Welcome to Python 2.7! This is the online help utility.
If this is your first time using Python, you should definitely check out
the tutorial on the Internet at http://docs.python.org/2.7/tutorial/.
Enter the name of any module, keyword, or topic to get help on writing
Python programs and using Python modules. To quit this help utility and
return to the interpreter, just type "quit".
To get a list of available modules, keywords, or topics, type "modules",
"keywords", or "topics". Each module also comes with a one-line summary
of what it does; to list the modules whose summaries contain a given word
such as "spam", type "modules spam".
help> modules
Please wait a moment while I gather a list of all available modules...
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/IPython/kernel/__init__.py:13: ShimWarning: The `IPython.kernel` package has been deprecated. You should import from ipykernel or jupyter_client instead.
"You should import from ipykernel or jupyter_client instead.", ShimWarning)
/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/gobject/constants.py:24: Warning: g_boxed_type_register_static: assertion 'g_type_from_name (name) == 0' failed
import gobject._gobject
No handlers could be found for logger "oneconf.distributor"
/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/gtk-2.0/gtk/__init__.py:127: RuntimeWarning: PyOS_InputHook is not available for interactive use of PyGTK
set_interactive(1)
ANSI apt gtkunixprint requests
AptUrl apt_inst gzip resource
BaseHTTPServer apt_pkg hashlib rexec
Bastion aptdaemon heapq rfc822
BeautifulSoup aptsources hmac rlcompleter
BeautifulSoupTests argparse hotshot rmagic
CDROM array html5lib robotparser
CGIHTTPServer ast htmlentitydefs runpy
Canvas asynchat htmllib samba
CommandNotFound asyncore httplib sched
ConfigParser atexit httplib2 screen
Cookie atk idlelib select
Crypto audiodev ihooks serial
DLFCN audioop imaplib sessioninstaller
Dialog autoreload imghdr sets
DocXMLRPCServer axi imp setuptools
Exscript backports importlib sexy
Exscriptd backports_abc imputil sgmllib
FSM base64 inspect sha
FileDialog bdb io shelve
FixTk binascii ipykernel shlex
HTMLParser binhex ipython_genutils shutil
IN bisect ipywidgets shutil_backports
IPython bonobo itertools signal
Image bpdb jinja2 simplegeneric
ImageChops bpython json singledispatch
ImageColor bsddb jsonschema singledispatch_helpers
ImageCrackCode bz2 jupyter sip
ImageDraw cPickle jupyter_client sipconfig
ImageEnhance cProfile jupyter_console sipconfig_nd
ImageFile cStringIO jupyter_core site
ImageFileIO cairo keyword sitecustomize
ImageFilter calendar ldb six
ImageFont caribou lib2to3 smbc
ImageGL certifi libxml2 smtpd
ImageGrab cgi libxml2mod smtplib
ImageMath cgitb linecache sndhdr
ImageOps chardet linuxaudiodev socket
ImagePalette chunk locale spwd
ImagePath cmath lockfile spyderlib
ImageQt cmd logging spyderplugins
ImageSequence code lsb_release sqlite3
ImageStat codecs lxml sre
ImageTk codeop macpath sre_compile
ImageWin collections macurl2path sre_constants
MimeWriter colorama mailbox sre_parse
MySQLdb colorsys mailcap ssl
ORBit commands mako stat
OpenSSL compileall markupbase statvfs
PAM compiler markupsafe storemagic
PIL configglue marshal string
PSDraw configobj math stringold
PngImagePlugin configparser md5 stringprep
PyQt4 contextlib mhlib strop
Queue cookielib mimetools struct
ScrolledText copy mimetypes subprocess
SimpleDialog copy_reg mimify sunau
SimpleHTTPServer crypt mistune sunaudio
SimpleXMLRPCServer csv mmap symbol
SocketServer ctypes modulefinder sympyprinting
StringIO cups multifile symtable
TYPES cupshelpers multiprocessing sys
Tix curl mutex sysconfig
TkExscript curses mysql syslog
Tkconstants cv nbconvert tabnanny
Tkdnd cv2 nbformat talloc
Tkinter cythonmagic netrc tarfile
UbuntuSystemService datetime new tdb
UserDict dbhash nis telnetlib
UserList dbm nntplib tempfile
UserString dbus notebook terminado
_LWPCookieJar deb822 ntdb termios
_MozillaCookieJar debconf ntpath test
__builtin__ debian nturl2path tests
__future__ debian_bundle numbers textwrap
_abcoll debtagshw numpy this
_ast decimal oauthlib thread
_bisect decorator oneconf threading
_bsddb defer opcode tidy
_codecs difflib operator time
_codecs_cn dircache optparse timeit
_codecs_hk dirspec os tkColorChooser
_codecs_iso2022 dis os2emxpath tkCommonDialog
_codecs_jp distlib ossaudiodev tkFileDialog
_codecs_kr distutils pango tkFont
_codecs_tw django pangocairo tkMessageBox
_collections dns paramiko tkSimpleDialog
_csv doctest parser toaiff
_ctypes drv_libxml2 parted token
_ctypes_test dsextras pathlib2 tokenize
_curses dumbdbm pdb tornado
_curses_panel dummy_thread pexpect trace
_dbus_bindings dummy_threading pickle traceback
_dbus_glib_bindings duplicity pickleshare traitlets
_elementtree easy_install pickletools ttk
_functools email pip tty
_hashlib encodings pipes turtle
_heapq entrypoints piston_mini_client twisted
_hotshot errno pkg_resources types
_io exceptions pkgutil ubuntu_sso
_json fabfile platform unicodedata
_locale fabric plistlib unittest
_lsprof fcntl popen2 urllib
_markerlib fdpexpect poplib urllib2
_md5 feedparser posix urllib3
_multibytecodec filecmp posixfile urlparse
_multiprocessing fileinput posixpath user
_mysql fnmatch pprint uu
_mysql_exceptions formatter profile uuid
_osx_support fpectl prompt_toolkit validate
_ped fpformat pstats virtualenv
_pyio fractions pty vte
_random ftplib ptyprocess warnings
_sha functools pwd wave
_sha256 functools32 pxssh wcwidth
_sha512 future_builtins py_compile weakref
_smbc gc pyatspi webbrowser
_socket gconf pyclbr webkit
_sqlite3 gdbm pycurl whichdb
_sre genericpath pydoc widgetsnbextension
_ssl getopt pydoc_data wsgiref
_strptime getpass pyexpat xapian
_struct gettext pygments xdg
_symtable gi pygtk xdrlib
_sysconfigdata gio pygtkcompat xml
_sysconfigdata_nd glib pyinotify xmllib
_testcapi glob pynotify xmlrpclib
_threading_local gnome pyodbc xxsubtype
_tkinter gnomecanvas pysqlite2 zipfile
_warnings gnomekeyring qtconsole zipimport
_weakref gnomevfs quopri zlib
_weakrefset gobject random zmq
abc google re zope
aifc grp readline
antigravity gtk reportlab
anydbm gtksourceview2 repr
Enter any module name to get more help. Or, type "modules spam" to search
for modules whose descriptions contain the word "spam".
help> quit
You are now leaving help and returning to the Python interpreter.
If you want to ask for help on a particular object directly from the
interpreter, you can type "help(object)". Executing "help('string')"
has the same effect as typing a particular string at the help> prompt.
['__doc__', '__name__', '__package__', 'acos', 'acosh', 'asin', 'asinh', 'atan', 'atan2', 'atanh', 'ceil', 'copysign', 'cos', 'cosh', 'degrees', 'e', 'erf', 'erfc', 'exp', 'expm1', 'fabs', 'factorial', 'floor', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'fsum', 'gamma', 'hypot', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'ldexp', 'lgamma', 'log', 'log10', 'log1p', 'modf', 'pi', 'pow', 'radians', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt', 'tan', 'tanh', 'trunc']
Help on built-in function pow in module math:
pow(...)
pow(x, y)
Return x**y (x to the power of y).
None
In [4]: pwd
Out[4]: u'/home/tcloudost/Documents/git_repositories/python-batches/batch-58/modules'
In [5]: ls
first.py Learning_Modules.ipynb
In [6]: import first as f
In [7]: print dir(f)
['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__name__', '__package__', 'my_add', 'my_div', 'my_multi', 'my_sub', 'version']
In [8]: f.my_add?
Signature: f.my_add(a, b)
Docstring: This is for addition of number/strings
File: ~/Documents/git_repositories/python-batches/batch-58/modules/first.py
Type: function
In [9]: f.my_sub?
Signature: f.my_sub(a, b)
Docstring: This is for substraction of number
File: ~/Documents/git_repositories/python-batches/batch-58/modules/first.py
Type: function
In [10]: f.version
Out[10]: 1.0
In [11]: f.my_add(1,2)
Out[11]: 3
In [12]: f.my_add('linux','rocks')
Out[12]: 'linuxrocks'
# made a modification of version=2.0 in my first.py program.
In [13]: f.version
Out[13]: 1.0
In [14]: import first as f
In [15]: f.version
Out[15]: 1.0
In [16]: ls
first.py first.pyc Learning_Modules.ipynb
In [17]: reload(f)
Out[17]:
In [18]: f.version
Out[18]: 2.0
tcloudost@tcloudost-VirtualBox ~/Documents/git_repositories/python-batches/batch-58/modules $ file first.pyc
first.pyc: python 2.7 byte-compiled
tcloudost@tcloudost-VirtualBox ~/Documents/git_repositories/python-batches/batch-58/modules $ cat fist.pyc
cat: fist.pyc: No such file or directory
tcloudost@tcloudost-VirtualBox ~/Documents/git_repositories/python-batches/batch-58/modules $ cat first.pyc
* .pyc file is platform independent and can be imported without a .py file.
* .pyc can be regenerated provided we have .py file.
* .py cannot be regenerated, so dont delete it.
Modules :ls
first.py first.pyc Learning_Modules.ipynb
Modules :ipython
Python 2.7.6 (default, Jun 22 2015, 17:58:13)
Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
IPython 5.1.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python.
? -> Introduction and overview of IPython's features.
%quickref -> Quick reference.
help -> Python's own help system.
object? -> Details about 'object', use 'object??' for extra details.
In [1]: import first as f
Launching a Missile.
In [2]:
In [2]: f.my_add
Out[2]:
In [3]: def g():
...: pass
...:
In [4]: g
Out[4]:
In [5]: globals
Out[5]:
In [6]: globals()
Out[6]:
{'In': ['',
u'import first as f',
u'f.my_add',
u'def g():\n pass',
u'g',
u'globals',
u'globals()'],
'Out': {2: ,
4: ,
5: },
'_': ,
'_2': ,
'_4': ,
'_5': ,
'__': ,
'___': ,
'__builtin__': ,
'__builtins__': ,
'__doc__': 'Automatically created module for IPython interactive environment',
'__name__': '__main__',
'__package__': None,
'_dh': [u'/home/tcloudost/Documents/git_repositories/python-batches/batch-58/modules'],
'_i': u'globals',
'_i1': u'import first as f',
'_i2': u'f.my_add',
'_i3': u'def g():\n pass',
'_i4': u'g',
'_i5': u'globals',
'_i6': u'globals()',
'_ih': ['',
u'import first as f',
u'f.my_add',
u'def g():\n pass',
u'g',
u'globals',
u'globals()'],
'_ii': u'g',
'_iii': u'def g():\n pass',
'_oh': {2: ,
4: ,
5: },
'_sh': ,
'exit': ,
'f': ,
'g': ,
'get_ipython': >,
'quit': }
In [1]: import first as f
In [2]: f.
f.my_add f.my_sub
f.my_div f.version
f.my_multi
Modules :
Modules :python first.py
Launching a Missile.
Modules :
-- created a second.py file in same folder and it worked fine ---
Modules :ls
first.py first.pyc Learning_Modules.ipynb second.py
Modules :
Modules :python second.py
addition of two numbers is 5
addition of two strings is linuxrocks
Modules :
Modules :ls -l
total 40
drwxr-xr-x 2 tcloudost tcloudost 4096 Feb 24 08:45 extra
-rw-r--r-- 1 tcloudost tcloudost 408 Feb 24 08:39 first.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 tcloudost tcloudost 1216 Feb 24 08:43 first.pyc
-rw-r--r-- 1 tcloudost tcloudost 24107 Feb 24 08:39 Learning_Modules.ipynb
-rw-r--r-- 1 tcloudost tcloudost 300 Feb 24 08:44 second.py
--- created a new folder - extra and moved first.py to extra folder ---
Modules :ls -l
total 40
drwxr-xr-x 2 tcloudost tcloudost 4096 Feb 24 08:45 extra
-rw-r--r-- 1 tcloudost tcloudost 408 Feb 24 08:39 first.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 tcloudost tcloudost 1216 Feb 24 08:43 first.pyc
-rw-r--r-- 1 tcloudost tcloudost 24107 Feb 24 08:39 Learning_Modules.ipynb
-rw-r--r-- 1 tcloudost tcloudost 300 Feb 24 08:44 second.py
Modules :mv first.py extra/
Modules :
Modules :ls
extra first.pyc Learning_Modules.ipynb second.py
Modules :
Modules :python second.py
addition of two numbers is 5
addition of two strings is linuxrocks
Modules :
Modules :ls
extra first.pyc Learning_Modules.ipynb second.py
Modules :
Modules :rm -f first.pyc
Modules :
Modules :python second.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "second.py", line 3, in
import first as f
ImportError: No module named first
# os specific
# yum install django or apt-get install django
# installation of a module
# pip install
# ex: pip install django (latest version)
# ex: pip install django==1.8
# easy_install
# easy_install
# setuptools
# virtualenv
Installation of virtual env: https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/stable/installation/
tcloudost@tcloudost-VirtualBox ~/Documents/git_repositories/python-batches/batch-58 $ python
Python 2.7.6 (default, Jun 22 2015, 17:58:13)
[GCC 4.8.2] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import excel
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
ImportError: No module named excel
>>>
Modules : pwd
/home/tcloudost/Documents/git_repositories/python-batches/batch-58/modules
Modules : virtualenv sheets
New python executable in sheets/bin/python
Installing setuptools, pip...done.
Modules :
Modules : ls
extra Learning_Modules.ipynb second.py sheets
Modules :
Modules : source sheets/bin/activate
(sheets)Modules : ls sheets
bin include lib local
(sheets)Modules :
(sheets)Modules : pip freeze
argparse==1.2.1
wsgiref==0.1.2
(sheets)Modules : #http_port
(sheets)Modules : #https_port
(sheets)Modules :
(sheets)Modules : pip install excel
Downloading/unpacking excel
Downloading excel-1.0.0.tar.gz
Running setup.py (path:/home/tcloudost/Documents/git_repositories/python-batches/batch-58/modules/sheets/build/excel/setup.py) egg_info for package excel
Downloading/unpacking xlrd (from excel)
Downloading xlrd-1.0.0.tar.gz (2.6MB): 2.6MB downloaded
Running setup.py (path:/home/tcloudost/Documents/git_repositories/python-batches/batch-58/modules/sheets/build/xlrd/setup.py) egg_info for package xlrd
warning: no files found matching 'README.html'
Installing collected packages: excel, xlrd
Running setup.py install for excel
Running setup.py install for xlrd
changing mode of build/scripts-2.7/runxlrd.py from 644 to 755
warning: no files found matching 'README.html'
changing mode of /home/tcloudost/Documents/git_repositories/python-batches/batch-58/modules/sheets/bin/runxlrd.py to 755
Successfully installed excel xlrd
Cleaning up...
(sheets)Modules : pip freeze
argparse==1.2.1
excel==1.0.0
wsgiref==0.1.2
xlrd==1.0.0
(sheets)Modules : python
Python 2.7.6 (default, Jun 22 2015, 17:58:13)
[GCC 4.8.2] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import excel
>>> quit()
(sheets)Modules : deactivate
Modules :
Modules : ls
extra Learning_Modules.ipynb second.py sheets
Modules :
# pydoc
Modules : pydoc first
Modules : pydoc math
# package
# https://docs.python.org/2/tutorial/modules.html#packages
# https://docs.python.org/2/installing/index.html
# https://docs.python.org/2/distributing/index.html
# https://docs.python.org/2/distutils/
# how to create a package.
* first create a OS folder and within in create lin,sol,aix,hpux
# mkdir OS
# mkdir OS/{lin,sol,aix,hpux}
# later create first.py,second.py,third.py and fourth.py inside it.
# please see these files from your git location.
# from OS folder when you try to import lin you fail.
Modules : ipython
Python 2.7.6 (default, Jun 22 2015, 17:58:13)
Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
IPython 5.1.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python.
? -> Introduction and overview of IPython's features.
%quickref -> Quick reference.
help -> Python's own help system.
object? -> Details about 'object', use 'object??' for extra details.
In [1]: import lin
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ImportError Traceback (most recent call last)
in ()
----> 1 import lin
ImportError: No module named lin
# also create a __init__.py under your lin folder to import the files under the lin folder.
# cat __init__.py
import first
import second
import third
import fourth
In [2]: import lin
In [3]: lin.first.my_first_lin1()
Out[3]: 'this is my first lin1 function'
In [4]: lin.second.my_first_lin2()
Out[4]: 'this is my first lin2 function'
# Later copy the content of lin to sol.
# cp sol/*.py lin/*.py
# Make sure your __init__.py looks a this.
Modules Tree: cat OS/sol/__init__.py
import first
import second
import third
# when you import the sol you will see only first,second and third getting imported.
Modules : python
Python 2.7.6 (default, Jun 22 2015, 17:58:13)
[GCC 4.8.2] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import sol
>>> print dir(sol)
['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__name__', '__package__', '__path__', 'first', 'second', 'third']
>>>
# the best part is we can explicitly import the fourth module too.
In [1]: import sol
In [2]: from sol import fourth
In [3]: sol.
sol.first sol.second
sol.fourth sol.third
example:
--------
tcloudost@tcloudost-VirtualBox /usr/lib/python2.7/xml $ ls
dom etree __init__.py __init__.pyc parsers sax
tcloudost@tcloudost-VirtualBox /usr/lib/python2.7/xml $ ls dom
domreg.py expatbuilder.pyc minicompat.py minidom.pyc pulldom.py xmlbuilder.pyc
domreg.pyc __init__.py minicompat.pyc NodeFilter.py pulldom.pyc
expatbuilder.py __init__.pyc minidom.py NodeFilter.pyc xmlbuilder.py
tcloudost@tcloudost-VirtualBox /usr/lib/python2.7/xml $ ls etree
cElementTree.py ElementInclude.py ElementPath.py ElementTree.py __init__.py
cElementTree.pyc ElementInclude.pyc ElementPath.pyc ElementTree.pyc __init__.pyc
tcloudost@tcloudost-VirtualBox /usr/lib/python2.7/xml $ ls parsers
expat.py expat.pyc __init__.py __init__.pyc
tcloudost@tcloudost-VirtualBox /usr/lib/python2.7/xml $ ls sax
_exceptions.py expatreader.py handler.py __init__.py saxutils.py xmlreader.py
_exceptions.pyc expatreader.pyc handler.pyc __init__.pyc saxutils.pyc xmlreader.pyc
tcloudost@tcloudost-VirtualBox /usr/lib/python2.7/xml $
tcloudost@tcloudost-VirtualBox /usr/lib/python2.7/xml $ pwd
/usr/lib/python2.7/xml
tcloudost@tcloudost-VirtualBox /usr/lib/python2.7/xml $