpretation', 'of', 'aristotle', 'intended', 'to', 'warrant', 'his', 'deconstruction', 'of', 'scholastic', 'and', 'philosophical', 'tradition', 'ayn', 'rand', 'accredited', 'aristotle', 'as', 'the', 'greatest', 'philosopher', 'in', 'history', 'and', 'cited', 'him', 'as', 'major', 'influence', 'on', 'her', 'thinking', 'more', 'recently', 'alasdair', 'macintyre', 'has', 'attempted', 'to', 'reform', 'what', 'he', 'calls', 'the', 'aristotelian', 'tradition', 'in', 'way', 'that', 'is', 'anti', 'elitist', 'and', 'capable', 'of', 'disputing', 'the', 'claims', 'of', 'both', 'liberals', 'and', 'nietzscheans', 'list', 'of', 'works', 'the', 'works', 'of', 'aristotle', 'that', 'have', 'survived', 'from', 'antiquity', 'through', 'medieval', 'manuscript', 'transmission', 'are', 'collected', 'in', 'the', 'corpus', 'aristotelicum', 'these', 'texts', 'as', 'opposed', 'to', 'aristotle', 'lost', 'works', 'are', 'technical', 'philosophical', 'treatises', 'from', 'within', 'aristotle', 'school', 'reference', 'to', 'them', 'is', 'made', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'organization', 'of', 'immanuel', 'bekker', 'royal', 'prussian', 'academy', 'edition', 'aristotelis', 'opera', 'edidit', 'academia', 'regia', 'borussica', 'berlin', 'which', 'in', 'turn', 'is', 'based', 'on', 'ancient', 'classifications', 'of', 'these', 'works', 'eponyms', 'aristotle', 'near', 'the', 'ceiling', 'of', 'the', 'great', 'hall', 'in', 'the', 'library', 'of', 'congress', 'the', 'aristotle', 'mountains', 'along', 'the', 'oscar', 'ii', 'coast', 'of', 'graham', 'land', 'antarctica', 'are', 'named', 'after', 'aristotle', 'he', 'was', 'the', 'first', 'person', 'known', 'to', 'conjecture', 'in', 'his', 'book', 'meteorology', 'the', 'existence', 'of', 'landmass', 'in', 'the', 'southern', 'high', 'latitude', 'region', 'and', 'call', 'it', 'antarctica', 'aristoteles', 'is', 'crater', 'on', 'the', 'moon', 'bearing', 'the', 'classical', 'form', 'of', 'aristotle', 'name', 'see', 'also', 'aristotelian', 'physics', 'aristotelian', 'society', 'aristotelian', 'theology', 'conimbricenses', 'list', 'of', 'writers', 'influenced', 'by', 'aristotle', 'otium', 'philia', 'pseudo', 'aristotle', 'notes', 'and', 'references', 'further', 'reading', 'the', 'secondary', 'literature', 'on', 'aristotle', 'is', 'vast', 'the', 'following', 'references', 'are', 'only', 'small', 'selection', 'ackrill', 'essays', 'on', 'plato', 'and', 'aristotle', 'oxford', 'university', 'press', 'us', 'popular', 'exposition', 'for', 'the', 'general', 'reader', 'these', 'translations', 'are', 'available', 'in', 'several', 'places', 'online', 'see', 'external', 'links', 'bakalis', 'nikolaos', 'handbook', 'of', 'greek', 'philosophy', 'from', 'thales', 'to', 'the', 'stoics', 'analysis', 'and', 'fragments', 'trafford', 'publishing', 'isbn', 'bolotin', 'david', 'an', 'approach', 'to', 'aristotle', 'physics', 'with', 'particular', 'attention', 'to', 'the', 'role', 'of', 'his', 'manner', 'of', 'writing', 'albany', 'suny', 'press', 'contribution', 'to', 'our', 'understanding', 'of', 'how', 'to', 'read', 'aristotle', 'scientific', 'works', 'burnyeat', 'et', 'al', 'notes', 'on', 'book', 'zeta', 'of', 'aristotle', 'metaphysics', 'oxford', 'sub', 'faculty', 'of', 'philosophy', 'code', 'alan', 'potentiality', 'in', 'aristotle', 'science', 'and', 'metaphysics', 'pacific', 'philosophical', 'quarterly', 'de', 'groot', 'jean', 'aristotle', 'empiricism', 'experience', 'and', 'mechanics', 'in', 'the', 'th', 'century', 'bc', 'parmenides', 'publishing', 'isbn', 'frede', 'michael', 'essays', 'in', 'ancient', 'philosophy', 'minneapolis', 'university', 'of', 'minnesota', 'press', 'gendlin', 'eugene', 'line', 'by', 'line', 'commentary', 'on', 'aristotle', 'de', 'anima', 'volume', 'books', 'ii', 'volume', 'book', 'iii', 'spring', 'valley', 'new', 'york', 'the', 'focusing', 'institute', 'available', 'online', 'in', 'pdf', 'gill', 'mary', 'louise', 'aristotle', 'on', 'substance', 'the', 'paradox', 'of', 'unity', 'princeton', 'princeton', 'university', 'press', 'halper', 'edward', 'one', 'and', 'many', 'in', 'aristotle', 'metaphysics', 'volume', 'books', 'alpha', 'delta', 'parmenides', 'publishing', 'isbn', 'halper', 'edward', 'one', 'and', 'many', 'in', 'aristotle', 'metaphysics', 'volume', 'the', 'central', 'books', 'parmenides', 'publishing', 'isbn', 'irwin', 'aristotle', 'first', 'principles', 'oxford', 'clarendon', 'press', 'isbn', 'jori', 'alberto', 'aristotele', 'milano', 'bruno', 'mondadori', 'editore', 'prize', 'of', 'the', 'international', 'academy', 'of', 'the', 'history', 'of', 'science', 'isbn', 'knight', 'kelvin', 'aristotelian', 'philosophy', 'ethics', 'and', 'politics', 'from', 'aristotle', 'to', 'macintyre', 'polity', 'press', 'lewis', 'frank', 'substance', 'and', 'predication', 'in', 'aristotle', 'cambridge', 'cambridge', 'university', 'press', 'lloyd', 'aristotle', 'the', 'growth', 'and', 'structure', 'of', 'his', 'thought', 'cambridge', 'cambridge', 'univ', 'pr', 'isbn', 'lord', 'carnes', 'introduction', 'to', 'the', 'politics', 'by', 'aristotle', 'chicago', 'chicago', 'university', 'press', 'loux', 'michael', 'primary', 'ousia', 'an', 'essay', 'on', 'aristotle', 'metaphysics', 'and', 'ithaca', 'ny', 'cornell', 'university', 'press', 'maso', 'stefano', 'ed', 'natali', 'carlo', 'ed', 'seel', 'gerhard', 'ed', 'reading', 'aristotle', 'physics', 'vii', 'what', 'is', 'alteration', 'proceedings', 'of', 'the', 'international', 'esap', 'hyele', 'conference', 'parmenides', 'publishing', 'isbn', 'reprinted', 'in', 'barnes', 'schofield', 'and', 'sorabji', 'eds', 'articles', 'on', 'aristotle', 'vol', 'science', 'london', 'duckworth', 'pangle', 'lorraine', 'smith', 'aristotle', 'and', 'the', 'philosophy', 'of', 'friendship', 'cambridge', 'cambridge', 'university', 'press', 'aristotle', 'conception', 'of', 'the', 'deepest', 'human', 'relationship', 'viewed', 'in', 'the', 'light', 'of', 'the', 'history', 'of', 'philosophic', 'thought', 'on', 'friendship', 'reeve', 'substantial', 'knowledge', 'aristotle', 'metaphysics', 'indianapolis', 'hackett', 'classic', 'overview', 'by', 'one', 'of', 'aristotle', 'most', 'prominent', 'english', 'translators', 'in', 'print', 'since', 'scaltsas', 'substances', 'and', 'universals', 'in', 'aristotle', 'metaphysics', 'ithaca', 'cornell', 'university', 'press', 'strauss', 'leo', 'on', 'aristotle', 'politics', 'in', 'the', 'city', 'and', 'man', 'chicago', 'rand', 'mcnally', 'for', 'the', 'general', 'reader', 'external', 'links', 'at', 'the', 'internet', 'encyclopedia', 'of', 'philosophy', 'from', 'the', 'stanford', 'encyclopedia', 'of', 'philosophy', 'works', 'of', 'aristotle', 'at', 'the', 'internet', 'classics', 'archive', 'mit', 'aristoteles', 'park', 'in', 'stagira', 'collections', 'of', 'works', 'at', 'the', 'massachusetts', 'institute', 'of', 'technology', 'primarily', 'in', 'english', 'perseus', 'project', 'at', 'tufts', 'university', 'at', 'the', 'university', 'of', 'adelaide', 'primarily', 'in', 'english', 'remacle', 'the', 'volume', 'bekker', 'edition', 'of', 'aristotle', 'works', 'in', 'greek', 'pdf', 'djvu', 'bekker', 'prussian', 'academy', 'of', 'sciences', 'edition', 'of', 'the', 'complete', 'works', 'of', 'aristotle', 'at', 'archive', 'org', 'aristotle', 'collection', 'translation'], ['Aristotle'])
309
An American in Paris
[b'an', b'american', b'in', b'paris', b'is', b'jazz', b'influenced', b'symphonic', b'poem', b'by', b'the', b'american', b'composer', b'george', b'gershwin', b'written', b'in', b'inspired', b'by', b'the', b'time', b'gershwin', b'had', b'spent', b'in', b'paris', b'it', b'evokes', b'the', b'sights', b'and', b'energy', b'of', b'the', b'french', b'capital', b'in', b'the', b'and', b'is', b'one', b'of', b'his', b'best', b'known', b'compositions', b'gershwin', b'composed', b'an', b'american', b'in', b'paris', b'on', b'commission', b'from', b'the', b'conductor', b'walter', b'damrosch', b'he', b'scored', b'the', b'piece', b'for', b'the', b'standard', b'instruments', b'of', b'the', b'symphony', b'orchestra', b'plus', b'celesta', b'saxophones', b'and', b'automobile', b'horns', b'he', b'brought', b'back', b'some', b'parisian', b'taxi', b'horns', b'for', b'the', b'new', b'york', b'premiere', b'of', b'the', b'composition', b'which', b'took', b'place', b'on', b'december', b'in', b'carnegie', b'hall', b'with', b'damrosch', b'conducting', b'the', b'new', b'york', b'philharmonic', b'gershwin', b'completed', b'the', b'orchestration', b'on', b'november', b'less', b'than', b'four', b'weeks', b'before', b'the', b'work', b'premiere', b'gershwin', b'collaborated', b'on', b'the', b'original', b'program', b'notes', b'with', b'the', b'critic', b'and', b'composer', b'deems', b'taylor', b'noting', b'that', b'my', b'purpose', b'here', b'is', b'to', b'portray', b'the', b'impression', b'of', b'an', b'american', b'visitor', b'in', b'paris', b'as', b'he', b'strolls', b'about', b'the', b'city', b'and', b'listens', b'to', b'various', b'street', b'noises', b'and', b'absorbs', b'the', b'french', b'atmosphere', b'when', b'the', b'tone', b'poem', b'moves', b'into', b'the', b'blues', b'our', b'american', b'friend', b'has', b'succumbed', b'to', b'spasm', b'of', b'homesickness', b'but', b'nostalgia', b'is', b'not', b'fatal', b'disease', b'the', b'american', b'visitor', b'once', b'again', b'is', b'an', b'alert', b'spectator', b'of', b'parisian', b'life', b'and', b'the', b'street', b'noises', b'and', b'french', b'atmosphere', b'are', b'triumphant', b'background', b'gershwin', b'was', b'attracted', b'by', b'maurice', b'ravel', b'unusual', b'chords', b'after', b'transatlantic', b'letters', b'back', b'and', b'forth', b'as', b'to', b'whether', b'ravel', b'took', b'students', b'and', b'how', b'much', b'he', b'charged', b'ravel', b'looked', b'at', b'gershwin', b'prior', b'year', b'earnings', b'and', b'sent', b'telegram', b'to', b'gershwin', b'jokingly', b'saying', b'he', b'ravel', b'should', b'study', b'with', b'gershwin', b'but', b'ravel', b'accepted', b'him', b'as', b'student', b'and', b'gershwin', b'went', b'on', b'his', b'first', b'trip', b'to', b'paris', b'in', b'ready', b'to', b'study', b'after', b'his', b'initial', b'student', b'audition', b'with', b'ravel', b'turned', b'into', b'sharing', b'of', b'musical', b'theories', b'ravel', b'said', b'he', b'couldn', b'teach', b'him', b'but', b'he', b'would', b'send', b'letter', b'referring', b'him', b'to', b'nadia', b'boulanger', b'while', b'the', b'studies', b'were', b'cut', b'short', b'that', b'trip', b'resulted', b'in', b'the', b'initial', b'version', b'of', b'an', b'american', b'in', b'paris', b'written', b'as', b'thank', b'you', b'note', b'to', b'gershwin', b'hosts', b'robert', b'and', b'mabel', b'shirmer', b'gershwin', b'called', b'it', b'rhapsodic', b'ballet', b'written', b'so', b'freely', b'and', b'much', b'more', b'modern', b'than', b'his', b'prior', b'works', b'gershwin', b'strongly', b'encouraged', b'ravel', b'to', b'come', b'to', b'the', b'united', b'states', b'for', b'tour', b'something', b'ravel', b'had', b'been', b'reluctant', b'to', b'do', b'to', b'this', b'end', b'upon', b'his', b'return', b'to', b'new', b'york', b'gershwin', b'joined', b'the', b'efforts', b'of', b'ravel', b'friend', b'robert', b'schmitz', b'pianist', b'ravel', b'had', b'met', b'during', b'the', b'war', b'to', b'urge', b'ravel', b'to', b'tour', b'the', b'schmitz', b'was', b'the', b'head', b'of', b'pro', b'musica', b'promoting', b'franco', b'american', b'musical', b'relations', b'and', b'was', b'able', b'to', b'offer', b'ravel', b'fee', b'for', b'the', b'tour', b'an', b'enticement', b'gershwin', b'knew', b'would', b'be', b'important', b'to', b'ravel', b'gershwin', b'greeted', b'ravel', b'in', b'new', b'york', b'in', b'february', b'at', b'the', b'start', b'of', b'ravel', b'tour', b'and', b'joined', b'ravel', b'again', b'later', b'in', b'the', b'tour', b'in', b'los', b'angeles', b'after', b'lunch', b'together', b'with', b'chaplin', b'in', b'beverly', b'hills', b'ravel', b'was', b'persuaded', b'to', b'perform', b'an', b'unscheduled', b'house', b'concert', b'in', b'friend', b'music', b'salon', b'performing', b'among', b'kindred', b'spirits', b'ravel', b'tour', b'reignited', b'gershwin', b'desire', b'to', b'return', b'to', b'paris', b'which', b'he', b'did', b'in', b'march', b'ravel', b'high', b'praise', b'of', b'gershwin', b'in', b'an', b'introductory', b'letter', b'to', b'boulanger', b'caused', b'gershwin', b'to', b'seriously', b'consider', b'taking', b'much', b'more', b'time', b'to', b'study', b'abroad', b'in', b'paris', b'yet', b'after', b'playing', b'for', b'her', b'she', b'told', b'him', b'she', b'could', b'not', b'teach', b'him', b'nadia', b'boulanger', b'gave', b'gershwin', b'basically', b'the', b'same', b'advice', b'she', b'gave', b'all', b'of', b'her', b'accomplished', b'master', b'students', b'don', b'copy', b'others', b'be', b'yourself', b'in', b'this', b'case', b'why', b'try', b'to', b'be', b'second', b'rate', b'ravel', b'when', b'you', b'are', b'already', b'first', b'rate', b'gershwin', b'this', b'did', b'not', b'set', b'gershwin', b'back', b'as', b'his', b'real', b'intent', b'abroad', b'was', b'to', b'complete', b'new', b'work', b'based', b'on', b'paris', b'and', b'perhaps', b'second', b'rhapsody', b'for', b'piano', b'and', b'orchestra', b'to', b'follow', b'his', b'rhapsody', b'in', b'blue', b'paris', b'at', b'this', b'time', b'hosted', b'many', b'expatriate', b'writers', b'among', b'them', b'ezra', b'pound', b'yeats', b'ernest', b'hemingway', b'and', b'artist', b'pablo', b'picasso', b'composition', b'gershwin', b'based', b'an', b'american', b'in', b'paris', b'on', b'melodic', b'fragment', b'called', b'very', b'parisienne', b'written', b'in', b'on', b'his', b'first', b'visit', b'to', b'paris', b'as', b'gift', b'to', b'his', b'hosts', b'robert', b'and', b'mabel', b'schirmer', b'he', b'described', b'the', b'piece', b'as', b'rhapsodic', b'ballet', b'because', b'it', b'was', b'written', b'freely', b'and', b'is', b'more', b'modern', b'than', b'his', b'previous', b'works', b'gershwin', b'explained', b'in', b'musical', b'america', b'my', b'purpose', b'here', b'is', b'to', b'portray', b'the', b'impressions', b'of', b'an', b'american', b'visitor', b'in', b'paris', b'as', b'he', b'strolls', b'about', b'the', b'city', b'listens', b'to', b'the', b'various', b'street', b'noises', b'and', b'absorbs', b'the', b'french', b'atmosphere', b'the', b'piece', b'is', b'structured', b'into', b'five', b'sections', b'which', b'culminate', b'in', b'loose', b'aba', b'format', b'gershwin', b'first', b'episode', b'introduces', b'the', b'two', b'main', b'walking', b'themes', b'in', b'the', b'allegretto', b'grazioso', b'and', b'develops', b'third', b'theme', b'in', b'the', b'subito', b'con', b'brio', b'the', b'style', b'of', b'this', b'section', b'is', b'written', b'in', b'the', b'typical', b'french', b'style', b'of', b'composers', b'claude', b'debussy', b'and', b'les', b'six', b'this', b'section', b'featured', b'duple', b'meter', b'singsong', b'rhythms', b'and', b'diatonic', b'melodies', b'with', b'the', b'sounds', b'of', b'oboe', b'english', b'horn', b'and', b'taxi', b'horns', b'the', b'section', b'andante', b'ma', b'con', b'ritmo', b'deciso', b'introduces', b'the', b'american', b'blues', b'and', b'spasms', b'of', b'homesickness', b'the', b'allegro', b'that', b'follows', b'continues', b'to', b'express', b'homesickness', b'in', b'faster', b'twelve', b'bar', b'blues', b'in', b'the', b'section', b'gershwin', b'uses', b'common', b'time', b'syncopated', b'rhythms', b'and', b'bluesy', b'melodies', b'with', b'the', b'sounds', b'of', b'trumpet', b'saxophone', b'and', b'snare', b'drum', b'moderato', b'con', b'grazia', b'is', b'the', b'last', b'section', b'that', b'returns', b'to', b'the', b'themes', b'set', b'in', b'after', b'recapitulating', b'the', b'walking', b'themes', b'gershwin', b'overlays', b'the', b'slow', b'blues', b'theme', b'from', b'section', b'in', b'the', b'final', b'grandioso', b'instrumentation', b'an', b'american', b'in', b'paris', b'is', b'scored', b'for', b'flutes', b'rd', b'doubling', b'on', b'piccolo', b'oboes', b'english', b'horn', b'clarinets', b'in', b'flat', b'bass', b'clarinet', b'in', b'flat', b'bassoons', b'horns', b'in', b'trumpets', b'in', b'flat', b'trombones', b'tuba', b'timpani', b'snare', b'drum', b'bass', b'drum', b'triangle', b'wood', b'block', b'cymbals', b'low', b'and', b'high', b'tom', b'toms', b'xylophone', b'glockenspiel', b'celesta', b'taxi', b'horns', b'labeled', b'as', b'and', b'with', b'circles', b'around', b'them', b'alto', b'saxophone', b'soprano', b'saxophone', b'tenor', b'saxophone', b'soprano', b'saxophone', b'alto', b'saxophone', b'baritone', b'saxophone', b'soprano', b'saxophone', b'alto', b'saxophone', b'and', b'strings', b'although', b'most', b'modern', b'audiences', b'have', b'heard', b'the', b'taxi', b'horns', b'using', b'the', b'notes', b'and', b'it', b'has', b'recently', b'come', b'to', b'light', b'that', b'gershwin', b'intention', b'was', b'to', b'have', b'used', b'the', b'notes', b'and', b'it', b'is', b'likely', b'that', b'in', b'labeling', b'the', b'taxi', b'horns', b'as', b'and', b'with', b'circles', b'he', b'may', b'have', b'been', b'referring', b'to', b'the', b'use', b'of', b'the', b'four', b'different', b'horns', b'and', b'not', b'the', b'notes', b'that', b'they', b'played', b'the', b'revised', b'edition', b'by', b'campbell', b'watson', b'calls', b'for', b'three', b'saxophones', b'alto', b'tenor', b'and', b'baritone', b'in', b'this', b'arrangement', b'the', b'soprano', b'and', b'alto', b'doublings', b'have', b'been', b'rewritten', b'to', b'avoid', b'changing', b'instruments', b'william', b'daly', b'arranged', b'the', b'score', b'for', b'piano', b'solo', b'which', b'was', b'published', b'by', b'new', b'world', b'music', b'in', b'response', b'gershwin', b'did', b'not', b'particularly', b'like', b'walter', b'damrosch', b'interpretation', b'at', b'the', b'world', b'premiere', b'of', b'an', b'american', b'in', b'paris', b'he', b'stated', b'that', b'damrosch', b'sluggish', b'dragging', b'tempo', b'caused', b'him', b'to', b'walk', b'out', b'of', b'the', b'hall', b'during', b'matinee', b'performance', b'of', b'this', b'work', b'the', b'audience', b'according', b'to', b'edward', b'cushing', b'responded', b'with', b'demonstration', b'of', b'enthusiasm', b'impressively', b'genuine', b'in', b'contrast', b'to', b'the', b'conventional', b'applause', b'which', b'new', b'music', b'good', b'and', b'bad', b'ordinarily', b'arouses', b'critics', b'believed', b'that', b'an', b'american', b'in', b'paris', b'was', b'better', b'crafted', b'than', b'his', b'lukewarm', b'concerto', b'in', b'some', b'did', b'not', b'think', b'it', b'belonged', b'in', b'program', b'with', b'classical', b'composers', b'c\xc3\xa9sar', b'franck', b'richard', b'wagner', b'or', b'guillaume', b'lekeu', b'on', b'its', b'premiere', b'gershwin', b'responded', b'to', b'the', b'critics', b'it', b'not', b'beethoven', b'symphony', b'you', b'know', b'it', b'humorous', b'piece', b'nothing', b'solemn', b'about', b'it', b'it', b'not', b'intended', b'to', b'draw', b'tears', b'if', b'it', b'pleases', b'symphony', b'audiences', b'as', b'light', b'jolly', b'piece', b'series', b'of', b'impressions', b'musically', b'expressed', b'it', b'succeeds', b'preservation', b'status', b'on', b'september', b'it', b'was', b'announced', b'that', b'musicological', b'critical', b'edition', b'of', b'the', b'full', b'orchestral', b'score', b'will', b'be', b'eventually', b'released', b'the', b'gershwin', b'family', b'working', b'in', b'conjunction', b'with', b'the', b'library', b'of', b'congress', b'and', b'the', b'university', b'of', b'michigan', b'are', b'working', b'to', b'make', b'scores', b'available', b'to', b'the', b'public', b'that', b'represent', b'gershwin', b'true', b'intent', b'it', b'is', b'unknown', b'if', b'the', b'critical', b'score', b'will', b'include', b'the', b'four', b'minutes', b'of', b'material', b'gershwin', b'later', b'deleted', b'from', b'the', b'work', b'such', b'as', b'the', b'restatement', b'of', b'the', b'blues', b'theme', b'after', b'the', b'faster', b'bar', b'blues', b'section', b'or', b'if', b'the', b'score', b'will', b'document', b'changes', b'in', b'the', b'orchestration', b'during', b'gershwin', b'composition', b'process', b'the', b'score', b'to', b'an', b'american', b'in', b'paris', b'is', b'currently', b'scheduled', b'to', b'be', b'issued', b'first', b'in', b'series', b'of', b'scores', b'to', b'be', b'released', b'the', b'entire', b'project', b'may', b'take', b'to', b'years', b'to', b'complete', b'but', b'an', b'american', b'in', b'paris', b'will', b'be', b'an', b'early', b'volume', b'in', b'the', b'series', b'two', b'urtext', b'editions', b'of', b'the', b'work', b'have', b'been', b'published', b'by', b'the', b'german', b'publisher', b'note', b'music', b'in', b'the', b'changes', b'made', b'by', b'campbell', b'watson', b'have', b'been', b'withdrawn', b'in', b'both', b'editions', b'in', b'the', b'extended', b'urtext', b'bars', b'of', b'music', b'have', b'been', b're', b'integrated', b'conductor', b'walter', b'damrosch', b'had', b'cut', b'them', b'shortly', b'before', b'the', b'first', b'performance', b'recordings', b'first', b'recording', b'an', b'american', b'in', b'paris', b'has', b'been', b'frequently', b'recorded', b'the', b'first', b'recording', b'was', b'made', b'for', b'rca', b'victor', b'in', b'with', b'nathaniel', b'shilkret', b'conducting', b'the', b'victor', b'symphony', b'orchestra', b'drawn', b'from', b'members', b'of', b'the', b'philadelphia', b'orchestra', b'gershwin', b'was', b'on', b'hand', b'to', b'supervise', b'the', b'recording', b'however', b'shilkret', b'was', b'reported', b'to', b'be', b'in', b'charge', b'and', b'eventually', b'asked', b'the', b'composer', b'to', b'leave', b'the', b'recording', b'studio', b'then', b'little', b'later', b'shilkret', b'discovered', b'there', b'was', b'no', b'one', b'to', b'play', b'the', b'brief', b'celesta', b'solo', b'during', b'the', b'slow', b'section', b'so', b'he', b'hastily', b'asked', b'gershwin', b'if', b'he', b'might', b'play', b'the', b'solo', b'gershwin', b'said', b'he', b'could', b'and', b'so', b'he', b'briefly', b'participated', b'in', b'the', b'actual', b'recording', b'this', b'recording', b'is', b'believed', b'to', b'use', b'the', b'taxi', b'horns', b'in', b'the', b'way', b'that', b'gershwin', b'had', b'intended', b'using', b'the', b'notes', b'flat', b'flat', b'higher', b'and', b'lower', b'the', b'radio', b'broadcast', b'of', b'the', b'september', b'hollywood', b'bowl', b'george', b'gershwin', b'memorial', b'concert', b'in', b'which', b'an', b'american', b'in', b'paris', b'also', b'conducted', b'by', b'shilkret', b'was', b'second', b'on', b'the', b'program', b'was', b'recorded', b'and', b'was', b'released', b'in', b'in', b'two', b'cd', b'set', b'arthur', b'fiedler', b'and', b'the', b'boston', b'pops', b'orchestra', b'recorded', b'the', b'work', b'for', b'rca', b'victor', b'including', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'first', b'stereo', b'recordings', b'of', b'the', b'music', b'in', b'arturo', b'toscanini', b'and', b'the', b'nbc', b'symphony', b'orchestra', b'recorded', b'the', b'music', b'in', b'carnegie', b'hall', b'one', b'of', b'the', b'few', b'commercial', b'recordings', b'toscanini', b'made', b'of', b'music', b'by', b'an', b'american', b'composer', b'the', b'seattle', b'symphony', b'also', b'recorded', b'version', b'in', b'of', b'gershwin', b'original', b'score', b'before', b'he', b'made', b'numerous', b'edits', b'resulting', b'in', b'the', b'score', b'as', b'we', b'hear', b'it', b'today', b'harry', b'james', b'released', b'version', b'of', b'the', b'blues', b'section', b'on', b'his', b'album', b'one', b'night', b'stand', b'recorded', b'live', b'at', b'the', b'aragon', b'ballroom', b'in', b'chicago', b'columbia', b'gl', b'and', b'cl', b'conductor', b'steven', b'richman', b'and', b'harmonie', b'ensemble', b'new', b'york', b'released', b'recording', b'of', b'gershwin', b'original', b'orchestrations', b'in', b'on', b'harmonia', b'mundi', b'pias', b'including', b'american', b'in', b'paris', b'use', b'in', b'film', b'in', b'mgm', b'released', b'the', b'musical', b'film', b'an', b'american', b'in', b'paris', b'featuring', b'gene', b'kelly', b'and', b'leslie', b'caron', b'winning', b'the', b'best', b'picture', b'oscar', b'and', b'numerous', b'other', b'awards', b'the', b'film', b'was', b'directed', b'by', b'vincente', b'minnelli', b'featured', b'many', b'tunes', b'of', b'gershwin', b'and', b'concluded', b'with', b'an', b'extensive', b'elaborate', b'dance', b'sequence', b'built', b'around', b'the', b'an', b'american', b'in', b'paris', b'symphonic', b'poem', b'arranged', b'for', b'the', b'film', b'by', b'johnny', b'green', b'costing', b'references', b'further', b'reading', b'rimler', b'walter', b'george', b'gershwin', b'an', b'intimate', b'portrait', b'urbana', b'university', b'of', b'illinois', b'press', b'pollack', b'howard', b'george', b'gershwin', b'his', b'life', b'and', b'work', b'berkeley', b'university', b'of', b'california', b'press', b'external', b'links', b'recording', b'by', b'the', b'new', b'york', b'philharmonic', b'conducted', b'by', b'artur', b'rodzi\xc5\x84ski', b'new', b'york', b'philharmonic', b'leonard', b'bernstein']
TaggedDocument(['an', 'american', 'in', 'paris', 'is', 'jazz', 'influenced', 'symphonic', 'poem', 'by', 'the', 'american', 'composer', 'george', 'gershwin', 'written', 'in', 'inspired', 'by', 'the', 'time', 'gershwin', 'had', 'spent', 'in', 'paris', 'it', 'evokes', 'the', 'sights', 'and', 'energy', 'of', 'the', 'french', 'capital', 'in', 'the', 'and', 'is', 'one', 'of', 'his', 'best', 'known', 'compositions', 'gershwin', 'composed', 'an', 'american', 'in', 'paris', 'on', 'commission', 'from', 'the', 'conductor', 'walter', 'damrosch', 'he', 'scored', 'the', 'piece', 'for', 'the', 'standard', 'instruments', 'of', 'the', 'symphony', 'orchestra', 'plus', 'celesta', 'saxophones', 'and', 'automobile', 'horns', 'he', 'brought', 'back', 'some', 'parisian', 'taxi', 'horns', 'for', 'the', 'new', 'york', 'premiere', 'of', 'the', 'composition', 'which', 'took', 'place', 'on', 'december', 'in', 'carnegie', 'hall', 'with', 'damrosch', 'conducting', 'the', 'new', 'york', 'philharmonic', 'gershwin', 'completed', 'the', 'orchestration', 'on', 'november', 'less', 'than', 'four', 'weeks', 'before', 'the', 'work', 'premiere', 'gershwin', 'collaborated', 'on', 'the', 'original', 'program', 'notes', 'with', 'the', 'critic', 'and', 'composer', 'deems', 'taylor', 'noting', 'that', 'my', 'purpose', 'here', 'is', 'to', 'portray', 'the', 'impression', 'of', 'an', 'american', 'visitor', 'in', 'paris', 'as', 'he', 'strolls', 'about', 'the', 'city', 'and', 'listens', 'to', 'various', 'street', 'noises', 'and', 'absorbs', 'the', 'french', 'atmosphere', 'when', 'the', 'tone', 'poem', 'moves', 'into', 'the', 'blues', 'our', 'american', 'friend', 'has', 'succumbed', 'to', 'spasm', 'of', 'homesickness', 'but', 'nostalgia', 'is', 'not', 'fatal', 'disease', 'the', 'american', 'visitor', 'once', 'again', 'is', 'an', 'alert', 'spectator', 'of', 'parisian', 'life', 'and', 'the', 'street', 'noises', 'and', 'french', 'atmosphere', 'are', 'triumphant', 'background', 'gershwin', 'was', 'attracted', 'by', 'maurice', 'ravel', 'unusual', 'chords', 'after', 'transatlantic', 'letters', 'back', 'and', 'forth', 'as', 'to', 'whether', 'ravel', 'took', 'students', 'and', 'how', 'much', 'he', 'charged', 'ravel', 'looked', 'at', 'gershwin', 'prior', 'year', 'earnings', 'and', 'sent', 'telegram', 'to', 'gershwin', 'jokingly', 'saying', 'he', 'ravel', 'should', 'study', 'with', 'gershwin', 'but', 'ravel', 'accepted', 'him', 'as', 'student', 'and', 'gershwin', 'went', 'on', 'his', 'first', 'trip', 'to', 'paris', 'in', 'ready', 'to', 'study', 'after', 'his', 'initial', 'student', 'audition', 'with', 'ravel', 'turned', 'into', 'sharing', 'of', 'musical', 'theories', 'ravel', 'said', 'he', 'couldn', 'teach', 'him', 'but', 'he', 'would', 'send', 'letter', 'referring', 'him', 'to', 'nadia', 'boulanger', 'while', 'the', 'studies', 'were', 'cut', 'short', 'that', 'trip', 'resulted', 'in', 'the', 'initial', 'version', 'of', 'an', 'american', 'in', 'paris', 'written', 'as', 'thank', 'you', 'note', 'to', 'gershwin', 'hosts', 'robert', 'and', 'mabel', 'shirmer', 'gershwin', 'called', 'it', 'rhapsodic', 'ballet', 'written', 'so', 'freely', 'and', 'much', 'more', 'modern', 'than', 'his', 'prior', 'works', 'gershwin', 'strongly', 'encouraged', 'ravel', 'to', 'come', 'to', 'the', 'united', 'states', 'for', 'tour', 'something', 'ravel', 'had', 'been', 'reluctant', 'to', 'do', 'to', 'this', 'end', 'upon', 'his', 'return', 'to', 'new', 'york', 'gershwin', 'joined', 'the', 'efforts', 'of', 'ravel', 'friend', 'robert', 'schmitz', 'pianist', 'ravel', 'had', 'met', 'during', 'the', 'war', 'to', 'urge', 'ravel', 'to', 'tour', 'the', 'schmitz', 'was', 'the', 'head', 'of', 'pro', 'musica', 'promoting', 'franco', 'american', 'musical', 'relations', 'and', 'was', 'able', 'to', 'offer', 'ravel', 'fee', 'for', 'the', 'tour', 'an', 'enticement', 'gershwin', 'knew', 'would', 'be', 'important', 'to', 'ravel', 'gershwin', 'greeted', 'ravel', 'in', 'new', 'york', 'in', 'february', 'at', 'the', 'start', 'of', 'ravel', 'tour', 'and', 'joined', 'ravel', 'again', 'later', 'in', 'the', 'tour', 'in', 'los', 'angeles', 'after', 'lunch', 'together', 'with', 'chaplin', 'in', 'beverly', 'hills', 'ravel', 'was', 'persuaded', 'to', 'perform', 'an', 'unscheduled', 'house', 'concert', 'in', 'friend', 'music', 'salon', 'performing', 'among', 'kindred', 'spirits', 'ravel', 'tour', 'reignited', 'gershwin', 'desire', 'to', 'return', 'to', 'paris', 'which', 'he', 'did', 'in', 'march', 'ravel', 'high', 'praise', 'of', 'gershwin', 'in', 'an', 'introductory', 'letter', 'to', 'boulanger', 'caused', 'gershwin', 'to', 'seriously', 'consider', 'taking', 'much', 'more', 'time', 'to', 'study', 'abroad', 'in', 'paris', 'yet', 'after', 'playing', 'for', 'her', 'she', 'told', 'him', 'she', 'could', 'not', 'teach', 'him', 'nadia', 'boulanger', 'gave', 'gershwin', 'basically', 'the', 'same', 'advice', 'she', 'gave', 'all', 'of', 'her', 'accomplished', 'master', 'students', 'don', 'copy', 'others', 'be', 'yourself', 'in', 'this', 'case', 'why', 'try', 'to', 'be', 'second', 'rate', 'ravel', 'when', 'you', 'are', 'already', 'first', 'rate', 'gershwin', 'this', 'did', 'not', 'set', 'gershwin', 'back', 'as', 'his', 'real', 'intent', 'abroad', 'was', 'to', 'complete', 'new', 'work', 'based', 'on', 'paris', 'and', 'perhaps', 'second', 'rhapsody', 'for', 'piano', 'and', 'orchestra', 'to', 'follow', 'his', 'rhapsody', 'in', 'blue', 'paris', 'at', 'this', 'time', 'hosted', 'many', 'expatriate', 'writers', 'among', 'them', 'ezra', 'pound', 'yeats', 'ernest', 'hemingway', 'and', 'artist', 'pablo', 'picasso', 'composition', 'gershwin', 'based', 'an', 'american', 'in', 'paris', 'on', 'melodic', 'fragment', 'called', 'very', 'parisienne', 'written', 'in', 'on', 'his', 'first', 'visit', 'to', 'paris', 'as', 'gift', 'to', 'his', 'hosts', 'robert', 'and', 'mabel', 'schirmer', 'he', 'described', 'the', 'piece', 'as', 'rhapsodic', 'ballet', 'because', 'it', 'was', 'written', 'freely', 'and', 'is', 'more', 'modern', 'than', 'his', 'previous', 'works', 'gershwin', 'explained', 'in', 'musical', 'america', 'my', 'purpose', 'here', 'is', 'to', 'portray', 'the', 'impressions', 'of', 'an', 'american', 'visitor', 'in', 'paris', 'as', 'he', 'strolls', 'about', 'the', 'city', 'listens', 'to', 'the', 'various', 'street', 'noises', 'and', 'absorbs', 'the', 'french', 'atmosphere', 'the', 'piece', 'is', 'structured', 'into', 'five', 'sections', 'which', 'culminate', 'in', 'loose', 'aba', 'format', 'gershwin', 'first', 'episode', 'introduces', 'the', 'two', 'main', 'walking', 'themes', 'in', 'the', 'allegretto', 'grazioso', 'and', 'develops', 'third', 'theme', 'in', 'the', 'subito', 'con', 'brio', 'the', 'style', 'of', 'this', 'section', 'is', 'written', 'in', 'the', 'typical', 'french', 'style', 'of', 'composers', 'claude', 'debussy', 'and', 'les', 'six', 'this', 'section', 'featured', 'duple', 'meter', 'singsong', 'rhythms', 'and', 'diatonic', 'melodies', 'with', 'the', 'sounds', 'of', 'oboe', 'english', 'horn', 'and', 'taxi', 'horns', 'the', 'section', 'andante', 'ma', 'con', 'ritmo', 'deciso', 'introduces', 'the', 'american', 'blues', 'and', 'spasms', 'of', 'homesickness', 'the', 'allegro', 'that', 'follows', 'continues', 'to', 'express', 'homesickness', 'in', 'faster', 'twelve', 'bar', 'blues', 'in', 'the', 'section', 'gershwin', 'uses', 'common', 'time', 'syncopated', 'rhythms', 'and', 'bluesy', 'melodies', 'with', 'the', 'sounds', 'of', 'trumpet', 'saxophone', 'and', 'snare', 'drum', 'moderato', 'con', 'grazia', 'is', 'the', 'last', 'section', 'that', 'returns', 'to', 'the', 'themes', 'set', 'in', 'after', 'recapitulating', 'the', 'walking', 'themes', 'gershwin', 'overlays', 'the', 'slow', 'blues', 'theme', 'from', 'section', 'in', 'the', 'final', 'grandioso', 'instrumentation', 'an', 'american', 'in', 'paris', 'is', 'scored', 'for', 'flutes', 'rd', 'doubling', 'on', 'piccolo', 'oboes', 'english', 'horn', 'clarinets', 'in', 'flat', 'bass', 'clarinet', 'in', 'flat', 'bassoons', 'horns', 'in', 'trumpets', 'in', 'flat', 'trombones', 'tuba', 'timpani', 'snare', 'drum', 'bass', 'drum', 'triangle', 'wood', 'block', 'cymbals', 'low', 'and', 'high', 'tom', 'toms', 'xylophone', 'glockenspiel', 'celesta', 'taxi', 'horns', 'labeled', 'as', 'and', 'with', 'circles', 'around', 'them', 'alto', 'saxophone', 'soprano', 'saxophone', 'tenor', 'saxophone', 'soprano', 'saxophone', 'alto', 'saxophone', 'baritone', 'saxophone', 'soprano', 'saxophone', 'alto', 'saxophone', 'and', 'strings', 'although', 'most', 'modern', 'audiences', 'have', 'heard', 'the', 'taxi', 'horns', 'using', 'the', 'notes', 'and', 'it', 'has', 'recently', 'come', 'to', 'light', 'that', 'gershwin', 'intention', 'was', 'to', 'have', 'used', 'the', 'notes', 'and', 'it', 'is', 'likely', 'that', 'in', 'labeling', 'the', 'taxi', 'horns', 'as', 'and', 'with', 'circles', 'he', 'may', 'have', 'been', 'referring', 'to', 'the', 'use', 'of', 'the', 'four', 'different', 'horns', 'and', 'not', 'the', 'notes', 'that', 'they', 'played', 'the', 'revised', 'edition', 'by', 'campbell', 'watson', 'calls', 'for', 'three', 'saxophones', 'alto', 'tenor', 'and', 'baritone', 'in', 'this', 'arrangement', 'the', 'soprano', 'and', 'alto', 'doublings', 'have', 'been', 'rewritten', 'to', 'avoid', 'changing', 'instruments', 'william', 'daly', 'arranged', 'the', 'score', 'for', 'piano', 'solo', 'which', 'was', 'published', 'by', 'new', 'world', 'music', 'in', 'response', 'gershwin', 'did', 'not', 'particularly', 'like', 'walter', 'damrosch', 'interpretation', 'at', 'the', 'world', 'premiere', 'of', 'an', 'american', 'in', 'paris', 'he', 'stated', 'that', 'damrosch', 'sluggish', 'dragging', 'tempo', 'caused', 'him', 'to', 'walk', 'out', 'of', 'the', 'hall', 'during', 'matinee', 'performance', 'of', 'this', 'work', 'the', 'audience', 'according', 'to', 'edward', 'cushing', 'responded', 'with', 'demonstration', 'of', 'enthusiasm', 'impressively', 'genuine', 'in', 'contrast', 'to', 'the', 'conventional', 'applause', 'which', 'new', 'music', 'good', 'and', 'bad', 'ordinarily', 'arouses', 'critics', 'believed', 'that', 'an', 'american', 'in', 'paris', 'was', 'better', 'crafted', 'than', 'his', 'lukewarm', 'concerto', 'in', 'some', 'did', 'not', 'think', 'it', 'belonged', 'in', 'program', 'with', 'classical', 'composers', 'césar', 'franck', 'richard', 'wagner', 'or', 'guillaume', 'lekeu', 'on', 'its', 'premiere', 'gershwin', 'responded', 'to', 'the', 'critics', 'it', 'not', 'beethoven', 'symphony', 'you', 'know', 'it', 'humorous', 'piece', 'nothing', 'solemn', 'about', 'it', 'it', 'not', 'intended', 'to', 'draw', 'tears', 'if', 'it', 'pleases', 'symphony', 'audiences', 'as', 'light', 'jolly', 'piece', 'series', 'of', 'impressions', 'musically', 'expressed', 'it', 'succeeds', 'preservation', 'status', 'on', 'september', 'it', 'was', 'announced', 'that', 'musicological', 'critical', 'edition', 'of', 'the', 'full', 'orchestral', 'score', 'will', 'be', 'eventually', 'released', 'the', 'gershwin', 'family', 'working', 'in', 'conjunction', 'with', 'the', 'library', 'of', 'congress', 'and', 'the', 'university', 'of', 'michigan', 'are', 'working', 'to', 'make', 'scores', 'available', 'to', 'the', 'public', 'that', 'represent', 'gershwin', 'true', 'intent', 'it', 'is', 'unknown', 'if', 'the', 'critical', 'score', 'will', 'include', 'the', 'four', 'minutes', 'of', 'material', 'gershwin', 'later', 'deleted', 'from', 'the', 'work', 'such', 'as', 'the', 'restatement', 'of', 'the', 'blues', 'theme', 'after', 'the', 'faster', 'bar', 'blues', 'section', 'or', 'if', 'the', 'score', 'will', 'document', 'changes', 'in', 'the', 'orchestration', 'during', 'gershwin', 'composition', 'process', 'the', 'score', 'to', 'an', 'american', 'in', 'paris', 'is', 'currently', 'scheduled', 'to', 'be', 'issued', 'first', 'in', 'series', 'of', 'scores', 'to', 'be', 'released', 'the', 'entire', 'project', 'may', 'take', 'to', 'years', 'to', 'complete', 'but', 'an', 'american', 'in', 'paris', 'will', 'be', 'an', 'early', 'volume', 'in', 'the', 'series', 'two', 'urtext', 'editions', 'of', 'the', 'work', 'have', 'been', 'published', 'by', 'the', 'german', 'publisher', 'note', 'music', 'in', 'the', 'changes', 'made', 'by', 'campbell', 'watson', 'have', 'been', 'withdrawn', 'in', 'both', 'editions', 'in', 'the', 'extended', 'urtext', 'bars', 'of', 'music', 'have', 'been', 're', 'integrated', 'conductor', 'walter', 'damrosch', 'had', 'cut', 'them', 'shortly', 'before', 'the', 'first', 'performance', 'recordings', 'first', 'recording', 'an', 'american', 'in', 'paris', 'has', 'been', 'frequently', 'recorded', 'the', 'first', 'recording', 'was', 'made', 'for', 'rca', 'victor', 'in', 'with', 'nathaniel', 'shilkret', 'conducting', 'the', 'victor', 'symphony', 'orchestra', 'drawn', 'from', 'members', 'of', 'the', 'philadelphia', 'orchestra', 'gershwin', 'was', 'on', 'hand', 'to', 'supervise', 'the', 'recording', 'however', 'shilkret', 'was', 'reported', 'to', 'be', 'in', 'charge', 'and', 'eventually', 'asked', 'the', 'composer', 'to', 'leave', 'the', 'recording', 'studio', 'then', 'little', 'later', 'shilkret', 'discovered', 'there', 'was', 'no', 'one', 'to', 'play', 'the', 'brief', 'celesta', 'solo', 'during', 'the', 'slow', 'section', 'so', 'he', 'hastily', 'asked', 'gershwin', 'if', 'he', 'might', 'play', 'the', 'solo', 'gershwin', 'said', 'he', 'could', 'and', 'so', 'he', 'briefly', 'participated', 'in', 'the', 'actual', 'recording', 'this', 'recording', 'is', 'believed', 'to', 'use', 'the', 'taxi', 'horns', 'in', 'the', 'way', 'that', 'gershwin', 'had', 'intended', 'using', 'the', 'notes', 'flat', 'flat', 'higher', 'and', 'lower', 'the', 'radio', 'broadcast', 'of', 'the', 'september', 'hollywood', 'bowl', 'george', 'gershwin', 'memorial', 'concert', 'in', 'which', 'an', 'american', 'in', 'paris', 'also', 'conducted', 'by', 'shilkret', 'was', 'second', 'on', 'the', 'program', 'was', 'recorded', 'and', 'was', 'released', 'in', 'in', 'two', 'cd', 'set', 'arthur', 'fiedler', 'and', 'the', 'boston', 'pops', 'orchestra', 'recorded', 'the', 'work', 'for', 'rca', 'victor', 'including', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'first', 'stereo', 'recordings', 'of', 'the', 'music', 'in', 'arturo', 'toscanini', 'and', 'the', 'nbc', 'symphony', 'orchestra', 'recorded', 'the', 'music', 'in', 'carnegie', 'hall', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'few', 'commercial', 'recordings', 'toscanini', 'made', 'of', 'music', 'by', 'an', 'american', 'composer', 'the', 'seattle', 'symphony', 'also', 'recorded', 'version', 'in', 'of', 'gershwin', 'original', 'score', 'before', 'he', 'made', 'numerous', 'edits', 'resulting', 'in', 'the', 'score', 'as', 'we', 'hear', 'it', 'today', 'harry', 'james', 'released', 'version', 'of', 'the', 'blues', 'section', 'on', 'his', 'album', 'one', 'night', 'stand', 'recorded', 'live', 'at', 'the', 'aragon', 'ballroom', 'in', 'chicago', 'columbia', 'gl', 'and', 'cl', 'conductor', 'steven', 'richman', 'and', 'harmonie', 'ensemble', 'new', 'york', 'released', 'recording', 'of', 'gershwin', 'original', 'orchestrations', 'in', 'on', 'harmonia', 'mundi', 'pias', 'including', 'american', 'in', 'paris', 'use', 'in', 'film', 'in', 'mgm', 'released', 'the', 'musical', 'film', 'an', 'american', 'in', 'paris', 'featuring', 'gene', 'kelly', 'and', 'leslie', 'caron', 'winning', 'the', 'best', 'picture', 'oscar', 'and', 'numerous', 'other', 'awards', 'the', 'film', 'was', 'directed', 'by', 'vincente', 'minnelli', 'featured', 'many', 'tunes', 'of', 'gershwin', 'and', 'concluded', 'with', 'an', 'extensive', 'elaborate', 'dance', 'sequence', 'built', 'around', 'the', 'an', 'american', 'in', 'paris', 'symphonic', 'poem', 'arranged', 'for', 'the', 'film', 'by', 'johnny', 'green', 'costing', 'references', 'further', 'reading', 'rimler', 'walter', 'george', 'gershwin', 'an', 'intimate', 'portrait', 'urbana', 'university', 'of', 'illinois', 'press', 'pollack', 'howard', 'george', 'gershwin', 'his', 'life', 'and', 'work', 'berkeley', 'university', 'of', 'california', 'press', 'external', 'links', 'recording', 'by', 'the', 'new', 'york', 'philharmonic', 'conducted', 'by', 'artur', 'rodziński', 'new', 'york', 'philharmonic', 'leonard', 'bernstein'], ['An American in Paris'])
316
Academy Award for Best Production Design
[b'the', b'academy', b'award', b'for', b'best', b'production', b'design', b'recognizes', b'achievement', b'for', b'art', b'direction', b'in', b'film', b'the', b'category', b'original', b'name', b'was', b'best', b'art', b'direction', b'but', b'was', b'changed', b'to', b'its', b'current', b'name', b'in', b'for', b'the', b'th', b'academy', b'awards', b'this', b'change', b'resulted', b'from', b'the', b'art', b'director', b'branch', b'of', b'the', b'academy', b'of', b'motion', b'picture', b'arts', b'and', b'sciences', b'ampas', b'being', b'renamed', b'the', b'designer', b'branch', b'since', b'the', b'award', b'is', b'shared', b'with', b'the', b'set', b'decorator', b'it', b'is', b'awarded', b'to', b'the', b'best', b'interior', b'design', b'in', b'film', b'the', b'films', b'below', b'are', b'listed', b'with', b'their', b'production', b'year', b'for', b'example', b'the', b'academy', b'award', b'for', b'best', b'art', b'direction', b'is', b'given', b'to', b'film', b'from', b'in', b'the', b'lists', b'below', b'the', b'winner', b'of', b'the', b'award', b'for', b'each', b'year', b'is', b'shown', b'first', b'followed', b'by', b'the', b'other', b'nominees', b'superlatives', b'category', b'name', b'superlative', b'notes', b'most', b'awards', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'awards', b'awards', b'resulted', b'from', b'nominations', b'most', b'nominations', b'nominations', b'nominations', b'resulted', b'in', b'awards', b'most', b'nominations', b'without', b'ever', b'winning', b'roland', b'anderson', b'nominations', b'nominations', b'resulted', b'in', b'no', b'awards', b'best', b'interior', b'decoration', b'year', b'interior', b'decorator', b'film', b'william', b'cameron', b'menzies', b'the', b'dove', b'tempest', b'harry', b'oliver', b'seventh', b'heaven', b'rochus', b'gliese', b'sunrise', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'the', b'bridge', b'of', b'san', b'luis', b'rey', b'mitchell', b'leisen', b'dynamite', b'william', b'cameron', b'menzies', b'alibi', b'the', b'awakening', b'hans', b'dreier', b'the', b'patriot', b'harry', b'oliver', b'street', b'angel', b'year', b'interior', b'decorator', b'film', b'herman', b'rosse', b'king', b'of', b'jazz', b'william', b'cameron', b'menzies', b'bulldog', b'drummond', b'hans', b'dreier', b'the', b'love', b'parade', b'jack', b'okey', b'sally', b'hans', b'dreier', b'the', b'vagabond', b'king', b'max', b'ree', b'cimarron', b'stephen', b'goosson', b'ralph', b'hammeras', b'just', b'imagine', b'hans', b'dreier', b'morocco', b'anton', b'grot', b'svengali', b'richard', b'day', b'whoopee', b'gordon', b'wiles', b'transatlantic', b'lazare', b'meerson', b'nous', b'la', b'libert\xc3\xa9', b'richard', b'day', b'arrowsmith', b'william', b'darling', b'cavalcade', b'hans', b'dreier', b'roland', b'anderson', b'farewell', b'to', b'arms', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'when', b'ladies', b'meet', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'fredric', b'hope', b'the', b'merry', b'widow', b'van', b'nest', b'polglase', b'carroll', b'clark', b'the', b'gay', b'divorcee', b'richard', b'day', b'the', b'affairs', b'of', b'cellini', b'richard', b'day', b'the', b'dark', b'angel', b'hans', b'dreier', b'roland', b'anderson', b'the', b'lives', b'of', b'bengal', b'lancer', b'carroll', b'clark', b'van', b'nest', b'polglase', b'top', b'hat', b'richard', b'day', b'dodsworth', b'anton', b'grot', b'anthony', b'adverse', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'eddie', b'imazu', b'edwin', b'willis', b'the', b'great', b'ziegfeld', b'william', b'darling', b'lloyd', b'of', b'london', b'albert', b'agostino', b'jack', b'otterson', b'the', b'magnificent', b'brute', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'frederic', b'hope', b'edwin', b'willis', b'romeo', b'and', b'juliet', b'perry', b'ferguson', b'winterset', b'stephen', b'goosson', b'lost', b'horizon', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'william', b'horning', b'conquest', b'carroll', b'clark', b'damsel', b'in', b'distress', b'richard', b'day', b'dead', b'end', b'ward', b'ihnen', b'every', b'day', b'holiday', b'anton', b'grot', b'the', b'life', b'of', b'emile', b'zola', b'john', b'victor', b'mackay', b'manhattan', b'merry', b'go', b'round', b'lyle', b'wheeler', b'the', b'prisoner', b'of', b'zenda', b'hans', b'dreier', b'roland', b'anderson', b'souls', b'at', b'sea', b'alexander', b'toluboff', b'vogues', b'of', b'william', b'darling', b'david', b'hall', b'wee', b'willie', b'winkie', b'jack', b'otterson', b'you', b're', b'sweetheart', b'carl', b'weyl', b'the', b'adventures', b'of', b'robin', b'hood', b'lyle', b'wheeler', b'the', b'adventures', b'of', b'tom', b'sawyer', b'bernard', b'herzbrun', b'boris', b'leven', b'alexander', b'ragtime', b'band', b'alexander', b'toluboff', b'algiers', b'van', b'nest', b'polglase', b'carefree', b'richard', b'day', b'the', b'goldwyn', b'follies', b'stephen', b'goosson', b'lionel', b'banks', b'holiday', b'hans', b'dreier', b'john', b'goodman', b'if', b'were', b'king', b'jack', b'otterson', b'mad', b'about', b'music', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'marie', b'antoinette', b'charles', b'hall', b'merrily', b'we', b'live', b'lyle', b'wheeler', b'gone', b'with', b'the', b'wind', b'hans', b'dreier', b'robert', b'odell', b'beau', b'geste', b'charles', b'hall', b'captain', b'fury', b'jack', b'otterson', b'martin', b'obzina', b'first', b'love', b'van', b'nest', b'polglase', b'alfred', b'herman', b'love', b'affair', b'john', b'victor', b'mackay', b'man', b'of', b'conquest', b'lionel', b'banks', b'mr', b'smith', b'goes', b'to', b'washington', b'anton', b'grot', b'the', b'private', b'lives', b'of', b'elizabeth', b'and', b'essex', b'william', b'darling', b'george', b'dudley', b'the', b'rains', b'came', b'alexander', b'toluboff', b'stagecoach', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'william', b'horning', b'the', b'wizard', b'of', b'oz', b'james', b'basevi', b'wuthering', b'heights', b'year', b'interior', b'decorator', b'film', b'black', b'and', b'white', b'richard', b'day', b'paul', b'groesse', b'pride', b'and', b'prejudice', b'hans', b'dreier', b'robert', b'usher', b'arise', b'my', b'love', b'lionel', b'banks', b'robert', b'peterson', b'arizona', b'john', b'otterson', b'the', b'boys', b'from', b'syracuse', b'john', b'victor', b'mackay', b'dark', b'command', b'alexander', b'golitzen', b'foreign', b'correspondent', b'richard', b'day', b'joseph', b'wright', b'lillian', b'russell', b'van', b'nest', b'polglase', b'mark', b'lee', b'kirk', b'my', b'favorite', b'wife', b'john', b'ducasse', b'schulze', b'my', b'son', b'my', b'son', b'lewis', b'rachmil', b'our', b'town', b'lyle', b'wheeler', b'rebecca', b'anton', b'grot', b'the', b'sea', b'hawk', b'james', b'basevi', b'the', b'westerner', b'color', b'vincent', b'korda', b'the', b'thief', b'of', b'bagdad', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'john', b'detlie', b'bitter', b'sweet', b'richard', b'day', b'joseph', b'wright', b'down', b'argentine', b'way', b'hans', b'dreier', b'roland', b'anderson', b'north', b'west', b'mounted', b'police', b'black', b'and', b'white', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'nathan', b'juran', b'thomas', b'little', b'how', b'green', b'was', b'my', b'valley', b'perry', b'ferguson', b'van', b'nest', b'polglase', b'al', b'fields', b'darrell', b'silvera', b'citizen', b'kane', b'martin', b'obzina', b'jack', b'otterson', b'russell', b'gausman', b'the', b'flame', b'of', b'new', b'orleans', b'hans', b'dreier', b'robert', b'usher', b'samuel', b'comer', b'hold', b'back', b'the', b'dawn', b'lionel', b'banks', b'george', b'montgomery', b'ladies', b'in', b'retirement', b'stephen', b'goosson', b'howard', b'bristol', b'the', b'little', b'foxes', b'john', b'hughes', b'fred', b'maclean', b'sergeant', b'york', b'nomination', b'withdrawn', b'sis', b'hopkins', b'john', b'ducasse', b'schultze', b'edward', b'boyle', b'son', b'of', b'monte', b'cristo', b'alexander', b'golitzen', b'richard', b'irvine', b'sundown', b'vincent', b'korda', b'julia', b'heron', b'that', b'hamilton', b'woman', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'randall', b'duell', b'edwin', b'willis', b'when', b'ladies', b'meet', b'color', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'urie', b'mccleary', b'edwin', b'willis', b'blossoms', b'in', b'the', b'dust', b'richard', b'day', b'joseph', b'wright', b'thomas', b'little', b'blood', b'and', b'sand', b'raoul', b'pene', b'du', b'bois', b'stephen', b'seymour', b'louisiana', b'purchase', b'black', b'and', b'white', b'richard', b'day', b'joseph', b'wright', b'thomas', b'little', b'this', b'above', b'all', b'max', b'parker', b'mark', b'lee', b'kirk', b'casey', b'roberts', b'george', b'washington', b'slept', b'here', b'albert', b'agostino', b'al', b'fields', b'darrell', b'silvera', b'the', b'magnificent', b'ambersons', b'perry', b'ferguson', b'howard', b'bristol', b'the', b'pride', b'of', b'the', b'yankees', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'randall', b'duell', b'edwin', b'willis', b'jack', b'moore', b'random', b'harvest', b'boris', b'leven', b'the', b'shanghai', b'gesture', b'ralph', b'berger', b'emile', b'kuri', b'silver', b'queen', b'john', b'goodman', b'jack', b'otterson', b'russell', b'gausman', b'edward', b'ray', b'robinson', b'the', b'spoilers', b'hans', b'dreier', b'roland', b'anderson', b'samuel', b'comer', b'take', b'letter', b'darling', b'lionel', b'banks', b'rudolph', b'sternad', b'fay', b'babcock', b'the', b'talk', b'of', b'the', b'town', b'color', b'richard', b'day', b'joseph', b'wright', b'thomas', b'little', b'my', b'gal', b'sal', b'alexander', b'golitzen', b'jack', b'otterson', b'russell', b'gausman', b'ira', b'webb', b'arabian', b'nights', b'ted', b'smith', b'casey', b'roberts', b'captains', b'of', b'the', b'clouds', b'vincent', b'korda', b'julia', b'heron', b'jungle', b'book', b'hans', b'dreier', b'roland', b'anderson', b'george', b'sawley', b'reap', b'the', b'wild', b'wind', b'black', b'and', b'white', b'james', b'basevi', b'william', b'darling', b'thomas', b'little', b'the', b'song', b'of', b'bernadette', b'hans', b'dreier', b'ernst', b'fegte', b'bertram', b'granger', b'five', b'graves', b'to', b'cairo', b'albert', b'agostino', b'carroll', b'clark', b'darrell', b'silvera', b'harley', b'miller', b'flight', b'for', b'freedom', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'paul', b'groesse', b'edwin', b'willis', b'hugh', b'hunt', b'madame', b'curie', b'carl', b'weyl', b'george', b'hopkins', b'mission', b'to', b'moscow', b'perry', b'ferguson', b'howard', b'bristol', b'the', b'north', b'star', b'color', b'alexander', b'golitzen', b'john', b'goodman', b'russell', b'gausman', b'ira', b'webb', b'phantom', b'of', b'the', b'opera', b'hans', b'dreier', b'haldane', b'douglas', b'bertram', b'granger', b'for', b'whom', b'the', b'bell', b'tolls', b'james', b'basevi', b'joseph', b'wright', b'thomas', b'little', b'the', b'gang', b'all', b'here', b'john', b'hughes', b'george', b'hopkins', b'this', b'is', b'the', b'army', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'daniel', b'cathcart', b'edwin', b'willis', b'jacques', b'mersereau', b'thousands', b'cheer', b'black', b'and', b'white', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'william', b'ferrari', b'paul', b'huldschinsky', b'edwin', b'willis', b'gaslight', b'lionel', b'banks', b'walter', b'holscher', b'joseph', b'kish', b'address', b'unknown', b'john', b'hughes', b'fred', b'maclean', b'the', b'adventures', b'of', b'mark', b'twain', b'perry', b'ferguson', b'julia', b'heron', b'casanova', b'brown', b'lyle', b'wheeler', b'leland', b'fuller', b'thomas', b'little', b'laura', b'hans', b'dreier', b'robert', b'usher', b'samuel', b'comer', b'no', b'time', b'for', b'love', b'mark', b'lee', b'kirk', b'victor', b'gangelin', b'since', b'you', b'went', b'away', b'nomination', b'withdrawn', b'song', b'of', b'the', b'open', b'road', b'albert', b'agostino', b'carroll', b'clark', b'darrell', b'silvera', b'claude', b'carpenter', b'step', b'lively', b'color', b'wiard', b'ihnen', b'thomas', b'little', b'wilson', b'john', b'goodman', b'alexander', b'golitzen', b'russell', b'gausman', b'ira', b'webb', b'the', b'climax', b'lionel', b'banks', b'cary', b'odell', b'fay', b'babcock', b'cover', b'girl', b'charles', b'novi', b'jack', b'mcconaghy', b'the', b'desert', b'song', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'daniel', b'cathcart', b'edwin', b'willis', b'richard', b'pefferle', b'kismet', b'hans', b'dreier', b'raoul', b'pene', b'du', b'bois', b'ray', b'moyer', b'lady', b'in', b'the', b'dark', b'ernst', b'fegte', b'howard', b'bristol', b'the', b'princess', b'and', b'the', b'pirate', b'black', b'and', b'white', b'wiard', b'ihnen', b'roland', b'fields', b'blood', b'on', b'the', b'sun', b'albert', b'agostino', b'jack', b'okey', b'darrell', b'silvera', b'claude', b'carpenter', b'experiment', b'perilous', b'james', b'basevi', b'william', b'darling', b'thomas', b'little', b'frank', b'hughes', b'the', b'keys', b'of', b'the', b'kingdom', b'hans', b'dreier', b'roland', b'anderson', b'samuel', b'comer', b'ray', b'moyer', b'love', b'letters', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'hans', b'peters', b'edwin', b'willis', b'john', b'bonar', b'hugh', b'hunt', b'the', b'picture', b'of', b'dorian', b'gray', b'color', b'hans', b'dreier', b'ernst', b'fegte', b'samuel', b'comer', b'frenchman', b'creek', b'lyle', b'wheeler', b'maurice', b'ransford', b'thomas', b'little', b'leave', b'her', b'to', b'heaven', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'urie', b'mccleary', b'edwin', b'willis', b'mildred', b'griffiths', b'national', b'velvet', b'ted', b'smith', b'jack', b'mcconaghy', b'san', b'antonio', b'stephen', b'goosson', b'rudolph', b'sternad', b'frank', b'tuttle', b'thousand', b'and', b'one', b'nights', b'black', b'and', b'white', b'william', b'darling', b'lyle', b'wheeler', b'thomas', b'little', b'frank', b'hughes', b'anna', b'and', b'the', b'king', b'of', b'siam', b'hans', b'dreier', b'walter', b'tyler', b'samuel', b'comer', b'ray', b'moyer', b'kitty', b'richard', b'day', b'nathan', b'juran', b'thomas', b'little', b'paul', b'fox', b'the', b'razor', b'edge', b'color', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'paul', b'groesse', b'edwin', b'willis', b'the', b'yearling', b'john', b'bryan', b'caesar', b'and', b'cleopatra', b'paul', b'sheriff', b'carmen', b'dillon', b'henry', b'best', b'art', b'direction', b'set', b'decoration', b'year', b'art', b'director', b'set', b'decorator', b'film', b'black', b'and', b'white', b'wilfred', b'shingleton', b'john', b'bryan', b'great', b'expectations', b'lyle', b'wheeler', b'maurice', b'ransford', b'thomas', b'little', b'paul', b'fox', b'the', b'foxes', b'of', b'harrow', b'color', b'alfred', b'junge', b'black', b'narcissus', b'robert', b'haas', b'george', b'james', b'hopkins', b'life', b'with', b'father', b'black', b'and', b'white', b'carmen', b'dillon', b'roger', b'furse', b'hamlet', b'robert', b'haas', b'william', b'wallace', b'johnny', b'belinda', b'color', b'arthur', b'lawson', b'hein', b'heckroth', b'the', b'red', b'shoes', b'richard', b'day', b'edwin', b'casey', b'roberts', b'joseph', b'kish', b'joan', b'of', b'arc', b'black', b'and', b'white', b'harry', b'horner', b'john', b'meehan', b'emile', b'kuri', b'the', b'heiress', b'lyle', b'wheeler', b'joseph', b'wright', b'thomas', b'little', b'paul', b'fox', b'come', b'to', b'the', b'stable', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'jack', b'martin', b'smith', b'edwin', b'willis', b'richard', b'pefferle', b'madame', b'bovary', b'color', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'paul', b'groesse', b'edwin', b'willis', b'jack', b'moore', b'little', b'women', b'edward', b'carrere', b'lyle', b'reifsnider', b'adventures', b'of', b'don', b'juan', b'jim', b'morahan', b'william', b'kellner', b'michael', b'relph', b'saraband', b'for', b'dead', b'lovers', b'year', b'art', b'director', b'set', b'decorator', b'film', b'black', b'and', b'white', b'hans', b'dreier', b'john', b'meehan', b'samuel', b'comer', b'ray', b'moyer', b'sunset', b'boulevard', b'george', b'davis', b'lyle', b'wheeler', b'thomas', b'little', b'walter', b'scott', b'all', b'about', b'eve', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'hans', b'peters', b'edwin', b'willis', b'hugh', b'hunt', b'the', b'red', b'danube', b'color', b'hans', b'dreier', b'walter', b'tyler', b'samuel', b'comer', b'ray', b'moyer', b'samson', b'and', b'delilah', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'paul', b'groesse', b'edwin', b'willis', b'richard', b'pefferle', b'annie', b'get', b'your', b'gun', b'ernst', b'fegt\xc3\xa9', b'george', b'sawley', b'destination', b'moon', b'black', b'and', b'white', b'richard', b'day', b'george', b'james', b'hopkins', b'streetcar', b'named', b'desire', b'leland', b'fuller', b'lyle', b'wheeler', b'thomas', b'little', b'fred', b'rode', b'fourteen', b'hours', b'john', b'decuir', b'lyle', b'wheeler', b'paul', b'fox', b'thomas', b'little', b'house', b'on', b'telegraph', b'hill', b'jean', b'eaubonne', b'la', b'ronde', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'paul', b'groesse', b'edwin', b'wills', b'jack', b'moore', b'too', b'young', b'to', b'kiss', b'color', b'preston', b'ames', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'edwin', b'willis', b'keogh', b'gleason', b'an', b'american', b'in', b'paris', b'george', b'davis', b'lyle', b'wheeler', b'paul', b'fox', b'thomas', b'little', b'david', b'and', b'bathsheba', b'leland', b'fuller', b'lyle', b'wheeler', b'thomas', b'little', b'walter', b'scott', b'on', b'the', b'riviera', b'edward', b'carfagno', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'william', b'horning', b'hugh', b'hunt', b'quo', b'vadis', b'hein', b'heckroth', b'the', b'tales', b'of', b'hoffmann', b'black', b'and', b'white', b'edward', b'carfagno', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'keogh', b'gleason', b'edwin', b'willis', b'the', b'bad', b'and', b'the', b'beautiful', b'roland', b'anderson', b'hal', b'pereira', b'emile', b'kuri', b'carrie', b'john', b'decuir', b'lyle', b'wheeler', b'walter', b'scott', b'my', b'cousin', b'rachel', b'so', b'matsuyama', b'motsumoto', b'rash\xc5\x8dmon', b'leland', b'fuller', b'lyle', b'wheeler', b'claude', b'carpenter', b'thomas', b'little', b'viva', b'zapata', b'color', b'marcel', b'vert\xc3\xa8s', b'paul', b'sheriff', b'moulin', b'rouge', b'clav\xc3\xa9', b'richard', b'day', b'howard', b'bristol', b'hans', b'christian', b'andersen', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'paul', b'groesse', b'arthur', b'krams', b'edwin', b'willis', b'the', b'merry', b'widow', b'frank', b'hotaling', b'john', b'mccarthy', b'jr', b'charles', b'thompson', b'the', b'quiet', b'man', b'john', b'decuir', b'lyle', b'wheeler', b'paul', b'fox', b'thomas', b'little', b'the', b'snows', b'of', b'kilimanjaro', b'black', b'and', b'white', b'edward', b'carfagno', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'hugh', b'hunt', b'edwin', b'willis', b'julius', b'caesar', b'paul', b'markwitz', b'fritz', b'maurischat', b'martin', b'luther', b'leland', b'fuller', b'lyle', b'wheeler', b'paul', b'fox', b'the', b'president', b'lady', b'hal', b'pereira', b'walter', b'tyler', b'roman', b'holiday', b'maurice', b'ransford', b'lyle', b'wheeler', b'stuart', b'reiss', b'titanic', b'color', b'george', b'davis', b'lyle', b'wheeler', b'paul', b'fox', b'walter', b'scott', b'the', b'robe', b'alfred', b'junge', b'hans', b'peters', b'john', b'jarvis', b'knights', b'of', b'the', b'round', b'table', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'paul', b'groesse', b'arthur', b'krams', b'edwin', b'willis', b'lili', b'preston', b'ames', b'edward', b'carfagno', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'gabriel', b'scognamillo', b'keogh', b'gleason', b'arthur', b'krams', b'jack', b'moore', b'edwin', b'willis', b'the', b'story', b'of', b'three', b'loves', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'urie', b'mccleary', b'jack', b'moore', b'edwin', b'willis', b'young', b'bess', b'black', b'and', b'white', b'richard', b'day', b'on', b'the', b'waterfront', b'roland', b'anderson', b'hal', b'pereira', b'samuel', b'comer', b'grace', b'gregory', b'the', b'country', b'girl', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'edward', b'carfagno', b'edwin', b'willis', b'emile', b'kuri', b'executive', b'suite', b'max', b'oph\xc3\xbcls', b'le', b'plaisir', b'hal', b'pereira', b'walter', b'tyler', b'samuel', b'comer', b'ray', b'moyer', b'sabrina', b'color', b'john', b'meehan', b'emile', b'kuri', b'leagues', b'under', b'the', b'sea', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'preston', b'ames', b'edwin', b'willis', b'keogh', b'gleason', b'brigadoon', b'lyle', b'wheeler', b'leland', b'fuller', b'walter', b'scott', b'paul', b'fox', b'd\xc3\xa9sir\xc3\xa9e', b'hal', b'pereira', b'roland', b'anderson', b'samuel', b'comer', b'ray', b'moyer', b'red', b'garters', b'malcolm', b'bert', b'gene', b'allen', b'irene', b'sharaff', b'george', b'james', b'hopkins', b'star', b'is', b'born', b'black', b'and', b'white', b'hal', b'pereira', b'tambi', b'larsen', b'samuel', b'comer', b'arthur', b'krams', b'the', b'rose', b'tattoo', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'randall', b'duell', b'edwin', b'willis', b'henry', b'grace', b'blackboard', b'jungle', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'malcolm', b'brown', b'edwin', b'willis', b'hugh', b'hunt', b'll', b'cry', b'tomorrow', b'joseph', b'wright', b'darrell', b'silvera', b'the', b'man', b'with', b'the', b'golden', b'arm', b'edward', b'haworth', b'walter', b'simonds', b'robert', b'priestley', b'marty', b'color', b'william', b'flannery', b'jo', b'mielziner', b'robert', b'priestley', b'picnic', b'lyle', b'wheeler', b'john', b'decuir', b'walter', b'scott', b'paul', b'fox', b'daddy', b'long', b'legs', b'oliver', b'smith', b'joseph', b'wright', b'howard', b'bristol', b'guys', b'and', b'dolls', b'lyle', b'wheeler', b'george', b'davis', b'walter', b'scott', b'jack', b'stubbs', b'love', b'is', b'many', b'splendored', b'thing', b'hal', b'pereira', b'joseph', b'mcmillan', b'johnson', b'samuel', b'comer', b'arthur', b'krams', b'to', b'catch', b'thief', b'black', b'and', b'white', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'malcolm', b'brown', b'edwin', b'willis', b'keogh', b'gleason', b'somebody', b'up', b'there', b'likes', b'me', b'hal', b'pereira', b'earl', b'hedrick', b'samuel', b'comer', b'frank', b'mckelvy', b'the', b'proud', b'and', b'profane', b'so', b'matsuyama', b'seven', b'samurai', b'ross', b'bellah', b'william', b'kiernan', b'louis', b'diage', b'the', b'solid', b'gold', b'cadillac', b'lyle', b'wheeler', b'jack', b'martin', b'smith', b'walter', b'scott', b'stuart', b'reiss', b'teenage', b'rebel', b'color', b'lyle', b'wheeler', b'john', b'decuir', b'walter', b'scott', b'paul', b'fox', b'the', b'king', b'and', b'james', b'sullivan', b'ken', b'adam', b'ross', b'dowd', b'around', b'the', b'world', b'in', b'days', b'boris', b'leven', b'ralph', b'hurst', b'giant', b'cedric', b'gibbons', b'hans', b'peters', b'preston', b'ames', b'edwin', b'willis', b'keogh', b'gleason', b'lust', b'for', b'life', b'hal', b'pereira', b'walter', b'tyler', b'albert', b'nozaki', b'samuel', b'comer', b'ray', b'moyer', b'the', b'ten', b'commandments', b'ted', b'haworth', b'robert', b'priestley', b'sayonara', b'hal', b'pereira', b'george', b'davis', b'samuel', b'comer', b'ray', b'moyer', b'funny', b'face', b'william', b'horning', b'gene', b'allen', b'edwin', b'willis', b'richard', b'pefferle', b'les', b'girls', b'walter', b'holscher', b'william', b'kiernan', b'louis', b'diage', b'pal', b'joey', b'william', b'horning', b'urie', b'mccleary', b'edwin', b'willis', b'hugh', b'hunt', b'raintree', b'county', b'william', b'horning', b'preston', b'ames', b'henry', b'grace', b'keogh', b'gleason', b'gigi', b'malcolm', b'bert', b'george', b'james', b'hopkins', b'auntie', b'mame', b'cary', b'odell', b'louis', b'diage', b'bell', b'book', b'and', b'candle', b'lyle', b'wheeler', b'john', b'decuir', b'walter', b'scott', b'paul', b'fox', b'certain', b'smile', b'hal', b'pereira', b'henry', b'bumstead', b'samuel', b'comer', b'frank', b'mckelvy', b'vertigo', b'black', b'and', b'white', b'lyle', b'wheeler', b'george', b'davis', b'walter', b'scott', b'stuart', b'reiss', b'the', b'diary', b'of', b'anne', b'frank', b'hal', b'pereira', b'walter', b'tyler', b'samuel', b'comer', b'arthur', b'krams', b'career', b'carl', b'anderson', b'william', b'kiernan', b'the', b'last', b'angry', b'man', b'ted', b'haworth', b'edward', b'boyle', b'some', b'like', b'it', b'hot', b'oliver', b'messel', b'william', b'kellner', b'scott', b'slimon', b'suddenly', b'last', b'summer', b'color', b'william', b'horning', b'edward', b'carfagno', b'hugh', b'hunt', b'ben', b'hur', b'john', b'de', b'cuir', b'julia', b'heron', b'the', b'big', b'fisherman', b'lyle', b'wheeler', b'franz', b'bachelin', b'herman', b'blumenthal', b'walter', b'scott', b'joseph', b'kish', b'journey', b'to', b'the', b'center', b'of', b'the', b'earth', b'william', b'horning', b'robert', b'boyle', b'merrill', b'pye', b'henry', b'grace', b'frank', b'mckelvy', b'north', b'by', b'northwest', b'richard', b'riedel', b'russell', b'gausman', b'ruby', b'levitt', b'pillow', b'talk', b'year', b'art', b'director', b'set', b'decorator', b'film', b'black', b'and', b'white', b'alexander', b'trauner', b'edward', b'boyle', b'the', b'apartment', b'joseph', b'mcmillan', b'johnson', b'kenneth', b'reid', b'ross', b'dowd', b'the', b'facts', b'of', b'life', b'joseph', b'hurley', b'robert', b'clatworthy', b'george', b'milo', b'psycho', b'tom', b'morahan', b'lionel', b'couch', b'sons', b'and', b'lovers', b'hal', b'pereira', b'walter', b'tyler', b'samuel', b'comer', b'arthur', b'krams', b'visit', b'to', b'small', b'planet', b'color', b'harry', b'horner', b'russell', b'gausman', b'julia', b'heron', b'spartacus', b'george', b'davis', b'addison', b'hehr', b'henry', b'grace', b'hugh', b'hunt', b'otto', b'siegel', b'cimarron', b'hal', b'pereira', b'roland', b'anderson', b'samuel', b'comer', b'arrigo', b'breschi', b'it', b'started', b'in', b'naples', b'ted', b'haworth', b'william', b'kiernan', b'pepe', b'edward', b'carrere', b'george', b'james', b'hopkins', b'sunrise', b'at', b'campobello', b'black', b'and', b'white', b'alexander', b'trauner', b'gene', b'callahan', b'the', b'hustler', b'carroll', b'clark', b'emile', b'kuri', b'hal', b'gausman', b'the', b'absent', b'minded', b'professor', b'fernando', b'carrere', b'edward', b'boyle', b'the', b'children', b'hour', b'rudolf', b'sternad', b'george', b'milo', b'judgment', b'at', b'nuremberg', b'piero', b'gherardi', b'la', b'dolce', b'vita', b'color', b'boris', b'leven', b'victor', b'gangelin', b'west', b'side', b'story', b'hal', b'pereira', b'roland', b'anderson', b'samuel', b'comer', b'ray', b'moyer', b'breakfast', b'at', b'tiffany', b'veniero', b'colasanti', b'john', b'moore', b'el', b'cid', b'alexander', b'golitzen', b'joseph', b'wright', b'howard', b'bristol', b'flower', b'drum', b'song', b'hal', b'pereira', b'walter', b'tyler', b'samuel', b'comer', b'arthur', b'krams', b'summer', b'and', b'smoke', b'black', b'and', b'white', b'alexander', b'golitzen', b'henry', b'bumstead', b'oliver', b'emert', b'to', b'kill', b'mockingbird', b'joseph', b'wright', b'george', b'james', b'hopkins', b'days', b'of', b'wine', b'and', b'roses', b'ted', b'haworth', b'l\xc3\xa9on', b'barsacq', b'vincent', b'korda', b'gabriel', b'bechir', b'the', b'longest', b'day', b'george', b'davis', b'edward', b'carfagno', b'henry', b'grace', b'dick', b'pefferle', b'period', b'of', b'adjustment', b'hal', b'pereira', b'roland', b'anderson', b'samuel', b'comer', b'frank', b'mckelvy', b'the', b'pigeon', b'that', b'took', b'rome', b'color', b'john', b'box', b'john', b'stoll', b'dario', b'simoni', b'lawrence', b'of', b'arabia', b'paul', b'groesse', b'george', b'james', b'hopkins', b'the', b'music', b'man', b'george', b'davis', b'mcmillan', b'johnson', b'henry', b'grace', b'hugh', b'hunt', b'mutiny', b'on', b'the', b'bounty', b'alexander', b'golitzen', b'robert', b'clatworthy', b'george', b'milo', b'that', b'touch', b'of', b'mink', b'george', b'davis', b'edward', b'carfagno', b'henry', b'grace', b'dick', b'pefferle', b'the', b'wonderful', b'world', b'of', b'the', b'brothers', b'grimm', b'black', b'and', b'white', b'gene', b'callahan', b'america', b'america', b'piero', b'gherardi', b'hal', b'pereira', b'tambi', b'larsen', b'samuel', b'comer', b'robert', b'benton', b'hud', b'hal', b'pereira', b'roland', b'anderson', b'samuel', b'comer', b'grace', b'gregory', b'love', b'with', b'the', b'proper', b'stranger', b'george', b'davis', b'paul', b'groesse', b'henry', b'grace', b'hugh', b'hunt', b'twilight', b'of', b'honor', b'color', b'john', b'decuir', b'jack', b'martin', b'smith', b'hilyard', b'brown', b'herman', b'blumenthal', b'elven', b'webb', b'maurice', b'pelling', b'boris', b'juraga', b'walter', b'scott', b'paul', b'fox', b'ray', b'moyer', b'cleopatra', b'lyle', b'wheeler', b'gene', b'callahan', b'the', b'cardinal', b'hal', b'pereira', b'roland', b'anderson', b'samuel', b'comer', b'james', b'payne', b'come', b'blow', b'your', b'horn', b'george', b'davis', b'william', b'ferrari', b'addison', b'hehr', b'henry', b'grace', b'don', b'greenwood', b'jr', b'jack', b'mills', b'how', b'the', b'west', b'was', b'won', b'ralph', b'brinton', b'ted', b'marshall', b'jocelyn', b'herbert', b'josie', b'macavin', b'tom', b'jones', b'black', b'and', b'white', b'vassilis', b'fotopoulos', b'zorba', b'the', b'greek', b'george', b'davis', b'hans', b'peters', b'elliot', b'scott', b'henry', b'grace', b'robert', b'benton', b'the', b'americanization', b'of', b'emily', b'william', b'glasgow', b'raphael', b'bretton', b'hush', b'hush', b'sweet', b'charlotte', b'stephen', b'grimes', b'the', b'night', b'of', b'the', b'iguana', b'cary', b'odell', b'edward', b'boyle', b'seven', b'days', b'in', b'may', b'color', b'gene', b'allen', b'cecil', b'beaton', b'george', b'james', b'hopkins', b'my', b'fair', b'lady', b'john', b'bryan', b'maurice', b'carter', b'patrick', b'mcloughlin', b'robert', b'cartwright', b'becket', b'carroll', b'clark', b'william', b'tuntke', b'emile', b'kuri', b'hal', b'gausman', b'mary', b'poppins', b'george', b'davis', b'preston', b'ames', b'henry', b'grace', b'hugh', b'hunt', b'the', b'unsinkable', b'molly', b'brown', b'jack', b'martin', b'smith', b'ted', b'haworth', b'walter', b'scott', b'stuart', b'reiss', b'what', b'way', b'to', b'go', b'black', b'and', b'white', b'robert', b'clatworthy', b'joseph', b'kish', b'ship', b'of', b'fools', b'robert', b'emmet', b'smith', b'frank', b'tuttle', b'king', b'rat', b'george', b'davis', b'urie', b'mccleary', b'henry', b'grace', b'charles', b'thompson', b'patch', b'of', b'blue', b'hal', b'pereira', b'jack', b'poplin', b'robert', b'benton', b'joseph', b'kish', b'the', b'slender', b'thread', b'hal', b'pereira', b'tambi', b'larsen', b'ted', b'marshall', b'josie', b'macavin', b'the', b'spy', b'who', b'came', b'in', b'from', b'the', b'cold', b'color', b'john', b'box', b'terence', b'marsh', b'dario', b'simoni', b'doctor', b'zhivago', b'john', b'decuir', b'jack', b'martin', b'smith', b'dario', b'simoni', b'the', b'agony', b'and', b'the', b'ecstasy', b'richard', b'day', b'william', b'creber', b'david', b'hall', b'ray', b'moyer', b'fred', b'maclean', b'norman', b'rockett', b'the', b'greatest', b'story', b'ever', b'told', b'robert', b'clatworthy', b'george', b'james', b'hopkins', b'inside', b'daisy', b'clover', b'boris', b'leven', b'walter', b'scott', b'ruby', b'levitt', b'the', b'sound', b'of', b'music', b'black', b'and', b'white', b'richard', b'sylbert', b'george', b'james', b'hopkins', b'who', b'afraid', b'of', b'virginia', b'woolf', b'robert', b'luthardt', b'edward', b'boyle', b'the', b'fortune', b'cookie', b'luigi', b'scaccianoce', b'the', b'gospel', b'according', b'to', b'st', b'matthew', b'willy', b'holt', b'marc', b'frederix', b'pierre', b'guffroy', b'is', b'paris', b'burning', b'george', b'davis', b'paul', b'groesse', b'henry', b'grace', b'hugh', b'hunt', b'mister', b'buddwing', b'color', b'jack', b'martin', b'smith', b'dale', b'hennesy', b'walter', b'scott', b'stuart', b'reiss', b'fantastic', b'voyage', b'alexander', b'golitzen', b'george', b'webb', b'john', b'mccarthy', b'jr', b'john', b'austin', b'gambit', b'piero', b'gherardi', b'juliet', b'of', b'the', b'spirits', b'hal', b'pereira', b'arthur', b'lonergan', b'robert', b'benton', b'james', b'payne', b'the', b'oscar', b'boris', b'leven', b'walter', b'scott', b'john', b'sturtevant', b'william', b'kiernan', b'the', b'sand', b'pebbles', b'john', b'truscott', b'edward', b'carrere', b'john', b'brown', b'camelot', b'mario', b'chiari', b'jack', b'martin', b'smith', b'ed', b'graves', b'walter', b'scott', b'stuart', b'reiss', b'doctor', b'dolittle', b'robert', b'clatworthy', b'frank', b'tuttle', b'guess', b'who', b'coming', b'to', b'dinner', b'renzo', b'mongiardino', b'john', b'decuir', b'elven', b'webb', b'giuseppe', b'mariani', b'dario', b'simoni', b'luigi', b'gervasi', b'the', b'taming', b'of', b'the', b'shrew', b'alexander', b'golitzen', b'george', b'webb', b'howard', b'bristol', b'thoroughly', b'modern', b'millie', b'john', b'box', b'terence', b'marsh', b'vernon', b'dixon', b'ken', b'muggleston', b'oliver', b'george', b'davis', b'edward', b'carfagno', b'the', b'shoes', b'of', b'the', b'fisherman', b'boris', b'leven', b'walter', b'scott', b'howard', b'bristol', b'star', b'anthony', b'masters', b'harry', b'lange', b'ernie', b'archer', b'space', b'odyssey', b'mikhail', b'bogdanov', b'gennady', b'myasnikov', b'georgi', b'koshelev', b'vladimir', b'uvarov', b'war', b'and', b'peace', b'john', b'decuir', b'jack', b'martin', b'smith', b'herman', b'blumenthal', b'walter', b'scott', b'george', b'hopkins', b'raphael', b'bretton', b'hello', b'dolly', b'maurice', b'carter', b'lionel', b'couch', b'patrick', b'mcloughlin', b'anne', b'of', b'the', b'thousand', b'days', b'robert', b'boyle', b'george', b'chan', b'edward', b'boyle', b'carl', b'biddiscombe', b'gaily', b'gaily', b'alexander', b'golitzen', b'george', b'webb', b'jack', b'moore', b'sweet', b'charity', b'harry', b'horner', b'frank', b'mckelvy', b'they', b'shoot', b'horses', b'don', b'they', b'year', b'art', b'director', b'set', b'decorator', b'film', b'urie', b'mccleary', b'gil', b'parrondo', b'antonio', b'mateos', b'pierre', b'louis', b'thevenet', b'patton', b'alexander', b'golitzen', b'preston', b'ames', b'jack', b'moore', b'mickey', b'michaels', b'airport', b'tambi', b'larsen', b'darrell', b'silvera', b'the', b'molly', b'maguires', b'terence', b'marsh', b'bob', b'cartwright', b'pamela', b'cornell', b'scrooge', b'jack', b'martin', b'smith', b'yoshir\xc5\x8d', b'muraki', b'richard', b'day', b'taizoh', b'kawashima', b'samuel', b'comer', b'arthur', b'krams', b'norman', b'rockett', b'tora', b'tora', b'tora', b'john', b'box', b'ernest', b'archer', b'jack', b'maxsted', b'gil', b'parrondo', b'vernon', b'dixon', b'nicholas', b'and', b'alexandra', b'boris', b'leven', b'william', b'tuntke', b'ruby', b'levitt', b'the', b'andromeda', b'strain', b'john', b'mansbridge', b'peter', b'ellenshaw', b'emile', b'kuri', b'hal', b'gausman', b'bedknobs', b'and', b'broomsticks', b'robert', b'boyle', b'michael', b'stringer', b'peter', b'lamont', b'fiddler', b'on', b'the', b'roof', b'terence', b'marsh', b'robert', b'cartwright', b'peter', b'howitt', b'mary', b'queen', b'of', b'scots', b'rolf', b'zehetbauer', b'jurgen', b'kiebach', b'herbert', b'strabel', b'cabaret', b'carl', b'anderson', b'reg', b'allen', b'lady', b'sings', b'the', b'blues', b'william', b'creber', b'raphael', b'bretton', b'the', b'poseidon', b'adventure', b'john', b'box', b'gil', b'parrondo', b'robert', b'laing', b'travels', b'with', b'my', b'aunt', b'donald', b'ashton', b'geoffrey', b'drake', b'john', b'graysmark', b'william', b'hutchinson', b'peter', b'james', b'young', b'winston', b'henry', b'bumstead', b'james', b'payne', b'the', b'sting', b'lorenzo', b'mongiardino', b'gianni', b'quaranta', b'carmelo', b'patrono', b'brother', b'sun', b'sister', b'moon', b'bill', b'malley', b'jerry', b'wunderlich', b'the', b'exorcist', b'philip', b'jefferies', b'robert', b'de', b'vestel', b'tom', b'sawyer', b'stephen', b'grimes', b'william', b'kiernan', b'the', b'way', b'we', b'were', b'dean', b'tavoularis', b'angelo', b'graham', b'george', b'nelson', b'the', b'godfather', b'part', b'ii', b'richard', b'sylbert', b'stewart', b'campbell', b'ruby', b'levitt', b'chinatown', b'alexander', b'golitzen', b'preston', b'ames', b'frank', b'mckelvy', b'earthquake', b'peter', b'ellenshaw', b'john', b'mansbridge', b'walter', b'tyler', b'al', b'roelofs', b'hal', b'gausman', b'the', b'island', b'at', b'the', b'top', b'of', b'the', b'world', b'william', b'creber', b'ward', b'preston', b'raphael', b'bretton', b'the', b'towering', b'inferno', b'ken', b'adam', b'roy', b'walker', b'vernon', b'dixon', b'barry', b'lyndon', b'edward', b'carfagno', b'frank', b'mckelvy', b'the', b'hindenburg', b'alexander', b'trauner', b'tony', b'inglis', b'peter', b'james', b'the', b'man', b'who', b'would', b'be', b'king', b'richard', b'sylbert', b'stewart', b'campbell', b'george', b'gaines', b'shampoo', b'albert', b'brenner', b'marvin', b'march', b'the', b'sunshine', b'boys', b'george', b'jenkins', b'george', b'gaines', b'all', b'the', b'president', b'men', b'elliot', b'scott', b'norman', b'reynolds', b'the', b'incredible', b'sarah', b'gene', b'callahan', b'jack', b'collis', b'jerry', b'wunderlich', b'the', b'last', b'tycoon', b'dale', b'hennesy', b'robert', b'de', b'vestel', b'logan', b'run', b'robert', b'boyle', b'arthur', b'jeph', b'parker', b'the', b'shootist', b'john', b'barry', b'norman', b'reynolds', b'leslie', b'dilley', b'roger', b'christian', b'star', b'wars', b'george', b'webb', b'mickey', b'michaels', b'airport', b'joe', b'alves', b'dan', b'lomino', b'phil', b'abramson', b'close', b'encounters', b'of', b'the', b'third', b'kind', b'ken', b'adam', b'peter', b'lamont', b'hugh', b'scaife', b'the', b'spy', b'who', b'loved', b'me', b'albert', b'brenner', b'marvin', b'march', b'the', b'turning', b'point', b'paul', b'sylbert', b'edwin', b'donovan', b'george', b'gaines', b'heaven', b'can', b'wait', b'dean', b'tavoularis', b'angelo', b'graham', b'george', b'nelson', b'the', b'brink', b'job', b'albert', b'brenner', b'marvin', b'march', b'california', b'suite', b'mel', b'bourne', b'daniel', b'robert', b'interiors', b'tony', b'walton', b'philip', b'rosenberg', b'edward', b'stewart', b'robert', b'drumheller', b'the', b'wiz', b'philip', b'rosenberg', b'tony', b'walton', b'edward', b'stewart', b'gary', b'brink', b'all', b'that', b'jazz', b'michael', b'seymour', b'les', b'dilley', b'roger', b'christian', b'ian', b'whittaker', b'alien', b'dean', b'tavoularis', b'angelo', b'graham', b'george', b'nelson', b'apocalypse', b'now', b'george', b'jenkins', b'arthur', b'jeph', b'parker', b'the', b'china', b'syndrome', b'harold', b'michelson', b'joe', b'jennings', b'leon', b'harris', b'john', b'vallone', b'linda', b'descenna', b'star', b'trek', b'the', b'motion', b'picture', b'year', b'art', b'director', b'set', b'decorator', b'film', b'pierre', b'guffroy', b'jack', b'stephens', b'tess', b'john', b'corso', b'john', b'dwyer', b'coal', b'miner', b'daughter', b'stuart', b'craig', b'robert', b'cartwright', b'hugh', b'scaife', b'the', b'elephant', b'man', b'norman', b'reynolds', b'leslie', b'dilley', b'harry', b'lange', b'alan', b'tomkins', b'michael', b'ford', b'the', b'empire', b'strikes', b'back', b'yoshir\xc5\x8d', b'muraki', b'kagemusha', b'norman', b'reynolds', b'leslie', b'dilley', b'michael', b'ford', b'raiders', b'of', b'the', b'lost', b'ark', b'assheton', b'gorton', b'ann', b'mollo', b'the', b'french', b'lieutenant', b'woman', b'tambi', b'larsen', b'james', b'berkey', b'heaven', b'gate', b'john', b'graysmark', b'patrizia', b'von', b'brandenstein', b'tony', b'reading', b'george', b'detitta', b'sr', b'george', b'detitta', b'jr', b'peter', b'howitt', b'ragtime', b'richard', b'sylbert', b'michael', b'seirton', b'reds', b'stuart', b'craig', b'robert', b'laing', b'michael', b'seirton', b'gandhi', b'dale', b'hennesy', b'marvin', b'march', b'annie', b'lawrence', b'paull', b'david', b'snyder', b'linda', b'descenna', b'blade', b'runner', b'franco', b'zeffirelli', b'gianni', b'quaranta', b'la', b'traviata', b'rodger', b'maus', b'tim', b'hutchinson', b'william', b'craig', b'smith', b'harry', b'cordwell', b'victor', b'victoria', b'anna', b'asp', b'susanne', b'lingheim', b'fanny', b'and', b'alexander', b'norman', b'reynolds', b'fred', b'hole', b'james', b'schoppe', b'michael', b'ford', b'return', b'of', b'the', b'jedi', b'geoffrey', b'kirkland', b'richard', b'lawrence', b'stewart', b'campbell', b'peter', b'romero', b'jim', b'poynter', b'george', b'nelson', b'the', b'right', b'stuff', b'polly', b'platt', b'harold', b'michelson', b'tom', b'pedigo', b'anthony', b'mondell', b'terms', b'of', b'endearment', b'roy', b'walker', b'leslie', b'tomkins', b'tessa', b'davies', b'yentl', b'patrizia', b'von', b'brandenstein', b'karel', b'\xc4\x8dern\xc3\xbd', b'amadeus', b'richard', b'sylbert', b'george', b'gaines', b'the', b'cotton', b'club', b'mel', b'bourne', b'angelo', b'graham', b'bruce', b'weintraub', b'the', b'natural', b'john', b'box', b'hugh', b'scaife', b'passage', b'to', b'india', b'albert', b'brenner', b'rick', b'simpson', b'stephen', b'grimes', b'josie', b'macavin', b'out', b'of', b'africa', b'norman', b'garwood', b'maggie', b'gray', b'brazil', b'michael', b'riva', b'bo', b'welch', b'linda', b'descenna', b'the', b'color', b'purple', b'yoshir\xc5\x8d', b'muraki', b'shinobu', b'muraki', b'ran', b'stan', b'jolley', b'john', b'anderson', b'witness', b'gianni', b'quaranta', b'brian', b'ackland', b'snow', b'brian', b'savegar', b'elio', b'altamura', b'room', b'with', b'view', b'peter', b'lamont', b'crispian', b'sallis', b'aliens', b'boris', b'leven', b'karen', b'hara', b'the', b'color', b'of', b'money', b'stuart', b'wurtzel', b'carol', b'joffe', b'hannah', b'and', b'her', b'sisters', b'stuart', b'craig', b'jack', b'stephens', b'the', b'mission', b'ferdinando', b'scarfiotti', b'bruno', b'cesari', b'osvaldo', b'desideri', b'the', b'last', b'emperor', b'norman', b'reynolds', b'harry', b'cordwell', b'empire', b'of', b'the', b'sun', b'anthony', b'pratt', b'joanne', b'woollard', b'hope', b'and', b'glory', b'santo', b'loquasto', b'carol', b'joffe', b'leslie', b'bloom', b'george', b'detitta', b'jr', b'radio', b'days', b'patrizia', b'von', b'brandenstein', b'william', b'elliott', b'hal', b'gausman', b'the', b'untouchables', b'stuart', b'craig', b'g\xc3\xa9rard', b'james', b'dangerous', b'liaisons', b'albert', b'brenner', b'garrett', b'lewis', b'beaches', b'ida', b'random', b'linda', b'descenna', b'rain', b'man', b'dean', b'tavoularis', b'armin', b'ganz', b'tucker', b'the', b'man', b'and', b'his', b'dream', b'elliot', b'scott', b'peter', b'howitt', b'who', b'framed', b'roger', b'rabbit', b'anton', b'furst', b'peter', b'young', b'batman', b'leslie', b'dilley', b'anne', b'kuljian', b'the', b'abyss', b'dante', b'ferretti', b'francesca', b'lo', b'schiavo', b'the', b'adventures', b'of', b'baron', b'munchausen', b'bruno', b'rubeo', b'crispian', b'sallis', b'driving', b'miss', b'daisy', b'norman', b'garwood', b'garrett', b'lewis', b'glory', b'year', b'film', b'art', b'director', b'set', b'decorator', b'rd', b'dick', b'tracy', b'richard', b'sylbert', b'rick', b'simpson', b'cyrano', b'de', b'bergerac', b'ezio', b'frigerio', b'jacques', b'rouxel', b'dances', b'with', b'wolves', b'jeffrey', b'beecroft', b'lisa', b'dean', b'the', b'godfather', b'part', b'iii', b'dean', b'tavoularis', b'gary', b'fettis', b'hamlet', b'dante', b'ferretti', b'francesca', b'lo', b'schiavo', b'th', b'bugsy', b'dennis', b'gassner', b'nancy', b'haigh', b'barton', b'fink', b'dennis', b'gassner', b'nancy', b'haigh', b'the', b'fisher', b'king', b'mel', b'bourne', b'cindy', b'carr', b'hook', b'norman', b'garwood', b'garrett', b'lewis', b'the', b'prince', b'of', b'tides', b'paul', b'sylbert', b'caryl', b'heller', b'th', b'howards', b'end', b'luciana', b'arrighi', b'ian', b'whittaker', b'bram', b'stoker', b'dracula', b'thomas', b'sanders', b'garrett', b'lewis', b'chaplin', b'stuart', b'craig', b'chris', b'butler', b'toys', b'ferdinando', b'scarfiotti', b'linda', b'descenna', b'unforgiven', b'henry', b'bumstead', b'janice', b'blackie', b'goodine', b'th', b'schindler', b'list', b'allan', b'starski', b'ewa', b'braun', b'addams', b'family', b'values', b'ken', b'adam', b'marvin', b'march', b'the', b'age', b'of', b'innocence', b'dante', b'ferretti', b'robert', b'franco', b'orlando', b'ben', b'van', b'os', b'and', b'jan', b'roelfs', b'the', b'remains', b'of', b'the', b'day', b'luciana', b'arrighi', b'ian', b'whittaker', b'th', b'the', b'madness', b'of', b'king', b'george', b'ken', b'adam', b'carolyn', b'scott', b'bullets', b'over', b'broadway', b'santo', b'loquasto', b'susan', b'bode', b'forrest', b'gump', b'rick', b'carter', b'nancy', b'haigh', b'interview', b'with', b'the', b'vampire', b'dante', b'ferretti', b'francesca', b'lo', b'schiavo', b'legends', b'of', b'the', b'fall', b'lilly', b'kilvert', b'dorree', b'cooper', b'th', b'restoration', b'eugenio', b'zanetti', b'apollo', b'michael', b'corenblith', b'merideth', b'boswell', b'babe', b'roger', b'ford', b'kerrie', b'brown', b'little', b'princess', b'bo', b'welch', b'cheryl', b'carasik', b'richard', b'iii', b'tony', b'burrough', b'th', b'the', b'english', b'patient', b'stuart', b'craig', b'stephenie', b'mcmillan', b'the', b'birdcage', b'bo', b'welch', b'cheryl', b'carasik', b'evita', b'brian', b'morris', b'philippe', b'turlure', b'hamlet', b'tim', b'harvey', b'romeo', b'juliet', b'catherine', b'martin', b'brigitte', b'broch', b'th', b'titanic', b'peter', b'lamont', b'michael', b'ford', b'gattaca', b'jan', b'roelfs', b'nancy', b'nye', b'kundun', b'dante', b'ferretti', b'francesca', b'lo', b'schiavo', b'confidential', b'jeannine', b'oppewall', b'jay', b'hart', b'men', b'in', b'black', b'bo', b'welch', b'cheryl', b'carasik', b'st', b'shakespeare', b'in', b'love', b'martin', b'childs', b'jill', b'quertier', b'elizabeth', b'john', b'myhre', b'peter', b'howitt', b'pleasantville', b'jeannine', b'oppewall', b'jay', b'hart', b'saving', b'private', b'ryan', b'tom', b'sanders', b'lisa', b'dean', b'kavanaugh', b'what', b'dreams', b'may', b'come', b'eugenio', b'zanetti', b'cindy', b'carr', b'nd', b'sleepy', b'hollow', b'rick', b'heinrichs', b'peter', b'young', b'anna', b'and', b'the', b'king', b'luciana', b'arrighi', b'ian', b'whittaker', b'the', b'cider', b'house', b'rules', b'david', b'gropman', b'beth', b'rubino', b'the', b'talented', b'mr', b'ripley', b'roy', b'walker', b'bruno', b'cesari', b'topsy', b'turvy', b'eve', b'stewart', b'john', b'bush', b'year', b'film', b'art', b'director', b'set', b'decorator', b'rd', b'crouching', b'tiger', b'hidden', b'dragon', b'tim', b'yip', b'gladiator', b'arthur', b'max', b'crispian', b'sallis', b'how', b'the', b'grinch', b'stole', b'christmas', b'michael', b'corenblith', b'merideth', b'boswell', b'quills', b'martin', b'childs', b'jill', b'quertier', b'vatel', b'jean', b'rabasse', b'fran\xc3\xa7oise', b'beno\xc3\xaet', b'fresco', b'th', b'moulin', b'rouge', b'catherine', b'martin', b'brigitte', b'broch', b'am\xc3\xa9lie', b'aline', b'bonetto', b'marie', b'laure', b'valla', b'gosford', b'park', b'stephen', b'altman', b'anna', b'pinnock', b'harry', b'potter', b'and', b'the', b'sorcerer', b'stone', b'stuart', b'craig', b'stephenie', b'mcmillan', b'the', b'lord', b'of', b'the', b'rings', b'the', b'fellowship', b'of', b'the', b'ring', b'grant', b'major', b'dan', b'hennah', b'th', b'chicago', b'john', b'myhre', b'gordon', b'sim', b'frida', b'felipe', b'fern\xc3\xa1ndez', b'del', b'paso', b'hania', b'robledo', b'gangs', b'of', b'new', b'york', b'dante', b'ferretti', b'francesca', b'lo', b'schiavo', b'the', b'lord', b'of', b'the', b'rings', b'the', b'two', b'towers', b'grant', b'major', b'dan', b'hennah', b'and', b'alan', b'lee', b'road', b'to', b'perdition', b'dennis', b'gassner', b'nancy', b'haigh', b'th', b'the', b'lord', b'of', b'the', b'rings', b'the', b'return', b'of', b'the', b'king', b'grant', b'major', b'dan', b'hennah', b'and', b'alan', b'lee', b'girl', b'with', b'pearl', b'earring', b'ben', b'van', b'os', b'cecile', b'heideman', b'the', b'last', b'samurai', b'lilly', b'kilvert', b'gretchen', b'rau', b'master', b'and', b'commander', b'the', b'far', b'side', b'of', b'the', b'world', b'william', b'sandell', b'robert', b'gould', b'seabiscuit', b'jeannine', b'oppewall', b'leslie', b'pope', b'th', b'the', b'aviator', b'dante', b'ferretti', b'francesca', b'lo', b'schiavo', b'finding', b'neverland', b'gemma', b'jackson', b'trisha', b'edwards', b'lemony', b'snicket', b'series', b'of', b'unfortunate', b'events', b'rick', b'heinrichs', b'cheryl', b'carasik', b'the', b'phantom', b'of', b'the', b'opera', b'anthony', b'pratt', b'celia', b'bobak', b'very', b'long', b'engagement', b'aline', b'bonetto', b'th', b'memoirs', b'of', b'geisha', b'john', b'myhre', b'gretchen', b'rau', b'good', b'night', b'and', b'good', b'luck', b'jim', b'bissell', b'jan', b'pascale', b'harry', b'potter', b'and', b'the', b'goblet', b'of', b'fire', b'stuart', b'craig', b'stephenie', b'mcmillan', b'king', b'kong', b'grant', b'major', b'dan', b'hennah', b'and', b'simon', b'bright', b'pride', b'prejudice', b'sarah', b'greenwood', b'katie', b'spencer', b'th', b'pan', b'labyrinth', b'eugenio', b'caballero', b'pilar', b'revuelta', b'dreamgirls', b'john', b'myhre', b'nancy', b'haigh', b'the', b'good', b'shepherd', b'jeannine', b'claudia', b'oppewall', b'gretchen', b'rau', b'and', b'leslie', b'rollins', b'pirates', b'of', b'the', b'caribbean', b'dead', b'man', b'chest', b'rick', b'heinrichs', b'cheryl', b'carasik', b'the', b'prestige', b'nathan', b'crowley', b'julie', b'ochipinti', b'th', b'sweeney', b'todd', b'the', b'demon', b'barber', b'of', b'fleet', b'street', b'dante', b'ferretti', b'francesca', b'lo', b'schiavo', b'american', b'gangster', b'arthur', b'max', b'beth', b'rubino', b'atonement', b'sarah', b'greenwood', b'katie', b'spencer', b'the', b'golden', b'compass', b'dennis', b'gassner', b'anna', b'pinnock', b'there', b'will', b'be', b'blood', b'jack', b'fisk', b'jim', b'erickson', b'st', b'the', b'curious', b'case', b'of', b'benjamin', b'button', b'donald', b'graham', b'burt', b'victor', b'zolfo', b'changeling', b'james', b'murakami', b'gary', b'fettis', b'the', b'dark', b'knight', b'nathan', b'crowley', b'peter', b'lando', b'the', b'duchess', b'michael', b'carlin', b'rebecca', b'alleway', b'revolutionary', b'road', b'kristi', b'zea', b'debra', b'schutt', b'nd', b'avatar', b'rick', b'carter', b'and', b'robert', b'stromberg', b'kim', b'sinclair', b'the', b'imaginarium', b'of', b'doctor', b'parnassus', b'dave', b'warren', b'and', b'anastasia', b'masaro', b'caroline', b'smith', b'nine', b'john', b'myhre', b'gordon', b'sim', b'sherlock', b'holmes', b'sarah', b'greenwood', b'katie', b'spencer', b'the', b'young', b'victoria', b'patrice', b'vermette', b'maggie', b'gray', b'year', b'film', b'art', b'director', b'set', b'decorator', b'rd', b'alice', b'in', b'wonderland', b'robert', b'stromberg', b'karen', b'hara', b'harry', b'potter', b'and', b'the', b'deathly', b'hallows', b'part', b'stuart', b'craig', b'stephenie', b'mcmillan', b'inception', b'guy', b'hendrix', b'dyas', b'larry', b'dias', b'and', b'doug', b'mowat', b'the', b'king', b'speech', b'eve', b'stewart', b'judy', b'farr', b'true', b'grit', b'jess', b'gonchor', b'nancy', b'haigh', b'th', b'hugo', b'dante', b'ferretti', b'francesca', b'lo', b'schiavo', b'the', b'artist', b'laurence', b'bennett', b'robert', b'gould', b'harry', b'potter', b'and', b'the', b'deathly', b'hallows', b'part', b'stuart', b'craig', b'stephenie', b'mcmillan', b'midnight', b'in', b'paris', b'anne', b'seibel', b'h\xc3\xa9l\xc3\xa8ne', b'dubreuil', b'war', b'horse', b'rick', b'carter', b'lee', b'sandales', b'th', b'lincoln', b'rick', b'carter', b'jim', b'erickson', b'anna', b'karenina', b'sarah', b'greenwood', b'katie', b'spencer', b'the', b'hobbit', b'an', b'unexpected', b'journey', b'dan', b'hennah', b'ra', b'vincent', b'and', b'simon', b'bright', b'les', b'mis\xc3\xa9rables', b'eve', b'stewart', b'anna', b'lynch', b'robinson', b'life', b'of', b'pi', b'david', b'gropman', b'anna', b'pinnock', b'th', b'the', b'great', b'gatsby', b'catherine', b'martin', b'beverley', b'dunn', b'american', b'hustle', b'judy', b'becker', b'heather', b'loeffler', b'gravity', b'andy', b'nicholson', b'rosie', b'goodwin', b'and', b'joanne', b'woollard', b'her', b'barrett', b'gene', b'serdena', b'years', b'slave', b'adam', b'stockhausen', b'alice', b'baker', b'th', b'the', b'grand', b'budapest', b'hotel', b'adam', b'stockhausen', b'anna', b'pinnock', b'the', b'imitation', b'game', b'maria', b'djurkovic', b'tatiana', b'macdonald', b'interstellar', b'nathan', b'crowley', b'gary', b'fettis', b'into', b'the', b'woods', b'dennis', b'gassner', b'anna', b'pinnock', b'mr', b'turner', b'suzie', b'davies', b'charlotte', b'watts', b'th', b'mad', b'max', b'fury', b'road', b'colin', b'gibson', b'lisa', b'thompson', b'bridge', b'of', b'spies', b'adam', b'stockhausen', b'rena', b'deangelo', b'and', b'bernhard', b'henrich', b'the', b'danish', b'girl', b'michael', b'standish', b'eve', b'stewart', b'the', b'martian', b'arthur', b'max', b'celia', b'bobak', b'the', b'revenant', b'jack', b'fisk', b'hamish', b'purdy', b'th', b'la', b'la', b'land', b'david', b'wasco', b'sandy', b'reynolds', b'wasco', b'arrival', b'patrice', b'vermette', b'paul', b'hotte', b'fantastic', b'beasts', b'and', b'where', b'to', b'find', b'them', b'stuart', b'craig', b'anna', b'pinnock', b'hail', b'caesar', b'jess', b'gonchor', b'nancy', b'haigh', b'passengers', b'guy', b'hendrix', b'dyas', b'gene', b'serdena', b'see', b'also', b'bafta', b'award', b'for', b'best', b'production', b'design', b'critics', b'choice', b'movie', b'award', b'for', b'best', b'art', b'direction', b'references']
TaggedDocument(['the', 'academy', 'award', 'for', 'best', 'production', 'design', 'recognizes', 'achievement', 'for', 'art', 'direction', 'in', 'film', 'the', 'category', 'original', 'name', 'was', 'best', 'art', 'direction', 'but', 'was', 'changed', 'to', 'its', 'current', 'name', 'in', 'for', 'the', 'th', 'academy', 'awards', 'this', 'change', 'resulted', 'from', 'the', 'art', 'director', 'branch', 'of', 'the', 'academy', 'of', 'motion', 'picture', 'arts', 'and', 'sciences', 'ampas', 'being', 'renamed', 'the', 'designer', 'branch', 'since', 'the', 'award', 'is', 'shared', 'with', 'the', 'set', 'decorator', 'it', 'is', 'awarded', 'to', 'the', 'best', 'interior', 'design', 'in', 'film', 'the', 'films', 'below', 'are', 'listed', 'with', 'their', 'production', 'year', 'for', 'example', 'the', 'academy', 'award', 'for', 'best', 'art', 'direction', 'is', 'given', 'to', 'film', 'from', 'in', 'the', 'lists', 'below', 'the', 'winner', 'of', 'the', 'award', 'for', 'each', 'year', 'is', 'shown', 'first', 'followed', 'by', 'the', 'other', 'nominees', 'superlatives', 'category', 'name', 'superlative', 'notes', 'most', 'awards', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'awards', 'awards', 'resulted', 'from', 'nominations', 'most', 'nominations', 'nominations', 'nominations', 'resulted', 'in', 'awards', 'most', 'nominations', 'without', 'ever', 'winning', 'roland', 'anderson', 'nominations', 'nominations', 'resulted', 'in', 'no', 'awards', 'best', 'interior', 'decoration', 'year', 'interior', 'decorator', 'film', 'william', 'cameron', 'menzies', 'the', 'dove', 'tempest', 'harry', 'oliver', 'seventh', 'heaven', 'rochus', 'gliese', 'sunrise', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'the', 'bridge', 'of', 'san', 'luis', 'rey', 'mitchell', 'leisen', 'dynamite', 'william', 'cameron', 'menzies', 'alibi', 'the', 'awakening', 'hans', 'dreier', 'the', 'patriot', 'harry', 'oliver', 'street', 'angel', 'year', 'interior', 'decorator', 'film', 'herman', 'rosse', 'king', 'of', 'jazz', 'william', 'cameron', 'menzies', 'bulldog', 'drummond', 'hans', 'dreier', 'the', 'love', 'parade', 'jack', 'okey', 'sally', 'hans', 'dreier', 'the', 'vagabond', 'king', 'max', 'ree', 'cimarron', 'stephen', 'goosson', 'ralph', 'hammeras', 'just', 'imagine', 'hans', 'dreier', 'morocco', 'anton', 'grot', 'svengali', 'richard', 'day', 'whoopee', 'gordon', 'wiles', 'transatlantic', 'lazare', 'meerson', 'nous', 'la', 'liberté', 'richard', 'day', 'arrowsmith', 'william', 'darling', 'cavalcade', 'hans', 'dreier', 'roland', 'anderson', 'farewell', 'to', 'arms', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'when', 'ladies', 'meet', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'fredric', 'hope', 'the', 'merry', 'widow', 'van', 'nest', 'polglase', 'carroll', 'clark', 'the', 'gay', 'divorcee', 'richard', 'day', 'the', 'affairs', 'of', 'cellini', 'richard', 'day', 'the', 'dark', 'angel', 'hans', 'dreier', 'roland', 'anderson', 'the', 'lives', 'of', 'bengal', 'lancer', 'carroll', 'clark', 'van', 'nest', 'polglase', 'top', 'hat', 'richard', 'day', 'dodsworth', 'anton', 'grot', 'anthony', 'adverse', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'eddie', 'imazu', 'edwin', 'willis', 'the', 'great', 'ziegfeld', 'william', 'darling', 'lloyd', 'of', 'london', 'albert', 'agostino', 'jack', 'otterson', 'the', 'magnificent', 'brute', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'frederic', 'hope', 'edwin', 'willis', 'romeo', 'and', 'juliet', 'perry', 'ferguson', 'winterset', 'stephen', 'goosson', 'lost', 'horizon', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'william', 'horning', 'conquest', 'carroll', 'clark', 'damsel', 'in', 'distress', 'richard', 'day', 'dead', 'end', 'ward', 'ihnen', 'every', 'day', 'holiday', 'anton', 'grot', 'the', 'life', 'of', 'emile', 'zola', 'john', 'victor', 'mackay', 'manhattan', 'merry', 'go', 'round', 'lyle', 'wheeler', 'the', 'prisoner', 'of', 'zenda', 'hans', 'dreier', 'roland', 'anderson', 'souls', 'at', 'sea', 'alexander', 'toluboff', 'vogues', 'of', 'william', 'darling', 'david', 'hall', 'wee', 'willie', 'winkie', 'jack', 'otterson', 'you', 're', 'sweetheart', 'carl', 'weyl', 'the', 'adventures', 'of', 'robin', 'hood', 'lyle', 'wheeler', 'the', 'adventures', 'of', 'tom', 'sawyer', 'bernard', 'herzbrun', 'boris', 'leven', 'alexander', 'ragtime', 'band', 'alexander', 'toluboff', 'algiers', 'van', 'nest', 'polglase', 'carefree', 'richard', 'day', 'the', 'goldwyn', 'follies', 'stephen', 'goosson', 'lionel', 'banks', 'holiday', 'hans', 'dreier', 'john', 'goodman', 'if', 'were', 'king', 'jack', 'otterson', 'mad', 'about', 'music', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'marie', 'antoinette', 'charles', 'hall', 'merrily', 'we', 'live', 'lyle', 'wheeler', 'gone', 'with', 'the', 'wind', 'hans', 'dreier', 'robert', 'odell', 'beau', 'geste', 'charles', 'hall', 'captain', 'fury', 'jack', 'otterson', 'martin', 'obzina', 'first', 'love', 'van', 'nest', 'polglase', 'alfred', 'herman', 'love', 'affair', 'john', 'victor', 'mackay', 'man', 'of', 'conquest', 'lionel', 'banks', 'mr', 'smith', 'goes', 'to', 'washington', 'anton', 'grot', 'the', 'private', 'lives', 'of', 'elizabeth', 'and', 'essex', 'william', 'darling', 'george', 'dudley', 'the', 'rains', 'came', 'alexander', 'toluboff', 'stagecoach', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'william', 'horning', 'the', 'wizard', 'of', 'oz', 'james', 'basevi', 'wuthering', 'heights', 'year', 'interior', 'decorator', 'film', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'richard', 'day', 'paul', 'groesse', 'pride', 'and', 'prejudice', 'hans', 'dreier', 'robert', 'usher', 'arise', 'my', 'love', 'lionel', 'banks', 'robert', 'peterson', 'arizona', 'john', 'otterson', 'the', 'boys', 'from', 'syracuse', 'john', 'victor', 'mackay', 'dark', 'command', 'alexander', 'golitzen', 'foreign', 'correspondent', 'richard', 'day', 'joseph', 'wright', 'lillian', 'russell', 'van', 'nest', 'polglase', 'mark', 'lee', 'kirk', 'my', 'favorite', 'wife', 'john', 'ducasse', 'schulze', 'my', 'son', 'my', 'son', 'lewis', 'rachmil', 'our', 'town', 'lyle', 'wheeler', 'rebecca', 'anton', 'grot', 'the', 'sea', 'hawk', 'james', 'basevi', 'the', 'westerner', 'color', 'vincent', 'korda', 'the', 'thief', 'of', 'bagdad', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'john', 'detlie', 'bitter', 'sweet', 'richard', 'day', 'joseph', 'wright', 'down', 'argentine', 'way', 'hans', 'dreier', 'roland', 'anderson', 'north', 'west', 'mounted', 'police', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'nathan', 'juran', 'thomas', 'little', 'how', 'green', 'was', 'my', 'valley', 'perry', 'ferguson', 'van', 'nest', 'polglase', 'al', 'fields', 'darrell', 'silvera', 'citizen', 'kane', 'martin', 'obzina', 'jack', 'otterson', 'russell', 'gausman', 'the', 'flame', 'of', 'new', 'orleans', 'hans', 'dreier', 'robert', 'usher', 'samuel', 'comer', 'hold', 'back', 'the', 'dawn', 'lionel', 'banks', 'george', 'montgomery', 'ladies', 'in', 'retirement', 'stephen', 'goosson', 'howard', 'bristol', 'the', 'little', 'foxes', 'john', 'hughes', 'fred', 'maclean', 'sergeant', 'york', 'nomination', 'withdrawn', 'sis', 'hopkins', 'john', 'ducasse', 'schultze', 'edward', 'boyle', 'son', 'of', 'monte', 'cristo', 'alexander', 'golitzen', 'richard', 'irvine', 'sundown', 'vincent', 'korda', 'julia', 'heron', 'that', 'hamilton', 'woman', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'randall', 'duell', 'edwin', 'willis', 'when', 'ladies', 'meet', 'color', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'urie', 'mccleary', 'edwin', 'willis', 'blossoms', 'in', 'the', 'dust', 'richard', 'day', 'joseph', 'wright', 'thomas', 'little', 'blood', 'and', 'sand', 'raoul', 'pene', 'du', 'bois', 'stephen', 'seymour', 'louisiana', 'purchase', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'richard', 'day', 'joseph', 'wright', 'thomas', 'little', 'this', 'above', 'all', 'max', 'parker', 'mark', 'lee', 'kirk', 'casey', 'roberts', 'george', 'washington', 'slept', 'here', 'albert', 'agostino', 'al', 'fields', 'darrell', 'silvera', 'the', 'magnificent', 'ambersons', 'perry', 'ferguson', 'howard', 'bristol', 'the', 'pride', 'of', 'the', 'yankees', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'randall', 'duell', 'edwin', 'willis', 'jack', 'moore', 'random', 'harvest', 'boris', 'leven', 'the', 'shanghai', 'gesture', 'ralph', 'berger', 'emile', 'kuri', 'silver', 'queen', 'john', 'goodman', 'jack', 'otterson', 'russell', 'gausman', 'edward', 'ray', 'robinson', 'the', 'spoilers', 'hans', 'dreier', 'roland', 'anderson', 'samuel', 'comer', 'take', 'letter', 'darling', 'lionel', 'banks', 'rudolph', 'sternad', 'fay', 'babcock', 'the', 'talk', 'of', 'the', 'town', 'color', 'richard', 'day', 'joseph', 'wright', 'thomas', 'little', 'my', 'gal', 'sal', 'alexander', 'golitzen', 'jack', 'otterson', 'russell', 'gausman', 'ira', 'webb', 'arabian', 'nights', 'ted', 'smith', 'casey', 'roberts', 'captains', 'of', 'the', 'clouds', 'vincent', 'korda', 'julia', 'heron', 'jungle', 'book', 'hans', 'dreier', 'roland', 'anderson', 'george', 'sawley', 'reap', 'the', 'wild', 'wind', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'james', 'basevi', 'william', 'darling', 'thomas', 'little', 'the', 'song', 'of', 'bernadette', 'hans', 'dreier', 'ernst', 'fegte', 'bertram', 'granger', 'five', 'graves', 'to', 'cairo', 'albert', 'agostino', 'carroll', 'clark', 'darrell', 'silvera', 'harley', 'miller', 'flight', 'for', 'freedom', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'paul', 'groesse', 'edwin', 'willis', 'hugh', 'hunt', 'madame', 'curie', 'carl', 'weyl', 'george', 'hopkins', 'mission', 'to', 'moscow', 'perry', 'ferguson', 'howard', 'bristol', 'the', 'north', 'star', 'color', 'alexander', 'golitzen', 'john', 'goodman', 'russell', 'gausman', 'ira', 'webb', 'phantom', 'of', 'the', 'opera', 'hans', 'dreier', 'haldane', 'douglas', 'bertram', 'granger', 'for', 'whom', 'the', 'bell', 'tolls', 'james', 'basevi', 'joseph', 'wright', 'thomas', 'little', 'the', 'gang', 'all', 'here', 'john', 'hughes', 'george', 'hopkins', 'this', 'is', 'the', 'army', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'daniel', 'cathcart', 'edwin', 'willis', 'jacques', 'mersereau', 'thousands', 'cheer', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'william', 'ferrari', 'paul', 'huldschinsky', 'edwin', 'willis', 'gaslight', 'lionel', 'banks', 'walter', 'holscher', 'joseph', 'kish', 'address', 'unknown', 'john', 'hughes', 'fred', 'maclean', 'the', 'adventures', 'of', 'mark', 'twain', 'perry', 'ferguson', 'julia', 'heron', 'casanova', 'brown', 'lyle', 'wheeler', 'leland', 'fuller', 'thomas', 'little', 'laura', 'hans', 'dreier', 'robert', 'usher', 'samuel', 'comer', 'no', 'time', 'for', 'love', 'mark', 'lee', 'kirk', 'victor', 'gangelin', 'since', 'you', 'went', 'away', 'nomination', 'withdrawn', 'song', 'of', 'the', 'open', 'road', 'albert', 'agostino', 'carroll', 'clark', 'darrell', 'silvera', 'claude', 'carpenter', 'step', 'lively', 'color', 'wiard', 'ihnen', 'thomas', 'little', 'wilson', 'john', 'goodman', 'alexander', 'golitzen', 'russell', 'gausman', 'ira', 'webb', 'the', 'climax', 'lionel', 'banks', 'cary', 'odell', 'fay', 'babcock', 'cover', 'girl', 'charles', 'novi', 'jack', 'mcconaghy', 'the', 'desert', 'song', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'daniel', 'cathcart', 'edwin', 'willis', 'richard', 'pefferle', 'kismet', 'hans', 'dreier', 'raoul', 'pene', 'du', 'bois', 'ray', 'moyer', 'lady', 'in', 'the', 'dark', 'ernst', 'fegte', 'howard', 'bristol', 'the', 'princess', 'and', 'the', 'pirate', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'wiard', 'ihnen', 'roland', 'fields', 'blood', 'on', 'the', 'sun', 'albert', 'agostino', 'jack', 'okey', 'darrell', 'silvera', 'claude', 'carpenter', 'experiment', 'perilous', 'james', 'basevi', 'william', 'darling', 'thomas', 'little', 'frank', 'hughes', 'the', 'keys', 'of', 'the', 'kingdom', 'hans', 'dreier', 'roland', 'anderson', 'samuel', 'comer', 'ray', 'moyer', 'love', 'letters', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'hans', 'peters', 'edwin', 'willis', 'john', 'bonar', 'hugh', 'hunt', 'the', 'picture', 'of', 'dorian', 'gray', 'color', 'hans', 'dreier', 'ernst', 'fegte', 'samuel', 'comer', 'frenchman', 'creek', 'lyle', 'wheeler', 'maurice', 'ransford', 'thomas', 'little', 'leave', 'her', 'to', 'heaven', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'urie', 'mccleary', 'edwin', 'willis', 'mildred', 'griffiths', 'national', 'velvet', 'ted', 'smith', 'jack', 'mcconaghy', 'san', 'antonio', 'stephen', 'goosson', 'rudolph', 'sternad', 'frank', 'tuttle', 'thousand', 'and', 'one', 'nights', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'william', 'darling', 'lyle', 'wheeler', 'thomas', 'little', 'frank', 'hughes', 'anna', 'and', 'the', 'king', 'of', 'siam', 'hans', 'dreier', 'walter', 'tyler', 'samuel', 'comer', 'ray', 'moyer', 'kitty', 'richard', 'day', 'nathan', 'juran', 'thomas', 'little', 'paul', 'fox', 'the', 'razor', 'edge', 'color', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'paul', 'groesse', 'edwin', 'willis', 'the', 'yearling', 'john', 'bryan', 'caesar', 'and', 'cleopatra', 'paul', 'sheriff', 'carmen', 'dillon', 'henry', 'best', 'art', 'direction', 'set', 'decoration', 'year', 'art', 'director', 'set', 'decorator', 'film', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'wilfred', 'shingleton', 'john', 'bryan', 'great', 'expectations', 'lyle', 'wheeler', 'maurice', 'ransford', 'thomas', 'little', 'paul', 'fox', 'the', 'foxes', 'of', 'harrow', 'color', 'alfred', 'junge', 'black', 'narcissus', 'robert', 'haas', 'george', 'james', 'hopkins', 'life', 'with', 'father', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'carmen', 'dillon', 'roger', 'furse', 'hamlet', 'robert', 'haas', 'william', 'wallace', 'johnny', 'belinda', 'color', 'arthur', 'lawson', 'hein', 'heckroth', 'the', 'red', 'shoes', 'richard', 'day', 'edwin', 'casey', 'roberts', 'joseph', 'kish', 'joan', 'of', 'arc', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'harry', 'horner', 'john', 'meehan', 'emile', 'kuri', 'the', 'heiress', 'lyle', 'wheeler', 'joseph', 'wright', 'thomas', 'little', 'paul', 'fox', 'come', 'to', 'the', 'stable', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'jack', 'martin', 'smith', 'edwin', 'willis', 'richard', 'pefferle', 'madame', 'bovary', 'color', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'paul', 'groesse', 'edwin', 'willis', 'jack', 'moore', 'little', 'women', 'edward', 'carrere', 'lyle', 'reifsnider', 'adventures', 'of', 'don', 'juan', 'jim', 'morahan', 'william', 'kellner', 'michael', 'relph', 'saraband', 'for', 'dead', 'lovers', 'year', 'art', 'director', 'set', 'decorator', 'film', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'hans', 'dreier', 'john', 'meehan', 'samuel', 'comer', 'ray', 'moyer', 'sunset', 'boulevard', 'george', 'davis', 'lyle', 'wheeler', 'thomas', 'little', 'walter', 'scott', 'all', 'about', 'eve', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'hans', 'peters', 'edwin', 'willis', 'hugh', 'hunt', 'the', 'red', 'danube', 'color', 'hans', 'dreier', 'walter', 'tyler', 'samuel', 'comer', 'ray', 'moyer', 'samson', 'and', 'delilah', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'paul', 'groesse', 'edwin', 'willis', 'richard', 'pefferle', 'annie', 'get', 'your', 'gun', 'ernst', 'fegté', 'george', 'sawley', 'destination', 'moon', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'richard', 'day', 'george', 'james', 'hopkins', 'streetcar', 'named', 'desire', 'leland', 'fuller', 'lyle', 'wheeler', 'thomas', 'little', 'fred', 'rode', 'fourteen', 'hours', 'john', 'decuir', 'lyle', 'wheeler', 'paul', 'fox', 'thomas', 'little', 'house', 'on', 'telegraph', 'hill', 'jean', 'eaubonne', 'la', 'ronde', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'paul', 'groesse', 'edwin', 'wills', 'jack', 'moore', 'too', 'young', 'to', 'kiss', 'color', 'preston', 'ames', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'edwin', 'willis', 'keogh', 'gleason', 'an', 'american', 'in', 'paris', 'george', 'davis', 'lyle', 'wheeler', 'paul', 'fox', 'thomas', 'little', 'david', 'and', 'bathsheba', 'leland', 'fuller', 'lyle', 'wheeler', 'thomas', 'little', 'walter', 'scott', 'on', 'the', 'riviera', 'edward', 'carfagno', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'william', 'horning', 'hugh', 'hunt', 'quo', 'vadis', 'hein', 'heckroth', 'the', 'tales', 'of', 'hoffmann', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'edward', 'carfagno', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'keogh', 'gleason', 'edwin', 'willis', 'the', 'bad', 'and', 'the', 'beautiful', 'roland', 'anderson', 'hal', 'pereira', 'emile', 'kuri', 'carrie', 'john', 'decuir', 'lyle', 'wheeler', 'walter', 'scott', 'my', 'cousin', 'rachel', 'so', 'matsuyama', 'motsumoto', 'rashōmon', 'leland', 'fuller', 'lyle', 'wheeler', 'claude', 'carpenter', 'thomas', 'little', 'viva', 'zapata', 'color', 'marcel', 'vertès', 'paul', 'sheriff', 'moulin', 'rouge', 'clavé', 'richard', 'day', 'howard', 'bristol', 'hans', 'christian', 'andersen', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'paul', 'groesse', 'arthur', 'krams', 'edwin', 'willis', 'the', 'merry', 'widow', 'frank', 'hotaling', 'john', 'mccarthy', 'jr', 'charles', 'thompson', 'the', 'quiet', 'man', 'john', 'decuir', 'lyle', 'wheeler', 'paul', 'fox', 'thomas', 'little', 'the', 'snows', 'of', 'kilimanjaro', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'edward', 'carfagno', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'hugh', 'hunt', 'edwin', 'willis', 'julius', 'caesar', 'paul', 'markwitz', 'fritz', 'maurischat', 'martin', 'luther', 'leland', 'fuller', 'lyle', 'wheeler', 'paul', 'fox', 'the', 'president', 'lady', 'hal', 'pereira', 'walter', 'tyler', 'roman', 'holiday', 'maurice', 'ransford', 'lyle', 'wheeler', 'stuart', 'reiss', 'titanic', 'color', 'george', 'davis', 'lyle', 'wheeler', 'paul', 'fox', 'walter', 'scott', 'the', 'robe', 'alfred', 'junge', 'hans', 'peters', 'john', 'jarvis', 'knights', 'of', 'the', 'round', 'table', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'paul', 'groesse', 'arthur', 'krams', 'edwin', 'willis', 'lili', 'preston', 'ames', 'edward', 'carfagno', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'gabriel', 'scognamillo', 'keogh', 'gleason', 'arthur', 'krams', 'jack', 'moore', 'edwin', 'willis', 'the', 'story', 'of', 'three', 'loves', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'urie', 'mccleary', 'jack', 'moore', 'edwin', 'willis', 'young', 'bess', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'richard', 'day', 'on', 'the', 'waterfront', 'roland', 'anderson', 'hal', 'pereira', 'samuel', 'comer', 'grace', 'gregory', 'the', 'country', 'girl', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'edward', 'carfagno', 'edwin', 'willis', 'emile', 'kuri', 'executive', 'suite', 'max', 'ophüls', 'le', 'plaisir', 'hal', 'pereira', 'walter', 'tyler', 'samuel', 'comer', 'ray', 'moyer', 'sabrina', 'color', 'john', 'meehan', 'emile', 'kuri', 'leagues', 'under', 'the', 'sea', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'preston', 'ames', 'edwin', 'willis', 'keogh', 'gleason', 'brigadoon', 'lyle', 'wheeler', 'leland', 'fuller', 'walter', 'scott', 'paul', 'fox', 'désirée', 'hal', 'pereira', 'roland', 'anderson', 'samuel', 'comer', 'ray', 'moyer', 'red', 'garters', 'malcolm', 'bert', 'gene', 'allen', 'irene', 'sharaff', 'george', 'james', 'hopkins', 'star', 'is', 'born', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'hal', 'pereira', 'tambi', 'larsen', 'samuel', 'comer', 'arthur', 'krams', 'the', 'rose', 'tattoo', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'randall', 'duell', 'edwin', 'willis', 'henry', 'grace', 'blackboard', 'jungle', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'malcolm', 'brown', 'edwin', 'willis', 'hugh', 'hunt', 'll', 'cry', 'tomorrow', 'joseph', 'wright', 'darrell', 'silvera', 'the', 'man', 'with', 'the', 'golden', 'arm', 'edward', 'haworth', 'walter', 'simonds', 'robert', 'priestley', 'marty', 'color', 'william', 'flannery', 'jo', 'mielziner', 'robert', 'priestley', 'picnic', 'lyle', 'wheeler', 'john', 'decuir', 'walter', 'scott', 'paul', 'fox', 'daddy', 'long', 'legs', 'oliver', 'smith', 'joseph', 'wright', 'howard', 'bristol', 'guys', 'and', 'dolls', 'lyle', 'wheeler', 'george', 'davis', 'walter', 'scott', 'jack', 'stubbs', 'love', 'is', 'many', 'splendored', 'thing', 'hal', 'pereira', 'joseph', 'mcmillan', 'johnson', 'samuel', 'comer', 'arthur', 'krams', 'to', 'catch', 'thief', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'malcolm', 'brown', 'edwin', 'willis', 'keogh', 'gleason', 'somebody', 'up', 'there', 'likes', 'me', 'hal', 'pereira', 'earl', 'hedrick', 'samuel', 'comer', 'frank', 'mckelvy', 'the', 'proud', 'and', 'profane', 'so', 'matsuyama', 'seven', 'samurai', 'ross', 'bellah', 'william', 'kiernan', 'louis', 'diage', 'the', 'solid', 'gold', 'cadillac', 'lyle', 'wheeler', 'jack', 'martin', 'smith', 'walter', 'scott', 'stuart', 'reiss', 'teenage', 'rebel', 'color', 'lyle', 'wheeler', 'john', 'decuir', 'walter', 'scott', 'paul', 'fox', 'the', 'king', 'and', 'james', 'sullivan', 'ken', 'adam', 'ross', 'dowd', 'around', 'the', 'world', 'in', 'days', 'boris', 'leven', 'ralph', 'hurst', 'giant', 'cedric', 'gibbons', 'hans', 'peters', 'preston', 'ames', 'edwin', 'willis', 'keogh', 'gleason', 'lust', 'for', 'life', 'hal', 'pereira', 'walter', 'tyler', 'albert', 'nozaki', 'samuel', 'comer', 'ray', 'moyer', 'the', 'ten', 'commandments', 'ted', 'haworth', 'robert', 'priestley', 'sayonara', 'hal', 'pereira', 'george', 'davis', 'samuel', 'comer', 'ray', 'moyer', 'funny', 'face', 'william', 'horning', 'gene', 'allen', 'edwin', 'willis', 'richard', 'pefferle', 'les', 'girls', 'walter', 'holscher', 'william', 'kiernan', 'louis', 'diage', 'pal', 'joey', 'william', 'horning', 'urie', 'mccleary', 'edwin', 'willis', 'hugh', 'hunt', 'raintree', 'county', 'william', 'horning', 'preston', 'ames', 'henry', 'grace', 'keogh', 'gleason', 'gigi', 'malcolm', 'bert', 'george', 'james', 'hopkins', 'auntie', 'mame', 'cary', 'odell', 'louis', 'diage', 'bell', 'book', 'and', 'candle', 'lyle', 'wheeler', 'john', 'decuir', 'walter', 'scott', 'paul', 'fox', 'certain', 'smile', 'hal', 'pereira', 'henry', 'bumstead', 'samuel', 'comer', 'frank', 'mckelvy', 'vertigo', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'lyle', 'wheeler', 'george', 'davis', 'walter', 'scott', 'stuart', 'reiss', 'the', 'diary', 'of', 'anne', 'frank', 'hal', 'pereira', 'walter', 'tyler', 'samuel', 'comer', 'arthur', 'krams', 'career', 'carl', 'anderson', 'william', 'kiernan', 'the', 'last', 'angry', 'man', 'ted', 'haworth', 'edward', 'boyle', 'some', 'like', 'it', 'hot', 'oliver', 'messel', 'william', 'kellner', 'scott', 'slimon', 'suddenly', 'last', 'summer', 'color', 'william', 'horning', 'edward', 'carfagno', 'hugh', 'hunt', 'ben', 'hur', 'john', 'de', 'cuir', 'julia', 'heron', 'the', 'big', 'fisherman', 'lyle', 'wheeler', 'franz', 'bachelin', 'herman', 'blumenthal', 'walter', 'scott', 'joseph', 'kish', 'journey', 'to', 'the', 'center', 'of', 'the', 'earth', 'william', 'horning', 'robert', 'boyle', 'merrill', 'pye', 'henry', 'grace', 'frank', 'mckelvy', 'north', 'by', 'northwest', 'richard', 'riedel', 'russell', 'gausman', 'ruby', 'levitt', 'pillow', 'talk', 'year', 'art', 'director', 'set', 'decorator', 'film', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'alexander', 'trauner', 'edward', 'boyle', 'the', 'apartment', 'joseph', 'mcmillan', 'johnson', 'kenneth', 'reid', 'ross', 'dowd', 'the', 'facts', 'of', 'life', 'joseph', 'hurley', 'robert', 'clatworthy', 'george', 'milo', 'psycho', 'tom', 'morahan', 'lionel', 'couch', 'sons', 'and', 'lovers', 'hal', 'pereira', 'walter', 'tyler', 'samuel', 'comer', 'arthur', 'krams', 'visit', 'to', 'small', 'planet', 'color', 'harry', 'horner', 'russell', 'gausman', 'julia', 'heron', 'spartacus', 'george', 'davis', 'addison', 'hehr', 'henry', 'grace', 'hugh', 'hunt', 'otto', 'siegel', 'cimarron', 'hal', 'pereira', 'roland', 'anderson', 'samuel', 'comer', 'arrigo', 'breschi', 'it', 'started', 'in', 'naples', 'ted', 'haworth', 'william', 'kiernan', 'pepe', 'edward', 'carrere', 'george', 'james', 'hopkins', 'sunrise', 'at', 'campobello', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'alexander', 'trauner', 'gene', 'callahan', 'the', 'hustler', 'carroll', 'clark', 'emile', 'kuri', 'hal', 'gausman', 'the', 'absent', 'minded', 'professor', 'fernando', 'carrere', 'edward', 'boyle', 'the', 'children', 'hour', 'rudolf', 'sternad', 'george', 'milo', 'judgment', 'at', 'nuremberg', 'piero', 'gherardi', 'la', 'dolce', 'vita', 'color', 'boris', 'leven', 'victor', 'gangelin', 'west', 'side', 'story', 'hal', 'pereira', 'roland', 'anderson', 'samuel', 'comer', 'ray', 'moyer', 'breakfast', 'at', 'tiffany', 'veniero', 'colasanti', 'john', 'moore', 'el', 'cid', 'alexander', 'golitzen', 'joseph', 'wright', 'howard', 'bristol', 'flower', 'drum', 'song', 'hal', 'pereira', 'walter', 'tyler', 'samuel', 'comer', 'arthur', 'krams', 'summer', 'and', 'smoke', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'alexander', 'golitzen', 'henry', 'bumstead', 'oliver', 'emert', 'to', 'kill', 'mockingbird', 'joseph', 'wright', 'george', 'james', 'hopkins', 'days', 'of', 'wine', 'and', 'roses', 'ted', 'haworth', 'léon', 'barsacq', 'vincent', 'korda', 'gabriel', 'bechir', 'the', 'longest', 'day', 'george', 'davis', 'edward', 'carfagno', 'henry', 'grace', 'dick', 'pefferle', 'period', 'of', 'adjustment', 'hal', 'pereira', 'roland', 'anderson', 'samuel', 'comer', 'frank', 'mckelvy', 'the', 'pigeon', 'that', 'took', 'rome', 'color', 'john', 'box', 'john', 'stoll', 'dario', 'simoni', 'lawrence', 'of', 'arabia', 'paul', 'groesse', 'george', 'james', 'hopkins', 'the', 'music', 'man', 'george', 'davis', 'mcmillan', 'johnson', 'henry', 'grace', 'hugh', 'hunt', 'mutiny', 'on', 'the', 'bounty', 'alexander', 'golitzen', 'robert', 'clatworthy', 'george', 'milo', 'that', 'touch', 'of', 'mink', 'george', 'davis', 'edward', 'carfagno', 'henry', 'grace', 'dick', 'pefferle', 'the', 'wonderful', 'world', 'of', 'the', 'brothers', 'grimm', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'gene', 'callahan', 'america', 'america', 'piero', 'gherardi', 'hal', 'pereira', 'tambi', 'larsen', 'samuel', 'comer', 'robert', 'benton', 'hud', 'hal', 'pereira', 'roland', 'anderson', 'samuel', 'comer', 'grace', 'gregory', 'love', 'with', 'the', 'proper', 'stranger', 'george', 'davis', 'paul', 'groesse', 'henry', 'grace', 'hugh', 'hunt', 'twilight', 'of', 'honor', 'color', 'john', 'decuir', 'jack', 'martin', 'smith', 'hilyard', 'brown', 'herman', 'blumenthal', 'elven', 'webb', 'maurice', 'pelling', 'boris', 'juraga', 'walter', 'scott', 'paul', 'fox', 'ray', 'moyer', 'cleopatra', 'lyle', 'wheeler', 'gene', 'callahan', 'the', 'cardinal', 'hal', 'pereira', 'roland', 'anderson', 'samuel', 'comer', 'james', 'payne', 'come', 'blow', 'your', 'horn', 'george', 'davis', 'william', 'ferrari', 'addison', 'hehr', 'henry', 'grace', 'don', 'greenwood', 'jr', 'jack', 'mills', 'how', 'the', 'west', 'was', 'won', 'ralph', 'brinton', 'ted', 'marshall', 'jocelyn', 'herbert', 'josie', 'macavin', 'tom', 'jones', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'vassilis', 'fotopoulos', 'zorba', 'the', 'greek', 'george', 'davis', 'hans', 'peters', 'elliot', 'scott', 'henry', 'grace', 'robert', 'benton', 'the', 'americanization', 'of', 'emily', 'william', 'glasgow', 'raphael', 'bretton', 'hush', 'hush', 'sweet', 'charlotte', 'stephen', 'grimes', 'the', 'night', 'of', 'the', 'iguana', 'cary', 'odell', 'edward', 'boyle', 'seven', 'days', 'in', 'may', 'color', 'gene', 'allen', 'cecil', 'beaton', 'george', 'james', 'hopkins', 'my', 'fair', 'lady', 'john', 'bryan', 'maurice', 'carter', 'patrick', 'mcloughlin', 'robert', 'cartwright', 'becket', 'carroll', 'clark', 'william', 'tuntke', 'emile', 'kuri', 'hal', 'gausman', 'mary', 'poppins', 'george', 'davis', 'preston', 'ames', 'henry', 'grace', 'hugh', 'hunt', 'the', 'unsinkable', 'molly', 'brown', 'jack', 'martin', 'smith', 'ted', 'haworth', 'walter', 'scott', 'stuart', 'reiss', 'what', 'way', 'to', 'go', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'robert', 'clatworthy', 'joseph', 'kish', 'ship', 'of', 'fools', 'robert', 'emmet', 'smith', 'frank', 'tuttle', 'king', 'rat', 'george', 'davis', 'urie', 'mccleary', 'henry', 'grace', 'charles', 'thompson', 'patch', 'of', 'blue', 'hal', 'pereira', 'jack', 'poplin', 'robert', 'benton', 'joseph', 'kish', 'the', 'slender', 'thread', 'hal', 'pereira', 'tambi', 'larsen', 'ted', 'marshall', 'josie', 'macavin', 'the', 'spy', 'who', 'came', 'in', 'from', 'the', 'cold', 'color', 'john', 'box', 'terence', 'marsh', 'dario', 'simoni', 'doctor', 'zhivago', 'john', 'decuir', 'jack', 'martin', 'smith', 'dario', 'simoni', 'the', 'agony', 'and', 'the', 'ecstasy', 'richard', 'day', 'william', 'creber', 'david', 'hall', 'ray', 'moyer', 'fred', 'maclean', 'norman', 'rockett', 'the', 'greatest', 'story', 'ever', 'told', 'robert', 'clatworthy', 'george', 'james', 'hopkins', 'inside', 'daisy', 'clover', 'boris', 'leven', 'walter', 'scott', 'ruby', 'levitt', 'the', 'sound', 'of', 'music', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'richard', 'sylbert', 'george', 'james', 'hopkins', 'who', 'afraid', 'of', 'virginia', 'woolf', 'robert', 'luthardt', 'edward', 'boyle', 'the', 'fortune', 'cookie', 'luigi', 'scaccianoce', 'the', 'gospel', 'according', 'to', 'st', 'matthew', 'willy', 'holt', 'marc', 'frederix', 'pierre', 'guffroy', 'is', 'paris', 'burning', 'george', 'davis', 'paul', 'groesse', 'henry', 'grace', 'hugh', 'hunt', 'mister', 'buddwing', 'color', 'jack', 'martin', 'smith', 'dale', 'hennesy', 'walter', 'scott', 'stuart', 'reiss', 'fantastic', 'voyage', 'alexander', 'golitzen', 'george', 'webb', 'john', 'mccarthy', 'jr', 'john', 'austin', 'gambit', 'piero', 'gherardi', 'juliet', 'of', 'the', 'spirits', 'hal', 'pereira', 'arthur', 'lonergan', 'robert', 'benton', 'james', 'payne', 'the', 'oscar', 'boris', 'leven', 'walter', 'scott', 'john', 'sturtevant', 'william', 'kiernan', 'the', 'sand', 'pebbles', 'john', 'truscott', 'edward', 'carrere', 'john', 'brown', 'camelot', 'mario', 'chiari', 'jack', 'martin', 'smith', 'ed', 'graves', 'walter', 'scott', 'stuart', 'reiss', 'doctor', 'dolittle', 'robert', 'clatworthy', 'frank', 'tuttle', 'guess', 'who', 'coming', 'to', 'dinner', 'renzo', 'mongiardino', 'john', 'decuir', 'elven', 'webb', 'giuseppe', 'mariani', 'dario', 'simoni', 'luigi', 'gervasi', 'the', 'taming', 'of', 'the', 'shrew', 'alexander', 'golitzen', 'george', 'webb', 'howard', 'bristol', 'thoroughly', 'modern', 'millie', 'john', 'box', 'terence', 'marsh', 'vernon', 'dixon', 'ken', 'muggleston', 'oliver', 'george', 'davis', 'edward', 'carfagno', 'the', 'shoes', 'of', 'the', 'fisherman', 'boris', 'leven', 'walter', 'scott', 'howard', 'bristol', 'star', 'anthony', 'masters', 'harry', 'lange', 'ernie', 'archer', 'space', 'odyssey', 'mikhail', 'bogdanov', 'gennady', 'myasnikov', 'georgi', 'koshelev', 'vladimir', 'uvarov', 'war', 'and', 'peace', 'john', 'decuir', 'jack', 'martin', 'smith', 'herman', 'blumenthal', 'walter', 'scott', 'george', 'hopkins', 'raphael', 'bretton', 'hello', 'dolly', 'maurice', 'carter', 'lionel', 'couch', 'patrick', 'mcloughlin', 'anne', 'of', 'the', 'thousand', 'days', 'robert', 'boyle', 'george', 'chan', 'edward', 'boyle', 'carl', 'biddiscombe', 'gaily', 'gaily', 'alexander', 'golitzen', 'george', 'webb', 'jack', 'moore', 'sweet', 'charity', 'harry', 'horner', 'frank', 'mckelvy', 'they', 'shoot', 'horses', 'don', 'they', 'year', 'art', 'director', 'set', 'decorator', 'film', 'urie', 'mccleary', 'gil', 'parrondo', 'antonio', 'mateos', 'pierre', 'louis', 'thevenet', 'patton', 'alexander', 'golitzen', 'preston', 'ames', 'jack', 'moore', 'mickey', 'michaels', 'airport', 'tambi', 'larsen', 'darrell', 'silvera', 'the', 'molly', 'maguires', 'terence', 'marsh', 'bob', 'cartwright', 'pamela', 'cornell', 'scrooge', 'jack', 'martin', 'smith', 'yoshirō', 'muraki', 'richard', 'day', 'taizoh', 'kawashima', 'samuel', 'comer', 'arthur', 'krams', 'norman', 'rockett', 'tora', 'tora', 'tora', 'john', 'box', 'ernest', 'archer', 'jack', 'maxsted', 'gil', 'parrondo', 'vernon', 'dixon', 'nicholas', 'and', 'alexandra', 'boris', 'leven', 'william', 'tuntke', 'ruby', 'levitt', 'the', 'andromeda', 'strain', 'john', 'mansbridge', 'peter', 'ellenshaw', 'emile', 'kuri', 'hal', 'gausman', 'bedknobs', 'and', 'broomsticks', 'robert', 'boyle', 'michael', 'stringer', 'peter', 'lamont', 'fiddler', 'on', 'the', 'roof', 'terence', 'marsh', 'robert', 'cartwright', 'peter', 'howitt', 'mary', 'queen', 'of', 'scots', 'rolf', 'zehetbauer', 'jurgen', 'kiebach', 'herbert', 'strabel', 'cabaret', 'carl', 'anderson', 'reg', 'allen', 'lady', 'sings', 'the', 'blues', 'william', 'creber', 'raphael', 'bretton', 'the', 'poseidon', 'adventure', 'john', 'box', 'gil', 'parrondo', 'robert', 'laing', 'travels', 'with', 'my', 'aunt', 'donald', 'ashton', 'geoffrey', 'drake', 'john', 'graysmark', 'william', 'hutchinson', 'peter', 'james', 'young', 'winston', 'henry', 'bumstead', 'james', 'payne', 'the', 'sting', 'lorenzo', 'mongiardino', 'gianni', 'quaranta', 'carmelo', 'patrono', 'brother', 'sun', 'sister', 'moon', 'bill', 'malley', 'jerry', 'wunderlich', 'the', 'exorcist', 'philip', 'jefferies', 'robert', 'de', 'vestel', 'tom', 'sawyer', 'stephen', 'grimes', 'william', 'kiernan', 'the', 'way', 'we', 'were', 'dean', 'tavoularis', 'angelo', 'graham', 'george', 'nelson', 'the', 'godfather', 'part', 'ii', 'richard', 'sylbert', 'stewart', 'campbell', 'ruby', 'levitt', 'chinatown', 'alexander', 'golitzen', 'preston', 'ames', 'frank', 'mckelvy', 'earthquake', 'peter', 'ellenshaw', 'john', 'mansbridge', 'walter', 'tyler', 'al', 'roelofs', 'hal', 'gausman', 'the', 'island', 'at', 'the', 'top', 'of', 'the', 'world', 'william', 'creber', 'ward', 'preston', 'raphael', 'bretton', 'the', 'towering', 'inferno', 'ken', 'adam', 'roy', 'walker', 'vernon', 'dixon', 'barry', 'lyndon', 'edward', 'carfagno', 'frank', 'mckelvy', 'the', 'hindenburg', 'alexander', 'trauner', 'tony', 'inglis', 'peter', 'james', 'the', 'man', 'who', 'would', 'be', 'king', 'richard', 'sylbert', 'stewart', 'campbell', 'george', 'gaines', 'shampoo', 'albert', 'brenner', 'marvin', 'march', 'the', 'sunshine', 'boys', 'george', 'jenkins', 'george', 'gaines', 'all', 'the', 'president', 'men', 'elliot', 'scott', 'norman', 'reynolds', 'the', 'incredible', 'sarah', 'gene', 'callahan', 'jack', 'collis', 'jerry', 'wunderlich', 'the', 'last', 'tycoon', 'dale', 'hennesy', 'robert', 'de', 'vestel', 'logan', 'run', 'robert', 'boyle', 'arthur', 'jeph', 'parker', 'the', 'shootist', 'john', 'barry', 'norman', 'reynolds', 'leslie', 'dilley', 'roger', 'christian', 'star', 'wars', 'george', 'webb', 'mickey', 'michaels', 'airport', 'joe', 'alves', 'dan', 'lomino', 'phil', 'abramson', 'close', 'encounters', 'of', 'the', 'third', 'kind', 'ken', 'adam', 'peter', 'lamont', 'hugh', 'scaife', 'the', 'spy', 'who', 'loved', 'me', 'albert', 'brenner', 'marvin', 'march', 'the', 'turning', 'point', 'paul', 'sylbert', 'edwin', 'donovan', 'george', 'gaines', 'heaven', 'can', 'wait', 'dean', 'tavoularis', 'angelo', 'graham', 'george', 'nelson', 'the', 'brink', 'job', 'albert', 'brenner', 'marvin', 'march', 'california', 'suite', 'mel', 'bourne', 'daniel', 'robert', 'interiors', 'tony', 'walton', 'philip', 'rosenberg', 'edward', 'stewart', 'robert', 'drumheller', 'the', 'wiz', 'philip', 'rosenberg', 'tony', 'walton', 'edward', 'stewart', 'gary', 'brink', 'all', 'that', 'jazz', 'michael', 'seymour', 'les', 'dilley', 'roger', 'christian', 'ian', 'whittaker', 'alien', 'dean', 'tavoularis', 'angelo', 'graham', 'george', 'nelson', 'apocalypse', 'now', 'george', 'jenkins', 'arthur', 'jeph', 'parker', 'the', 'china', 'syndrome', 'harold', 'michelson', 'joe', 'jennings', 'leon', 'harris', 'john', 'vallone', 'linda', 'descenna', 'star', 'trek', 'the', 'motion', 'picture', 'year', 'art', 'director', 'set', 'decorator', 'film', 'pierre', 'guffroy', 'jack', 'stephens', 'tess', 'john', 'corso', 'john', 'dwyer', 'coal', 'miner', 'daughter', 'stuart', 'craig', 'robert', 'cartwright', 'hugh', 'scaife', 'the', 'elephant', 'man', 'norman', 'reynolds', 'leslie', 'dilley', 'harry', 'lange', 'alan', 'tomkins', 'michael', 'ford', 'the', 'empire', 'strikes', 'back', 'yoshirō', 'muraki', 'kagemusha', 'norman', 'reynolds', 'leslie', 'dilley', 'michael', 'ford', 'raiders', 'of', 'the', 'lost', 'ark', 'assheton', 'gorton', 'ann', 'mollo', 'the', 'french', 'lieutenant', 'woman', 'tambi', 'larsen', 'james', 'berkey', 'heaven', 'gate', 'john', 'graysmark', 'patrizia', 'von', 'brandenstein', 'tony', 'reading', 'george', 'detitta', 'sr', 'george', 'detitta', 'jr', 'peter', 'howitt', 'ragtime', 'richard', 'sylbert', 'michael', 'seirton', 'reds', 'stuart', 'craig', 'robert', 'laing', 'michael', 'seirton', 'gandhi', 'dale', 'hennesy', 'marvin', 'march', 'annie', 'lawrence', 'paull', 'david', 'snyder', 'linda', 'descenna', 'blade', 'runner', 'franco', 'zeffirelli', 'gianni', 'quaranta', 'la', 'traviata', 'rodger', 'maus', 'tim', 'hutchinson', 'william', 'craig', 'smith', 'harry', 'cordwell', 'victor', 'victoria', 'anna', 'asp', 'susanne', 'lingheim', 'fanny', 'and', 'alexander', 'norman', 'reynolds', 'fred', 'hole', 'james', 'schoppe', 'michael', 'ford', 'return', 'of', 'the', 'jedi', 'geoffrey', 'kirkland', 'richard', 'lawrence', 'stewart', 'campbell', 'peter', 'romero', 'jim', 'poynter', 'george', 'nelson', 'the', 'right', 'stuff', 'polly', 'platt', 'harold', 'michelson', 'tom', 'pedigo', 'anthony', 'mondell', 'terms', 'of', 'endearment', 'roy', 'walker', 'leslie', 'tomkins', 'tessa', 'davies', 'yentl', 'patrizia', 'von', 'brandenstein', 'karel', 'černý', 'amadeus', 'richard', 'sylbert', 'george', 'gaines', 'the', 'cotton', 'club', 'mel', 'bourne', 'angelo', 'graham', 'bruce', 'weintraub', 'the', 'natural', 'john', 'box', 'hugh', 'scaife', 'passage', 'to', 'india', 'albert', 'brenner', 'rick', 'simpson', 'stephen', 'grimes', 'josie', 'macavin', 'out', 'of', 'africa', 'norman', 'garwood', 'maggie', 'gray', 'brazil', 'michael', 'riva', 'bo', 'welch', 'linda', 'descenna', 'the', 'color', 'purple', 'yoshirō', 'muraki', 'shinobu', 'muraki', 'ran', 'stan', 'jolley', 'john', 'anderson', 'witness', 'gianni', 'quaranta', 'brian', 'ackland', 'snow', 'brian', 'savegar', 'elio', 'altamura', 'room', 'with', 'view', 'peter', 'lamont', 'crispian', 'sallis', 'aliens', 'boris', 'leven', 'karen', 'hara', 'the', 'color', 'of', 'money', 'stuart', 'wurtzel', 'carol', 'joffe', 'hannah', 'and', 'her', 'sisters', 'stuart', 'craig', 'jack', 'stephens', 'the', 'mission', 'ferdinando', 'scarfiotti', 'bruno', 'cesari', 'osvaldo', 'desideri', 'the', 'last', 'emperor', 'norman', 'reynolds', 'harry', 'cordwell', 'empire', 'of', 'the', 'sun', 'anthony', 'pratt', 'joanne', 'woollard', 'hope', 'and', 'glory', 'santo', 'loquasto', 'carol', 'joffe', 'leslie', 'bloom', 'george', 'detitta', 'jr', 'radio', 'days', 'patrizia', 'von', 'brandenstein', 'william', 'elliott', 'hal', 'gausman', 'the', 'untouchables', 'stuart', 'craig', 'gérard', 'james', 'dangerous', 'liaisons', 'albert', 'brenner', 'garrett', 'lewis', 'beaches', 'ida', 'random', 'linda', 'descenna', 'rain', 'man', 'dean', 'tavoularis', 'armin', 'ganz', 'tucker', 'the', 'man', 'and', 'his', 'dream', 'elliot', 'scott', 'peter', 'howitt', 'who', 'framed', 'roger', 'rabbit', 'anton', 'furst', 'peter', 'young', 'batman', 'leslie', 'dilley', 'anne', 'kuljian', 'the', 'abyss', 'dante', 'ferretti', 'francesca', 'lo', 'schiavo', 'the', 'adventures', 'of', 'baron', 'munchausen', 'bruno', 'rubeo', 'crispian', 'sallis', 'driving', 'miss', 'daisy', 'norman', 'garwood', 'garrett', 'lewis', 'glory', 'year', 'film', 'art', 'director', 'set', 'decorator', 'rd', 'dick', 'tracy', 'richard', 'sylbert', 'rick', 'simpson', 'cyrano', 'de', 'bergerac', 'ezio', 'frigerio', 'jacques', 'rouxel', 'dances', 'with', 'wolves', 'jeffrey', 'beecroft', 'lisa', 'dean', 'the', 'godfather', 'part', 'iii', 'dean', 'tavoularis', 'gary', 'fettis', 'hamlet', 'dante', 'ferretti', 'francesca', 'lo', 'schiavo', 'th', 'bugsy', 'dennis', 'gassner', 'nancy', 'haigh', 'barton', 'fink', 'dennis', 'gassner', 'nancy', 'haigh', 'the', 'fisher', 'king', 'mel', 'bourne', 'cindy', 'carr', 'hook', 'norman', 'garwood', 'garrett', 'lewis', 'the', 'prince', 'of', 'tides', 'paul', 'sylbert', 'caryl', 'heller', 'th', 'howards', 'end', 'luciana', 'arrighi', 'ian', 'whittaker', 'bram', 'stoker', 'dracula', 'thomas', 'sanders', 'garrett', 'lewis', 'chaplin', 'stuart', 'craig', 'chris', 'butler', 'toys', 'ferdinando', 'scarfiotti', 'linda', 'descenna', 'unforgiven', 'henry', 'bumstead', 'janice', 'blackie', 'goodine', 'th', 'schindler', 'list', 'allan', 'starski', 'ewa', 'braun', 'addams', 'family', 'values', 'ken', 'adam', 'marvin', 'march', 'the', 'age', 'of', 'innocence', 'dante', 'ferretti', 'robert', 'franco', 'orlando', 'ben', 'van', 'os', 'and', 'jan', 'roelfs', 'the', 'remains', 'of', 'the', 'day', 'luciana', 'arrighi', 'ian', 'whittaker', 'th', 'the', 'madness', 'of', 'king', 'george', 'ken', 'adam', 'carolyn', 'scott', 'bullets', 'over', 'broadway', 'santo', 'loquasto', 'susan', 'bode', 'forrest', 'gump', 'rick', 'carter', 'nancy', 'haigh', 'interview', 'with', 'the', 'vampire', 'dante', 'ferretti', 'francesca', 'lo', 'schiavo', 'legends', 'of', 'the', 'fall', 'lilly', 'kilvert', 'dorree', 'cooper', 'th', 'restoration', 'eugenio', 'zanetti', 'apollo', 'michael', 'corenblith', 'merideth', 'boswell', 'babe', 'roger', 'ford', 'kerrie', 'brown', 'little', 'princess', 'bo', 'welch', 'cheryl', 'carasik', 'richard', 'iii', 'tony', 'burrough', 'th', 'the', 'english', 'patient', 'stuart', 'craig', 'stephenie', 'mcmillan', 'the', 'birdcage', 'bo', 'welch', 'cheryl', 'carasik', 'evita', 'brian', 'morris', 'philippe', 'turlure', 'hamlet', 'tim', 'harvey', 'romeo', 'juliet', 'catherine', 'martin', 'brigitte', 'broch', 'th', 'titanic', 'peter', 'lamont', 'michael', 'ford', 'gattaca', 'jan', 'roelfs', 'nancy', 'nye', 'kundun', 'dante', 'ferretti', 'francesca', 'lo', 'schiavo', 'confidential', 'jeannine', 'oppewall', 'jay', 'hart', 'men', 'in', 'black', 'bo', 'welch', 'cheryl', 'carasik', 'st', 'shakespeare', 'in', 'love', 'martin', 'childs', 'jill', 'quertier', 'elizabeth', 'john', 'myhre', 'peter', 'howitt', 'pleasantville', 'jeannine', 'oppewall', 'jay', 'hart', 'saving', 'private', 'ryan', 'tom', 'sanders', 'lisa', 'dean', 'kavanaugh', 'what', 'dreams', 'may', 'come', 'eugenio', 'zanetti', 'cindy', 'carr', 'nd', 'sleepy', 'hollow', 'rick', 'heinrichs', 'peter', 'young', 'anna', 'and', 'the', 'king', 'luciana', 'arrighi', 'ian', 'whittaker', 'the', 'cider', 'house', 'rules', 'david', 'gropman', 'beth', 'rubino', 'the', 'talented', 'mr', 'ripley', 'roy', 'walker', 'bruno', 'cesari', 'topsy', 'turvy', 'eve', 'stewart', 'john', 'bush', 'year', 'film', 'art', 'director', 'set', 'decorator', 'rd', 'crouching', 'tiger', 'hidden', 'dragon', 'tim', 'yip', 'gladiator', 'arthur', 'max', 'crispian', 'sallis', 'how', 'the', 'grinch', 'stole', 'christmas', 'michael', 'corenblith', 'merideth', 'boswell', 'quills', 'martin', 'childs', 'jill', 'quertier', 'vatel', 'jean', 'rabasse', 'françoise', 'benoît', 'fresco', 'th', 'moulin', 'rouge', 'catherine', 'martin', 'brigitte', 'broch', 'amélie', 'aline', 'bonetto', 'marie', 'laure', 'valla', 'gosford', 'park', 'stephen', 'altman', 'anna', 'pinnock', 'harry', 'potter', 'and', 'the', 'sorcerer', 'stone', 'stuart', 'craig', 'stephenie', 'mcmillan', 'the', 'lord', 'of', 'the', 'rings', 'the', 'fellowship', 'of', 'the', 'ring', 'grant', 'major', 'dan', 'hennah', 'th', 'chicago', 'john', 'myhre', 'gordon', 'sim', 'frida', 'felipe', 'fernández', 'del', 'paso', 'hania', 'robledo', 'gangs', 'of', 'new', 'york', 'dante', 'ferretti', 'francesca', 'lo', 'schiavo', 'the', 'lord', 'of', 'the', 'rings', 'the', 'two', 'towers', 'grant', 'major', 'dan', 'hennah', 'and', 'alan', 'lee', 'road', 'to', 'perdition', 'dennis', 'gassner', 'nancy', 'haigh', 'th', 'the', 'lord', 'of', 'the', 'rings', 'the', 'return', 'of', 'the', 'king', 'grant', 'major', 'dan', 'hennah', 'and', 'alan', 'lee', 'girl', 'with', 'pearl', 'earring', 'ben', 'van', 'os', 'cecile', 'heideman', 'the', 'last', 'samurai', 'lilly', 'kilvert', 'gretchen', 'rau', 'master', 'and', 'commander', 'the', 'far', 'side', 'of', 'the', 'world', 'william', 'sandell', 'robert', 'gould', 'seabiscuit', 'jeannine', 'oppewall', 'leslie', 'pope', 'th', 'the', 'aviator', 'dante', 'ferretti', 'francesca', 'lo', 'schiavo', 'finding', 'neverland', 'gemma', 'jackson', 'trisha', 'edwards', 'lemony', 'snicket', 'series', 'of', 'unfortunate', 'events', 'rick', 'heinrichs', 'cheryl', 'carasik', 'the', 'phantom', 'of', 'the', 'opera', 'anthony', 'pratt', 'celia', 'bobak', 'very', 'long', 'engagement', 'aline', 'bonetto', 'th', 'memoirs', 'of', 'geisha', 'john', 'myhre', 'gretchen', 'rau', 'good', 'night', 'and', 'good', 'luck', 'jim', 'bissell', 'jan', 'pascale', 'harry', 'potter', 'and', 'the', 'goblet', 'of', 'fire', 'stuart', 'craig', 'stephenie', 'mcmillan', 'king', 'kong', 'grant', 'major', 'dan', 'hennah', 'and', 'simon', 'bright', 'pride', 'prejudice', 'sarah', 'greenwood', 'katie', 'spencer', 'th', 'pan', 'labyrinth', 'eugenio', 'caballero', 'pilar', 'revuelta', 'dreamgirls', 'john', 'myhre', 'nancy', 'haigh', 'the', 'good', 'shepherd', 'jeannine', 'claudia', 'oppewall', 'gretchen', 'rau', 'and', 'leslie', 'rollins', 'pirates', 'of', 'the', 'caribbean', 'dead', 'man', 'chest', 'rick', 'heinrichs', 'cheryl', 'carasik', 'the', 'prestige', 'nathan', 'crowley', 'julie', 'ochipinti', 'th', 'sweeney', 'todd', 'the', 'demon', 'barber', 'of', 'fleet', 'street', 'dante', 'ferretti', 'francesca', 'lo', 'schiavo', 'american', 'gangster', 'arthur', 'max', 'beth', 'rubino', 'atonement', 'sarah', 'greenwood', 'katie', 'spencer', 'the', 'golden', 'compass', 'dennis', 'gassner', 'anna', 'pinnock', 'there', 'will', 'be', 'blood', 'jack', 'fisk', 'jim', 'erickson', 'st', 'the', 'curious', 'case', 'of', 'benjamin', 'button', 'donald', 'graham', 'burt', 'victor', 'zolfo', 'changeling', 'james', 'murakami', 'gary', 'fettis', 'the', 'dark', 'knight', 'nathan', 'crowley', 'peter', 'lando', 'the', 'duchess', 'michael', 'carlin', 'rebecca', 'alleway', 'revolutionary', 'road', 'kristi', 'zea', 'debra', 'schutt', 'nd', 'avatar', 'rick', 'carter', 'and', 'robert', 'stromberg', 'kim', 'sinclair', 'the', 'imaginarium', 'of', 'doctor', 'parnassus', 'dave', 'warren', 'and', 'anastasia', 'masaro', 'caroline', 'smith', 'nine', 'john', 'myhre', 'gordon', 'sim', 'sherlock', 'holmes', 'sarah', 'greenwood', 'katie', 'spencer', 'the', 'young', 'victoria', 'patrice', 'vermette', 'maggie', 'gray', 'year', 'film', 'art', 'director', 'set', 'decorator', 'rd', 'alice', 'in', 'wonderland', 'robert', 'stromberg', 'karen', 'hara', 'harry', 'potter', 'and', 'the', 'deathly', 'hallows', 'part', 'stuart', 'craig', 'stephenie', 'mcmillan', 'inception', 'guy', 'hendrix', 'dyas', 'larry', 'dias', 'and', 'doug', 'mowat', 'the', 'king', 'speech', 'eve', 'stewart', 'judy', 'farr', 'true', 'grit', 'jess', 'gonchor', 'nancy', 'haigh', 'th', 'hugo', 'dante', 'ferretti', 'francesca', 'lo', 'schiavo', 'the', 'artist', 'laurence', 'bennett', 'robert', 'gould', 'harry', 'potter', 'and', 'the', 'deathly', 'hallows', 'part', 'stuart', 'craig', 'stephenie', 'mcmillan', 'midnight', 'in', 'paris', 'anne', 'seibel', 'hélène', 'dubreuil', 'war', 'horse', 'rick', 'carter', 'lee', 'sandales', 'th', 'lincoln', 'rick', 'carter', 'jim', 'erickson', 'anna', 'karenina', 'sarah', 'greenwood', 'katie', 'spencer', 'the', 'hobbit', 'an', 'unexpected', 'journey', 'dan', 'hennah', 'ra', 'vincent', 'and', 'simon', 'bright', 'les', 'misérables', 'eve', 'stewart', 'anna', 'lynch', 'robinson', 'life', 'of', 'pi', 'david', 'gropman', 'anna', 'pinnock', 'th', 'the', 'great', 'gatsby', 'catherine', 'martin', 'beverley', 'dunn', 'american', 'hustle', 'judy', 'becker', 'heather', 'loeffler', 'gravity', 'andy', 'nicholson', 'rosie', 'goodwin', 'and', 'joanne', 'woollard', 'her', 'barrett', 'gene', 'serdena', 'years', 'slave', 'adam', 'stockhausen', 'alice', 'baker', 'th', 'the', 'grand', 'budapest', 'hotel', 'adam', 'stockhausen', 'anna', 'pinnock', 'the', 'imitation', 'game', 'maria', 'djurkovic', 'tatiana', 'macdonald', 'interstellar', 'nathan', 'crowley', 'gary', 'fettis', 'into', 'the', 'woods', 'dennis', 'gassner', 'anna', 'pinnock', 'mr', 'turner', 'suzie', 'davies', 'charlotte', 'watts', 'th', 'mad', 'max', 'fury', 'road', 'colin', 'gibson', 'lisa', 'thompson', 'bridge', 'of', 'spies', 'adam', 'stockhausen', 'rena', 'deangelo', 'and', 'bernhard', 'henrich', 'the', 'danish', 'girl', 'michael', 'standish', 'eve', 'stewart', 'the', 'martian', 'arthur', 'max', 'celia', 'bobak', 'the', 'revenant', 'jack', 'fisk', 'hamish', 'purdy', 'th', 'la', 'la', 'land', 'david', 'wasco', 'sandy', 'reynolds', 'wasco', 'arrival', 'patrice', 'vermette', 'paul', 'hotte', 'fantastic', 'beasts', 'and', 'where', 'to', 'find', 'them', 'stuart', 'craig', 'anna', 'pinnock', 'hail', 'caesar', 'jess', 'gonchor', 'nancy', 'haigh', 'passengers', 'guy', 'hendrix', 'dyas', 'gene', 'serdena', 'see', 'also', 'bafta', 'award', 'for', 'best', 'production', 'design', 'critics', 'choice', 'movie', 'award', 'for', 'best', 'art', 'direction', 'references'], ['Academy Award for Best Production Design'])
In [8]:
# pre = Doc2Vec(min_count=0)
# pre.scan_vocab(documents)
In [9]:
#for num in range(0, 20):
# print('min_count: {}, size of vocab: '.format(num), pre.scale_vocab(min_count=num, dry_run=True)['memory']['vocab']/700)
In the original paper, they set the vocabulary size 915,715. It seems similar size of vocabulary if we set min_count = 19. (size of vocab = 898,725)
In [10]:
cores = multiprocessing.cpu_count()
print('Cores: ' + str(cores))
models = [
# PV-DBOW
Doc2Vec(dm=0, dbow_words=1, size=200, window=8, min_count=19, iter=10, workers=cores),
# PV-DM w/average
Doc2Vec(dm=1, dm_mean=1, size=200, window=8, min_count=19, iter =10, workers=cores),
]
Cores: 8
In [11]:
models[0].build_vocab(documents)
print(str(models[0]))
models[1].reset_from(models[0])
print(str(models[1]))
2017-05-29 19:40:32,768 : INFO : collecting all words and their counts
2017-05-29 19:40:33,075 : INFO : PROGRESS: at example #0, processed 0 words (0/s), 0 word types, 0 tags
2017-05-29 19:41:20,201 : INFO : PROGRESS: at example #10000, processed 31159151 words (661208/s), 441596 word types, 10000 tags
2017-05-29 19:41:42,707 : INFO : finished iterating over Wikipedia corpus of 14901 documents with 46096422 positions (total 19857 articles, 46117421 positions before pruning articles shorter than 50 words)
2017-05-29 19:41:42,708 : INFO : collected 551375 word types and 14901 unique tags from a corpus of 14901 examples and 46096422 words
2017-05-29 19:41:42,709 : INFO : Loading a fresh vocabulary
2017-05-29 19:41:43,179 : INFO : min_count=19 retains 62534 unique words (11% of original 551375, drops 488841)
2017-05-29 19:41:43,180 : INFO : min_count=19 leaves 44748674 word corpus (97% of original 46096422, drops 1347748)
2017-05-29 19:41:43,340 : INFO : deleting the raw counts dictionary of 551375 items
2017-05-29 19:41:43,376 : INFO : sample=0.001 downsamples 27 most-common words
2017-05-29 19:41:43,377 : INFO : downsampling leaves estimated 35328678 word corpus (78.9% of prior 44748674)
2017-05-29 19:41:43,378 : INFO : estimated required memory for 62534 words and 200 dimensions: 146222400 bytes
2017-05-29 19:41:43,608 : INFO : resetting layer weights
2017-05-29 19:41:44,589 : INFO : resetting layer weights
Doc2Vec(dbow+w,d200,n5,w8,mc19,s0.001,t8)
Doc2Vec(dm/m,d200,n5,w8,mc19,s0.001,t8)
Now we’re ready to train Doc2Vec of the English Wikipedia.
In [12]:
for model in models:
model.train(documents, total_examples=model.corpus_count, epochs=model.iter)
2017-05-29 19:41:45,588 : INFO : training model with 8 workers on 62534 vocabulary and 200 features, using sg=1 hs=0 sample=0.001 negative=5 window=8
2017-05-29 19:41:46,645 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 0.02% examples, 92835 words/s, in_qsize 7, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:41:47,647 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 0.05% examples, 127810 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:41:48,665 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 0.10% examples, 151163 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:41:49,668 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 0.15% examples, 163586 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:41:50,702 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 0.20% examples, 170053 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:41:51,719 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 0.26% examples, 173930 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:41:52,735 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 0.32% examples, 177738 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:41:53,739 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 0.41% examples, 178875 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:41:54,752 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 0.48% examples, 180320 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:41:55,762 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 0.53% examples, 180864 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:41:56,771 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 0.58% examples, 183577 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:41:57,798 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 0.64% examples, 183427 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:41:58,822 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 0.70% examples, 183158 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:41:59,829 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 0.79% examples, 183766 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:00,831 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 0.87% examples, 184893 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:01,881 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 0.94% examples, 184142 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:02,891 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 0.99% examples, 184684 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:03,931 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 1.06% examples, 185904 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:04,957 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 1.11% examples, 186045 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:42:05,982 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 1.17% examples, 186442 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:06,987 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 1.22% examples, 186905 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:08,004 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 1.26% examples, 187149 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:42:09,018 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 1.32% examples, 187602 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:10,117 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 1.37% examples, 187511 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 19:42:11,121 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 1.43% examples, 188430 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:42:12,125 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 1.48% examples, 188247 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:13,183 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 1.53% examples, 188496 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:14,205 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 1.58% examples, 188716 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:15,246 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 1.64% examples, 187937 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:16,264 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 1.69% examples, 188656 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:17,356 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 1.74% examples, 188788 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:18,390 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 1.79% examples, 189040 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:19,391 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 1.85% examples, 189540 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:20,431 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 1.91% examples, 189320 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:21,439 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 1.98% examples, 189630 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:22,445 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 2.03% examples, 189654 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:23,453 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 2.08% examples, 189721 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:24,504 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 2.13% examples, 189863 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:25,593 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 2.19% examples, 189682 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:42:26,592 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 2.26% examples, 190319 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:27,602 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 2.32% examples, 190503 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:28,626 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 2.40% examples, 190635 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:29,629 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 2.45% examples, 190159 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:30,640 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 2.52% examples, 190810 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:31,686 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 2.56% examples, 190360 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:42:32,692 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 2.63% examples, 190719 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:33,696 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 2.67% examples, 190896 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:34,738 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 2.73% examples, 190642 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:35,785 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 2.78% examples, 190537 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:42:36,801 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 2.85% examples, 191118 words/s, in_qsize 9, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:37,802 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 2.88% examples, 190679 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:42:38,818 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 2.94% examples, 190803 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:39,845 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 2.99% examples, 190887 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:40,846 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 3.05% examples, 191060 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:41,920 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 3.12% examples, 190851 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:42,934 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 3.18% examples, 191181 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:43,943 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 3.24% examples, 191363 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:44,953 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 3.32% examples, 191267 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:45,990 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 3.37% examples, 191079 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:47,030 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 3.43% examples, 191265 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:48,074 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 3.49% examples, 191243 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:49,083 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 3.54% examples, 191149 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:50,100 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 3.59% examples, 191142 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:51,156 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 3.65% examples, 191228 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:52,177 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 3.71% examples, 191175 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:53,204 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 3.76% examples, 191138 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:54,272 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 3.80% examples, 190963 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:55,305 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 3.88% examples, 191098 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:56,309 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 3.93% examples, 191057 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:57,325 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 3.99% examples, 191144 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:58,408 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 4.06% examples, 191149 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:42:59,423 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 4.12% examples, 191179 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:00,453 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 4.17% examples, 190986 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:01,482 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 4.23% examples, 190982 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:02,489 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 4.27% examples, 191172 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:03,493 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 4.31% examples, 191037 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:04,542 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 4.36% examples, 191045 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:05,557 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 4.40% examples, 191137 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:06,563 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 4.44% examples, 191136 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:07,617 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 4.49% examples, 190973 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:08,628 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 4.55% examples, 191035 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:09,638 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 4.60% examples, 191228 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:10,648 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 4.65% examples, 191069 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:11,666 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 4.69% examples, 190963 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:43:12,721 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 4.76% examples, 190899 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:13,732 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 4.81% examples, 190999 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:14,794 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 4.88% examples, 191140 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:15,959 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 4.93% examples, 190909 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:16,985 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 4.98% examples, 191040 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:18,004 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 5.03% examples, 191014 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:19,072 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 5.08% examples, 191000 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:20,108 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 5.12% examples, 191060 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:21,114 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 5.17% examples, 191352 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:22,147 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 5.22% examples, 191382 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:23,151 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 5.29% examples, 191401 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:24,179 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 5.34% examples, 191299 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 19:43:25,199 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 5.40% examples, 191291 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:26,219 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 5.44% examples, 191382 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:27,220 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 5.51% examples, 191409 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:28,232 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 5.60% examples, 191381 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:29,273 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 5.66% examples, 191268 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 19:43:30,288 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 5.73% examples, 191442 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:31,331 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 5.79% examples, 191629 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:32,407 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 5.83% examples, 191474 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:33,446 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 5.90% examples, 191487 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:34,466 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 5.97% examples, 191552 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:35,476 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 6.03% examples, 191503 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:36,487 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 6.09% examples, 191504 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:37,523 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 6.12% examples, 191549 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:38,567 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 6.17% examples, 191494 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:39,590 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 6.25% examples, 191422 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:40,591 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 6.31% examples, 191549 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:41,624 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 6.35% examples, 191377 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:42,721 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 6.39% examples, 191459 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:43,781 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 6.44% examples, 191472 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:44,803 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 6.51% examples, 191520 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:45,836 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 6.56% examples, 191520 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:46,875 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 6.62% examples, 191747 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:47,878 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 6.67% examples, 191742 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:48,939 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 6.73% examples, 191574 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:49,955 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 6.80% examples, 191698 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:50,973 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 6.86% examples, 191666 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:52,047 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 6.91% examples, 191660 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:53,073 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 6.96% examples, 191688 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:54,136 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 7.02% examples, 191714 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:55,184 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 7.07% examples, 191648 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:56,185 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 7.13% examples, 191843 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:57,192 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 7.19% examples, 191747 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:58,204 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 7.25% examples, 191692 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:43:59,256 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 7.30% examples, 191649 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:00,264 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 7.36% examples, 191822 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:01,266 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 7.41% examples, 191849 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:02,271 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 7.47% examples, 191719 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:03,324 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 7.51% examples, 191679 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:04,347 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 7.57% examples, 191756 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:05,395 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 7.63% examples, 191655 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:06,512 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 7.69% examples, 191772 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:07,555 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 7.75% examples, 191859 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:08,569 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 7.83% examples, 191818 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:09,584 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 7.89% examples, 191722 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:10,613 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 7.95% examples, 191819 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:11,621 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 8.04% examples, 191937 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:12,628 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 8.11% examples, 191899 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:13,647 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 8.18% examples, 191846 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:14,659 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 8.26% examples, 191914 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:15,668 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 8.32% examples, 191885 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:44:16,691 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 8.39% examples, 191881 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:17,735 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 8.41% examples, 191710 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:18,742 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 8.47% examples, 191839 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:19,746 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 8.51% examples, 191876 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:20,774 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 8.56% examples, 191887 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:21,779 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 8.61% examples, 191975 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:22,802 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 8.67% examples, 191974 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:23,827 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 8.74% examples, 192049 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:24,892 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 8.79% examples, 192007 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:25,893 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 8.83% examples, 191890 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:26,981 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 8.88% examples, 191871 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:27,986 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 8.93% examples, 191984 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:29,125 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 9.00% examples, 191935 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:30,149 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 9.08% examples, 192047 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:31,258 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 9.15% examples, 191898 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:32,332 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 9.20% examples, 191930 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:33,340 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 9.27% examples, 191930 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:34,428 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 9.33% examples, 192039 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:35,443 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 9.37% examples, 192018 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:36,459 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 9.42% examples, 192087 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:44:37,467 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 9.48% examples, 192026 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:38,517 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 9.55% examples, 192068 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:39,563 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 9.61% examples, 192060 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:40,581 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 9.67% examples, 192133 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:41,603 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 9.72% examples, 192186 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:42,626 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 9.77% examples, 192198 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:44:43,694 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 9.83% examples, 192080 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:44,701 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 9.88% examples, 192234 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:45,701 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 9.92% examples, 192251 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:46,412 : INFO : finished iterating over Wikipedia corpus of 14901 documents with 46096422 positions (total 19857 articles, 46117421 positions before pruning articles shorter than 50 words)
2017-05-29 19:44:46,806 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 9.97% examples, 192065 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 19:44:47,813 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 10.01% examples, 191886 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:48,826 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 10.05% examples, 191701 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:49,864 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 10.09% examples, 191639 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:50,967 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 10.14% examples, 191668 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:51,969 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 10.19% examples, 191680 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:53,010 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 10.24% examples, 191661 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:54,023 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 10.30% examples, 191639 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:55,057 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 10.38% examples, 191564 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:56,089 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 10.46% examples, 191588 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:57,130 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 10.52% examples, 191603 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:58,144 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 10.57% examples, 191573 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:44:59,149 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 10.62% examples, 191607 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:45:00,191 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 10.69% examples, 191639 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:01,191 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 10.78% examples, 191600 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:02,195 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 10.85% examples, 191566 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:03,273 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 10.93% examples, 191566 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:04,313 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 10.97% examples, 191547 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:05,355 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 11.05% examples, 191583 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:06,490 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 11.11% examples, 191595 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:07,503 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 11.16% examples, 191594 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:08,535 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 11.22% examples, 191627 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:09,580 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 11.25% examples, 191482 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:10,595 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 11.31% examples, 191539 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:11,678 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 11.37% examples, 191602 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:12,723 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 11.42% examples, 191616 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:13,791 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 11.48% examples, 191584 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:14,809 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 11.53% examples, 191579 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:15,816 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 11.58% examples, 191618 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:16,876 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 11.63% examples, 191520 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:17,912 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 11.68% examples, 191553 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:18,984 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 11.74% examples, 191590 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:45:20,002 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 11.79% examples, 191647 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:21,017 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 11.84% examples, 191671 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:22,074 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 11.90% examples, 191602 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:23,197 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 11.98% examples, 191606 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:24,272 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 12.03% examples, 191624 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:25,359 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 12.09% examples, 191658 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:26,389 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 12.14% examples, 191682 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:27,398 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 12.20% examples, 191686 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:28,479 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 12.26% examples, 191647 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:29,474 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 12.33% examples, 191679 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:30,489 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 12.40% examples, 191758 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:31,549 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 12.46% examples, 191706 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:32,563 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 12.52% examples, 191695 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:33,564 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 12.57% examples, 191671 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:34,576 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 12.63% examples, 191751 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:35,606 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 12.68% examples, 191742 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:36,628 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 12.74% examples, 191790 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:37,649 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 12.79% examples, 191786 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:38,696 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 12.85% examples, 191761 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:39,758 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 12.89% examples, 191739 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:45:40,764 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 12.95% examples, 191751 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:41,776 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 13.01% examples, 191867 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:42,777 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 13.07% examples, 191869 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:43,781 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 13.13% examples, 191781 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:44,792 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 13.19% examples, 191895 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:45,830 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 13.24% examples, 191904 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:46,841 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 13.33% examples, 191811 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:47,856 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 13.39% examples, 191859 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:48,919 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 13.45% examples, 191887 words/s, in_qsize 8, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:49,934 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 13.50% examples, 191899 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:50,948 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 13.55% examples, 191921 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:51,981 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 13.61% examples, 191916 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:53,025 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 13.67% examples, 191933 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 19:45:54,107 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 13.73% examples, 191971 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:55,113 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 13.77% examples, 191926 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:56,118 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 13.83% examples, 191924 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:57,216 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 13.89% examples, 191888 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:58,247 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 13.95% examples, 191921 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:45:59,253 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 14.01% examples, 191961 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 19:46:00,264 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 14.07% examples, 191910 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:01,285 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 14.14% examples, 191920 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:02,294 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 14.19% examples, 191835 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:46:03,358 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 14.24% examples, 191894 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:04,359 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 14.29% examples, 191891 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:46:05,380 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 14.33% examples, 191936 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:06,426 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 14.38% examples, 191887 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:07,452 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 14.41% examples, 191877 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:08,465 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 14.47% examples, 191915 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:09,510 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 14.51% examples, 191921 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:10,513 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 14.57% examples, 192009 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:11,522 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 14.61% examples, 191875 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:46:12,529 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 14.67% examples, 191911 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:13,558 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 14.72% examples, 191960 words/s, in_qsize 9, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:14,566 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 14.78% examples, 191943 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:46:15,580 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 14.84% examples, 191904 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:16,608 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 14.90% examples, 191955 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:46:17,640 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 14.95% examples, 191924 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:18,707 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 14.99% examples, 191897 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:19,772 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 15.04% examples, 191868 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:20,778 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 15.09% examples, 191879 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:21,788 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 15.14% examples, 191952 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:22,854 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 15.18% examples, 191946 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:23,855 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 15.23% examples, 192008 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:24,948 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 15.30% examples, 191920 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:25,963 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 15.36% examples, 191985 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:26,966 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 15.42% examples, 191999 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:27,979 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 15.47% examples, 192052 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:29,020 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 15.53% examples, 191937 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:30,043 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 15.64% examples, 192043 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:31,070 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 15.68% examples, 191969 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:32,098 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 15.75% examples, 191940 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:33,108 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 15.80% examples, 192006 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:34,109 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 15.85% examples, 192007 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:35,139 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 15.91% examples, 191975 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:36,163 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 15.98% examples, 192002 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:37,195 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 16.04% examples, 192001 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:38,223 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 16.09% examples, 191944 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:46:39,260 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 16.13% examples, 191951 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:40,260 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 16.19% examples, 192003 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:41,298 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 16.26% examples, 191958 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:42,352 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 16.32% examples, 191949 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:43,363 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 16.36% examples, 191932 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:44,391 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 16.40% examples, 191983 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:45,424 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 16.45% examples, 191977 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:46,444 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 16.51% examples, 192011 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:47,496 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 16.57% examples, 192005 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:48,572 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 16.62% examples, 191995 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:49,596 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 16.68% examples, 192045 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:46:50,601 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 16.74% examples, 191997 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:51,609 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 16.80% examples, 192018 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:52,614 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 16.86% examples, 191988 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:53,659 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 16.91% examples, 191966 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:54,675 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 16.96% examples, 191993 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:55,698 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 17.02% examples, 192030 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:56,825 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 17.08% examples, 191943 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:57,864 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 17.12% examples, 191988 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:58,930 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 17.20% examples, 191999 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:46:59,944 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 17.26% examples, 191989 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:00,948 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 17.30% examples, 191965 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:01,954 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 17.37% examples, 192059 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:03,009 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 17.42% examples, 192041 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 19:47:04,026 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 17.48% examples, 192004 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:05,027 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 17.51% examples, 191994 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:06,072 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 17.59% examples, 192038 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:07,106 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 17.64% examples, 191970 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:08,163 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 17.69% examples, 192005 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:09,177 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 17.76% examples, 192047 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:10,178 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 17.83% examples, 192043 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:11,179 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 17.90% examples, 192018 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:12,197 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 17.96% examples, 192069 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:13,231 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 18.04% examples, 192062 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:14,298 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 18.11% examples, 192058 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:15,354 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 18.20% examples, 192058 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:16,388 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 18.27% examples, 192093 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:17,421 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 18.33% examples, 192036 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 19:47:18,466 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 18.39% examples, 192070 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:19,480 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 18.43% examples, 192027 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:20,489 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 18.48% examples, 192045 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:47:21,493 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 18.52% examples, 192106 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:22,502 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 18.57% examples, 192105 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:23,552 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 18.62% examples, 192100 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:24,554 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 18.68% examples, 192094 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:25,609 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 18.75% examples, 192113 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:26,736 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 18.80% examples, 192023 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:27,780 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 18.84% examples, 192060 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:28,805 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 18.90% examples, 192089 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:29,807 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 18.95% examples, 192127 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:30,918 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 19.03% examples, 192085 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:31,988 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 19.09% examples, 192091 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:33,024 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 19.17% examples, 192116 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:34,044 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 19.21% examples, 192103 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:35,054 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 19.28% examples, 192128 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:36,070 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 19.33% examples, 192107 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:37,078 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 19.38% examples, 192150 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:38,087 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 19.43% examples, 192183 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:39,097 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 19.49% examples, 192148 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:40,102 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 19.55% examples, 192169 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:41,105 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 19.61% examples, 192164 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:42,120 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 19.67% examples, 192195 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:43,169 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 19.72% examples, 192224 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:44,188 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 19.78% examples, 192226 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:45,188 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 19.84% examples, 192199 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:46,219 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 19.88% examples, 192313 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:47,297 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 19.92% examples, 192251 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:47,851 : INFO : finished iterating over Wikipedia corpus of 14901 documents with 46096422 positions (total 19857 articles, 46117421 positions before pruning articles shorter than 50 words)
2017-05-29 19:47:48,304 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 19.98% examples, 192226 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:49,314 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 20.01% examples, 192111 words/s, in_qsize 9, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:50,322 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 20.05% examples, 192098 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:51,323 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 20.09% examples, 192058 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:52,355 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 20.14% examples, 192095 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:53,358 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 20.19% examples, 192092 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:54,399 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 20.25% examples, 192107 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:55,440 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 20.32% examples, 192087 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:56,448 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 20.40% examples, 192085 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:57,483 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 20.48% examples, 192108 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:58,493 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 20.53% examples, 192092 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:47:59,502 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 20.58% examples, 192137 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:00,526 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 20.63% examples, 192129 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:01,539 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 20.70% examples, 192123 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:02,542 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 20.79% examples, 192083 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:03,593 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 20.87% examples, 192101 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:04,637 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 20.94% examples, 192052 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:05,703 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 20.99% examples, 192060 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:06,718 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 21.05% examples, 192070 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:07,746 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 21.12% examples, 192087 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:08,759 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 21.17% examples, 192121 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:09,821 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 21.22% examples, 192092 words/s, in_qsize 8, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:10,840 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 21.26% examples, 192062 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:11,882 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 21.32% examples, 192086 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:12,882 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 21.37% examples, 192074 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:13,909 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 21.43% examples, 192116 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:14,930 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 21.48% examples, 192087 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:15,947 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 21.53% examples, 192088 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:16,953 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 21.58% examples, 192115 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:18,050 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 21.64% examples, 192068 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:19,059 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 21.69% examples, 192091 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:20,089 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 21.74% examples, 192110 words/s, in_qsize 9, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:48:21,163 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 21.79% examples, 192101 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:48:22,259 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 21.85% examples, 192098 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:23,267 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 21.91% examples, 192100 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:24,299 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 21.98% examples, 192108 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:48:25,310 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 22.03% examples, 192109 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:26,321 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 22.08% examples, 192126 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:27,354 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 22.13% examples, 192123 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:28,461 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 22.20% examples, 192080 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:29,472 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 22.26% examples, 192136 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:30,567 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 22.33% examples, 192145 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:31,599 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 22.41% examples, 192186 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:32,599 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 22.46% examples, 192173 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:33,616 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 22.52% examples, 192166 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:34,630 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 22.57% examples, 192168 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:35,632 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 22.63% examples, 192193 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:36,756 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 22.68% examples, 192161 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:37,776 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 22.74% examples, 192201 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:38,776 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 22.80% examples, 192211 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:39,823 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 22.85% examples, 192185 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:40,932 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 22.89% examples, 192181 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:41,953 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 22.96% examples, 192206 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:42,968 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 23.01% examples, 192190 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:43,983 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 23.08% examples, 192222 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:44,985 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 23.13% examples, 192184 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:46,044 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 23.20% examples, 192239 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:47,106 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 23.25% examples, 192223 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:48,170 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 23.35% examples, 192210 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:48:49,177 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 23.41% examples, 192274 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:50,248 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 23.46% examples, 192229 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:51,260 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 23.52% examples, 192284 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:52,276 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 23.56% examples, 192263 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:53,292 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 23.62% examples, 192246 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:54,331 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 23.69% examples, 192299 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:55,335 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 23.73% examples, 192256 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:56,365 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 23.78% examples, 192231 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:57,511 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 23.84% examples, 192226 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:58,584 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 23.91% examples, 192259 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:48:59,604 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 23.97% examples, 192256 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:00,626 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 24.03% examples, 192261 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:01,666 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 24.09% examples, 192260 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:02,672 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 24.15% examples, 192273 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:03,748 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 24.21% examples, 192225 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:04,757 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 24.26% examples, 192254 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:05,808 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 24.30% examples, 192257 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:06,822 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 24.34% examples, 192215 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:07,846 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 24.39% examples, 192205 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:08,871 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 24.43% examples, 192266 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:09,896 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 24.49% examples, 192266 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:10,981 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 24.54% examples, 192280 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:12,003 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 24.59% examples, 192271 words/s, in_qsize 8, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:13,015 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 24.64% examples, 192251 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:14,020 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 24.68% examples, 192243 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:15,037 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 24.75% examples, 192271 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:16,038 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 24.80% examples, 192252 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:17,047 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 24.86% examples, 192290 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:18,065 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 24.92% examples, 192280 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:19,090 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 24.97% examples, 192280 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:20,120 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 25.02% examples, 192269 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:21,121 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 25.06% examples, 192244 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:22,163 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 25.10% examples, 192271 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:23,166 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 25.15% examples, 192239 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:24,172 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 25.19% examples, 192247 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:25,248 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 25.25% examples, 192250 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:26,282 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 25.33% examples, 192271 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:27,287 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 25.38% examples, 192271 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:49:28,291 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 25.42% examples, 192278 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:29,307 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 25.49% examples, 192312 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:30,324 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 25.57% examples, 192279 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:31,330 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 25.65% examples, 192310 words/s, in_qsize 9, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:32,372 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 25.70% examples, 192272 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:33,397 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 25.76% examples, 192233 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:34,400 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 25.80% examples, 192263 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:35,433 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 25.86% examples, 192278 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:49:36,451 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 25.92% examples, 192272 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:49:37,483 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 26.00% examples, 192331 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:38,501 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 26.05% examples, 192295 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:39,501 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 26.10% examples, 192265 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:40,507 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 26.15% examples, 192321 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:41,524 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 26.20% examples, 192300 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:42,556 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 26.28% examples, 192270 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:43,633 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 26.33% examples, 192287 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:44,646 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 26.37% examples, 192273 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:45,663 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 26.41% examples, 192268 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:46,739 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 26.47% examples, 192316 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:47,753 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 26.53% examples, 192301 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:48,767 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 26.59% examples, 192325 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:49,767 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 26.64% examples, 192331 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:50,770 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 26.69% examples, 192322 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:51,781 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 26.77% examples, 192360 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:52,788 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 26.82% examples, 192313 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:53,820 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 26.88% examples, 192305 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:54,837 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 26.92% examples, 192358 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:55,884 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 26.98% examples, 192330 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:56,908 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 27.03% examples, 192323 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:57,923 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 27.09% examples, 192353 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:58,945 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 27.14% examples, 192358 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:49:59,956 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 27.22% examples, 192372 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:00,974 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 27.26% examples, 192337 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:01,993 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 27.32% examples, 192340 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:03,006 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 27.38% examples, 192372 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:04,077 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 27.43% examples, 192337 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:05,141 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 27.49% examples, 192352 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:06,176 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 27.54% examples, 192333 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:07,196 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 27.60% examples, 192355 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:08,225 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 27.65% examples, 192369 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:09,232 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 27.71% examples, 192371 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:10,239 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 27.77% examples, 192373 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:11,260 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 27.84% examples, 192355 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:12,328 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 27.91% examples, 192328 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:13,329 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 27.97% examples, 192351 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:50:14,350 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 28.05% examples, 192338 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:15,354 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 28.12% examples, 192340 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:16,371 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 28.20% examples, 192343 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:17,399 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 28.27% examples, 192339 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:50:18,447 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 28.33% examples, 192333 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:19,453 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 28.39% examples, 192332 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:20,454 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 28.43% examples, 192298 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:21,461 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 28.47% examples, 192296 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:22,489 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 28.52% examples, 192331 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:23,503 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 28.56% examples, 192292 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:24,521 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 28.62% examples, 192316 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:25,534 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 28.68% examples, 192319 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:26,537 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 28.74% examples, 192345 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:27,592 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 28.80% examples, 192324 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:28,622 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 28.83% examples, 192307 words/s, in_qsize 8, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:29,657 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 28.89% examples, 192309 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:30,703 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 28.94% examples, 192343 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:31,745 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 29.01% examples, 192319 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:32,752 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 29.07% examples, 192312 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:33,820 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 29.15% examples, 192306 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:34,824 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 29.20% examples, 192323 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:35,863 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 29.27% examples, 192335 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:36,886 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 29.32% examples, 192310 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:37,927 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 29.37% examples, 192323 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:38,944 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 29.41% examples, 192311 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:50:39,946 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 29.47% examples, 192312 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:40,963 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 29.54% examples, 192356 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:41,992 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 29.60% examples, 192373 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:42,995 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 29.66% examples, 192373 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:44,024 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 29.71% examples, 192376 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:45,126 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 29.76% examples, 192363 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:46,132 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 29.83% examples, 192363 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:47,136 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 29.87% examples, 192424 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:48,145 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 29.92% examples, 192419 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:48,870 : INFO : finished iterating over Wikipedia corpus of 14901 documents with 46096422 positions (total 19857 articles, 46117421 positions before pruning articles shorter than 50 words)
2017-05-29 19:50:49,162 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 29.96% examples, 192348 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:50:50,219 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 30.01% examples, 192296 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:51,270 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 30.05% examples, 192270 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:52,275 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 30.09% examples, 192267 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:53,305 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 30.13% examples, 192268 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:54,314 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 30.19% examples, 192273 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:55,359 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 30.24% examples, 192281 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:56,364 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 30.30% examples, 192276 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:57,451 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 30.38% examples, 192254 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:58,497 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 30.46% examples, 192230 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:50:59,543 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 30.51% examples, 192231 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:00,564 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 30.57% examples, 192232 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:01,596 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 30.63% examples, 192263 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:02,659 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 30.69% examples, 192248 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:03,708 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 30.78% examples, 192230 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:04,772 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 30.86% examples, 192239 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:05,796 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 30.94% examples, 192214 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:06,824 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 30.99% examples, 192261 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:07,825 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 31.05% examples, 192249 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:08,860 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 31.11% examples, 192254 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:09,881 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 31.16% examples, 192241 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:10,963 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 31.22% examples, 192224 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:11,999 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 31.26% examples, 192242 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:12,999 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 31.31% examples, 192220 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:14,010 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 31.37% examples, 192268 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:15,023 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 31.42% examples, 192262 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:16,077 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 31.48% examples, 192258 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:17,085 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 31.53% examples, 192266 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:51:18,111 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 31.58% examples, 192267 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:19,160 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 31.64% examples, 192245 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:20,178 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 31.68% examples, 192264 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:21,199 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 31.74% examples, 192281 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:22,199 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 31.79% examples, 192281 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:23,211 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 31.84% examples, 192292 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:24,216 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 31.90% examples, 192301 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:25,223 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 31.97% examples, 192300 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:26,224 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 32.02% examples, 192309 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:27,240 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 32.07% examples, 192278 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:28,246 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 32.12% examples, 192326 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:29,298 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 32.19% examples, 192319 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:30,321 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 32.25% examples, 192339 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:31,323 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 32.31% examples, 192325 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:32,366 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 32.38% examples, 192330 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:33,394 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 32.44% examples, 192316 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:34,430 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 32.50% examples, 192323 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:35,466 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 32.56% examples, 192362 words/s, in_qsize 7, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:36,493 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 32.62% examples, 192338 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:37,497 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 32.67% examples, 192362 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:38,538 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 32.72% examples, 192319 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:39,614 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 32.78% examples, 192345 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:40,658 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 32.84% examples, 192361 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:41,684 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 32.88% examples, 192347 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:42,742 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 32.94% examples, 192352 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:43,776 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 33.00% examples, 192366 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:44,827 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 33.06% examples, 192365 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:45,848 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 33.12% examples, 192347 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:46,852 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 33.18% examples, 192391 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:47,894 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 33.24% examples, 192389 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:48,942 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 33.33% examples, 192375 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:49,990 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 33.39% examples, 192380 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:50,992 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 33.45% examples, 192405 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:51,998 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 33.49% examples, 192378 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:53,055 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 33.55% examples, 192397 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:54,064 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 33.60% examples, 192405 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:55,077 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 33.66% examples, 192392 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:56,095 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 33.72% examples, 192403 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:57,109 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 33.77% examples, 192420 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:58,122 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 33.82% examples, 192392 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:51:59,185 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 33.88% examples, 192381 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:00,188 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 33.95% examples, 192398 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:01,226 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 34.00% examples, 192402 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:02,273 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 34.07% examples, 192404 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:03,277 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 34.14% examples, 192436 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:04,316 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 34.18% examples, 192397 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:05,342 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 34.24% examples, 192395 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:06,373 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 34.28% examples, 192401 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:07,387 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 34.33% examples, 192389 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:08,420 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 34.37% examples, 192399 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:09,428 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 34.41% examples, 192385 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:10,464 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 34.46% examples, 192384 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:11,494 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 34.51% examples, 192416 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:12,516 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 34.56% examples, 192406 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:13,617 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 34.62% examples, 192375 words/s, in_qsize 9, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:14,624 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 34.67% examples, 192394 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:15,627 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 34.73% examples, 192417 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:16,645 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 34.78% examples, 192411 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:17,697 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 34.84% examples, 192378 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:18,739 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 34.90% examples, 192383 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:19,761 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 34.95% examples, 192398 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:20,787 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 34.99% examples, 192408 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:21,799 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 35.04% examples, 192388 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:22,810 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 35.08% examples, 192386 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 3
2017-05-29 19:52:23,856 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 35.14% examples, 192413 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:24,880 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 35.18% examples, 192423 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:25,902 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 35.23% examples, 192444 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:26,938 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 35.30% examples, 192410 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:27,939 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 35.35% examples, 192430 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:28,944 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 35.41% examples, 192453 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:29,999 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 35.46% examples, 192446 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:52:31,025 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 35.53% examples, 192430 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:32,033 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 35.62% examples, 192429 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:33,040 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 35.67% examples, 192410 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:34,045 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 35.74% examples, 192413 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:35,045 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 35.79% examples, 192418 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:36,098 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 35.84% examples, 192425 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:37,110 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 35.91% examples, 192435 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:38,118 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 35.97% examples, 192415 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:39,128 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 36.03% examples, 192426 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:40,204 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 36.09% examples, 192392 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:41,216 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 36.13% examples, 192412 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:42,234 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 36.18% examples, 192419 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:43,237 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 36.25% examples, 192397 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:44,322 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 36.32% examples, 192413 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:45,353 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 36.36% examples, 192404 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:46,378 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 36.40% examples, 192406 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:47,430 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 36.45% examples, 192400 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:48,438 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 36.50% examples, 192402 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:49,440 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 36.56% examples, 192392 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:50,464 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 36.62% examples, 192432 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:51,471 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 36.67% examples, 192436 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:52,492 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 36.73% examples, 192413 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:53,566 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 36.80% examples, 192420 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:52:54,573 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 36.86% examples, 192429 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:55,654 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 36.91% examples, 192412 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:56,655 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 36.95% examples, 192408 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:57,672 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 37.02% examples, 192420 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:58,673 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 37.07% examples, 192418 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:52:59,697 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 37.12% examples, 192419 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:00,733 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 37.19% examples, 192408 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:01,762 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 37.24% examples, 192399 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:02,767 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 37.29% examples, 192401 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:03,781 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 37.35% examples, 192400 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:04,796 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 37.41% examples, 192434 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:05,819 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 37.46% examples, 192399 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:06,825 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 37.51% examples, 192396 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:07,826 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 37.57% examples, 192410 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:08,840 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 37.62% examples, 192414 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:09,870 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 37.68% examples, 192410 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:10,900 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 37.74% examples, 192422 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:11,917 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 37.81% examples, 192432 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:12,935 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 37.88% examples, 192423 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:13,945 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 37.94% examples, 192412 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:14,999 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 38.01% examples, 192415 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:16,017 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 38.09% examples, 192420 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:17,019 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 38.15% examples, 192405 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:18,055 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 38.24% examples, 192426 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:19,059 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 38.29% examples, 192400 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:20,071 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 38.36% examples, 192391 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:21,084 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 38.41% examples, 192412 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:22,122 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 38.45% examples, 192380 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:23,151 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 38.50% examples, 192403 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:24,175 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 38.55% examples, 192431 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:25,204 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 38.60% examples, 192422 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:26,236 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 38.66% examples, 192436 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:27,272 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 38.72% examples, 192452 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:28,286 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 38.78% examples, 192417 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:29,300 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 38.82% examples, 192440 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:30,317 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 38.87% examples, 192436 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:31,353 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 38.92% examples, 192422 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:32,358 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 38.97% examples, 192431 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:33,365 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 39.06% examples, 192449 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:34,384 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 39.12% examples, 192436 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:35,416 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 39.18% examples, 192433 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:36,430 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 39.23% examples, 192423 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:37,477 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 39.29% examples, 192414 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 19:53:38,492 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 39.35% examples, 192424 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:39,513 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 39.40% examples, 192470 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:40,541 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 39.44% examples, 192444 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:41,570 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 39.51% examples, 192438 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:42,591 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 39.58% examples, 192454 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:43,609 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 39.63% examples, 192440 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:44,610 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 39.69% examples, 192477 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:45,614 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 39.74% examples, 192454 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:46,712 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 39.80% examples, 192470 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:47,730 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 39.85% examples, 192452 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:48,738 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 39.89% examples, 192492 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:49,744 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 39.94% examples, 192492 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:50,044 : INFO : finished iterating over Wikipedia corpus of 14901 documents with 46096422 positions (total 19857 articles, 46117421 positions before pruning articles shorter than 50 words)
2017-05-29 19:53:50,765 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 40.00% examples, 192471 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:51,818 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 40.02% examples, 192394 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:52,828 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 40.06% examples, 192351 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:53:53,867 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 40.10% examples, 192381 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:54,872 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 40.16% examples, 192378 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:55,977 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 40.21% examples, 192377 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:56,983 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 40.28% examples, 192395 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:58,033 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 40.35% examples, 192388 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:53:59,076 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 40.44% examples, 192395 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:00,091 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 40.49% examples, 192378 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:01,128 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 40.55% examples, 192397 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:02,197 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 40.60% examples, 192377 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:03,250 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 40.66% examples, 192389 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:04,259 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 40.75% examples, 192382 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:05,286 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 40.83% examples, 192358 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:06,320 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 40.90% examples, 192356 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:07,336 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 40.96% examples, 192362 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:08,359 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 41.02% examples, 192385 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 19:54:09,376 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 41.08% examples, 192347 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:10,434 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 41.14% examples, 192376 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:11,447 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 41.19% examples, 192359 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:12,542 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 41.24% examples, 192359 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:13,558 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 41.30% examples, 192381 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:14,619 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 41.35% examples, 192388 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:15,674 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 41.40% examples, 192405 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:16,708 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 41.46% examples, 192403 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:17,751 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 41.52% examples, 192381 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:18,830 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 41.56% examples, 192391 words/s, in_qsize 9, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:19,903 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 41.61% examples, 192392 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:20,922 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 41.68% examples, 192397 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:21,951 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 41.73% examples, 192416 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:22,960 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 41.78% examples, 192420 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:23,979 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 41.83% examples, 192410 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:25,017 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 41.89% examples, 192417 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:26,049 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 41.95% examples, 192398 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:27,083 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 42.02% examples, 192423 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:28,154 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 42.06% examples, 192405 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:29,166 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 42.12% examples, 192433 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:30,187 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 42.17% examples, 192420 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:31,231 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 42.25% examples, 192419 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:32,233 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 42.30% examples, 192434 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:33,304 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 42.37% examples, 192424 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:34,306 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 42.44% examples, 192442 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:35,332 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 42.50% examples, 192437 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:36,346 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 42.55% examples, 192460 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:37,412 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 42.61% examples, 192419 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:54:38,414 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 42.67% examples, 192438 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:39,491 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 42.72% examples, 192436 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:54:40,498 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 42.78% examples, 192472 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:41,557 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 42.84% examples, 192479 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:42,579 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 42.87% examples, 192433 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:43,582 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 42.94% examples, 192452 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:44,669 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 42.99% examples, 192458 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:45,760 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 43.05% examples, 192452 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:46,849 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 43.12% examples, 192451 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:47,892 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 43.18% examples, 192467 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:48,908 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 43.24% examples, 192488 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:49,920 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 43.33% examples, 192468 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:50,922 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 43.37% examples, 192465 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:51,982 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 43.44% examples, 192470 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:54:53,036 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 43.49% examples, 192453 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:54,050 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 43.54% examples, 192479 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:55,119 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 43.60% examples, 192465 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:56,151 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 43.66% examples, 192457 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:57,167 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 43.72% examples, 192492 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:58,179 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 43.77% examples, 192458 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:54:59,180 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 43.81% examples, 192458 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:00,270 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 43.88% examples, 192439 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:01,271 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 43.94% examples, 192448 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:02,295 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 44.00% examples, 192450 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:03,344 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 44.06% examples, 192444 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:04,383 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 44.13% examples, 192450 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:05,406 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 44.18% examples, 192447 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:06,454 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 44.24% examples, 192457 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 19:55:07,448 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 44.28% examples, 192437 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:08,484 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 44.33% examples, 192457 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:09,563 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 44.37% examples, 192463 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:10,564 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 44.41% examples, 192467 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:11,613 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 44.46% examples, 192466 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:12,615 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 44.51% examples, 192481 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:13,624 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 44.57% examples, 192476 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:14,712 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 44.62% examples, 192446 words/s, in_qsize 9, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:15,729 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 44.67% examples, 192467 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:16,736 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 44.73% examples, 192488 words/s, in_qsize 8, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:17,821 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 44.79% examples, 192480 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:18,829 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 44.85% examples, 192488 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:19,831 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 44.90% examples, 192471 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:20,851 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 44.95% examples, 192491 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:55:21,896 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 44.99% examples, 192483 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:22,907 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 45.05% examples, 192491 words/s, in_qsize 7, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:23,916 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 45.09% examples, 192497 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:24,962 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 45.14% examples, 192521 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:25,986 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 45.19% examples, 192504 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:26,999 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 45.24% examples, 192515 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:28,038 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 45.32% examples, 192505 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:29,079 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 45.37% examples, 192529 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:30,096 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 45.42% examples, 192528 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:55:31,106 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 45.47% examples, 192535 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:32,200 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 45.55% examples, 192506 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:33,296 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 45.64% examples, 192521 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:34,340 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 45.70% examples, 192506 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:35,389 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 45.77% examples, 192510 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:36,404 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 45.82% examples, 192536 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:37,463 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 45.87% examples, 192531 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:38,481 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 45.93% examples, 192531 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:39,542 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 46.01% examples, 192535 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:40,544 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 46.06% examples, 192523 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:41,552 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 46.11% examples, 192526 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:42,608 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 46.16% examples, 192555 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:43,692 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 46.23% examples, 192542 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:44,708 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 46.29% examples, 192520 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:55:45,722 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 46.34% examples, 192544 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:46,732 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 46.38% examples, 192547 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:47,769 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 46.42% examples, 192535 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:48,827 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 46.48% examples, 192522 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:49,842 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 46.54% examples, 192539 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:55:50,853 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 46.59% examples, 192516 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:51,871 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 46.65% examples, 192559 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:52,874 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 46.71% examples, 192545 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:53,915 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 46.77% examples, 192547 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:54,985 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 46.84% examples, 192546 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:56,031 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 46.89% examples, 192527 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:57,059 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 46.93% examples, 192546 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:58,092 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 47.00% examples, 192541 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:55:59,119 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 47.05% examples, 192550 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:00,149 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 47.10% examples, 192562 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:01,154 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 47.16% examples, 192553 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:02,276 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 47.23% examples, 192551 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:56:03,296 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 47.28% examples, 192563 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:04,299 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 47.34% examples, 192564 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:05,340 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 47.40% examples, 192578 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:06,438 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 47.46% examples, 192549 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:07,490 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 47.50% examples, 192554 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:08,523 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 47.56% examples, 192535 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:09,655 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 47.62% examples, 192545 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:56:10,672 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 47.68% examples, 192560 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:11,678 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 47.74% examples, 192551 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:12,680 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 47.81% examples, 192564 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:13,702 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 47.88% examples, 192564 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:14,778 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 47.94% examples, 192548 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:15,804 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 48.01% examples, 192544 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:16,830 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 48.09% examples, 192565 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:17,837 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 48.17% examples, 192571 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:18,843 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 48.24% examples, 192573 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:19,876 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 48.30% examples, 192570 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:20,888 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 48.38% examples, 192555 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:21,932 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 48.41% examples, 192571 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:23,061 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 48.46% examples, 192538 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:24,097 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 48.51% examples, 192557 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:25,164 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 48.56% examples, 192562 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:26,207 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 48.61% examples, 192559 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:27,237 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 48.68% examples, 192579 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:28,276 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 48.74% examples, 192576 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:29,394 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 48.80% examples, 192563 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:30,404 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 48.84% examples, 192569 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:31,405 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 48.89% examples, 192578 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:32,425 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 48.94% examples, 192590 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:33,474 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 49.01% examples, 192582 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:34,475 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 49.08% examples, 192588 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:35,505 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 49.15% examples, 192575 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:36,510 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 49.20% examples, 192602 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:37,515 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 49.26% examples, 192587 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:38,530 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 49.31% examples, 192585 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:39,538 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 49.37% examples, 192589 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:40,541 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 49.42% examples, 192608 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:41,572 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 49.47% examples, 192603 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:56:42,645 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 49.54% examples, 192611 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:43,746 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 49.61% examples, 192614 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:56:44,778 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 49.67% examples, 192634 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:45,863 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 49.72% examples, 192637 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:46,929 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 49.78% examples, 192646 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:47,933 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 49.84% examples, 192651 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:48,960 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 49.88% examples, 192658 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:50,045 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 49.92% examples, 192641 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:50,571 : INFO : finished iterating over Wikipedia corpus of 14901 documents with 46096422 positions (total 19857 articles, 46117421 positions before pruning articles shorter than 50 words)
2017-05-29 19:56:51,057 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 49.98% examples, 192629 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:52,090 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 50.02% examples, 192593 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:53,135 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 50.05% examples, 192558 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:54,184 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 50.10% examples, 192558 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:55,192 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 50.15% examples, 192567 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:56,209 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 50.20% examples, 192573 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:57,264 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 50.26% examples, 192558 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:56:58,268 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 50.32% examples, 192577 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:56:59,282 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 50.40% examples, 192552 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:00,351 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 50.48% examples, 192558 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:01,367 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 50.53% examples, 192556 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:02,380 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 50.59% examples, 192583 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:03,411 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 50.64% examples, 192575 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:04,527 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 50.72% examples, 192567 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:05,580 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 50.81% examples, 192560 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:06,613 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 50.89% examples, 192559 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:07,622 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 50.95% examples, 192554 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:08,630 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 50.99% examples, 192568 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:09,716 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 51.07% examples, 192544 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:10,723 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 51.13% examples, 192589 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:11,755 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 51.18% examples, 192560 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:12,760 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 51.24% examples, 192583 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:13,776 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 51.28% examples, 192593 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:14,794 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 51.34% examples, 192590 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:15,798 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 51.39% examples, 192597 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:16,838 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 51.45% examples, 192616 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:17,852 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 51.50% examples, 192579 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:18,880 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 51.55% examples, 192608 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:19,946 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 51.60% examples, 192588 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:20,999 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 51.66% examples, 192603 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:22,028 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 51.71% examples, 192603 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:23,063 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 51.76% examples, 192609 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:24,077 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 51.81% examples, 192611 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:25,112 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 51.87% examples, 192619 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:26,151 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 51.94% examples, 192606 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:27,203 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 52.00% examples, 192605 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:28,233 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 52.05% examples, 192626 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:29,247 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 52.10% examples, 192618 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:30,287 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 52.15% examples, 192634 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:31,287 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 52.23% examples, 192651 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:32,296 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 52.29% examples, 192656 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:33,298 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 52.36% examples, 192654 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:34,320 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 52.42% examples, 192650 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:35,384 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 52.49% examples, 192645 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:36,387 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 52.54% examples, 192661 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:37,411 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 52.60% examples, 192657 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:38,428 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 52.64% examples, 192640 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:39,473 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 52.71% examples, 192677 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:40,507 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 52.76% examples, 192668 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:57:41,519 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 52.81% examples, 192658 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:42,532 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 52.86% examples, 192676 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:43,552 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 52.92% examples, 192668 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:44,613 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 52.98% examples, 192684 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:45,649 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 53.04% examples, 192688 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:46,685 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 53.10% examples, 192685 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:47,740 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 53.16% examples, 192690 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:48,756 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 53.22% examples, 192693 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:49,869 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 53.28% examples, 192679 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:57:50,923 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 53.36% examples, 192662 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 19:57:51,941 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 53.43% examples, 192703 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:52,957 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 53.48% examples, 192693 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:53,959 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 53.53% examples, 192694 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:57:54,985 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 53.58% examples, 192699 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:56,066 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 53.65% examples, 192715 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:57,067 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 53.71% examples, 192713 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:58,082 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 53.76% examples, 192711 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:57:59,142 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 53.80% examples, 192693 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:00,148 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 53.88% examples, 192712 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:01,156 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 53.92% examples, 192682 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:02,178 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 53.99% examples, 192716 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:03,196 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 54.05% examples, 192715 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:04,257 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 54.11% examples, 192700 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:05,262 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 54.17% examples, 192701 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:06,269 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 54.23% examples, 192710 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:07,291 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 54.28% examples, 192725 words/s, in_qsize 7, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:08,298 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 54.31% examples, 192695 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:09,321 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 54.36% examples, 192705 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:10,345 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 54.40% examples, 192718 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:11,348 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 54.44% examples, 192712 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:12,401 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 54.50% examples, 192706 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:13,414 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 54.55% examples, 192723 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:14,438 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 54.60% examples, 192716 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:15,439 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 54.66% examples, 192723 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:16,459 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 54.70% examples, 192712 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:17,472 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 54.76% examples, 192719 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:18,504 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 54.83% examples, 192733 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:19,536 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 54.89% examples, 192733 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:20,593 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 54.94% examples, 192731 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:21,607 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 54.98% examples, 192721 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:22,618 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 55.04% examples, 192739 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:23,659 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 55.08% examples, 192727 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:24,665 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 55.12% examples, 192732 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:25,696 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 55.17% examples, 192744 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:26,764 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 55.23% examples, 192747 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:27,791 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 55.29% examples, 192748 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:28,801 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 55.34% examples, 192748 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:29,814 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 55.40% examples, 192741 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:30,822 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 55.45% examples, 192763 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:31,860 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 55.52% examples, 192756 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:58:32,880 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 55.61% examples, 192765 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:33,884 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 55.67% examples, 192750 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:34,908 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 55.74% examples, 192764 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:35,972 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 55.79% examples, 192766 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:37,020 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 55.84% examples, 192761 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:38,022 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 55.90% examples, 192770 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:39,059 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 55.97% examples, 192756 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:58:40,067 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 56.04% examples, 192764 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:41,076 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 56.09% examples, 192758 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:42,092 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 56.13% examples, 192754 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:43,106 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 56.18% examples, 192780 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:44,152 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 56.25% examples, 192755 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:45,232 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 56.32% examples, 192754 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:58:46,305 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 56.36% examples, 192746 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:47,331 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 56.40% examples, 192772 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:48,395 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 56.45% examples, 192760 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:49,484 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 56.51% examples, 192757 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:50,508 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 56.57% examples, 192774 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:51,542 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 56.63% examples, 192768 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:52,599 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 56.69% examples, 192788 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:53,602 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 56.75% examples, 192776 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:54,621 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 56.81% examples, 192768 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:55,697 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 56.88% examples, 192776 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:56,699 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 56.92% examples, 192791 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:57,741 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 56.97% examples, 192779 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:58,757 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 57.03% examples, 192766 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:58:59,775 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 57.08% examples, 192775 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:00,782 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 57.13% examples, 192779 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:01,805 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 57.21% examples, 192773 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:02,912 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 57.26% examples, 192776 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:59:03,956 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 57.32% examples, 192780 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:04,991 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 57.38% examples, 192782 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:06,038 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 57.43% examples, 192779 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:07,069 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 57.48% examples, 192777 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:08,079 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 57.55% examples, 192798 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:09,081 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 57.60% examples, 192792 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:59:10,107 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 57.65% examples, 192790 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:11,122 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 57.71% examples, 192782 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:12,135 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 57.77% examples, 192798 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:13,218 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 57.84% examples, 192777 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:14,256 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 57.92% examples, 192797 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:59:15,265 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 57.98% examples, 192800 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:16,266 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 58.06% examples, 192798 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:17,284 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 58.12% examples, 192805 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:18,296 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 58.21% examples, 192795 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:19,338 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 58.27% examples, 192784 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:20,353 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 58.34% examples, 192791 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:21,365 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 58.40% examples, 192794 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:22,372 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 58.43% examples, 192787 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:23,403 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 58.49% examples, 192808 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:24,479 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 58.53% examples, 192788 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:25,508 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 58.59% examples, 192816 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:26,548 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 58.64% examples, 192808 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:27,555 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 58.70% examples, 192815 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:59:28,585 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 58.77% examples, 192817 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:29,606 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 58.81% examples, 192794 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:30,617 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 58.85% examples, 192819 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:31,639 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 58.91% examples, 192818 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:32,643 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 58.96% examples, 192834 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:33,649 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 59.03% examples, 192805 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:34,685 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 59.09% examples, 192803 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:35,689 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 59.17% examples, 192820 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:36,705 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 59.21% examples, 192801 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:37,715 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 59.27% examples, 192817 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:38,841 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 59.33% examples, 192821 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:39,855 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 59.39% examples, 192829 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:40,870 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 59.44% examples, 192834 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:41,902 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 59.50% examples, 192853 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:42,986 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 59.57% examples, 192839 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:44,044 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 59.63% examples, 192831 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:45,091 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 59.69% examples, 192857 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:46,138 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 59.74% examples, 192860 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 19:59:47,164 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 59.81% examples, 192872 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:48,220 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 59.85% examples, 192857 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 19:59:49,232 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 59.89% examples, 192866 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:50,236 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 59.94% examples, 192878 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:50,366 : INFO : finished iterating over Wikipedia corpus of 14901 documents with 46096422 positions (total 19857 articles, 46117421 positions before pruning articles shorter than 50 words)
2017-05-29 19:59:51,273 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 60.00% examples, 192859 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:52,303 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 60.03% examples, 192830 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:53,326 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 60.07% examples, 192821 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 19:59:54,353 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 60.11% examples, 192826 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:55,378 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 60.17% examples, 192839 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:56,384 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 60.22% examples, 192835 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:57,386 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 60.29% examples, 192847 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:58,425 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 60.36% examples, 192841 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 19:59:59,463 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 60.44% examples, 192826 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:00,535 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 60.51% examples, 192842 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:01,543 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 60.56% examples, 192834 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:00:02,562 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 60.61% examples, 192852 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:03,570 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 60.67% examples, 192841 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:04,590 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 60.77% examples, 192844 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:05,610 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 60.84% examples, 192833 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:06,632 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 60.91% examples, 192818 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:07,633 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 60.97% examples, 192840 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:08,635 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 61.02% examples, 192831 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:09,676 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 61.09% examples, 192823 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:10,684 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 61.14% examples, 192827 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:11,709 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 61.19% examples, 192827 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:12,716 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 61.24% examples, 192821 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:13,728 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 61.30% examples, 192843 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:14,747 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 61.35% examples, 192847 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:15,767 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 61.40% examples, 192846 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:16,798 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 61.45% examples, 192840 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:17,802 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 61.51% examples, 192840 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:18,875 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 61.56% examples, 192854 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:19,948 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 61.61% examples, 192847 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:20,951 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 61.67% examples, 192843 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:21,992 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 61.72% examples, 192842 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:22,999 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 61.77% examples, 192851 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:24,020 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 61.82% examples, 192855 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:25,027 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 61.88% examples, 192859 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:26,043 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 61.94% examples, 192844 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:27,092 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 62.00% examples, 192850 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:28,144 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 62.05% examples, 192841 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:00:29,176 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 62.10% examples, 192853 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:30,183 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 62.15% examples, 192854 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:31,192 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 62.23% examples, 192865 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:32,201 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 62.29% examples, 192879 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:33,214 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 62.37% examples, 192886 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:34,270 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 62.43% examples, 192869 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:35,287 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 62.49% examples, 192857 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:36,351 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 62.55% examples, 192873 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:37,431 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 62.60% examples, 192863 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:38,433 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 62.66% examples, 192863 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:39,526 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 62.72% examples, 192880 words/s, in_qsize 8, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:00:40,559 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 62.77% examples, 192877 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:41,596 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 62.83% examples, 192881 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:42,611 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 62.87% examples, 192875 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:43,632 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 62.93% examples, 192882 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:44,658 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 62.98% examples, 192882 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:00:45,671 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 63.04% examples, 192880 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:46,688 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 63.11% examples, 192893 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:47,717 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 63.17% examples, 192899 words/s, in_qsize 8, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:48,755 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 63.23% examples, 192906 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:49,768 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 63.28% examples, 192889 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:00:50,773 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 63.36% examples, 192884 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:51,797 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 63.42% examples, 192892 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:52,811 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 63.48% examples, 192882 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:53,812 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 63.53% examples, 192895 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:54,849 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 63.58% examples, 192881 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:00:55,862 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 63.63% examples, 192885 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:56,875 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 63.70% examples, 192891 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:57,884 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 63.75% examples, 192884 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:58,891 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 63.78% examples, 192870 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:00:59,911 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 63.85% examples, 192862 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:00,949 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 63.91% examples, 192870 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:01,949 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 63.97% examples, 192871 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:03,003 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 64.03% examples, 192870 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:04,009 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 64.10% examples, 192885 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:05,037 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 64.16% examples, 192886 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:06,080 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 64.22% examples, 192864 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:07,096 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 64.26% examples, 192879 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:08,132 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 64.30% examples, 192879 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:09,141 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 64.34% examples, 192852 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:01:10,193 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 64.39% examples, 192852 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:01:11,237 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 64.43% examples, 192867 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:12,247 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 64.49% examples, 192881 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:13,328 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 64.54% examples, 192874 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:14,379 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 64.59% examples, 192864 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:01:15,387 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 64.65% examples, 192868 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:16,395 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 64.69% examples, 192871 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:17,408 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 64.75% examples, 192877 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:18,492 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 64.81% examples, 192868 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:19,510 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 64.88% examples, 192881 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:20,557 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 64.93% examples, 192881 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:21,561 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 64.97% examples, 192874 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:22,562 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 65.02% examples, 192870 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:23,598 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 65.07% examples, 192877 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:24,629 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 65.11% examples, 192872 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:25,661 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 65.16% examples, 192884 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:26,686 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 65.21% examples, 192895 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:27,694 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 65.27% examples, 192879 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:28,702 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 65.33% examples, 192882 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:01:29,756 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 65.39% examples, 192882 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:30,763 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 65.44% examples, 192899 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:31,870 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 65.51% examples, 192897 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:32,882 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 65.59% examples, 192894 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:33,936 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 65.66% examples, 192887 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:34,939 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 65.72% examples, 192894 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:35,943 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 65.78% examples, 192903 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:36,975 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 65.83% examples, 192892 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:01:38,101 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 65.89% examples, 192884 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 5
2017-05-29 20:01:39,099 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 65.96% examples, 192902 words/s, in_qsize 9, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:40,195 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 66.03% examples, 192893 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:41,263 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 66.09% examples, 192892 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:42,309 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 66.13% examples, 192901 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:43,339 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 66.18% examples, 192899 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:44,354 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 66.25% examples, 192889 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:45,385 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 66.32% examples, 192901 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:46,424 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 66.35% examples, 192888 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:47,440 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 66.40% examples, 192890 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:48,521 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 66.45% examples, 192881 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:49,539 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 66.51% examples, 192892 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:50,554 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 66.56% examples, 192885 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:51,617 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 66.62% examples, 192899 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:52,626 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 66.67% examples, 192897 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:53,648 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 66.73% examples, 192889 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:54,659 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 66.80% examples, 192910 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:55,692 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 66.86% examples, 192897 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:56,758 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 66.91% examples, 192890 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:01:57,778 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 66.96% examples, 192900 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:58,801 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 67.02% examples, 192901 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:01:59,819 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 67.07% examples, 192891 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:00,820 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 67.12% examples, 192907 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:01,822 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 67.19% examples, 192901 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:02,825 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 67.25% examples, 192899 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:03,857 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 67.29% examples, 192881 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:04,874 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 67.35% examples, 192895 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:05,891 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 67.41% examples, 192908 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:06,923 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 67.46% examples, 192879 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:07,931 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 67.51% examples, 192889 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:08,937 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 67.57% examples, 192881 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:09,997 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 67.62% examples, 192888 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:11,078 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 67.69% examples, 192902 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:12,110 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 67.75% examples, 192904 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:13,139 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 67.82% examples, 192897 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:14,183 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 67.89% examples, 192891 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:15,190 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 67.95% examples, 192907 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:16,271 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 68.04% examples, 192906 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:02:17,286 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 68.11% examples, 192913 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:18,297 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 68.18% examples, 192911 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:02:19,299 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 68.26% examples, 192927 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:20,335 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 68.32% examples, 192914 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:21,370 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 68.39% examples, 192906 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:22,391 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 68.42% examples, 192890 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:02:23,391 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 68.47% examples, 192893 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:24,427 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 68.51% examples, 192914 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:25,449 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 68.56% examples, 192912 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:26,475 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 68.62% examples, 192912 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:27,496 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 68.68% examples, 192930 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:28,620 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 68.75% examples, 192922 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:29,713 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 68.80% examples, 192907 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:30,731 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 68.84% examples, 192916 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:31,759 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 68.90% examples, 192923 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:32,764 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 68.95% examples, 192934 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:33,764 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 69.02% examples, 192928 words/s, in_qsize 9, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:02:34,839 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 69.08% examples, 192922 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:35,841 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 69.16% examples, 192922 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:36,870 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 69.21% examples, 192931 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:37,870 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 69.27% examples, 192926 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:38,892 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 69.33% examples, 192942 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:39,899 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 69.37% examples, 192929 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:40,960 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 69.43% examples, 192949 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:41,987 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 69.49% examples, 192943 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:43,049 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 69.56% examples, 192944 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:44,063 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 69.62% examples, 192948 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:45,076 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 69.67% examples, 192951 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:46,140 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 69.73% examples, 192962 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:47,162 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 69.78% examples, 192973 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:48,209 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 69.84% examples, 192966 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:49,224 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 69.88% examples, 192971 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:50,232 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 69.92% examples, 192964 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:50,762 : INFO : finished iterating over Wikipedia corpus of 14901 documents with 46096422 positions (total 19857 articles, 46117421 positions before pruning articles shorter than 50 words)
2017-05-29 20:02:51,284 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 69.98% examples, 192949 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:52,348 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 70.02% examples, 192917 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:53,358 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 70.06% examples, 192905 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:02:54,364 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 70.10% examples, 192905 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:55,407 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 70.15% examples, 192907 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:02:56,429 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 70.21% examples, 192925 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:57,451 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 70.26% examples, 192914 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:58,478 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 70.33% examples, 192923 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:02:59,486 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 70.42% examples, 192909 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:00,492 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 70.48% examples, 192913 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:01,505 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 70.53% examples, 192903 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:02,507 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 70.58% examples, 192919 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:03:03,524 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 70.64% examples, 192926 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:04,526 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 70.71% examples, 192915 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:05,627 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 70.81% examples, 192907 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:06,753 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 70.88% examples, 192901 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:07,790 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 70.95% examples, 192898 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:03:08,810 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 71.00% examples, 192907 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:09,842 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 71.07% examples, 192901 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:10,849 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 71.13% examples, 192930 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:11,867 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 71.18% examples, 192902 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:12,903 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 71.23% examples, 192908 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:13,907 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 71.28% examples, 192923 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:14,968 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 71.34% examples, 192912 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:16,024 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 71.38% examples, 192909 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:03:17,089 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 71.45% examples, 192930 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:03:18,140 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 71.50% examples, 192901 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:19,185 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 71.55% examples, 192921 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:20,229 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 71.60% examples, 192910 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:21,235 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 71.66% examples, 192923 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:22,244 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 71.70% examples, 192913 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:23,245 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 71.75% examples, 192913 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:24,271 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 71.81% examples, 192927 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:25,299 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 71.87% examples, 192932 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:26,301 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 71.93% examples, 192932 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:27,356 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 71.99% examples, 192916 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:28,366 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 72.04% examples, 192936 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:29,410 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 72.09% examples, 192930 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:30,463 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 72.15% examples, 192938 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:31,495 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 72.23% examples, 192949 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:32,547 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 72.29% examples, 192951 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:33,597 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 72.36% examples, 192950 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:03:34,604 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 72.42% examples, 192951 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:35,623 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 72.49% examples, 192947 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:36,628 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 72.54% examples, 192948 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:37,650 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 72.59% examples, 192944 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:38,660 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 72.64% examples, 192940 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:39,724 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 72.70% examples, 192945 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:40,724 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 72.75% examples, 192949 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:41,792 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 72.81% examples, 192941 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:42,837 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 72.86% examples, 192959 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:43,840 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 72.91% examples, 192952 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:44,853 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 72.98% examples, 192964 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:45,901 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 73.03% examples, 192957 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:46,908 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 73.09% examples, 192951 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:47,927 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 73.16% examples, 192973 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:48,953 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 73.21% examples, 192961 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:50,052 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 73.27% examples, 192956 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:51,162 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 73.36% examples, 192959 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:03:52,183 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 73.42% examples, 192969 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:53,255 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 73.48% examples, 192964 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:54,290 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 73.53% examples, 192963 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:03:55,302 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 73.58% examples, 192972 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:56,372 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 73.65% examples, 192978 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:57,392 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 73.71% examples, 192976 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:58,415 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 73.76% examples, 192978 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:03:59,462 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 73.81% examples, 192977 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:00,464 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 73.88% examples, 192975 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:01,495 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 73.93% examples, 192969 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:02,528 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 73.99% examples, 192982 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:03,560 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 74.06% examples, 192986 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:04,569 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 74.13% examples, 192988 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:05,572 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 74.17% examples, 192978 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:06,586 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 74.23% examples, 192979 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:07,609 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 74.28% examples, 192991 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:08,628 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 74.32% examples, 192985 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:09,661 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 74.37% examples, 192992 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:10,716 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 74.41% examples, 192983 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:11,746 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 74.45% examples, 192970 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:12,765 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 74.50% examples, 192984 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:13,791 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 74.55% examples, 192978 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:14,819 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 74.61% examples, 192980 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:15,825 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 74.66% examples, 192980 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:16,825 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 74.71% examples, 192990 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:17,826 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 74.76% examples, 192978 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:18,906 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 74.83% examples, 192982 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:19,944 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 74.89% examples, 192987 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:20,957 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 74.94% examples, 192995 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:21,999 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 74.98% examples, 192984 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:23,009 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 75.04% examples, 192982 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:24,032 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 75.08% examples, 192987 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:25,032 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 75.13% examples, 193003 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:26,049 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 75.18% examples, 193007 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:27,129 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 75.23% examples, 193000 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:28,143 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 75.30% examples, 193006 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:29,193 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 75.34% examples, 192999 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:04:30,196 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 75.40% examples, 192999 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:31,206 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 75.45% examples, 193009 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:32,210 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 75.52% examples, 193009 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:33,276 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 75.62% examples, 193005 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:34,280 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 75.67% examples, 193000 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:35,290 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 75.74% examples, 193005 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:36,297 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 75.79% examples, 193012 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:37,331 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 75.84% examples, 193009 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:38,336 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 75.91% examples, 193018 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:39,337 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 75.97% examples, 193018 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:40,342 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 76.04% examples, 193025 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:41,420 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 76.09% examples, 193005 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:42,444 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 76.14% examples, 193013 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:43,583 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 76.19% examples, 193015 words/s, in_qsize 9, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:44,683 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 76.27% examples, 193006 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:45,739 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 76.33% examples, 193013 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:46,743 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 76.36% examples, 193002 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:47,792 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 76.41% examples, 193017 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:48,795 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 76.46% examples, 193012 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:04:49,825 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 76.51% examples, 193005 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:50,853 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 76.58% examples, 193026 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:51,870 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 76.63% examples, 193020 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:52,906 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 76.69% examples, 193022 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:53,913 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 76.75% examples, 193017 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:54,972 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 76.82% examples, 193016 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:55,977 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 76.87% examples, 193016 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:56,987 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 76.92% examples, 193028 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:04:58,068 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 76.97% examples, 193016 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:04:59,080 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 77.03% examples, 193007 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:05:00,139 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 77.09% examples, 193021 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:01,151 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 77.13% examples, 193023 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:02,177 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 77.21% examples, 193019 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:03,223 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 77.26% examples, 193009 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:04,244 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 77.32% examples, 193011 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:05,293 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 77.37% examples, 193017 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:06,310 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 77.43% examples, 193024 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:07,342 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 77.49% examples, 193019 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:08,370 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 77.53% examples, 193014 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:09,389 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 77.60% examples, 193026 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:10,395 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 77.65% examples, 193022 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:11,408 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 77.71% examples, 193027 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:12,411 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 77.76% examples, 193025 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:13,440 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 77.84% examples, 193028 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:14,453 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 77.91% examples, 193022 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:15,467 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 77.97% examples, 193036 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:16,496 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 78.06% examples, 193030 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:17,499 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 78.12% examples, 193036 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:18,503 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 78.20% examples, 193032 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:19,508 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 78.27% examples, 193034 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:20,584 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 78.33% examples, 193024 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:05:21,576 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 78.39% examples, 193023 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 3
2017-05-29 20:05:22,589 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 78.43% examples, 193010 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:05:23,590 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 78.48% examples, 193032 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:24,608 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 78.52% examples, 193034 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:25,609 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 78.57% examples, 193034 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:26,638 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 78.63% examples, 193043 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:27,740 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 78.69% examples, 193043 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:05:28,811 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 78.76% examples, 193034 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:29,813 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 78.80% examples, 193028 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:30,869 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 78.85% examples, 193033 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:31,886 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 78.91% examples, 193048 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:32,886 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 78.96% examples, 193053 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:33,887 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 79.03% examples, 193043 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:34,917 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 79.08% examples, 193034 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:35,921 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 79.16% examples, 193041 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:05:36,948 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 79.21% examples, 193041 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:05:38,000 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 79.27% examples, 193044 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:39,055 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 79.33% examples, 193047 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:05:40,078 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 79.38% examples, 193050 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:41,108 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 79.43% examples, 193059 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:42,125 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 79.50% examples, 193060 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:43,141 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 79.56% examples, 193061 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:44,154 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 79.62% examples, 193063 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:05:45,211 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 79.68% examples, 193072 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:46,218 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 79.73% examples, 193074 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:47,300 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 79.79% examples, 193086 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:48,319 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 79.85% examples, 193071 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:49,325 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 79.89% examples, 193080 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:50,347 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 79.93% examples, 193091 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:50,716 : INFO : finished iterating over Wikipedia corpus of 14901 documents with 46096422 positions (total 19857 articles, 46117421 positions before pruning articles shorter than 50 words)
2017-05-29 20:05:51,378 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 79.99% examples, 193075 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:52,400 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 80.02% examples, 193039 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:53,532 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 80.07% examples, 193026 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:54,537 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 80.11% examples, 193046 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:55,546 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 80.16% examples, 193035 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:56,667 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 80.21% examples, 193030 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:57,669 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 80.28% examples, 193050 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:58,771 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 80.36% examples, 193037 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:05:59,832 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 80.44% examples, 193037 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:00,848 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 80.50% examples, 193048 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:01,849 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 80.56% examples, 193043 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:02,853 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 80.60% examples, 193044 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:03,903 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 80.67% examples, 193050 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:04,919 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 80.77% examples, 193047 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:05,931 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 80.84% examples, 193050 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:06,940 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 80.91% examples, 193036 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:06:07,963 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 80.97% examples, 193051 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:09,001 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 81.03% examples, 193046 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:10,037 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 81.10% examples, 193040 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:11,098 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 81.14% examples, 193037 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:06:12,091 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 81.20% examples, 193040 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:13,103 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 81.24% examples, 193051 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:14,144 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 81.30% examples, 193055 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:15,155 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 81.35% examples, 193051 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:16,159 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 81.41% examples, 193066 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:17,175 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 81.46% examples, 193058 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:18,212 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 81.52% examples, 193051 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:19,251 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 81.56% examples, 193058 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:20,257 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 81.60% examples, 193052 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:21,316 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 81.67% examples, 193056 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:06:22,321 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 81.72% examples, 193055 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:23,351 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 81.77% examples, 193055 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:24,386 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 81.82% examples, 193062 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:25,394 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 81.88% examples, 193065 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:26,418 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 81.94% examples, 193052 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:27,453 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 82.00% examples, 193059 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:28,480 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 82.05% examples, 193051 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:06:29,492 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 82.10% examples, 193055 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:30,497 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 82.16% examples, 193058 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:31,598 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 82.23% examples, 193062 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:32,598 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 82.30% examples, 193078 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:06:33,614 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 82.37% examples, 193075 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:34,616 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 82.43% examples, 193074 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:35,625 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 82.49% examples, 193069 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:36,662 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 82.55% examples, 193081 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:37,683 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 82.60% examples, 193072 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:38,719 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 82.65% examples, 193075 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:39,792 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 82.71% examples, 193079 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:40,813 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 82.77% examples, 193076 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:41,865 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 82.82% examples, 193074 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:42,983 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 82.87% examples, 193060 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:06:44,007 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 82.93% examples, 193074 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:45,015 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 82.99% examples, 193080 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:46,108 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 83.05% examples, 193073 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:47,158 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 83.11% examples, 193080 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:48,276 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 83.17% examples, 193075 words/s, in_qsize 7, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:49,317 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 83.23% examples, 193081 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:50,382 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 83.32% examples, 193073 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:51,421 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 83.37% examples, 193070 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:52,444 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 83.44% examples, 193077 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:53,559 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 83.49% examples, 193065 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:54,642 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 83.55% examples, 193080 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:55,646 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 83.60% examples, 193074 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:56,716 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 83.66% examples, 193066 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:57,724 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 83.72% examples, 193075 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:58,730 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 83.77% examples, 193066 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:06:59,768 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 83.82% examples, 193060 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:00,789 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 83.88% examples, 193065 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:01,790 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 83.94% examples, 193064 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:02,796 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 84.00% examples, 193068 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:03,850 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 84.06% examples, 193063 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:04,874 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 84.14% examples, 193081 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:05,887 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 84.18% examples, 193064 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:06,907 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 84.24% examples, 193080 words/s, in_qsize 8, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:07,925 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 84.28% examples, 193067 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:08,950 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 84.33% examples, 193073 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:09,966 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 84.37% examples, 193069 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:10,983 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 84.41% examples, 193077 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:12,016 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 84.46% examples, 193076 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:13,019 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 84.51% examples, 193083 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:14,056 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 84.56% examples, 193077 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:15,080 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 84.62% examples, 193069 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:16,187 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 84.66% examples, 193059 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:17,222 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 84.72% examples, 193072 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:18,373 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 84.78% examples, 193061 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:19,383 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 84.85% examples, 193075 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:20,432 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 84.91% examples, 193076 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:21,530 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 84.96% examples, 193068 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:22,560 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 85.01% examples, 193073 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:23,643 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 85.06% examples, 193067 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:24,755 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 85.10% examples, 193078 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:25,776 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 85.16% examples, 193085 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:26,786 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 85.20% examples, 193091 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:27,793 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 85.26% examples, 193084 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:28,873 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 85.33% examples, 193085 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:29,926 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 85.39% examples, 193084 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:30,956 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 85.43% examples, 193093 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:32,007 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 85.50% examples, 193096 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:33,017 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 85.59% examples, 193103 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:34,096 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 85.66% examples, 193094 words/s, in_qsize 9, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:35,114 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 85.71% examples, 193074 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:36,129 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 85.78% examples, 193089 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:37,143 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 85.82% examples, 193089 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:07:38,197 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 85.89% examples, 193094 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:39,257 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 85.95% examples, 193088 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:40,267 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 86.02% examples, 193097 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:41,273 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 86.08% examples, 193088 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:42,279 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 86.12% examples, 193093 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:43,341 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 86.17% examples, 193089 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:07:44,342 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 86.24% examples, 193085 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:45,383 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 86.30% examples, 193086 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:46,532 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 86.35% examples, 193076 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:07:47,553 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 86.39% examples, 193087 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:48,588 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 86.44% examples, 193088 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:49,594 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 86.50% examples, 193087 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:50,637 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 86.56% examples, 193092 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:51,644 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 86.61% examples, 193096 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:52,648 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 86.66% examples, 193096 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:53,667 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 86.73% examples, 193097 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:54,674 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 86.79% examples, 193103 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:55,719 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 86.85% examples, 193097 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:56,721 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 86.90% examples, 193091 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:57,802 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 86.95% examples, 193103 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:07:58,864 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 87.02% examples, 193109 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:07:59,877 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 87.07% examples, 193108 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:00,882 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 87.12% examples, 193116 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:01,955 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 87.19% examples, 193100 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:02,982 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 87.25% examples, 193103 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:04,003 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 87.29% examples, 193089 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:05,004 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 87.36% examples, 193110 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:06,017 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 87.41% examples, 193106 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:07,033 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 87.46% examples, 193087 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:08,055 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 87.51% examples, 193092 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:09,068 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 87.56% examples, 193085 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:10,075 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 87.62% examples, 193097 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:11,081 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 87.68% examples, 193094 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:12,083 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 87.74% examples, 193098 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:08:13,200 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 87.81% examples, 193097 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:08:14,250 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 87.89% examples, 193095 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:15,261 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 87.95% examples, 193109 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:16,298 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 88.03% examples, 193111 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:17,299 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 88.10% examples, 193111 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:18,344 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 88.18% examples, 193113 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:19,349 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 88.25% examples, 193103 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:20,354 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 88.31% examples, 193107 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:21,379 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 88.39% examples, 193111 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:22,380 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 88.41% examples, 193097 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:23,408 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 88.46% examples, 193091 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:24,491 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 88.51% examples, 193103 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:25,522 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 88.56% examples, 193102 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:08:26,567 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 88.61% examples, 193108 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:27,570 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 88.67% examples, 193112 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:28,632 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 88.75% examples, 193124 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:29,667 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 88.80% examples, 193121 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:30,703 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 88.84% examples, 193114 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:31,723 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 88.89% examples, 193121 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:32,731 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 88.95% examples, 193135 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:33,752 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 89.01% examples, 193132 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:34,778 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 89.08% examples, 193133 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:08:35,864 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 89.15% examples, 193116 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:36,876 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 89.20% examples, 193128 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:37,877 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 89.27% examples, 193131 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:08:38,891 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 89.33% examples, 193138 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:39,963 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 89.37% examples, 193131 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:41,003 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 89.43% examples, 193144 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:08:42,038 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 89.49% examples, 193138 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:43,119 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 89.55% examples, 193138 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:44,132 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 89.61% examples, 193141 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:45,211 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 89.67% examples, 193145 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:46,222 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 89.73% examples, 193160 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:47,248 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 89.79% examples, 193169 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:48,272 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 89.84% examples, 193160 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:49,314 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 89.89% examples, 193164 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:50,359 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 89.93% examples, 193168 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:50,744 : INFO : finished iterating over Wikipedia corpus of 14901 documents with 46096422 positions (total 19857 articles, 46117421 positions before pruning articles shorter than 50 words)
2017-05-29 20:08:51,362 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 89.99% examples, 193160 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:52,375 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 90.02% examples, 193128 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:53,420 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 90.06% examples, 193118 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:08:54,457 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 90.10% examples, 193118 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:55,547 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 90.15% examples, 193118 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:56,648 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 90.21% examples, 193120 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:57,689 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 90.27% examples, 193125 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:58,766 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 90.35% examples, 193116 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:08:59,803 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 90.44% examples, 193123 words/s, in_qsize 8, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:00,817 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 90.49% examples, 193112 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:01,831 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 90.55% examples, 193126 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:09:02,842 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 90.60% examples, 193120 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:03,872 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 90.66% examples, 193133 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:04,881 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 90.75% examples, 193120 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:05,888 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 90.82% examples, 193117 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:06,917 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 90.90% examples, 193117 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:09:07,908 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 90.96% examples, 193118 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:08,932 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 91.01% examples, 193120 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:09,944 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 91.07% examples, 193104 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:10,951 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 91.13% examples, 193125 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:12,005 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 91.19% examples, 193109 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:13,023 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 91.24% examples, 193118 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:14,049 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 91.28% examples, 193122 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:15,091 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 91.34% examples, 193126 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:16,095 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 91.39% examples, 193128 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:17,099 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 91.45% examples, 193135 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:18,171 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 91.50% examples, 193113 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:09:19,161 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 91.55% examples, 193131 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:09:20,176 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 91.60% examples, 193127 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:21,184 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 91.66% examples, 193133 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:22,211 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 91.70% examples, 193123 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:23,236 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 91.75% examples, 193120 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:24,241 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 91.81% examples, 193135 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:25,264 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 91.87% examples, 193137 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:26,276 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 91.93% examples, 193131 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:27,319 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 91.99% examples, 193125 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:28,341 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 92.04% examples, 193129 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:29,402 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 92.09% examples, 193127 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:30,408 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 92.15% examples, 193133 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:31,416 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 92.22% examples, 193133 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:32,426 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 92.27% examples, 193134 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:33,439 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 92.34% examples, 193140 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:34,444 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 92.42% examples, 193148 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:35,475 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 92.47% examples, 193138 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:36,535 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 92.53% examples, 193141 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:37,539 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 92.59% examples, 193152 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:09:38,576 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 92.64% examples, 193139 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:39,584 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 92.69% examples, 193153 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:40,587 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 92.75% examples, 193151 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:41,614 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 92.81% examples, 193148 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:42,628 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 92.85% examples, 193144 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:43,753 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 92.89% examples, 193130 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:09:44,794 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 92.97% examples, 193147 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:45,806 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 93.02% examples, 193144 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:46,839 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 93.08% examples, 193141 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:47,880 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 93.15% examples, 193147 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:48,892 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 93.21% examples, 193151 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:09:49,898 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 93.26% examples, 193161 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:50,903 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 93.35% examples, 193164 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:51,923 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 93.41% examples, 193162 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:09:52,946 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 93.46% examples, 193155 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:53,992 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 93.52% examples, 193164 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:55,001 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 93.56% examples, 193161 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:56,004 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 93.63% examples, 193167 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:57,020 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 93.69% examples, 193171 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:58,049 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 93.74% examples, 193159 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:09:59,085 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 93.78% examples, 193158 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:00,113 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 93.84% examples, 193149 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:01,130 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 93.91% examples, 193161 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:02,137 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 93.96% examples, 193152 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:03,141 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 94.02% examples, 193159 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:04,142 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 94.08% examples, 193156 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:05,178 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 94.14% examples, 193157 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:06,212 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 94.21% examples, 193153 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:07,252 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 94.24% examples, 193146 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:08,306 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 94.30% examples, 193150 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:09,407 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 94.34% examples, 193143 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:10,439 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 94.39% examples, 193141 words/s, in_qsize 9, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:11,450 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 94.43% examples, 193153 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:12,532 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 94.48% examples, 193147 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 3
2017-05-29 20:10:13,553 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 94.54% examples, 193160 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:14,583 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 94.59% examples, 193154 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:15,598 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 94.64% examples, 193145 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:16,607 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 94.68% examples, 193150 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:17,676 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 94.75% examples, 193145 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:10:18,731 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 94.80% examples, 193144 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:19,745 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 94.87% examples, 193157 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:20,770 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 94.93% examples, 193157 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:21,776 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 94.97% examples, 193152 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:22,790 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 95.02% examples, 193156 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:23,798 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 95.06% examples, 193153 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:24,815 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 95.10% examples, 193153 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:25,828 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 95.16% examples, 193162 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:26,831 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 95.20% examples, 193158 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:27,846 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 95.25% examples, 193157 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:28,848 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 95.33% examples, 193168 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:29,869 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 95.38% examples, 193162 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:30,872 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 95.43% examples, 193175 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:10:31,888 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 95.49% examples, 193172 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:32,931 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 95.58% examples, 193169 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:33,937 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 95.65% examples, 193175 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:34,975 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 95.70% examples, 193157 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:35,991 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 95.77% examples, 193155 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:37,024 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 95.82% examples, 193175 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:38,050 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 95.87% examples, 193165 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:39,054 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 95.93% examples, 193162 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:40,057 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 96.00% examples, 193169 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:41,128 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 96.06% examples, 193155 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:10:42,134 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 96.10% examples, 193158 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:43,145 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 96.15% examples, 193167 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:44,204 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 96.22% examples, 193166 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:45,225 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 96.28% examples, 193152 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:46,231 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 96.33% examples, 193151 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:47,245 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 96.38% examples, 193165 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:10:48,269 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 96.42% examples, 193150 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:49,366 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 96.48% examples, 193157 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:50,376 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 96.54% examples, 193162 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:51,404 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 96.59% examples, 193160 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:10:52,414 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 96.64% examples, 193166 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:53,421 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 96.70% examples, 193165 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:54,475 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 96.77% examples, 193166 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:55,486 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 96.84% examples, 193168 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:56,495 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 96.88% examples, 193159 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:57,510 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 96.93% examples, 193162 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:10:58,523 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 96.98% examples, 193156 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:10:59,525 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 97.04% examples, 193156 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:00,590 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 97.09% examples, 193163 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:01,596 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 97.14% examples, 193165 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:02,610 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 97.22% examples, 193168 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:03,625 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 97.27% examples, 193170 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:04,720 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 97.33% examples, 193166 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:05,723 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 97.39% examples, 193177 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:06,742 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 97.44% examples, 193172 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:07,745 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 97.49% examples, 193170 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:08,751 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 97.55% examples, 193163 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:09,770 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 97.60% examples, 193162 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:10,805 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 97.66% examples, 193167 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:11,838 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 97.71% examples, 193167 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:12,863 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 97.77% examples, 193157 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:13,908 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 97.84% examples, 193158 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:14,939 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 97.92% examples, 193169 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:15,965 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 97.99% examples, 193173 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:17,015 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 98.07% examples, 193166 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:18,017 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 98.13% examples, 193168 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:19,025 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 98.21% examples, 193166 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:20,055 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 98.28% examples, 193170 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:21,060 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 98.35% examples, 193168 words/s, in_qsize 9, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:22,105 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 98.40% examples, 193162 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:23,135 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 98.44% examples, 193166 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:24,142 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 98.49% examples, 193174 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:25,143 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 98.53% examples, 193170 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:26,146 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 98.59% examples, 193178 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:27,224 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 98.64% examples, 193167 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:11:28,257 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 98.70% examples, 193173 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:11:29,284 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 98.77% examples, 193173 words/s, in_qsize 9, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:30,311 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 98.81% examples, 193165 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:11:31,340 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 98.86% examples, 193179 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:32,371 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 98.91% examples, 193170 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:33,384 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 98.96% examples, 193175 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:34,418 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 99.04% examples, 193168 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:35,433 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 99.10% examples, 193170 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:36,455 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 99.18% examples, 193188 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:37,470 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 99.23% examples, 193176 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:38,475 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 99.28% examples, 193182 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:39,497 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 99.34% examples, 193178 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:40,527 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 99.40% examples, 193191 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:41,555 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 99.44% examples, 193185 words/s, in_qsize 14, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:42,562 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 99.50% examples, 193192 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:43,574 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 99.57% examples, 193188 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:44,578 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 99.63% examples, 193189 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:45,594 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 99.68% examples, 193195 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:46,597 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 99.73% examples, 193188 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:47,606 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 99.79% examples, 193203 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:48,608 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 99.84% examples, 193196 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:49,644 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 99.89% examples, 193205 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:50,651 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 99.93% examples, 193203 words/s, in_qsize 15, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:51,034 : INFO : finished iterating over Wikipedia corpus of 14901 documents with 46096422 positions (total 19857 articles, 46117421 positions before pruning articles shorter than 50 words)
2017-05-29 20:11:51,393 : INFO : worker thread finished; awaiting finish of 7 more threads
2017-05-29 20:11:51,425 : INFO : worker thread finished; awaiting finish of 6 more threads
2017-05-29 20:11:51,450 : INFO : worker thread finished; awaiting finish of 5 more threads
2017-05-29 20:11:51,480 : INFO : worker thread finished; awaiting finish of 4 more threads
2017-05-29 20:11:51,502 : INFO : worker thread finished; awaiting finish of 3 more threads
2017-05-29 20:11:51,510 : INFO : worker thread finished; awaiting finish of 2 more threads
2017-05-29 20:11:51,528 : INFO : worker thread finished; awaiting finish of 1 more threads
2017-05-29 20:11:51,569 : INFO : worker thread finished; awaiting finish of 0 more threads
2017-05-29 20:11:51,570 : INFO : training on 460964220 raw words (348976135 effective words) took 1806.0s, 193234 effective words/s
2017-05-29 20:11:51,573 : INFO : training model with 8 workers on 62534 vocabulary and 200 features, using sg=0 hs=0 sample=0.001 negative=5 window=8
CPU times: user 2h 42min 30s, sys: 23.1 s, total: 2h 42min 53s
Wall time: 30min 5s
2017-05-29 20:11:52,584 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 0.04% examples, 220483 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:53,585 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 0.13% examples, 312308 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:54,658 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 0.25% examples, 344500 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:11:55,686 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 0.42% examples, 359549 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:11:56,700 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 0.53% examples, 362688 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:11:57,724 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 0.65% examples, 370840 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:58,763 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 0.82% examples, 374596 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:11:59,767 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 0.96% examples, 377672 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:00,774 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 1.06% examples, 374685 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:01,821 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 1.18% examples, 378295 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:02,859 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 1.28% examples, 378449 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:03,861 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 1.40% examples, 383430 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:04,862 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 1.52% examples, 386559 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:05,863 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 1.60% examples, 384984 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:06,867 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 1.70% examples, 383672 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:07,875 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 1.81% examples, 386330 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:08,883 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 1.95% examples, 387884 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:09,892 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 2.05% examples, 386778 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:10,903 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 2.16% examples, 388486 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:11,906 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 2.29% examples, 389104 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:12,911 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 2.43% examples, 390288 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:12:13,932 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 2.54% examples, 389689 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:14,955 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 2.67% examples, 391225 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:16,002 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 2.76% examples, 389958 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:17,054 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 2.87% examples, 390109 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:18,061 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 2.99% examples, 391106 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:19,074 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 3.11% examples, 390721 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:12:20,075 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 3.23% examples, 390956 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:21,083 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 3.38% examples, 392764 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:22,101 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 3.48% examples, 391280 words/s, in_qsize 9, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:12:23,109 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 3.61% examples, 393691 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:24,115 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 3.73% examples, 394044 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:25,146 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 3.82% examples, 392621 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:26,155 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 3.94% examples, 391514 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:27,157 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 4.06% examples, 391632 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:28,174 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 4.19% examples, 392183 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:29,180 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 4.28% examples, 392066 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:30,193 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 4.38% examples, 392390 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:31,199 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 4.46% examples, 391941 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:32,202 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 4.57% examples, 392504 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:33,227 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 4.66% examples, 391704 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:12:34,230 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 4.78% examples, 392396 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:35,233 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 4.89% examples, 391540 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:36,248 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 4.99% examples, 392196 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:37,262 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 5.08% examples, 390533 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:38,271 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 5.18% examples, 391846 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:39,312 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 5.29% examples, 391155 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:40,318 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 5.40% examples, 391740 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:41,322 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 5.56% examples, 392974 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:42,356 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 5.70% examples, 392772 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:43,403 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 5.82% examples, 393294 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:44,410 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 5.93% examples, 392697 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:45,423 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 6.04% examples, 391889 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 4
2017-05-29 20:12:46,418 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 6.14% examples, 392445 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:47,420 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 6.27% examples, 392424 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:48,434 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 6.37% examples, 392436 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:49,444 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 6.45% examples, 392119 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:50,462 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 6.57% examples, 392142 words/s, in_qsize 9, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:12:51,482 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 6.69% examples, 392624 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:52,482 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 6.82% examples, 392686 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:53,485 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 6.92% examples, 392543 words/s, in_qsize 8, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:54,506 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 7.04% examples, 392857 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:55,507 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 7.16% examples, 393488 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:56,508 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 7.27% examples, 393239 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:57,528 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 7.38% examples, 392941 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:12:58,546 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 7.49% examples, 392953 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:12:59,556 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 7.60% examples, 392653 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:00,561 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 7.70% examples, 392388 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:01,563 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 7.83% examples, 392483 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:02,586 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 7.98% examples, 392796 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:03,596 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 8.15% examples, 393419 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:04,610 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 8.28% examples, 393098 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:05,623 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 8.40% examples, 392731 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:13:06,630 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 8.49% examples, 392779 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:07,632 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 8.58% examples, 392876 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:13:08,670 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 8.71% examples, 393139 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:09,675 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 8.82% examples, 393566 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:10,681 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 8.92% examples, 393328 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:11,802 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 9.06% examples, 393230 words/s, in_qsize 7, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:12,847 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 9.20% examples, 393638 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:13,855 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 9.31% examples, 393507 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:14,861 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 9.43% examples, 394371 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:15,872 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 9.55% examples, 393961 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:16,879 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 9.67% examples, 394472 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:17,903 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 9.79% examples, 394649 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:18,912 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 9.88% examples, 394617 words/s, in_qsize 8, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:19,777 : INFO : finished iterating over Wikipedia corpus of 14901 documents with 46096422 positions (total 19857 articles, 46117421 positions before pruning articles shorter than 50 words)
2017-05-29 20:13:20,090 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 10.00% examples, 394247 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:21,127 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 10.07% examples, 393700 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:22,148 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 10.16% examples, 393558 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:23,163 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 10.27% examples, 393262 words/s, in_qsize 7, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:24,180 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 10.44% examples, 393287 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:13:25,198 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 10.55% examples, 393242 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:13:26,219 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 10.67% examples, 393511 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:27,229 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 10.83% examples, 393369 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:28,246 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 10.97% examples, 393400 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:29,252 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 11.10% examples, 393535 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:30,258 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 11.20% examples, 393395 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:31,267 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 11.31% examples, 393808 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:13:32,277 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 11.42% examples, 393876 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:33,283 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 11.53% examples, 393983 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:34,289 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 11.63% examples, 393867 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:35,308 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 11.74% examples, 394096 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:36,321 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 11.85% examples, 394186 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:37,361 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 11.98% examples, 394089 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:38,469 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 12.09% examples, 394206 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:39,472 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 12.21% examples, 394274 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:40,513 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 12.36% examples, 394663 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:41,515 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 12.47% examples, 394351 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:42,566 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 12.59% examples, 394326 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:43,647 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 12.71% examples, 394395 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:44,663 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 12.82% examples, 394328 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:45,691 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 12.93% examples, 394389 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:46,718 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 13.04% examples, 394443 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:47,729 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 13.17% examples, 394737 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:48,737 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 13.29% examples, 394582 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:49,758 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 13.44% examples, 394804 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:50,760 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 13.55% examples, 395070 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:51,770 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 13.66% examples, 394947 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:52,772 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 13.77% examples, 394891 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:53,832 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 13.88% examples, 394538 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 3
2017-05-29 20:13:54,809 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 13.98% examples, 394375 words/s, in_qsize 7, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:55,831 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 14.13% examples, 394843 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:56,838 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 14.23% examples, 394204 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:13:57,860 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 14.33% examples, 394688 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:58,878 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 14.40% examples, 394297 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:13:59,902 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 14.51% examples, 394641 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:14:00,904 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 14.62% examples, 394598 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:01,910 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 14.72% examples, 394549 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:02,936 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 14.83% examples, 394400 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:14:03,965 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 14.95% examples, 394357 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:04,994 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 15.05% examples, 394573 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:06,004 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 15.13% examples, 394307 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:07,015 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 15.23% examples, 394430 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:08,024 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 15.36% examples, 394461 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:09,042 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 15.47% examples, 394628 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:10,067 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 15.63% examples, 394535 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:14:11,083 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 15.75% examples, 394290 words/s, in_qsize 9, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:12,099 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 15.86% examples, 394488 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:13,122 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 15.98% examples, 394320 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:14,123 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 16.09% examples, 394178 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:15,144 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 16.20% examples, 394335 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:16,153 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 16.33% examples, 394306 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:17,254 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 16.42% examples, 394292 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:18,257 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 16.54% examples, 394398 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:19,258 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 16.65% examples, 394553 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:20,277 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 16.78% examples, 394570 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:21,281 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 16.89% examples, 394394 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:22,295 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 17.00% examples, 394417 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:23,296 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 17.10% examples, 394403 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:24,326 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 17.24% examples, 394649 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:25,341 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 17.35% examples, 394649 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:26,342 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 17.47% examples, 394784 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:27,356 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 17.56% examples, 394326 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:28,365 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 17.66% examples, 394308 words/s, in_qsize 7, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:29,367 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 17.80% examples, 394550 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:30,378 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 17.93% examples, 394517 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:31,403 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 18.08% examples, 394476 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:32,407 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 18.24% examples, 394542 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:33,415 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 18.38% examples, 394576 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:14:34,417 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 18.46% examples, 394429 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:14:35,418 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 18.55% examples, 394540 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:36,418 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 18.66% examples, 394655 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:37,445 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 18.79% examples, 394785 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:38,452 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 18.87% examples, 394510 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:14:39,484 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 18.98% examples, 394553 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:40,485 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 19.15% examples, 394717 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:41,512 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 19.26% examples, 394701 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:14:42,529 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 19.36% examples, 394559 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:43,529 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 19.49% examples, 395009 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:44,554 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 19.61% examples, 394981 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:45,595 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 19.72% examples, 394934 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:14:46,597 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 19.84% examples, 395088 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:47,661 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 19.92% examples, 395084 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:47,995 : INFO : finished iterating over Wikipedia corpus of 14901 documents with 46096422 positions (total 19857 articles, 46117421 positions before pruning articles shorter than 50 words)
2017-05-29 20:14:48,685 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 20.01% examples, 394490 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:49,688 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 20.09% examples, 394248 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:14:50,704 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 20.19% examples, 394261 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:51,761 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 20.32% examples, 394300 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:52,844 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 20.47% examples, 394058 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:14:53,845 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 20.59% examples, 394336 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:54,857 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 20.73% examples, 394306 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:55,913 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 20.89% examples, 394153 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:56,960 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 21.00% examples, 394093 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:57,965 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 21.13% examples, 394142 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:58,965 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 21.22% examples, 393970 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:14:59,999 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 21.33% examples, 394054 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:01,010 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 21.45% examples, 394220 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:02,013 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 21.54% examples, 394113 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:15:03,045 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 21.66% examples, 394045 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:15:04,081 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 21.75% examples, 394020 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:05,099 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 21.88% examples, 394188 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:06,138 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 22.00% examples, 394036 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 3
2017-05-29 20:15:07,161 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 22.10% examples, 394185 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:08,249 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 22.24% examples, 394097 words/s, in_qsize 8, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:09,252 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 22.37% examples, 394144 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:15:10,255 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 22.50% examples, 394307 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:11,265 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 22.61% examples, 394230 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:12,267 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 22.73% examples, 394501 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:13,279 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 22.84% examples, 394511 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:14,295 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 22.95% examples, 394515 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:15:15,318 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 23.05% examples, 394415 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:15:16,340 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 23.18% examples, 394421 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:17,370 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 23.34% examples, 394552 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:18,393 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 23.46% examples, 394710 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:19,399 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 23.56% examples, 394686 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:20,409 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 23.69% examples, 394802 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:21,450 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 23.78% examples, 394668 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:22,469 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 23.90% examples, 394502 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:23,477 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 24.03% examples, 394690 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:24,483 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 24.15% examples, 394578 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:25,496 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 24.24% examples, 394474 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:26,541 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 24.34% examples, 394529 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:27,548 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 24.42% examples, 394409 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:15:28,573 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 24.53% examples, 394471 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:29,706 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 24.65% examples, 394424 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:30,744 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 24.76% examples, 394435 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:31,749 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 24.88% examples, 394487 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:32,753 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 24.98% examples, 394555 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:33,858 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 25.08% examples, 394285 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:34,888 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 25.18% examples, 394525 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:35,919 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 25.29% examples, 394368 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:36,923 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 25.41% examples, 394627 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:37,993 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 25.56% examples, 394592 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:15:39,039 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 25.70% examples, 394521 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:40,041 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 25.82% examples, 394706 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:41,050 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 25.93% examples, 394532 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:42,057 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 26.05% examples, 394467 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:15:43,102 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 26.14% examples, 394330 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 3
2017-05-29 20:15:44,107 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 26.28% examples, 394498 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:45,136 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 26.38% examples, 394545 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:46,194 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 26.48% examples, 394485 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:47,195 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 26.59% examples, 394512 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:15:48,209 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 26.72% examples, 394623 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:15:49,324 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 26.85% examples, 394575 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:50,326 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 26.96% examples, 394707 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:51,345 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 27.08% examples, 394727 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:52,373 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 27.20% examples, 394685 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:53,388 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 27.30% examples, 394650 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:54,394 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 27.41% examples, 394659 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:55,399 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 27.51% examples, 394653 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:56,439 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 27.63% examples, 394441 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:15:57,442 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 27.74% examples, 394463 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:15:58,479 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 27.88% examples, 394392 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:15:59,493 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 28.02% examples, 394425 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:00,522 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 28.18% examples, 394506 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:01,527 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 28.31% examples, 394416 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:02,540 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 28.42% examples, 394487 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:03,549 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 28.52% examples, 394632 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:04,549 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 28.62% examples, 394617 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:05,554 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 28.76% examples, 394760 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:06,563 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 28.86% examples, 394822 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:07,566 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 28.95% examples, 394728 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:16:08,597 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 29.09% examples, 394634 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:09,602 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 29.23% examples, 394837 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:10,617 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 29.34% examples, 394783 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:11,620 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 29.45% examples, 394920 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:12,626 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 29.56% examples, 394813 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:13,682 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 29.69% examples, 394886 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:16:14,693 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 29.81% examples, 395037 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:16:15,706 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 29.90% examples, 395088 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:16,419 : INFO : finished iterating over Wikipedia corpus of 14901 documents with 46096422 positions (total 19857 articles, 46117421 positions before pruning articles shorter than 50 words)
2017-05-29 20:16:16,735 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 30.00% examples, 394823 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:17,746 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 30.07% examples, 394675 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:18,783 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 30.18% examples, 394731 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:19,796 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 30.28% examples, 394619 words/s, in_qsize 8, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:20,798 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 30.45% examples, 394716 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:21,821 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 30.56% examples, 394708 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:22,833 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 30.70% examples, 394848 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:23,846 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 30.85% examples, 394732 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:24,883 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 30.98% examples, 394707 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:25,901 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 31.10% examples, 394679 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:26,916 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 31.22% examples, 394788 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:27,921 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 31.32% examples, 394742 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:28,928 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 31.43% examples, 394846 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:29,932 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 31.53% examples, 394751 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:30,935 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 31.65% examples, 394884 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:31,935 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 31.74% examples, 394788 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:16:32,941 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 31.85% examples, 394834 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:16:33,976 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 31.98% examples, 394822 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:35,000 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 32.09% examples, 394876 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:36,017 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 32.20% examples, 394890 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:37,021 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 32.34% examples, 394979 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:38,034 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 32.48% examples, 395001 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:39,073 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 32.59% examples, 395006 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:40,088 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 32.70% examples, 395067 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:41,093 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 32.83% examples, 395200 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:42,118 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 32.92% examples, 395036 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:43,131 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 33.04% examples, 395176 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:44,155 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 33.17% examples, 395198 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:45,157 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 33.29% examples, 395215 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:46,179 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 33.44% examples, 395298 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:47,181 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 33.55% examples, 395388 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:48,196 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 33.66% examples, 395325 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:49,225 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 33.76% examples, 395210 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:16:50,276 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 33.88% examples, 395117 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:16:51,277 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 33.99% examples, 395083 words/s, in_qsize 7, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:52,279 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 34.12% examples, 395135 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:53,279 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 34.23% examples, 395086 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:16:54,280 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 34.33% examples, 395236 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:55,295 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 34.40% examples, 395049 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:56,300 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 34.50% examples, 395086 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:57,361 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 34.62% examples, 395097 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:58,382 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 34.71% examples, 394993 words/s, in_qsize 9, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:16:59,394 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 34.84% examples, 395123 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:00,400 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 34.95% examples, 395141 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:01,424 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 35.05% examples, 395098 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:02,430 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 35.13% examples, 395037 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:03,443 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 35.23% examples, 395033 words/s, in_qsize 8, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:04,462 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 35.35% examples, 395056 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:05,475 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 35.46% examples, 395085 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:06,477 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 35.63% examples, 395186 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:17:07,477 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 35.76% examples, 395151 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:08,481 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 35.86% examples, 395190 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:09,539 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 36.00% examples, 395157 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:10,551 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 36.10% examples, 395180 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:11,569 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 36.22% examples, 395169 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:12,580 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 36.34% examples, 395238 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:13,591 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 36.42% examples, 395165 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:14,614 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 36.55% examples, 395295 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:15,626 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 36.65% examples, 395220 words/s, in_qsize 8, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:17:16,664 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 36.78% examples, 395283 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:17,675 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 36.91% examples, 395355 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:18,680 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 37.02% examples, 395373 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:19,742 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 37.13% examples, 395412 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:20,825 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 37.26% examples, 395309 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:21,849 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 37.37% examples, 395388 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:22,860 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 37.49% examples, 395376 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:17:23,912 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 37.59% examples, 395242 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:24,927 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 37.71% examples, 395321 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:17:25,995 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 37.85% examples, 395303 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:27,001 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 37.98% examples, 395302 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:28,023 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 38.15% examples, 395432 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:29,049 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 38.29% examples, 395348 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:30,063 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 38.41% examples, 395373 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:31,065 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 38.49% examples, 395295 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:17:32,072 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 38.59% examples, 395361 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:33,089 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 38.72% examples, 395417 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:34,093 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 38.82% examples, 395405 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:35,107 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 38.92% examples, 395343 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:36,114 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 39.06% examples, 395400 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:37,139 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 39.18% examples, 395380 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:38,140 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 39.30% examples, 395400 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:39,157 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 39.41% examples, 395430 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:40,188 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 39.52% examples, 395362 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:41,189 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 39.66% examples, 395527 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:42,211 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 39.78% examples, 395641 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:43,264 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 39.87% examples, 395549 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:44,239 : INFO : finished iterating over Wikipedia corpus of 14901 documents with 46096422 positions (total 19857 articles, 46117421 positions before pruning articles shorter than 50 words)
2017-05-29 20:17:44,511 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 40.00% examples, 395513 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:45,560 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 40.07% examples, 395370 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:46,566 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 40.17% examples, 395376 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:17:47,592 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 40.29% examples, 395407 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:17:48,598 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 40.45% examples, 395411 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:49,616 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 40.56% examples, 395395 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:50,625 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 40.69% examples, 395448 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:51,646 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 40.85% examples, 395376 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:52,666 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 40.98% examples, 395365 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:53,688 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 41.10% examples, 395303 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:54,721 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 41.21% examples, 395305 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:55,723 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 41.32% examples, 395432 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:56,723 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 41.42% examples, 395382 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:57,772 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 41.53% examples, 395340 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:17:58,772 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 41.64% examples, 395414 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:17:59,787 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 41.73% examples, 395324 words/s, in_qsize 9, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:00,797 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 41.84% examples, 395393 words/s, in_qsize 9, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:01,806 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 41.98% examples, 395417 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:02,808 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 42.09% examples, 395487 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:03,843 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 42.20% examples, 395425 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:04,845 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 42.32% examples, 395398 words/s, in_qsize 8, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:05,864 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 42.47% examples, 395526 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:06,884 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 42.58% examples, 395497 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 3
2017-05-29 20:18:07,876 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 42.70% examples, 395630 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:08,887 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 42.80% examples, 395493 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:09,899 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 42.90% examples, 395553 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:10,920 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 43.00% examples, 395425 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:11,921 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 43.14% examples, 395502 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:18:12,921 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 43.26% examples, 395546 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:13,935 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 43.40% examples, 395540 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:14,937 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 43.51% examples, 395520 words/s, in_qsize 9, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:15,951 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 43.63% examples, 395668 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:16,963 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 43.76% examples, 395687 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:17,984 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 43.85% examples, 395528 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:18,985 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 43.96% examples, 395540 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:19,998 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 44.09% examples, 395554 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:20,998 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 44.21% examples, 395518 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:22,032 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 44.30% examples, 395532 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:18:23,053 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 44.39% examples, 395523 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:24,054 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 44.50% examples, 395600 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:25,080 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 44.60% examples, 395541 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:18:26,127 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 44.69% examples, 395457 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:27,127 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 44.81% examples, 395492 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:28,140 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 44.94% examples, 395545 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:18:29,141 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 45.04% examples, 395580 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:30,142 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 45.09% examples, 395316 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:31,144 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 45.21% examples, 395484 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:32,167 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 45.33% examples, 395465 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:33,169 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 45.44% examples, 395564 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:34,184 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 45.60% examples, 395507 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:35,201 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 45.73% examples, 395516 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:18:36,263 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 45.84% examples, 395489 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:37,278 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 45.97% examples, 395501 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:18:38,303 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 46.09% examples, 395421 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:39,322 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 46.18% examples, 395448 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:40,328 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 46.31% examples, 395414 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:41,340 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 46.40% examples, 395454 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:42,369 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 46.51% examples, 395460 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:43,377 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 46.62% examples, 395490 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:44,399 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 46.75% examples, 395472 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:45,416 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 46.87% examples, 395488 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:46,427 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 46.96% examples, 395424 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:47,428 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 47.09% examples, 395542 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:48,446 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 47.21% examples, 395500 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:49,465 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 47.30% examples, 395396 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:50,531 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 47.42% examples, 395426 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:51,550 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 47.53% examples, 395450 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:52,565 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 47.65% examples, 395395 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:53,567 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 47.76% examples, 395369 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:54,568 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 47.90% examples, 395326 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:55,613 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 48.04% examples, 395321 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:56,620 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 48.21% examples, 395406 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:57,644 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 48.34% examples, 395384 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:58,664 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 48.43% examples, 395308 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:18:59,708 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 48.52% examples, 395310 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:00,722 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 48.64% examples, 395371 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:01,724 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 48.76% examples, 395370 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:02,734 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 48.86% examples, 395399 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:03,738 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 48.96% examples, 395383 words/s, in_qsize 7, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:04,750 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 49.10% examples, 395371 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:05,762 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 49.23% examples, 395410 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:06,782 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 49.35% examples, 395409 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:07,793 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 49.45% examples, 395458 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:08,812 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 49.58% examples, 395457 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:09,819 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 49.70% examples, 395515 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:19:10,832 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 49.83% examples, 395621 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:11,854 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 49.91% examples, 395635 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:12,438 : INFO : finished iterating over Wikipedia corpus of 14901 documents with 46096422 positions (total 19857 articles, 46117421 positions before pruning articles shorter than 50 words)
2017-05-29 20:19:12,911 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 50.01% examples, 395479 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:13,930 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 50.08% examples, 395332 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:14,968 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 50.18% examples, 395324 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:19:15,974 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 50.30% examples, 395407 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:16,998 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 50.47% examples, 395410 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:18,002 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 50.57% examples, 395320 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:19,010 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 50.70% examples, 395394 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:20,028 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 50.86% examples, 395344 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:21,050 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 50.98% examples, 395322 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:22,057 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 51.11% examples, 395353 words/s, in_qsize 7, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:23,067 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 51.22% examples, 395397 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:24,137 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 51.33% examples, 395402 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:25,143 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 51.45% examples, 395488 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:26,148 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 51.55% examples, 395461 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:27,148 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 51.66% examples, 395420 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:28,151 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 51.77% examples, 395505 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:29,163 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 51.87% examples, 395480 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:30,169 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 52.00% examples, 395489 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:31,217 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 52.10% examples, 395519 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:32,220 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 52.23% examples, 395516 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:33,223 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 52.37% examples, 395559 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:34,233 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 52.50% examples, 395604 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:35,266 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 52.61% examples, 395590 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:36,276 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 52.73% examples, 395638 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:19:37,280 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 52.85% examples, 395695 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:38,285 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 52.95% examples, 395675 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:39,289 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 53.05% examples, 395671 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:40,293 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 53.19% examples, 395783 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:41,311 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 53.33% examples, 395722 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:19:42,318 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 53.45% examples, 395746 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:43,360 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 53.55% examples, 395745 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:44,389 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 53.69% examples, 395794 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 3
2017-05-29 20:19:45,395 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 53.78% examples, 395759 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:46,405 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 53.89% examples, 395659 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:47,414 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 54.00% examples, 395641 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:48,423 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 54.14% examples, 395671 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:49,445 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 54.24% examples, 395654 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:50,460 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 54.33% examples, 395637 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:51,469 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 54.41% examples, 395613 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:52,471 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 54.52% examples, 395679 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:53,474 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 54.64% examples, 395733 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:54,566 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 54.75% examples, 395664 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:55,572 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 54.85% examples, 395612 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:56,592 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 54.97% examples, 395630 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:57,613 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 55.06% examples, 395609 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:58,620 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 55.14% examples, 395517 words/s, in_qsize 7, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:19:59,622 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 55.25% examples, 395600 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:00,631 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 55.38% examples, 395576 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:01,635 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 55.48% examples, 395606 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:02,640 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 55.65% examples, 395677 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:03,667 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 55.77% examples, 395605 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:04,691 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 55.87% examples, 395601 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:05,725 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 55.99% examples, 395486 words/s, in_qsize 12, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:06,729 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 56.10% examples, 395531 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:07,754 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 56.23% examples, 395575 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:20:08,812 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 56.34% examples, 395536 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:09,824 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 56.43% examples, 395583 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:10,852 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 56.55% examples, 395556 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:11,876 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 56.66% examples, 395557 words/s, in_qsize 9, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:12,885 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 56.79% examples, 395573 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:13,894 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 56.91% examples, 395612 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:14,901 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 57.01% examples, 395529 words/s, in_qsize 8, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:15,903 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 57.13% examples, 395669 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:17,005 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 57.26% examples, 395609 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:18,019 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 57.37% examples, 395590 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:20:19,065 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 57.48% examples, 395576 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:20:20,101 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 57.58% examples, 395477 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:21,127 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 57.70% examples, 395512 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:22,128 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 57.83% examples, 395560 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:23,140 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 57.96% examples, 395542 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:20:24,143 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 58.11% examples, 395500 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:25,165 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 58.27% examples, 395587 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:26,173 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 58.39% examples, 395543 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:20:27,180 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 58.49% examples, 395582 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:28,186 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 58.59% examples, 395600 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:29,190 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 58.69% examples, 395576 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:20:30,211 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 58.81% examples, 395596 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:31,262 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 58.90% examples, 395554 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:20:32,273 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 59.05% examples, 395612 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:33,279 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 59.18% examples, 395625 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:34,291 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 59.29% examples, 395585 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:35,367 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 59.40% examples, 395554 words/s, in_qsize 7, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:20:36,413 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 59.52% examples, 395591 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:37,413 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 59.65% examples, 395597 words/s, in_qsize 7, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:38,445 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 59.76% examples, 395709 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:20:39,483 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 59.87% examples, 395712 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:40,491 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 60.00% examples, 395869 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:40,507 : INFO : finished iterating over Wikipedia corpus of 14901 documents with 46096422 positions (total 19857 articles, 46117421 positions before pruning articles shorter than 50 words)
2017-05-29 20:20:41,505 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 60.04% examples, 395514 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:20:42,527 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 60.14% examples, 395596 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:43,542 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 60.25% examples, 395600 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:44,550 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 60.42% examples, 395638 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:20:45,622 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 60.53% examples, 395531 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:20:46,624 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 60.65% examples, 395647 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:47,626 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 60.81% examples, 395597 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:48,630 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 60.95% examples, 395566 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:49,653 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 61.06% examples, 395514 words/s, in_qsize 8, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:50,667 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 61.18% examples, 395574 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:51,674 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 61.29% examples, 395616 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:52,697 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 61.39% examples, 395589 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:53,718 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 61.52% examples, 395642 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:54,748 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 61.60% examples, 395603 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:55,776 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 61.71% examples, 395578 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:56,786 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 61.82% examples, 395633 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:57,806 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 61.96% examples, 395684 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:58,844 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 62.06% examples, 395663 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:20:59,845 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 62.17% examples, 395652 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:00,867 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 62.30% examples, 395645 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:01,875 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 62.44% examples, 395708 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:21:02,881 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 62.56% examples, 395697 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:03,883 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 62.67% examples, 395728 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:04,902 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 62.78% examples, 395732 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:05,910 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 62.88% examples, 395730 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:06,914 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 63.01% examples, 395788 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:07,916 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 63.12% examples, 395724 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:08,936 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 63.24% examples, 395737 words/s, in_qsize 7, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:09,983 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 63.41% examples, 395790 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:10,986 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 63.51% examples, 395811 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:12,001 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 63.63% examples, 395890 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:13,001 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 63.75% examples, 395912 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:14,009 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 63.85% examples, 395833 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:15,024 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 63.96% examples, 395800 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:16,071 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 64.09% examples, 395794 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:21:17,073 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 64.21% examples, 395822 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:18,074 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 64.30% examples, 395836 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:19,077 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 64.39% examples, 395837 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:21:20,083 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 64.48% examples, 395764 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:21,096 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 64.59% examples, 395836 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:22,116 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 64.68% examples, 395759 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:23,119 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 64.81% examples, 395805 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:24,177 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 64.93% examples, 395803 words/s, in_qsize 8, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:25,182 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 65.03% examples, 395795 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:21:26,184 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 65.10% examples, 395734 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:21:27,185 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 65.20% examples, 395751 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 3
2017-05-29 20:21:28,203 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 65.33% examples, 395798 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:21:29,204 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 65.44% examples, 395866 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:30,233 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 65.62% examples, 395871 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:31,235 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 65.74% examples, 395872 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:32,236 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 65.84% examples, 395832 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:33,238 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 65.96% examples, 395816 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:34,240 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 66.09% examples, 395808 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:35,255 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 66.17% examples, 395801 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:36,256 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 66.30% examples, 395708 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:21:37,270 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 66.39% examples, 395771 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:38,299 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 66.50% examples, 395780 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:39,331 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 66.63% examples, 395853 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:40,349 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 66.74% examples, 395799 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:41,357 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 66.87% examples, 395839 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:42,361 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 66.98% examples, 395884 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:43,394 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 67.09% examples, 395879 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:44,394 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 67.21% examples, 395843 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:45,401 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 67.31% examples, 395803 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:46,464 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 67.43% examples, 395868 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:47,515 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 67.56% examples, 395872 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:48,570 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 67.66% examples, 395819 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:49,592 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 67.78% examples, 395838 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:50,627 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 67.93% examples, 395817 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:51,654 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 68.08% examples, 395829 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 3
2017-05-29 20:21:52,660 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 68.23% examples, 395843 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:53,681 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 68.38% examples, 395857 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:54,724 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 68.45% examples, 395782 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:21:55,733 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 68.56% examples, 395851 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:56,740 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 68.66% examples, 395825 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:57,782 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 68.80% examples, 395876 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:21:58,783 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 68.89% examples, 395892 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:21:59,825 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 68.98% examples, 395813 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:00,846 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 69.15% examples, 395889 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:01,847 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 69.27% examples, 395910 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:02,859 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 69.39% examples, 395968 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:03,864 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 69.50% examples, 395979 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:04,868 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 69.63% examples, 395997 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:05,872 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 69.74% examples, 396031 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:06,880 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 69.85% examples, 396062 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:22:07,897 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 69.96% examples, 396123 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:08,197 : INFO : finished iterating over Wikipedia corpus of 14901 documents with 46096422 positions (total 19857 articles, 46117421 positions before pruning articles shorter than 50 words)
2017-05-29 20:22:08,917 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 70.02% examples, 395904 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:09,943 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 70.11% examples, 395906 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:10,949 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 70.22% examples, 395952 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:11,977 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 70.36% examples, 395955 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:12,986 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 70.49% examples, 395888 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:14,002 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 70.60% examples, 395888 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:15,037 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 70.76% examples, 395872 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:16,049 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 70.90% examples, 395847 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:17,064 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 71.03% examples, 395873 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:18,071 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 71.15% examples, 395921 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:22:19,074 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 71.25% examples, 395906 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:20,095 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 71.35% examples, 395898 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:21,115 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 71.48% examples, 395949 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:22,148 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 71.57% examples, 395913 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:22:23,200 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 71.68% examples, 395893 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:24,200 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 71.80% examples, 395970 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:25,210 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 71.92% examples, 395985 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:26,214 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 72.03% examples, 395995 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:27,239 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 72.14% examples, 395977 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:28,270 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 72.27% examples, 395986 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:29,274 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 72.41% examples, 396012 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:30,281 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 72.53% examples, 396017 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:22:31,327 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 72.65% examples, 396050 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:32,365 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 72.76% examples, 396034 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:33,411 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 72.86% examples, 396008 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:22:34,417 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 72.98% examples, 396051 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:35,454 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 73.10% examples, 396029 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:36,462 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 73.22% examples, 396026 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:37,475 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 73.37% examples, 396097 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:22:38,481 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 73.49% examples, 396096 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:22:39,481 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 73.60% examples, 396134 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:40,482 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 73.72% examples, 396150 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:41,491 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 73.81% examples, 396097 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:22:42,493 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 73.92% examples, 396025 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:22:43,495 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 74.03% examples, 395985 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:44,497 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 74.17% examples, 396045 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:45,548 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 74.27% examples, 396005 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:46,557 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 74.36% examples, 396016 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:47,577 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 74.45% examples, 396009 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:48,578 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 74.56% examples, 396017 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:49,579 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 74.65% examples, 395954 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:50,592 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 74.76% examples, 395947 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:51,613 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 74.88% examples, 395955 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:52,622 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 74.98% examples, 395946 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:53,803 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 75.08% examples, 395820 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:22:54,812 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 75.18% examples, 395924 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:55,862 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 75.30% examples, 395905 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:22:56,890 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 75.41% examples, 395905 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:22:57,884 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 75.55% examples, 395954 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:58,911 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 75.70% examples, 395936 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:22:59,920 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 75.80% examples, 395925 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:00,927 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 75.92% examples, 395908 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:01,928 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 76.03% examples, 395844 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:02,940 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 76.13% examples, 395835 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:23:03,942 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 76.26% examples, 395834 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:04,964 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 76.36% examples, 395801 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:23:05,972 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 76.45% examples, 395810 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:06,995 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 76.57% examples, 395849 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:08,041 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 76.68% examples, 395843 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:09,049 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 76.82% examples, 395853 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:23:10,069 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 76.91% examples, 395812 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:11,139 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 77.03% examples, 395827 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:12,164 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 77.16% examples, 395881 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:13,165 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 77.27% examples, 395826 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:14,180 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 77.39% examples, 395872 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:15,188 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 77.49% examples, 395864 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:16,191 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 77.61% examples, 395873 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:23:17,196 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 77.71% examples, 395845 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:23:18,210 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 77.85% examples, 395845 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:19,226 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 77.98% examples, 395819 words/s, in_qsize 13, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:20,244 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 78.14% examples, 395861 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:21,260 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 78.30% examples, 395906 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:22,276 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 78.41% examples, 395896 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:23,284 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 78.51% examples, 395914 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:24,291 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 78.61% examples, 395930 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:25,297 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 78.72% examples, 395868 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:26,330 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 78.84% examples, 395954 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:27,350 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 78.93% examples, 395912 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:28,379 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 79.08% examples, 395930 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:29,387 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 79.21% examples, 395961 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:30,403 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 79.33% examples, 395970 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:31,432 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 79.44% examples, 396013 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:32,459 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 79.57% examples, 396014 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:33,488 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 79.69% examples, 396049 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:34,491 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 79.81% examples, 396121 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:35,505 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 79.90% examples, 396107 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:36,253 : INFO : finished iterating over Wikipedia corpus of 14901 documents with 46096422 positions (total 19857 articles, 46117421 positions before pruning articles shorter than 50 words)
2017-05-29 20:23:36,548 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 80.00% examples, 396013 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:37,559 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 80.07% examples, 395937 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:23:38,579 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 80.18% examples, 395968 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:39,583 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 80.28% examples, 395921 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:40,630 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 80.44% examples, 395920 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:41,632 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 80.55% examples, 395917 words/s, in_qsize 7, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:23:42,669 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 80.67% examples, 395934 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:43,680 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 80.84% examples, 395921 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:23:44,692 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 80.98% examples, 395941 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:45,702 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 81.10% examples, 395925 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:46,710 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 81.21% examples, 395941 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:47,711 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 81.31% examples, 395950 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:48,721 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 81.42% examples, 395977 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:23:49,723 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 81.53% examples, 395966 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:50,731 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 81.64% examples, 395974 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:51,740 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 81.73% examples, 395952 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:52,763 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 81.85% examples, 396001 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:53,765 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 81.98% examples, 396009 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:54,814 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 82.08% examples, 396021 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:55,865 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 82.21% examples, 396007 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:23:56,867 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 82.35% examples, 396042 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:57,876 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 82.48% examples, 396050 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:58,877 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 82.59% examples, 396058 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:23:59,887 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 82.71% examples, 396110 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:00,888 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 82.80% examples, 396030 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:24:01,899 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 82.91% examples, 396055 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:02,904 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 83.01% examples, 396001 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:03,913 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 83.15% examples, 396046 words/s, in_qsize 10, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:04,938 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 83.27% examples, 396075 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:05,943 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 83.42% examples, 396111 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:06,947 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 83.54% examples, 396133 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:24:07,962 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 83.66% examples, 396165 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:08,974 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 83.76% examples, 396114 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:09,980 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 83.86% examples, 396075 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:10,997 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 83.98% examples, 396093 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:12,001 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 84.12% examples, 396102 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:24:13,005 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 84.22% examples, 396072 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:14,019 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 84.31% examples, 396065 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:15,196 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 84.40% examples, 396007 words/s, in_qsize 16, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:16,201 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 84.50% examples, 396044 words/s, in_qsize 7, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:17,209 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 84.62% examples, 396108 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:18,217 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 84.73% examples, 396065 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:19,231 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 84.84% examples, 396077 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:20,319 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 84.96% examples, 396062 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:21,338 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 85.06% examples, 396094 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:22,357 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 85.14% examples, 396039 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:23,372 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 85.25% examples, 396057 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:24,382 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 85.38% examples, 396067 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:25,384 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 85.48% examples, 396060 words/s, in_qsize 9, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:26,389 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 85.66% examples, 396121 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:27,392 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 85.77% examples, 396075 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:28,436 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 85.88% examples, 396090 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:29,443 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 86.01% examples, 396080 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:24:30,462 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 86.12% examples, 396088 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:31,509 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 86.24% examples, 396079 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:32,581 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 86.34% examples, 396021 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:24:33,605 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 86.45% examples, 396069 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:34,612 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 86.56% examples, 396064 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:35,614 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 86.67% examples, 396095 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:36,620 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 86.80% examples, 396110 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:37,622 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 86.91% examples, 396112 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:38,631 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 87.02% examples, 396098 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:39,634 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 87.13% examples, 396141 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:40,685 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 87.25% examples, 396083 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:24:41,704 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 87.37% examples, 396117 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:42,746 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 87.48% examples, 396081 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 3
2017-05-29 20:24:43,760 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 87.58% examples, 396034 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:44,793 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 87.70% examples, 396042 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:45,795 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 87.82% examples, 396041 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:46,822 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 87.96% examples, 396041 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:47,835 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 88.11% examples, 396047 words/s, in_qsize 8, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:48,850 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 88.27% examples, 396048 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:24:49,856 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 88.39% examples, 396045 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:50,889 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 88.49% examples, 396064 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:51,893 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 88.58% examples, 396060 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:52,898 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 88.70% examples, 396083 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:53,903 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 88.82% examples, 396112 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:54,904 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 88.91% examples, 396075 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:55,912 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 89.05% examples, 396129 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:56,925 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 89.18% examples, 396102 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:57,934 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 89.28% examples, 396078 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:58,980 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 89.40% examples, 396099 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:24:59,995 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 89.51% examples, 396086 words/s, in_qsize 7, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:01,010 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 89.65% examples, 396110 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:02,022 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 89.77% examples, 396202 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:03,047 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 89.87% examples, 396194 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:04,050 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 89.98% examples, 396238 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:04,117 : INFO : finished iterating over Wikipedia corpus of 14901 documents with 46096422 positions (total 19857 articles, 46117421 positions before pruning articles shorter than 50 words)
2017-05-29 20:25:05,095 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 90.04% examples, 396057 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:06,124 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 90.13% examples, 396063 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:07,136 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 90.25% examples, 396095 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:08,144 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 90.40% examples, 396103 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:09,176 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 90.53% examples, 396073 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:10,187 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 90.64% examples, 396095 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:25:11,188 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 90.80% examples, 396094 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:12,189 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 90.95% examples, 396106 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:25:13,203 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 91.06% examples, 396080 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:14,234 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 91.17% examples, 396067 words/s, in_qsize 7, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:15,237 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 91.29% examples, 396137 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:16,237 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 91.38% examples, 396116 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:17,329 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 91.52% examples, 396126 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:18,347 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 91.60% examples, 396123 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:19,359 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 91.71% examples, 396109 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:25:20,375 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 91.82% examples, 396130 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:21,409 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 91.96% examples, 396161 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:22,434 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 92.06% examples, 396144 words/s, in_qsize 7, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:23,445 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 92.19% examples, 396210 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:24,447 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 92.32% examples, 396212 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:25,454 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 92.47% examples, 396273 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:26,463 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 92.57% examples, 396215 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:27,464 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 92.68% examples, 396270 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:28,493 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 92.79% examples, 396235 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:29,538 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 92.91% examples, 396276 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:25:30,539 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 93.02% examples, 396260 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:31,554 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 93.15% examples, 396310 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:32,563 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 93.26% examples, 396276 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:33,567 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 93.40% examples, 396268 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:34,588 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 93.52% examples, 396291 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:35,589 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 93.64% examples, 396317 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:36,609 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 93.75% examples, 396314 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:37,624 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 93.85% examples, 396258 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:38,650 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 93.96% examples, 396235 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:39,675 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 94.10% examples, 396265 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:25:40,704 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 94.21% examples, 396213 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:41,713 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 94.30% examples, 396236 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:42,857 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 94.40% examples, 396223 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:43,869 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 94.50% examples, 396216 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:44,870 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 94.62% examples, 396279 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:45,879 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 94.73% examples, 396281 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:25:46,909 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 94.84% examples, 396254 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:47,909 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 94.95% examples, 396285 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:25:48,920 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 95.05% examples, 396260 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:49,934 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 95.12% examples, 396188 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:50,934 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 95.23% examples, 396237 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:51,981 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 95.36% examples, 396235 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:53,007 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 95.46% examples, 396241 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:54,015 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 95.64% examples, 396266 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:55,022 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 95.75% examples, 396238 words/s, in_qsize 7, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:56,081 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 95.87% examples, 396260 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:57,092 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 96.00% examples, 396247 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:58,115 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 96.10% examples, 396218 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:25:59,135 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 96.20% examples, 396211 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:26:00,186 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 96.33% examples, 396209 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:26:01,187 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 96.42% examples, 396241 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 2
2017-05-29 20:26:02,188 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 96.54% examples, 396223 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:26:03,190 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 96.65% examples, 396249 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:26:04,191 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 96.78% examples, 396246 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:26:05,210 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 96.89% examples, 396214 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:26:06,219 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 97.00% examples, 396250 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:26:07,223 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 97.10% examples, 396219 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:26:08,227 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 97.23% examples, 396238 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:26:09,264 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 97.34% examples, 396207 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:26:10,265 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 97.45% examples, 396229 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:26:11,284 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 97.56% examples, 396189 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:26:12,299 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 97.66% examples, 396170 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:26:13,340 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 97.77% examples, 396151 words/s, in_qsize 2, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:26:14,344 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 97.93% examples, 396174 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:26:15,346 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 98.08% examples, 396186 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:26:16,386 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 98.23% examples, 396160 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:26:17,431 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 98.38% examples, 396187 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:26:18,438 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 98.45% examples, 396132 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:26:19,526 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 98.56% examples, 396162 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:26:20,544 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 98.67% examples, 396180 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:26:21,597 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 98.80% examples, 396173 words/s, in_qsize 3, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:26:22,617 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 98.90% examples, 396213 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:26:23,621 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 99.00% examples, 396155 words/s, in_qsize 11, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:26:24,627 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 99.17% examples, 396258 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:26:25,640 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 99.27% examples, 396217 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:26:26,671 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 99.38% examples, 396218 words/s, in_qsize 7, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:26:27,727 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 99.51% examples, 396261 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:26:28,728 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 99.64% examples, 396260 words/s, in_qsize 1, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:26:29,736 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 99.75% examples, 396319 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:26:30,754 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 99.86% examples, 396332 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 0
2017-05-29 20:26:31,800 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 99.98% examples, 396368 words/s, in_qsize 0, out_qsize 1
2017-05-29 20:26:31,895 : INFO : finished iterating over Wikipedia corpus of 14901 documents with 46096422 positions (total 19857 articles, 46117421 positions before pruning articles shorter than 50 words)
2017-05-29 20:26:31,902 : INFO : worker thread finished; awaiting finish of 7 more threads
2017-05-29 20:26:31,904 : INFO : worker thread finished; awaiting finish of 6 more threads
2017-05-29 20:26:31,904 : INFO : worker thread finished; awaiting finish of 5 more threads
2017-05-29 20:26:31,905 : INFO : worker thread finished; awaiting finish of 4 more threads
2017-05-29 20:26:31,906 : INFO : worker thread finished; awaiting finish of 3 more threads
2017-05-29 20:26:31,906 : INFO : worker thread finished; awaiting finish of 2 more threads
2017-05-29 20:26:31,907 : INFO : worker thread finished; awaiting finish of 1 more threads
2017-05-29 20:26:31,919 : INFO : worker thread finished; awaiting finish of 0 more threads
2017-05-29 20:26:31,920 : INFO : training on 460964220 raw words (348974559 effective words) took 880.3s, 396407 effective words/s
CPU times: user 32min 45s, sys: 15.9 s, total: 33min 1s
Wall time: 14min 40s
In [13]:
models[0].save('models/wikipedia_dbow_model.doc2vec')
models[1].save('models/wikipedia_dm_model.doc2vec')
2017-05-29 20:26:31,925 : INFO : saving Doc2Vec object under wikipedia_dbow_model.doc2vec, separately None
2017-05-29 20:26:31,927 : INFO : not storing attribute syn0norm
2017-05-29 20:26:31,927 : INFO : storing np array 'syn0' to wikipedia_dbow_model.doc2vec.wv.syn0.npy
2017-05-29 20:26:31,960 : INFO : not storing attribute cum_table
2017-05-29 20:26:31,961 : INFO : storing np array 'syn1neg' to wikipedia_dbow_model.doc2vec.syn1neg.npy
2017-05-29 20:26:32,284 : INFO : saved wikipedia_dbow_model.doc2vec
2017-05-29 20:26:32,285 : INFO : saving Doc2Vec object under wikipedia_dm_model.doc2vec, separately None
2017-05-29 20:26:32,286 : INFO : not storing attribute syn0norm
2017-05-29 20:26:32,286 : INFO : storing np array 'syn0' to wikipedia_dm_model.doc2vec.wv.syn0.npy
2017-05-29 20:26:32,317 : INFO : not storing attribute cum_table
2017-05-29 20:26:32,318 : INFO : storing np array 'syn1neg' to wikipedia_dm_model.doc2vec.syn1neg.npy
2017-05-29 20:26:32,640 : INFO : saved wikipedia_dm_model.doc2vec
After that, let's test both models! DBOW model show the simillar results with the original paper. First, calculating cosine simillarity of "Machine learning" using Paragraph Vector. Word Vector and Document Vector are separately stored. We have to add .docvecs after model name to extract Document Vector from Doc2Vec Model.
In [14]:
for model in models:
print(str(model))
pprint(model.docvecs.most_similar(positive=["Anarchism"], topn=20))
2017-05-29 20:26:32,645 : INFO : precomputing L2-norms of doc weight vectors
Doc2Vec(dbow+w,d200,n5,w8,mc19,s0.001,t8)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-14-7bab7673a216> in <module>()
1 for model in models:
2 print(str(model))
----> 3 pprint(model.docvecs.most_similar(positive=["Machine learning"], topn=20))
/home/ubuntu/.local/lib/python3.5/site-packages/gensim/models/doc2vec.py in most_similar(self, positive, negative, topn, clip_start, clip_end, indexer)
459 if isinstance(doc, ndarray):
460 mean.append(weight * doc)
--> 461 elif doc in self.doctags or doc < self.count:
462 mean.append(weight * self.doctag_syn0norm[self._int_index(doc)])
463 all_docs.add(self._int_index(doc))
TypeError: unorderable types: str() < int()
DBOW model interpret the word 'Machine Learning' as a part of Computer Science field, and DM model as Data Science related field.
Second, calculating cosine simillarity of "Lady Gaga" using Paragraph Vector.
In [ ]:
for model in models:
print(str(model))
pprint(model.docvecs.most_similar(positive=["Lady Gaga"], topn=10))
DBOW model reveal the similar singer in the U.S., and DM model understand that many of Lady Gaga's songs are similar with the word "Lady Gaga".
Third, calculating cosine simillarity of "Lady Gaga" - "American" + "Japanese" using Document vector and Word Vectors. "American" and "Japanese" are Word Vectors, not Paragraph Vectors. Word Vectors are already converted to lowercases by WikiCorpus.
In [ ]:
for model in models:
print(str(model))
vec = [model.docvecs["Lady Gaga"] - model["american"] + model["japanese"]]
pprint([m for m in model.docvecs.most_similar(vec, topn=11) if m[0] != "Lady Gaga"])
As a result, DBOW model demonstrate the similar artists with Lady Gaga in Japan such as 'Perfume', which is the Most famous Idol in Japan. On the other hand, DM model results don't include the Japanese aritsts in top 10 simillar documents. It's almost same with no vector calculated results.
This results demonstrate that DBOW employed in the original paper is outstanding for calculating the similarity between Document Vector and Word Vector.
Content source: GeorgiMateev/pan-author-obfuscation
Similar notebooks: