Sebastian Raschka
last modified: 03/31/2014
$ p(x | \omega_j) \sim N(\mu|\sigma^2) $
$ p(x | \omega_j) \sim \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma^2}} \exp{ \bigg[-\frac{1}{2}\bigg( \frac{x-\mu}{\sigma}\bigg)^2 \bigg] } $
$ P(\omega_1) = P(\omega_1) = 0.5 $
$ \sigma_1^2 = \sigma_2^2 = 1 $
$ \mu_1 = 4, \quad \mu_2 = 10 $
Decide $ \omega_1 $ if $ P(\omega_1|x) > P(\omega_2|x) $ else decide $ \omega_2 $.
We can drop $ p(x) $ since it is just a scale factor.
$ \Rightarrow P(x|\omega_1) * P(\omega_1) > p(x|\omega_2) * P(\omega_2) $
$ \Rightarrow \frac{p(x|\omega_1)}{p(x|\omega_2)} > \frac{P(\omega_2)}{P(\omega_1)} $
$ \Rightarrow \frac{p(x|\omega_1)}{p(x|\omega_2)} > \frac{0.5}{0.5} $
$ \Rightarrow \frac{p(x|\omega_1)}{p(x|\omega_2)} > 1 $
$ \Rightarrow \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_1^2}} \exp{ \bigg[-\frac{1}{2}\bigg( \frac{x-\mu_1}{\sigma_1}\bigg)^2 \bigg] } > \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_2^2}} \exp{ \bigg[-\frac{1}{2}\bigg( \frac{x-\mu_2}{\sigma_2}\bigg)^2 \bigg] } $
Since we have equal variances, we can drop the first term completely.
$ Rightarrow \exp{ \bigg[-\frac{1}{2}\bigg( \frac{x-\mu_1}{\sigma_1}\bigg)^2 \bigg] } > \exp{ \bigg[-\frac{1}{2}\bigg( \frac{x-\mu_2}{\sigma_2}\bigg)^2 \bigg] } \quad\quad \bigg| \;ln, \quad \mu_1 = 4, \quad \mu_2 = 10, \quad \sigma=1 $
$ \Rightarrow -\frac{1}{2} (x-4)^2 > -\frac{1}{2} (x-10)^2 \quad \bigg| \; \times(-2) $
$ \Rightarrow (x-4)^2 < (x-10)^2 $
$ \Rightarrow x^2 - 8x + 16 < x^2 - 20x + 100 $
$ \Rightarrow 12x < 84 $
$ \Rightarrow x < 7 $
In [1]:
%pylab inline
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
def pdf(x, mu, sigma):
"""
Calculates the normal distribution's probability density
function (PDF).
"""
term1 = 1.0 / ( math.sqrt(2*np.pi) * sigma )
term2 = np.exp( -0.5 * ( (x-mu)/sigma )**2 )
return term1 * term2
# generating some sample data
x = np.arange(0, 100, 0.05)
# probability density functions
pdf1 = pdf(x, mu=4, sigma=1)
pdf2 = pdf(x, mu=10, sigma=1)
# Class conditional densities (likelihoods)
plt.plot(x, pdf1)
plt.plot(x, pdf2)
plt.title('Class conditional densities (likelihoods)')
plt.ylabel('p(x)')
plt.xlabel('random variable x')
plt.legend(['p(x|w_1) ~ N(4,1)', 'p(x|w_2) ~ N(10,1)'], loc='upper right')
plt.ylim([0,0.5])
plt.xlim([0,20])
plt.show()
In [4]:
def posterior(likelihood, prior):
"""
Calculates the posterior probability (after Bayes Rule) without
the scale factor p(x) (=evidence).
"""
return likelihood * prior
# probability density functions
posterior1 = posterior(pdf(x, mu=4, sigma=1), 0.5)
posterior2 = posterior(pdf(x, mu=10, sigma=1), 0.5)
# Class conditional densities (likelihoods)
plt.plot(x, posterior1)
plt.plot(x, posterior2)
plt.title('Posterior Probabilities w. Decision Boundary')
plt.ylabel('P(w)')
plt.xlabel('random variable x')
plt.legend(['P(w_1|x)', 'p(w_2|X)'], loc='upper right')
plt.ylim([0,0.5])
plt.xlim([0,20])
plt.axvline(7, color='r', alpha=0.8, linestyle=':', linewidth=2)
plt.annotate('R1', xy=(4, 0.3), xytext=(4, 0.3))
plt.annotate('R2', xy=(10, 0.3), xytext=(10, 0.3))
plt.show()
We can generate random samples drawn from a Normal distribution via the np.random.randn() function. Its default is a standard Normal distribution with $ \mu = 0 $ and $ \sigma^2 = 1 $. In order to draw random data from $ N(\mu, \sigma^2) $, we use
sigma * np.random.randn(...) + mu
In [17]:
# Parameters
mu_1 = 4
mu_2 = 10
sigma_1_sqr = 1
sigma_2_sqr = 1
# Generating 10 random samples drawn from a Normal Distribution for class 1 & 2
x1_samples = sigma_1_sqr**0.5 * np.random.randn(10) + mu_1
x2_samples = sigma_1_sqr**0.5 * np.random.randn(10) + mu_2
y = [0 for i in range(10)]
# Plotting sample data with a decision boundary
plt.scatter(x1_samples, y, marker='o', color='green', s=40, alpha=0.5)
plt.scatter(x2_samples, y, marker='^', color='blue', s=40, alpha=0.5)
plt.title('Classifying random example data from 2 classes')
plt.ylabel('P(x)')
plt.xlabel('random variable x')
plt.legend(['w_1', 'w_2'], loc='upper right')
plt.ylim([-0.1,0.1])
plt.xlim([0,20])
plt.axvline(7, color='r', alpha=0.8, linestyle=':', linewidth=2)
plt.annotate('R1', xy=(4, 0.05), xytext=(4, 0.05))
plt.annotate('R2', xy=(10, 0.05), xytext=(10, 0.05))
plt.show()
In [24]:
w1_as_w2, w2_as_w1 = 0, 0
for x1,x2 in zip(x1_samples, x2_samples):
if x1 >= 7:
w1_as_w2 += 1
if x2 < 7:
w2_as_w1 += 1
emp_err = (w1_as_w2 + w2_as_w1) / float(len(x1_samples) + len(x2_samples))
print('Empirical Error: {}%'.format(emp_err * 100))
In [ ]: