

In [1]:

    
# Graphing helper function
def setup_graph(title='', x_label='', y_label='', fig_size=None):
    fig = plt.figure()
    if fig_size != None:
        fig.set_size_inches(fig_size[0], fig_size[1])
    ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
    ax.set_title(title)
    ax.set_xlabel(x_label)
    ax.set_ylabel(y_label)

Euler's Formula

$$e^{ix} = \cos(x) + i \sin(x)$$

So raising $e^{ix}$ produces rotation (in the Complex plane)

$$e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0$$

At $x = \pi$, $\sin(\pi) = 0$, and $\cos(\pi) = -1$
So $e^{i \pi} = -1 + 0$
Move the 1 over: $e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0$

Complex Plane



In [2]:

    
# Generate some complex numbers, and convert them to (x,y) coordinates
complex_points = [e**(1j * i) for i in linspace(0, 2*pi, 16)]
real_parts = [z.real for z in complex_points]
imag_parts = [z.imag for z in complex_points]

# Matplotlib code to draw graph
fig = plt.figure()
fig.set_size_inches(6, 6)
ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
ax.spines['left'].set_position('center')
ax.spines['bottom'].set_position('center')
ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')
ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')
ax.set_xlim((-1.5,1.5))
ax.set_xticks(linspace(-1.5,1.5,4))
ax.set_ylim((-1.5,1.5))
ax.set_yticks(linspace(-1.5,1.5,4))
ax.annotate("{0} + {1}i".format(real_parts[1], imag_parts[1]), xy=(real_parts[1], \
            imag_parts[1]), xytext=(1,1), arrowprops=dict(facecolor='black', shrink=0.08))

_ = plot(real_parts, imag_parts, 'go')

Going around a circle produces sine and cosine waves

Circles produce sin (and cos) waves



In [3]:

    
t = linspace(0, 3 * 2*pi, 100)
e_func = [e**(1j * i) for i in t]



In [4]:

    
setup_graph(title='real part (cosine) of e^ix', x_label='time', y_label='amplitude of real part', fig_size=(12,6))
_ = plot(t, [i.real for i in e_func])



In [5]:

    
setup_graph(title='imaginary part (sin) of e^ix', x_label='time', y_label='amplitude of imaginary part', fig_size=(12,6))
_ = plot(t, [i.imag for i in e_func])



In [5]:

Euler's Formula

Related to Euler's Identity

Complex Plane

Going around a circle produces sine and cosine waves

Circles produce sin (and cos) waves