In [2]:
import requests
这里stream=True的好处是，它首先只下载headers,直到我们调用req.content才去下载网页的内容
In [71]:
url='https://www.propertyvalue.com.au/?op=myrp_widgets.freemiumInvestorSLAS.singleLineSearchHandler&subop=getSuggestionList&searchCategories=1%2C2%2C3%2C4&searchString=3%20taggerty%20street%20ngunnawal&maxSuggestionResults=5&_=1490747216388'
In [17]:
header={'Content-Type':'text/html','User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:50.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/50.0'}
In [ ]:
In [73]:
req=requests.get(url,headers=header,stream=True)
In [74]:
print(req.headers)
{'Content-Type': 'text/html', 'Cache-Control': 'no-cache', 'Connection': 'close', 'Content-Length': '676', 'X-Iinfo': '9-10658135-0 0NNN RT(1490746256598 41) q(0 -1 -1 -1) r(0 -1) B12(4,316,0) U18', 'Set-Cookie': 'visid_incap_488260=OOiYXnFCRx+LnteyrLGHlJD72lgAAAAAQUIPAAAAAADjqK9hvXG/ADFWKqtdm+iI; expires=Wed, 28 Mar 2018 12:16:29 GMT; path=/; Domain=.propertyvalue.com.au, incap_ses_136_488260=QtdLTtTi03Uqy6hcNyzjAZD72lgAAAAA/vsx961mBF6DpUaN0I165Q==; path=/; Domain=.propertyvalue.com.au'}
In [75]:
print(req.content)
b'<html style="height:100%"><head><META NAME="ROBOTS" CONTENT="NOINDEX, NOFOLLOW"><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1.0"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"></head><body style="margin:0px;height:100%"><iframe src="/_Incapsula_Resource?CWUDNSAI=24&xinfo=9-10658135-0 0NNN RT(1490746256598 41) q(0 -1 -1 -1) r(0 -1) B12(4,316,0) U18&incident_id=136001030040424314-105046898545002105&edet=12&cinfo=04000000" frameborder=0 width="100%" height="100%" marginheight="0px" marginwidth="0px">Request unsuccessful. Incapsula incident ID: 136001030040424314-105046898545002105</iframe></body></html>'
In [35]:
print(req.text)
<html style="height:100%"><head><META NAME="ROBOTS" CONTENT="NOINDEX, NOFOLLOW"><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1.0"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"></head><body style="margin:0px;height:100%"><iframe src="/_Incapsula_Resource?CWUDNSAI=24&xinfo=10-15051973-0 0NNN RT(1490744759371 44) q(0 -1 -1 -1) r(0 -1) B12(4,316,0) U18&incident_id=136001030040424314-150763015774930554&edet=12&cinfo=04000000" frameborder=0 width="100%" height="100%" marginheight="0px" marginwidth="0px">Request unsuccessful. Incapsula incident ID: 136001030040424314-150763015774930554</iframe></body></html>
In [2]:
url='http://baike.baidu.com/item/ssl'
In [10]:
req=requests.get(url,stream=True)
In [25]:
c=req.content
In [26]:
type(c)
Out[26]:
bytes
In [28]:
print(c.decode('utf-8'))
<!DOCTYPE html>
<!--STATUS OK-->
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" />
<meta name="referrer" content="always" />
<meta name="description" content="SSL(Secure Sockets Layer 安全套接层),及其继任者传输层安全（Transport Layer Security，TLS）是为网络通信提供安全及数据完整性的一种安全协议。TLS与SSL在传输层对网络连接进行加密。...">
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<input id="query" nslog="normal" nslog-type="10080005" name="word" type="text" autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" value="ssl" /><button id="search" nslog="normal" nslog-type="10080002" type="button">进入词条</button><button id="searchLemma" nslog="normal" nslog-type="10080003" type="button">搜索词条</button><a class="help" nslog="normal" nslog-type="10080004" href="/help" target="_blank">帮助</a>
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<input name="sefr" type="hidden" value="enterbtn" />
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</ul>
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<div class="declare" id="J-declare">声明：百科词条人人可编辑，词条创建和修改均免费，绝不存在官方及代理商付费代编，请勿上当受骗。<a class="declare-details" target="_blank" href="/common/declaration">详情>></a>
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</div>
<div style="width:0;height:0;clear:both"></div><dl class="lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle-">
<dd class="lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle-title">
<h1 >ssl</h1>
<a href="javascript:;" class="edit-lemma cmn-btn-hover-blue cmn-btn-28 j-edit-link"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
<a class="lock-lemma" target="_blank" href="/view/10812319.htm" title="锁定"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_lock-lemma"></em>锁定</a>
</dd>
</dl><div class="authorityListPrompt">
<div class="main-content-zj">
本词条由<a href="http://www.cast.org.cn" target="_blank" class="nslog:7175">“科普中国”百科科学词条编写与应用工作项目</a>
审核
。</div>
</div>
<div class="promotion-declaration">
</div><div class="lemma-summary" label-module="lemmaSummary">
<div class="para" label-module="para">SSL(Secure Sockets Layer <a target=_blank href="/view/525499.htm">安全套接层</a>),及其继任者<a target=_blank href="/view/831898.htm">传输层安全</a>（Transport Layer Security，TLS）是为<a target=_blank href="/view/538641.htm">网络通信</a>提供安全及<a target=_blank href="/view/702953.htm">数据完整性</a>的一种安全协议。TLS与SSL在<a target=_blank href="/view/239605.htm">传输层</a>对网络连接进行加密。</div>
</div>
<div class="configModuleBanner">
</div><div class="basic-info cmn-clearfix">
<dl class="basicInfo-block basicInfo-left">
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">中文名</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
<a target=_blank href="/view/525499.htm">安全套接层</a>
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">外文名</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
Secure Sockets Layer
</dd>
</dl><dl class="basicInfo-block basicInfo-right">
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">缩 写</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
SSL
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">应 用</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
在<a target=_blank href="/view/239605.htm">传输层</a>对网络连接进行加密
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="lemmaWgt-lemmaCatalog">
<div class="lemma-catalog">
<h2 class="block-title">目录</h2>
<div class="catalog-list column-3">
<ol>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">1</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#1">解析</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">2</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#2">提供服务</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">3</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#3">服务器类型</a></span>
</li>
</ol><ol><li class="level1">
<span class="index">4</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#4">工作流程</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">5</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#5">SSL的体系结构</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">6</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#6">SSL纪录协议</a></span>
</li>
</ol><ol><li class="level1">
<span class="index">7</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#7">SSL的会话状态</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">8</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#8">https介绍</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">9</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#9">应用</a></span>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="anchor-list">
<a name="1" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub16147_1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="解析" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">ssl</span>解析</h2>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">Secure Socket Layer，为<a target=_blank href="/view/153922.htm">Netscape</a>所研发，用以保障在Internet上数据传输之安全，利用<a target=_blank href="/view/696431.htm">数据加密</a>(Encryption)技术，可确保数据在网络上之传输过程中不会被截取及窃听。一般通用之规格为40 bit之安全标准，<a target=_blank href="/view/2398.htm">美国</a>则已推出128 bit之更高安全标准，但限制出境。只要3.0版本以上之I.E.或Netscape<a target=_blank href="/view/7718.htm">浏览器</a>即可支持SSL。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">当前版本为3.0。它已被广泛地用于<a target=_blank href="/view/206703.htm">Web浏览器</a>与服务器之间的<a target=_blank href="/view/1014826.htm">身份认证</a>和加密数据传输。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">SSL协议位于<a target=_blank href="/view/7649.htm">TCP/IP协议</a>与各种<a target=_blank href="/view/239619.htm">应用层</a>协议之间，为<a target=_blank href="/view/1474554.htm">数据通讯</a>提供安全支持。SSL协议可分为两层： SSL记录协议（SSL Record Protocol）：它建立在可靠的<a target=_blank href="/view/441895.htm">传输协议</a>（如TCP）之上，为高层协议提供<a target=_blank href="/view/262940.htm">数据封装</a>、压缩、加密等基本功能的支持。 SSL<a target=_blank href="/view/1712962.htm">握手协议</a>（SSL Handshake Protocol）：它建立在SSL记录协议之上，用于在实际的数据传输开始前，通讯双方进行<a target=_blank href="/view/1014826.htm">身份认证</a>、协商<a target=_blank href="/view/155969.htm">加密算法</a>、交换加密<a target=_blank href="/view/934.htm">密钥</a>等。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="2" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub16147_2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="提供服务" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">ssl</span>提供服务</h2>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1）认证用户和服务器，确保数据发送到正确的<a target=_blank href="/view/285153.htm">客户机</a>和<a target=_blank href="/view/899.htm">服务器</a>；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2）加密数据以防止数据中途被窃取；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3）维护数据的完整性，确保数据在传输过程中不被改变。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="3" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub16147_3" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="服务器类型" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">ssl</span>服务器类型</h2>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1. Tomcat 5.x</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2. Nginx</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3. IIS</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">4. Apache 2.x</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">5. IBM HTTP SERVER 6.0<sup>[1]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[1]_16147"> </a>
</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="4" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub16147_4" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="工作流程" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">ssl</span>工作流程</h2>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">服务器认证阶段：1）<a target=_blank href="/view/930.htm">客户端</a>向服务器发送一个开始信息“Hello”以便开始一个新的会话连接；2）服务器根据客户的信息确定是否需要生成新的主<a target=_blank href="/view/934.htm">密钥</a>，如需要则服务器在响应客户的“Hello”信息时将包含生成主密钥所需的信息；3）客户根据收到的服务器响应信息，产生一个主密钥，并用服务器的<a target=_blank href="/view/444169.htm">公开密钥加密</a>后传给服务器；4）服务器回复该主密钥，并返回给客户一个用主<a target=_blank href="/view/5481370.htm">密钥认证</a>的信息，以此让<a target=_blank href="/view/3032919.htm">客户认证</a>服务器。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/view/1223029.htm">用户认证</a>阶段：在此之前，服务器已经通过了<a target=_blank href="/view/3032919.htm">客户认证</a>，这一阶段主要完成对客户的认证。经认证的服务器发送一个提问给客户，客户则返回（数字）签名后的提问和其<a target=_blank href="/view/1145160.htm">公开密钥</a>，从而向服务器提供认证。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">SSL协议提供的安全通道有以下三个特性：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">机密性：SSL协议使用密钥加密通信数据。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">可靠性：服务器和客户都会被认证，客户的认证是可选的。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">完整性：SSL协议会对传送的数据进行完整性检查。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">从SSL 协议所提供的服务及其工作流程可以看出，SSL协议运行的基础是商家对消费者信息保密的承诺，这就有利于商家而不利于消费者。在电子商务初级阶段，由于运作电子商务的企业大多是信誉较高的大公司，因此这问题还没有充分暴露出来。但随着电子商务的发展，各中小型公司也参与进来，这样在电子支付过程中的单一认证问题就越来越突出。虽然在SSL3.0中通过<a target=_blank href="/view/7626.htm">数字签名</a>和<a target=_blank href="/view/16501.htm">数字证书</a>可实现<a target=_blank href="/view/7718.htm">浏览器</a>和Web服务器双方的<a target=_blank href="/view/121510.htm">身份验证</a>，但是SSL协议仍存在一些问题，比如，只能提供交易中客户与服务器间的双方认证，在涉及多方的电子交易中，SSL协议并不能协调各方间的安全传输和信任关系。在这种情况下，Visa和 MasterCard两大信用卡公组织制定了SET协议，为网上信用卡支付提供了全球性的标准。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="5" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub16147_5" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="SSL的体系结构" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">ssl</span>SSL的体系结构</h2>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">SSL的体系结构中包含两个协议子层，其中底层是SSL纪录协议层（SSL Record Protocol Layer）；高层是SSL握手协议层（SSL HandShake Protocol Layer）。SSL的协议栈如图所示，其中阴影部分即SSL协议。<sup>[2]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[2]_16147"> </a>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><div class="lemma-picture text-pic layout-right" style="width:220px; float: right;">
<a class="image-link" nslog-type="9317"
href="/pic/ssl/320778/0/562c11dfa9ec8a139be14cc7f303918fa0ecc01a?fr=lemma&ct=single" target="_blank"
title="" style="width:220px;height:118px;">
<img class="lazy-img" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAMAAAAoyzS7AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAAZQTFRF9fX1AAAA0VQI3QAAAAxJREFUeNpiYAAIMAAAAgABT21Z4QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" data-src="https://imgsa.baidu.com/baike/s%3D220/sign=570557260e55b31998f9857773a88286/562c11dfa9ec8a139be14cc7f303918fa0ecc01a.jpg" alt="" style="width:220px;height:118px;"/>
</a>
</div></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">SSL纪录协议层的作用是为高层协议提供基本的安全服务。SSL纪录协议针对HTTP协议进行了特别的设计，使得超文本的传输协议HTTP能够在SSL运行。纪录封装各种高层协议，具体实施压缩解压缩、加密解密、计算和校验MAC等与安全有关的操作。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">SSL握手协议层包括SSL握手协议（SSL HandShake Protocol）、SSL密码参数修改协议（SSL Change Cipher Spec Protocol）、应用数据协议（Application Data Protocol）和SSL告警协议（SSL Alert Protocol）。握手层的这些协议用于SSL管理信息的交换，允许应用协议传送数据之间相互验证，协商加密算法和生成密钥等。SSL握手协议的作用是协调客户和服务器的状态，使双方能够达到状态的同步。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="6" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub16147_6" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="SSL纪录协议" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">ssl</span>SSL纪录协议</h2>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">SSL纪录协议（Record Protocol）为SSL连提供两种服务。<sup>[2]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[2]_16147"> </a>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（1）保密性：利用握手协议所定义的共享密钥对SSL净荷（Payload）加密。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（2）完整性：利用握手协议所定义的共享的MAC密钥来生成报文的鉴别码（MAC）。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">SSL的工作过程如下。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（1）发送方的工作过程为：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">从上次接受要发送的数据（包括各种消息和数据）；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">对信息进行分段，分成若干纪录；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">使用指定的压缩算法进行数据压缩（可选）；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">使用指定的MAC算法生成MAC；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">使用指定的加密算法进行数据加密；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">添加SSL纪录协议的头，发送数据。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（2）接收方的工作过程为：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">接收数据，从SSL纪录协议的头中获取相关信息；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">使用指定的解密算法解密数据；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">使用指定的MAC算法校验MAC；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">使用压缩算法对数据解压缩（在需要进行）；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">将纪录进行数据重组；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">将数据发送给高层。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">SSL纪录协议处理的最后一个步骤是附加一个SSL纪录协议的头，以便构成一个SSL纪录。SSL纪录协议头中包含了SSL纪录协议的若干控制信息。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="7" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub16147_7" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="SSL的会话状态" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">ssl</span>SSL的会话状态</h2>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">会话（Session）和连接（Connection）是SSL中两个重要的概念，在规范中定义如下。<sup>[3]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[3]_16147"> </a>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（1）SSL连接：用于提供某种类型的服务数据的传输，是一种点对点的关系。一般来说，连接的维持时间比较短暂，并且每个连接一定与某一个会话相关联。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（2）SSL会话：是指客户和服务器之间的一个关联关系。会话通过握手协议来创建。它定义了一组安全参数。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">一次会话过程通常会发起多个SSL连接来完成任务，例如一次网站的访问可能需要多个HTTP/SSL/TCP连接来下载其中的多个页面，这些连接共享会话定义的安全参数。这种共享方式可以避免为每个SSL连接单独进行安全参数的协商，而只需在会话建立时进行一次协商，提高了效率。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">每一个会话（或连接）都存在一组与之想对应的状态，会话（或连接）的状态表现为一组与其相关的参数集合，最主要的内容是与会话（或连接）相关的安全参数的集合，用会话（或连接）中的加密解密、认证等安全功能的实现。在SSL通信过程中，通信算法的状态通过SSL握手协议实现同步。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">根据SSL协议的约定，会话状态由以下参数来定义：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（1）会话标识符：是由服务器选择的任意字节序列，用于标识活动的会话或可恢复的会话状态。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（2）对方的证书：会话对方的X.509v3证书。该参数可为空。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（3）压缩算法：在加密之前用来压缩数据的算法。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（4）加密规约（Cipher Spec）：用于说明对大块数据进行加密采用的算法，以及计算MAC所采用的散列算法。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（5）主密值：一个48字节长的秘密值，由客户和服务器共享。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（6）可重新开始的标识：用于指示会话是否可以用于初始化新的连接。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">连接状态可以一下参数来定义：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（1）服务器和客户器的随机数：是服务器和客户为每个连接选择的用于标识连接的字节序列。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（2）服务器写MAC密值：服务器发送数据时，生成MAC</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（3）使用的密钥，长度为128 bit。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（4）客户写MAC密值，服务器发送数据时，用于数据加密的密钥，长度为128 bit 。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（5）客户写密钥：客户发送数据时，用于数据加密的密钥，长度为128 bit。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（6）初始化向量：当使用CBC模式的分组密文算法是=时，需要为每个密钥维护初始化向量。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（7）序列号：通信的每一端都为每个连接中的发送和接收报文维持着一个序列号。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="8" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub16147_8" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="https介绍" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">ssl</span>https介绍</h2>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">HTTPS（<b>Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure</b>）<a target=_blank href="/view/831896.htm">安全超文本传输协议</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">它是由Netscape开发并内置于其<a target=_blank href="/view/7718.htm">浏览器</a>中，用于对数据进行压缩和解压操作，并返回网络上传送回的结果。HTTPS实际上应用了Netscape的完全<a target=_blank href="/view/538713.htm">套接字</a>层（SSL）作为HTTP<a target=_blank href="/view/239619.htm">应用层</a>的子层。（HTTPS使用端口443，而不是象HTTP那样使用端口80来和TCP/IP进行通信。）SSL使用40 位关键字作为RC4流<a target=_blank href="/view/155969.htm">加密算法</a>，这对于商业信息的加密是合适的。HTTPS和SSL支持使用X.509<a target=_blank href="/view/2120092.htm">数字认证</a>，如果需要的话用户可以确认发送者是谁。。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">https是以安全为目标的HTTP通道，简单讲是HTTP的安全版。即HTTP下加入SSL层，https的安全基础是SSL，因此加密的详细内容请看SSL。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">它是一个URI scheme(抽象<a target=_blank href="/view/390932.htm">标识符</a>体系)，句法类同http:体系。用于安全的HTTP数据传输。https:URL表明它使用了HTTP，但HTTPS存在不同于HTTP的默认端口及一个加密/<a target=_blank href="/view/121510.htm">身份验证</a>层（在HTTP与TCP之间）。这个系统的最初研发由<a target=_blank href="/view/478896.htm">网景</a>公司进行，提供了<a target=_blank href="/view/121510.htm">身份验证</a>与加密通讯方法，它被广泛用于万维网上安全敏感的通讯，例如交易支付方面。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">限制</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">它的安全保护依赖<a target=_blank href="/view/7718.htm">浏览器</a>的正确实现以及<a target=_blank href="/view/4438667.htm">服务器软件</a>、实际<a target=_blank href="/view/155969.htm">加密算法</a>的支持.</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">一种常见的误解是“银行用户在线使用https:就能充分彻底保障他们的银行卡号不被偷窃。”实际上，与服务器的加密连接中能保护银行卡号的部分，只有用户到服务器之间的连接及服务器自身。并不能绝对确保服务器自己是安全的，这点甚至已被攻击者利用，常见例子是模仿银行域名的钓鱼攻击。少数罕见攻击在网站传输客户数据时发生，攻击者尝试窃听数据于传输中。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">商业网站被人们期望迅速尽早引入新的特殊处理程序到金融<a target=_blank href="/view/807.htm">网关</a>，仅保留传输码(transaction number)。不过他们常常存储银行卡号在同一个数据库里。那些数据库和服务器少数情况有可能被未授权用户攻击和损害。<sup>[4]</sup><a class="sup-anchor" name="ref_[4]_16147"> </a>
</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="9" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub16147_9" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="应用" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">ssl</span>应用</h2>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">extended validation ssl certificates翻译为中文即扩展验证（EV）SSL证书，该证书经过最彻底的身份验证，确保证书持有组织的真实性。独有的绿色地址栏技术将循环显示组织名称和作为CA的<a target=_blank href="/view/1545671.htm">GlobalSign</a>名称，从而最大限度上确保网站的安全性，树立网站可信形象，不给欺诈钓鱼网站以可乘之机。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">对线上购物者来说，绿色地址栏是验证网站身份及安全性的最简便可靠的方式。在IE7.0、FireFox3.0、Opera 9.5等新一代高安全浏览器下，使用扩展验证（EV）<a target=_blank href="/view/1009264.htm">SSL证书</a>的网站的<a target=_blank href="/view/7718.htm">浏览器</a><a target=_blank href="/view/538681.htm">地址栏</a>会自动呈现绿色，从而清晰地告诉用户正在访问的网站是经过严格认证的。此外绿色地址栏临近的区域还会显示网站所有者的名称和颁发证书CA机构名称，这些均向客户传递同一信息，该网站身份可信，信息传递安全可靠，而非<a target=_blank href="/view/64418.htm">钓鱼网站</a>。</div>
<dl class="lemma-reference collapse nslog-area log-set-param" data-nslog-type="2" log-set-param="ext_reference">
<dt class="reference-title">参考资料<em class="toggle"></em></dt>
<dd class="reference-list-wrap">
<ul class="reference-list">
<li class="reference-item " id="reference-[1]-16147-wrap">
<span class="index">1.</span>
<a class="gotop anchor" name="refIndex_1_16147" id="refIndex_1_16147" title="向上跳转" href="#ref_[1]_16147"> </a>
<a rel="nofollow" href="http://baike.baidu.com/redirect/adbe4nprCWWAG4nqDGvNrDB0LMXqW5TOorujUMmEqAHwwq9MBxpzfBsCRn9e8MM4-H5vuh1mSMMRpwIKdO2oHwDxcThn_ORv9oEra196AqLalQ" target="_blank" class="text">SSL 数字证书支持哪些服务器类型？<span class="linkout"> </span></a>
<span class="site">．GlobalSign</span><span>[引用日期2013-05-7]</span></li><li class="reference-item " id="reference-[2]-16147-wrap">
<span class="index">2.</span>
<a class="gotop anchor" name="refIndex_2_16147" id="refIndex_2_16147" title="向上跳转" href="#ref_[2]_16147"> </a>
<a rel="nofollow" href="http://baike.baidu.com/redirect/ddabApghLfVQu-AZIEp0YwCIvpr-D0so9f37QmegN5L_I8q5NI2MLsGfSOQEXrqObpjv5i7EubAIC_3VVS6lBCzz_b_W6tVDT7wxBNxWKWO_hpi1hCumW8ZMAc4QQkVpArJF6XB4M6QbVKRYK_vuhJEURdd6SB3QnNz4b_TQ4F0T4vCiac-ItuMWMhe7w7pVObIP2gpEDiZ9RNY6GPdQL4H1rLfnQDk_scFj4BBziz3j-vMzQRl0n-YbFxFyoouXa1pUeiBCPW2GRwAVRFezVi6rr5d97mfwVIg26xWb7ryqtyygkP9V380YmqbeqR5HcGjJ-i8CEPbdMdIU3qDg" target="_blank" class="text">网络安全协议SSL原理及应用<span class="linkout"> </span></a>
<span class="site">．中国知网</span><span>[引用日期2015-02-6]</span></li><li class="reference-item " id="reference-[3]-16147-wrap">
<span class="index">3.</span>
<a class="gotop anchor" name="refIndex_3_16147" id="refIndex_3_16147" title="向上跳转" href="#ref_[3]_16147"> </a>
<span>龚向阳等</span><span class="text">．宽带通信网原理</span><span>：北京邮电大学出版社</span><span>，2006年</span></li><li class="reference-item " id="reference-[4]-16147-wrap">
<span class="index">4.</span>
<a class="gotop anchor" name="refIndex_4_16147" id="refIndex_4_16147" title="向上跳转" href="#ref_[4]_16147"> </a>
<a rel="nofollow" href="http://baike.baidu.com/redirect/20a2ctZZazBB0E77Ew6RE9M_jWPoN51BM6GxySlCPq1nbWsvYO_GxO8vYX_QZ5BucnoVBTULRkL46k-h6uiV-AL79j9tCNfhdJqFlAcdr3L-_NxHHivp" target="_blank" class="text">用网络访问控制来强化SSL VPN网络安全<span class="linkout"> </span></a>
</li></ul>
</dd>
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<a target="_blank" href="/wikitag/taglist?tagId=68031">中国电子学会</a>
</span>
，<span class="taglist">
通信技术
</span>
，<span class="taglist">
技术
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<p>提供资源类型：<span style="color: #555555;">内容</span></p>
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<li>浏览次数：<span id="j-lemmaStatistics-pv"></span>次</li>
<li>编辑次数：23次<a href="/historylist/ssl/320778" class="nslog:1021" target="_blank">历史版本</a></li>
<li>最近更新：<span class="j-modified-time" style="display:none">2015-11-29</span></li>
<li>创建者：<a class="show-userCard" data-uid="6000496" title="查看此用户资料" target="_blank" href="http://www.baidu.com/p/talmud" nslog-type="1022">talmud</a></li>
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<span class="title-index">7</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">SSL的会话状态</span>
</span>
</a>
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<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#8" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">8</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">https介绍</span>
</span>
</a>
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<span class="text">
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!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery.js'),
initSearchbar = require('wiki-common:widget/component/searchbar/searchbar.js');
initSearchbar($('.wgt-searchbar-main'));
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery.js');
var cookie = require('wiki-common:widget/util/cookie.js');
if (!cookie.get('baikedeclare')) {
$('#J-declare-wrap').css('display', 'block');
}
$('#J-declare-close').on('click', function () {
// 用户关闭后，不再显示，这里暂设过期时间为1年
cookie.set('baikedeclare', 'showed', {
expires: 365 * 60 * 60 * 24 * 1000
});
$('#J-declare-wrap').css('display', 'none');
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery.js');
var timer = '';
$('.wgt-navbar').on('mouseenter', 'dl', function() {
clearTimeout(timer);
timer = setTimeout(function() {
$('.wgt-navbar').addClass('wgt-navbar-hover');
}, 300);
}).on('mouseleave', function() {
clearTimeout(timer);
$('.wgt-navbar').removeClass('wgt-navbar-hover');
}).on('click', 'a', function() {
clearTimeout(timer);
$('.wgt-navbar').removeClass('wgt-navbar-hover');
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery.js');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck.js');
// 展现策略
rightCheck.editView('320778', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .add-subLemma').css('display', 'inline-block');
$('.top-tool .add-sub-icon').css('display', 'inline-block');
}
} else {
if ('') {
$('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .add-subLemma').css('display', 'inline-block');
$('.top-tool .add-sub-icon').css('display', 'inline-block');
}
}
});
require('wiki-lemma:widget/basicElement/addSub/addSub.js')({ lemmaId: '320778', lemmaTitle: 'ssl', lemmaDesc: '', versionId: '94886125', subLemmaId: '16147' });
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery.js');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck.js');
// 展现策略
rightCheck.editView('320778', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.divide) {
$('.top-tool .split-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var nslog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog.js');
require.async("wiki-lemma:widget/basicElement/collect/collect.js",function(collect){
collect({
newLemmaId:"320778",
lemmaId:"16147",
subLemmaId:"16147"
});
});
}();
!function(){ require.async("wiki-lemma:widget/basicElement/topShare/topShare.js",function(topShare){
topShare({
newLemmaId: '320778'
});
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery.js');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck.js');
// 展现策略
rightCheck.editView('320778', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .edit-lemma').css('display', 'inline-block');
} else {
$('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').show();
}
} else {
if ('') {
$('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .edit-lemma').css('display', 'inline-block');
} else {
$('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').show();
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ require('wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/basicInfo/basicInfo.js')();
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery.js');
var nslog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog.js');
nslog(10002701);
$('.lemmaWgt-lemmaCatalog a').on('click', function () {
nslog(10002702);
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery.js');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck.js');
// 展现策略
rightCheck.editView('320778', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery.js');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck.js');
// 展现策略
rightCheck.editView('320778', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery.js');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck.js');
// 展现策略
rightCheck.editView('320778', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery.js');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck.js');
// 展现策略
rightCheck.editView('320778', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery.js');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck.js');
// 展现策略
rightCheck.editView('320778', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery.js');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck.js');
// 展现策略
rightCheck.editView('320778', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery.js');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck.js');
// 展现策略
rightCheck.editView('320778', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery.js');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck.js');
// 展现策略
rightCheck.editView('320778', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery.js');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck.js');
// 展现策略
rightCheck.editView('320778', function(res) {
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data.edit) {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
} else {
if ('') {
$('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
}
}
});
}();
!function(){ require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaReference/lemmaReference.js", "wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaReference/lemmaReferenceTip/lemmaReferenceTip.js"],function(Reference,ReferenceTip){
new Reference({
subLemmaId:"16147"
});
new ReferenceTip({
subLemmaId:"16147"
});
});
}();
!function(){ require.async("wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery.js",function($){
function openTagToggle(node) {
if ($(node).hasClass("collapse")) {
$(node).removeClass("collapse");
$("#open-tag").css("height", '22px');
} else {
$(node).addClass("collapse");
$("#open-tag").css("height", $("#open-tag-item").css("height"));
}
}
if (parseInt($("#open-tag-item").css("height")) <= 30) {
$('#open-tag-collapse').hide();
}
$("#open-tag-collapse").on("click", function () {
openTagToggle($("#open-tag")[0]);
});
});
}();
!function(){ require.async('wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/xunke/xunke.js', function (app) {
app.init({
lemmaTitle: 'ssl',
adManager: {"wapRelatedBusiness":1}
});
});
}();
!function(){ require('wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/configModule/zhixin/zhixin.js')(
320778,
'ssl'
);
}();
!function(){ require.async("wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaStatistics/lemmaStatistics.js",function(init){
init({
newLemmaIdEnc:"222bebc5dfeb5f24b1bd5e42"
});
});
}();
!function(){ require.async("wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/sideCatalog/sideCatalog.js",function(SideCatalog){
new SideCatalog();
});
}();
!function(){ require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/unionAdFromPs/unionAdFromPs.js'], function (init) {
init({
adManager: {"wapRelatedBusiness":1}
});
});
}();
!function(){ require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/fengchao/fengchao.js", "wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/unionAd/unionAd.js"], function (init, unionAd) {
init({
newLemmaId: "320778",
lemmaTitle: "ssl",
encodeLemmaTitle: "ssl",
adManager: {"wapRelatedBusiness":1}
}, {
errFn: unionAd,
dom: $('#side_box_unionAd')
});
});
}();
!function(){ require.async('wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/guessLike/guessLike.js', function (app) {
app.init({
lemmaTitle: 'ssl',
adManager: {"wapRelatedBusiness":1}
});
});
}();
!function(){ require.async('wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/bottomAd/bottomAd.js', function (init) {
init({
sId: 'BOTTOM_PRO_AD',
adManager: {"wapRelatedBusiness":1}
});
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery.js');
var Dialog = require("wiki-common:widget/ui/dialog/dialog.js");
var userLogin = require('wiki-common:widget/component/userLogin/userLogin.js');
var unameFiller = require('wiki-common:widget/component/unameFiller/unameFiller.js');
var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck.js');
var isEnterprise = false;
var enterpriseOwnerUserId = 0;
var userId = 0;
var editUrl = '/edit/' + encodeURIComponent('ssl') + '/' + '320778';
var pgcUrl = '/enterprise/editpgc?lemmaId=320778';
userLogin.regist({
onLogin: function(user) {
userId = user ? user.uid : 0;
}
});
function gotoEdit(url, isMidNight) {
if (isMidNight) {
Dialog.alert({
title: '编辑提示',
subMsg: '晚23:00至次日8:00，因审核系统例行维护，您提交的版本可能需要较长时间才能通过，望您谅解。',
onConfirm: function() {
window.location.href = url;
}
});
} else {
window.location.href = url;
}
}
function showChoseEditDialog(pgcCallback, ugcCallback) {
new Dialog({
title: '编辑提示',
subMsg: '<p>您已开通企业百科服务，推荐您直接编辑“官方资料”，官方资料仅限企业百科绑定的百科账号修改，其他用户账号不可修改。</p><p>如果您想修改其他网友编辑的普通词条内容，请注意遵守百科百科编辑规则。<p>',
btns: [{
key: 'pgc',
text: '编辑官方资料'
}, {
style: 'white',
text: '修改普通词条',
key: 'ugc'
}],
onBtnClick: function(btnKey){
if (btnKey === 'pgc') {
pgcCallback && pgcCallback();
} else if (btnKey === 'ugc') {
ugcCallback && ugcCallback();
}
}
}).show();
}
function checkUserLegal(res) {
var legal = false;
switch (res.errno) {
case 100001:
userLogin.showLoginPop();
break;
case 100006:
unameFiller.show();
break;
default:
legal = true;
}
return true;
}
function checkUgc(res, url) {
if (res.errno) {
switch (res.errno) {
case 100005:
alert('对不起，您目前被封禁');
break;
case 110001:
alert('对不起，该词条被锁定');
break;
case 110007:
alert('对不起，消歧页无法编辑');
break;
case 110005:
Dialog.alert({
title: '编辑提示',
mainMsg: '对不起，您暂时没有权限编辑该词条。',
subMsg: '<p>您好，该词条内容已较丰富，现仅对百科等级达到<b>四级</b>且通过率达到<b>85%</b>的科友开放编辑。</p><p>当您通过努力达到以上要求，就可以参与编辑该词条了。</p><p><img src="http://img.baidu.com/img/baike/usercenter/growuptask/star.gif" class="star" />参加<a target="_blank" href="/usercenter#guide">成长任务</a>，更快掌握百科编辑技巧，加速升级！</p>'
});
break;
case 110008:
Dialog.alert({
title: '编辑提示',
mainMsg: '对不起，您暂时没有权限编辑该词条。',
subMsg: '<p>您好，该词条内容已较丰富，现仅对百科等级达到<b>六级</b>且通过率达到<b>85%</b>的科友开放编辑。</p><p>当您通过努力达到以上要求，就可以参与编辑该词条了。</p><p><img src="http://img.baidu.com/img/baike/usercenter/growuptask/star.gif" class="star" />参加<a target="_blank" href="/usercenter#guide">成长任务</a>，更快掌握百科编辑技巧，加速升级！</p>'
});
break;
case 470001:
alert('系统错误，请刷新重试');
break;
}
} else {
if (!res.data.right.noAudit) {
Dialog.alert({
title: '编辑提示',
subMsg: '很抱歉，该词条有其他用户编辑的版本正在提交，您暂时无法编辑。<br/>百科建议您晚些时候再编辑该词条，或者尝试编辑其他的词条。'
});
return;
}
gotoEdit(url, res.data.notice.isMidNight);
}
}
$(document.body).on('click', '.j-edit-link', function() {
var dl = $(this).attr('data-edit-dl');
if (dl) {
var url = editUrl + '?dl=' + dl;
} else {
var url = editUrl;
}
rightCheck.preeditCheck('320778', 'ssl', 'ssl', '94886125', function(res) {
if (!checkUserLegal(res)) {
return;
}
if (isEnterprise && enterpriseOwnerUserId === userId) {
showChoseEditDialog(function() {
location.href = pgcUrl;
}, function() {
checkUgc(res, url);
});
} else {
checkUgc(res, url);
}
});
});
}();
!function(){ require.async("wiki-lemma:widget/tools/searchHeader/toolButtons/toolButtons.js",function(init){
init({
lemmaId:"16147",
subLemmaId:"16147",
newLemmaId:"320778"
});
});
}();
!function(){ require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/searchHeader/toolButtons/userInfo.js')();
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery.js'),
animation = require('wiki-common:widget/util/animation.js'),
nslog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog.js'),
initSearchbar = require('wiki-common:widget/component/searchbar/searchbar.js');
var isFadeIn = false,
isFadeOut = false;
var fadeInAni, fadeOutAni;
$(window).on('scroll', function(e) {
var scrollTop = $(this).scrollTop();
if (scrollTop > 200 && !isFadeIn && $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display') == 'none') {
fadeOutAni && fadeOutAni.stop();
fadeInAni = animation({
duration: 200,
easing: 'linear',
onStart: function() {
isFadeOut = false;
isFadeIn = true;
$('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display', 'block');
},
onStep: function(progress) {
$('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('opacity', progress)
},
onComplete: function(progress) {
isFadeIn = false;
nslog(10010006);
}
});
} else if (scrollTop <= 200 && !isFadeOut && $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display') == 'block') {
fadeInAni && fadeInAni.stop();
fadeOutAni = animation({
duration: 300,
easing: 'linear',
onStart: function() {
$('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader #suggestion').hide();
isFadeIn = false;
isFadeOut = true;
},
onStep: function(progress) {
$('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('opacity', 1 - progress);
},
onComplete: function(progress) {
isFadeOut = false;
$('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display', 'none');
}
});
}
});
initSearchbar($('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader'));
}();
!function(){ require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/newSideShare/qzopensl.js');
require.async("wiki-lemma:widget/tools/newSideShare/taskSideShare.js",function(taskShare){
taskShare.init({
title: 'ssl',
desc: "SSL(Secure Sockets Layer \u5b89\u5168\u5957\u63a5\u5c42),\u53ca\u5176\u7ee7\u4efb\u8005\u4f20\u8f93\u5c42\u5b89\u5168\uff08Transport Layer Security\uff0cTLS\uff09\u662f\u4e3a\u7f51\u7edc\u901a\u4fe1\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b89\u5168\u53ca\u6570\u636e\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5b89\u5168\u534f\u8bae\u3002TLS\u4e0eSSL\u5728\u4f20\u8f93\u5c42\u5bf9\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u8fdb\u884c\u52a0\u5bc6\u3002",
pic: 'https:\/\/imgsa.baidu.com\/baike\/w%3D268\/sign=ab9bb61538f33a879e6d071cfe5d1018\/203fb80e7bec54e748732f3bbb389b504fc26a73.jpg',
url: '',
qqPic: 'http:\/\/g.hiphotos.baidu.com\/baike\/whfpf%3D349%2C349%2C50\/sign=70561bc0af6eddc426b2e7bb5fe685c9\/203fb80e7bec54e748732f3bbb389b504fc26a73.jpg'
});
});
}();
!function(){ var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery.js');
var nslog = require("wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog.js");
var testElem = require('wiki-common:widget/component/testElem/testElem.js');
var cmsModuleLoader = require('wiki-common:widget/component/cmsModuleLoader/cmsModuleLoader.js');
function requireAsync() {
require.async('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/announcement/announcement.js');
}
cmsModuleLoader('/cms/global/lemma_config.json', [{
name: 'announcement',
script: 'wiki-lemma:widget/tools/announcement/announcement.js'
}]);
require.async("wiki-lemma:widget/tools/lazyLoad/lazyLoad.js", function(LazyLoad) {
new LazyLoad();
});
require.async(['wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog.js', 'wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery.js'], function(nslog, $) {
nslog().setGlobal({
lemmaId: "16147",
newLemmaId: "320778",
subLemmaId: "16147",
lemmaTitle: "ssl"
});
// 词条页 pv
nslog(9322);
// 新版头部pv（小流量）
if ($('.pc-header-new').length > 0) {
nslog(9069);
}
// 链接点击 pv
var lemmaPageRegExp = new RegExp(/\/subview\/\d+|\/view\/\d+|\/item\//i);
$('body').on('mousedown', 'a', function() {
var href = $(this).attr('href');
if (href && href.indexOf('/') >= 0 && href.indexOf('#') !== 0) {
// 链接点击 pv
nslog(10000001);
if (lemmaPageRegExp.test(href)) {
// 词条页链接点击 pv
nslog(10000002, window.location.href, {
targetTitle: $(this).text()
});
}
}
});
/****** 词条页站内流转需求统计 start ******/
(function () {
// 各种统计配置
var circulationLinkCfg = {
innerLink: [ // 内链
'.para',
'.lemmaWgt-baseInfo-simple-largeMovie',
'.lemmaWgt-baseInfo-simple-largeStar',
'.basic-info .basicInfo-block',
'.lemma-summary',
'.lemmaWgt-lemmaSummary',
'.view-tip-panel',
'.horizontal-module',
'.lemmaWgt-roleIntroduction',
'.dramaSeries .dramaSerialList',
'.module-music',
'.table-view',
'[log-set-param="table_view"]',
'.list-module',
'.cell-module',
'.baseBox .dl-baseinfo', // 配置后台字段
'.pvBtn-box .leadPVBtnWrapper',
'.drama-actor',
'#staffList',
'.starMovieAndTvplay',
'.main_tab:not(.main_tab-defaultTab)' // 除去词条tab外的tab
],
relationTable: '.rs-container-foot', // 关系表
peopleRelation: '.star-info-block.relations, .lemmaWgt-focusAndRelation', // 人物关系（明星+普通）
moduleActors: '.featureBaseInfo .actors, .lemmaWgt-majorActors', // 主要演员、嘉宾、主持人
moduleWorks: '.featureBaseInfo .works, .large-feature .works', // 代表作品
moduleQuarterly: '.featureBaseInfo .po_quarterly, .mian_quarterly', // 分季介绍
rankStar: '.rank-list.stars-rank', // 明星榜
rankDrama: '.drama-rank-list', // 电视剧榜
specialTopic: '.special-topic', // 专题模块
modDetailTable: '#modDetailTable', // 关系表出图
chuizhitu: '.chuizhitu', // 垂直化模块
polysemantList: '.polysemantList-wrapper' // 义项切换
};
/****** 连接统计 ******/
function clickNslogFn() {
for (var k in circulationLinkCfg) {
if (k === 'innerLink') {
// 词条内链到词条页
var tempArr = circulationLinkCfg[k];
for (var i = 0, l = tempArr.length; i < l; i++) {
tempArr[i] += ' a';
}
var sSelector = tempArr.join(', ');
$('body').on('mousedown', sSelector, {key: k},function(e) {
var key = e.data.key;
var href = $(this).attr('href');
var tar = $(this).attr('target') || '';
if (href && href.indexOf('/') >= 0 && href.indexOf('#') !== 0
&& tar === '_blank' && lemmaPageRegExp.test(href)) {
// 词条页普通内链点击 pv
nslog(10000004, null ,{division: key});
}
});
} else {
// 模块到词条页链接
$(circulationLinkCfg[k]).on('mousedown', 'a', {key: k}, function (e) {
var key = e.data.key;
var href = $(this).attr('href');
if (href && href.indexOf('#') !== 0 && lemmaPageRegExp.test(href)) {
// 词条页配置模块链接点击 pv
nslog(10000004, null, {division: key});
}
});
}
}
}
// 发起统计请求
clickNslogFn();
/****** 各模块展现量pv ******/
function checkModuleIsShow() {
var result = [];
for (var k in circulationLinkCfg) {
if (k !== 'innerLink' && k !== 'relationTable') {
!!$(circulationLinkCfg[k]).html() && result.push(k);
}
}
if (result.length > 0) {
nslog(10000005, null, {showModules: result.join(',')});
}
}
checkModuleIsShow();
})();
/****** 词条页站内流转需求统计 end ******/
});
// 广告接入 wikiad 统一加载
// log 词条页广告被拦截情况（此处 log 请求行为）
nslog(70000101, window.location.href, {
api: 'lemma-ad',
action: 'request'
});
$.ajax({
type: 'GET',
url: '/api/wikiad/getsquirrels',
data: {
lemmaId: 320778
},
cache: false,
dataType: 'JSON',
success: function (res) {
// log 词条页广告被拦截情况（此处 log 请求成功）
nslog(70000101, window.location.href, {
api: 'lemma-ad',
action: 'success'
});
if (!res.errno) {
if (res.data[5]) {
require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightPreciseAd/rightPreciseAd.js'], function(rightPreciseAd) {
rightPreciseAd(res.data[5]);
nslog(10002201, location.href, {
adId: res.data[5][0].adId,
adTitle: res.data[5][0].name,
adPos: 5
});
});
} else if (res.data[1]) {
require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/vbaike/vbaike.js'], function(vbaike) {
vbaike(res.data[1]);
for(var i in res.data[1]) {
nslog(10002201, location.href, {
adId: res.data[1][i].adId,
adTitle: res.data[1][i].name,
adPos: 1
});
}
});
}
if (res.data[9]) {
require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightBigAd/rightBigAd.js'], function(rightBigAd) {
rightBigAd(res.data[9]);
nslog(10002201, location.href, {
adId: res.data[9][0].adId,
adTitle: res.data[9][0].name,
adPos: 9
});
});
} else if(res.data[2]) {
require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/slide/slide.js'], function(slide) {
slide(res.data[2]);
for(var i in res.data[2]) {
nslog(10002201, location.href, {
adId: res.data[2][i].adId,
adTitle: res.data[2][i].name,
adPos: 2
});
}
});
}
if (res.data[3]) {
require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/topAd/topAd.js'], function(topAd) {
topAd(res.data[3]);
nslog(10002201, location.href, {
adId: res.data[3][0].adId,
adTitle: res.data[3][0].name,
adPos: 3
});
});
}
if (res.data[4]) {
require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightAd/rightAd.js'], function(rightAd) {
rightAd(res.data[4]);
nslog(10002201, location.href, {
adId: res.data[4][0].adId,
adTitle: res.data[4][0].name,
adPos: 4
});
});
}
if (res.data[15]) {
require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/banner/banner.js'], function(banner) {
banner(res.data[15]);
nslog(10002201, location.href, {
adId: res.data[15][0].adId,
adTitle: res.data[15][0].name,
adPos: 15
});
});
}
if (res.data[16]) {
require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/declaration/declaration.js'], function(declaration) {
declaration(res.data[16]);
nslog(10002201, location.href, {
adId: res.data[16][0].adId,
adTitle: res.data[16][0].name,
adPos: 16
});
})
}
} else {
return;
}
setTimeout(function () {
var elemArr = {};
res.data[1] && res.data[1].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-vbaike-ad'] = $('.lemmaWgt-promotion-vbaike .promotion_viewport a:eq(0) img').get(0));
res.data[2] && res.data[2].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-slide-ad'] = $('.lemmaWgt-promotion-slide .promotion_viewport a:eq(0) img').get(0));
res.data[3] && res.data[3].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-navbar-ad'] = {
node: $('.header [nslog-type="10002202"]').get(0),
validations: {
'noBackgroundImage': function() {
return $('.header [nslog-type="10002202"]').css('background-image').indexOf(res.data[3][0].picUrl) < 0
}
}
});
res.data[4] && res.data[4].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-side-ad'] = {
node: $('.right-ad img').get(0),
validations: {
'noBackgroundImage': function() {
return $('.right-ad img').attr('src').indexOf(res.data[4][0].picUrl) < 0
}
}
});
res.data[15] && res.data[15].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-configModule-banner'] = $('.configModuleBanner').get(0));
res.data[16] && res.data[16].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-configModule-declaration'] = $('.lemmaWgt-declaration').get(0));
testElem.log(elemArr, 70000102);
}, 1000);
},
error: function () {
// log 词条页广告被拦截情况（此处 log 请求失败）
nslog(70000101, window.location.href, {
api: 'lemma-ad',
action: 'error'
});
}
});
// 设置分享内容
window.BKShare.setCommon({
bdText: "\u3010ssl_\u767e\u5ea6\u767e\u79d1\u3011SSL(Secure Sockets Layer \u5b89\u5168\u5957\u63a5\u5c42),\u53ca\u5176\u7ee7\u4efb\u8005\u4f20\u8f93\u5c42\u5b89\u5168\uff08Transport Layer Security\uff0cTLS\uff09\u662f\u4e3a\u7f51\u7edc\u901a\u4fe1\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b89\u5168\u53ca\u6570\u636e\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5b89\u5168\u534f\u8bae\u3002TLS\u4e0eSSL\u5728\u4f20\u8f93\u5c42\u5bf9\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u8fdb\u884c\u52a0\u5bc6\u3002.....\uff08\u5206\u4eab\u81ea@\u767e\u5ea6\u767e\u79d1\uff09",
bdDesc: '',
bdUrl: 'http:\/\/baike.baidu.com\/subview\/16147\/16147.htm',
bdPic: '',
onBeforeClick: function (){
$('.bdshare_dialog_box').hide();
}
});
// 底部投诉带入当前页面 url
var map = [1, 2, 4, 3];
$('.wgt-footer-main .suggestion').find('a').each(function(i) {
$(this).attr('href', 'http://tousu.baidu.com/baike/add?word=ssl' + '&&submit_link=' + encodeURIComponent(window.location.href) + '#' + map[i]);
});
// 为超出预设内容的表格添加table-responsive控制
$('.main-content').find('table').each(function(index) {
var $that = $(this);
if ($that.width() > 790) {
$that.wrap('<div class="table-responsive"></div>');
}
});
}();
!function(){ require('wiki-common:widget/component/psLink/psLink.js');
}();</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var Hunter = window.Hunter || {};
Hunter.userConfig = Hunter.userConfig || [];
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://gss0.baidu.com/70cFsjip0QIZ8tyhnq/hunter/baike.js?st=17241" defer></script><script type="text/javascript">
// DOM Ready时，统计用户可操作时间。
alog('speed.set', 'drt', +new Date);
void function(a,b,c,d,e,f){function g(b){a.attachEvent?a.attachEvent("onload",b,!1):a.addEventListener&&a.addEventListener("load",b)}function h(a,c,d){d=d||15;var e=new Date;e.setTime((new Date).getTime()+1e3*d),b.cookie=a+"="+escape(c)+";path=/;expires="+e.toGMTString()}function i(a){var c=b.cookie.match(new RegExp("(^| )"+a+"=([^;]*)(;|$)"));return null!=c?unescape(c[2]):null}function j(){var a=i("PMS_JT");if(a){h("PMS_JT","",-1);try{a=a.match(/{["']s["']:(\d+),["']r["']:["']([\s\S]+)["']}/),a=a&&a[1]&&a[2]?{s:parseInt(a[1]),r:a[2]}:{}}catch(c){a={}}a.r&&b.referrer.replace(/#.*/,"")!=a.r||alog("speed.set","wt",a.s)}}if(a.alogObjectConfig){var k=a.alogObjectConfig.sample,l=a.alogObjectConfig.rand;d="https:"===a.location.protocol?"https://fex.bdstatic.com"+d:"http://fex.bdstatic.com"+d,k&&l&&l>k||(g(function(){alog("speed.set","lt",+new Date),e=b.createElement(c),e.async=!0,e.src=d+"?v="+~(new Date/864e5)+~(new Date/864e5),f=b.getElementsByTagName(c)[0],f.parentNode.insertBefore(e,f)}),j())}}(window,document,"script","/hunter/alog/dp.min.js");
</script>
</html>
A file-like object which is of massive size can be streamed and uploaded using the Requests library. All we need to do is to supply the contents of the stream as a value to the data attribute in the request call as shown in the following lines.
In [ ]:
with open('massive-body', 'rb') as file:
requests.post('http://example.com/some/stream/url',data=file)
看不出任何用处
In [47]:
def generator():
yield '1st data'.encode('utf-8')
yield '2nd data'.encode('utf-8')
yield '3rd data'.encode('utf-8')
yield '4th data'.encode('utf-8')
yield 'last data'.encode('utf-8')
In [48]:
url='http://httpbin.org'
In [49]:
req=requests.post(url+'/post',data=generator())
In [53]:
print(req.content)
b'{\n "args": {}, \n "data": "", \n "files": {}, \n "form": {}, \n "headers": {\n "Accept": "*/*", \n "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", \n "Connection": "close", \n "Host": "httpbin.org", \n "Transfer-Encoding": "chunked", \n "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.12.4"\n }, \n "json": null, \n "origin": "130.56.224.144", \n "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"\n}\n'
In [55]:
req=requests.post(url+'/post',data='1st data'.encode('utf-8'))
In [56]:
print(req.text)
{
"args": {},
"data": "1st data",
"files": {},
"form": {},
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Connection": "close",
"Content-Length": "8",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.12.4"
},
"json": null,
"origin": "130.56.224.144",
"url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}
In [57]:
import json
In [58]:
req=requests.get(url+'/stream/4',stream=True)
In [60]:
print(req.headers)
{'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Via': '1.1 vegur', 'Transfer-Encoding': 'chunked', 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': '*', 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'Server': 'gunicorn/19.7.1', 'Access-Control-Allow-Credentials': 'true', 'Date': 'Fri, 24 Mar 2017 05:11:56 GMT'}
In [62]:
c=req.content
In [63]:
type(c)
Out[63]:
bytes
In [66]:
d=c.decode('utf-8')
In [78]:
data=json.load(c)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-78-01b2a8c7657f> in <module>()
----> 1 data=json.load(c)
/home/jun_gentoo/anaconda3/lib/python3.5/json/__init__.py in load(fp, cls, object_hook, parse_float, parse_int, parse_constant, object_pairs_hook, **kw)
263
264 """
--> 265 return loads(fp.read(),
266 cls=cls, object_hook=object_hook,
267 parse_float=parse_float, parse_int=parse_int,
AttributeError: 'bytes' object has no attribute 'read'
In [73]:
e={'1':1,'2':2}
In [74]:
e_j=json.dumps(e)
In [75]:
print(e_j)
{"2": 2, "1": 1}
In [76]:
e_d=json.loads(e_j)
In [77]:
print(e_d)
{'2': 2, '1': 1}
In [5]:
url='http://www.chnaus.com/forum-house-5.html'
In [18]:
req=requests.head(url=url,headers=header)
In [19]:
print(req.headers)
{'Connection': 'Keep-Alive', 'Date': 'Thu, 06 Apr 2017 00:53:13 GMT', 'Vary': 'Accept-Encoding', 'Keep-Alive': 'timeout=10, max=9999', 'Content-Encoding': 'gzip', 'Content-Type': 'text/html; charset=gbk', 'Content-Length': '20', 'Server': 'Apache', 'Set-Cookie': 'i03K_2132_saltkey=Mrn0uE2l; expires=Sat, 06-May-2017 00:53:13 GMT; Max-Age=2592000; path=/; httponly, i03K_2132_lastvisit=1491436393; expires=Sat, 06-May-2017 00:53:13 GMT; Max-Age=2592000; path=/, i03K_2132_sid=e8Um1N; expires=Fri, 07-Apr-2017 00:53:13 GMT; Max-Age=86400; path=/, i03K_2132_lastact=1491439993%09forum.php%09forumdisplay; expires=Fri, 07-Apr-2017 00:53:13 GMT; Max-Age=86400; path=/, i03K_2132_st_t=0%7C1491439993%7C77d5599666b38e11116cd6160808a82b; path=/, i03K_2132_forum_lastvisit=D_178_1491439993; expires=Thu, 13-Apr-2017 00:53:13 GMT; Max-Age=604800; path=/, i03K_2132_visitedfid=178; expires=Sat, 06-May-2017 00:53:13 GMT; Max-Age=2592000; path=/, i03K_2132_sid=e8Um1N; expires=Fri, 07-Apr-2017 00:53:13 GMT; Max-Age=86400; path=/', 'X-Powered-By': 'PHP/5.5.30'}
In [20]:
h=req.headers
In [16]:
print(h.keys)
<bound method Mapping.keys of {'Connection': 'Keep-Alive', 'Date': 'Thu, 06 Apr 2017 00:50:19 GMT', 'Vary': 'Accept-Encoding', 'Keep-Alive': 'timeout=10, max=9999', 'Content-Encoding': 'gzip', 'Content-Type': 'text/html; charset=gbk', 'Content-Length': '20', 'Server': 'Apache', 'Set-Cookie': 'i03K_2132_saltkey=iBzq2dmp; expires=Sat, 06-May-2017 00:50:19 GMT; Max-Age=2592000; path=/; httponly, i03K_2132_lastvisit=1491436219; expires=Sat, 06-May-2017 00:50:19 GMT; Max-Age=2592000; path=/, i03K_2132_sid=A134Fv; expires=Fri, 07-Apr-2017 00:50:19 GMT; Max-Age=86400; path=/, i03K_2132_lastact=1491439819%09forum.php%09forumdisplay; expires=Fri, 07-Apr-2017 00:50:19 GMT; Max-Age=86400; path=/, i03K_2132_st_t=0%7C1491439819%7C43af91b9cd54a6a42747ad88aa5ed14f; path=/, i03K_2132_forum_lastvisit=D_178_1491439819; expires=Thu, 13-Apr-2017 00:50:19 GMT; Max-Age=604800; path=/, i03K_2132_visitedfid=178; expires=Sat, 06-May-2017 00:50:19 GMT; Max-Age=2592000; path=/, i03K_2132_sid=A134Fv; expires=Fri, 07-Apr-2017 00:50:19 GMT; Max-Age=86400; path=/', 'X-Powered-By': 'PHP/5.5.30'}>
It is possible to extract link attribute from head's response. But in Chnaus this doesn't happen.
Content source: xianjunzhengbackup/code
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