In [2]:

    

########
# NLTK #
########
import nltk
from nltk.tag import StanfordNERTagger
########
# CLTK #
########
import cltk
from cltk.tag.ner import tag_ner
##############
# MyCapytain #
##############
import MyCapytain 
from MyCapytain.resolvers.cts.api import HttpCTSResolver
from MyCapytain.retrievers.cts5 import CTS
from MyCapytain.common.constants import Mimetypes
#################
# other imports #
#################
import sys
sys.path.append("/opt/nlp/pymodules/")
from idai_journals.nlp import sub_leaves


    

In [ ]:

    

print(nltk.__version__)


    

In [ ]:

    

print(cltk.__version__)


    

In [ ]:

    

print(MyCapytain.__version__)


    

In [3]:

    

my_passage = "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0448.phi001.perseus-lat2:1.1.1"


    

In [4]:

    

# We set up a resolver which communicates with an API available in Leipzig
resolver = HttpCTSResolver(CTS("http://cts.dh.uni-leipzig.de/api/cts/"))


    

In [5]:

    

# We require some metadata information
textMetadata = resolver.getMetadata("urn:cts:latinLit:phi0448.phi001.perseus-lat2")
# Texts in CTS Metadata have one interesting property : its citation scheme.
# Citation are embedded objects that carries information about how a text can be quoted, what depth it has
print([citation.name for citation in textMetadata.citation])


    

    




['Book', 'Chapter', 'Section']

In [45]:

    

my_passage = "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0448.phi001.perseus-lat2:1"
my_passage_en = "urn:cts:latinLit:phi0448.phi001.perseus-eng2:1"


    

In [47]:

    

passage = resolver.getTextualNode(my_passage)
passage_en = resolver.getTextualNode(my_passage_en)


    

In [49]:

    

de_bello_gallico_book1 = passage.export(Mimetypes.PLAINTEXT)
de_bello_gallico_en_book1 = passage_en.export(Mimetypes.PLAINTEXT)


    

In [50]:

    

print(de_bello_gallico_en_book1)


    

    




All Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which the Belgae inhabit, the Aquitani 
 another, those who in their own language are called Celts , in our Gauls , the third. All these
 differ from each other in language, customs and laws. The river Garonne separates the Gauls from the
 Aquitani ; the Marne and the Seine separate them from the Belgae . Of all these, the
 Belgae are the bravest, because they are furthest from the
 civilization and refinement of [our] Province, and merchants least frequently
 resort to them, and import those things which tend to effeminate the mind; and
 they are the nearest to the Germans , who dwell beyond
 the Rhine , with whom they are continually waging war; for which reason the Helvetii also surpass the rest of the Gauls in valor, as they contend with the Germans in almost daily battles, when they either repel
 them from their own territories, or themselves wage war on their frontiers. One
 part of these, which it has been said that the Gauls 
 occupy, takes its beginning at the river Rhone ; it is bounded by the river Garonne , the ocean, and
 the territories of the Belgae ; it borders, too, on the side of the
 Sequani and the Helvetii , upon the
 river Rhine , and stretches toward the north. The Belgae rises from the
 extreme frontier of Gaul , extend to the lower part
 of the river Rhine ; and look toward the north and the rising sun. Aquitania extends from the river Garonne to the Pyrenaean mountains and to that part of the ocean which
 is near Spain : it looks between the
 setting of the sun, and the north star. Among the Helvetii , Orgetorix was by far
 the most distinguished and wealthy. He, when Marcus Messala and
 Marcus Piso were consuls [ 61 B.C.],
 incited by lust of sovereignty, formed a conspiracy among the nobility, and
 persuaded the people to go forth from their territories with all their
 possessions, [saying] that it would be very easy, since they excelled all in
 valor, to acquire the supremacy of the whole of Gaul . To this he
 the more easily persuaded them, because the Helvetii ,
 are confined on every side by the nature of their situation; on one side by the
 Rhine , a very broad and deep river, which separates the Helvetian 
 territory from the Germans ; on a second side by the
 Jura , a very high mountain, which is [situated] between the
 Sequani and the Helvetii ; on a third
 by the Lake of Geneva , and
 by the river Rhone , which separates our
 Province from the Helvetii . From these circumstances
 it resulted, that they could range less widely, and could less easily make war
 upon their neighbors; for which reason men fond of war [as they were] were
 affected with great regret. They thought, that considering the extent of their
 population, and their renown for warfare and bravery, they had but narrow
 limits, although they extended in length 240, and in breadth 180 [ Roman ] miles. Induced by these considerations, and influenced by the authority of
 Orgetorix , they determined to provide such things as were
 necessary for their expedition-to buy up as great a number as possible of beasts
 of burden and wagons-to make their sowings as large as possible, so that on
 their march plenty of corn might be in store-and to establish peace and
 friendship with the neighboring states. They reckoned that a term of two years
 would be sufficient for them to execute their designs; they fix by decree their
 departure for the third year. Orgetorix is chosen to complete these
 arrangements. He took upon himself the office of embassador to the states: on
 this journey he persuades Casticus , the son of
 Catamantaledes (one of the Sequani , whose father
 had possessed the sovereignty among the people for many years, and had been
 styled "friend" by the senate of the Roman people),
 to seize upon the sovereignty in his own state, which his father had held before
 him, and he likewise persuades Dumnorix , an Aeduan ,
 the brother of Divitiacus , who at that time possessed the chief
 authority in the state, and was exceedingly beloved by the people, to attempt
 the same, and gives him his daughter in marriage. He proves to them that to
 accomplish their attempts was a thing very easy to be done, because he himself
 would obtain the government of his own state; that there was no doubt that the
 Helvetii were the most powerful of the whole of
 Gaul ; he assures them that he will, with his own forces and his own
 army, acquire the sovereignty for them. Incited by this speech, they give a
 pledge and oath to one another, and hope that, when they have seized the
 sovereignty, they will, by means of the three most powerful and valiant nations,
 be enabled to obtain possession of the whole of Gaul . When this scheme was disclosed to the Helvetii by
 informers, they, according to their custom, compelled Orgetorix to
 plead his cause in chains; it was the law that the penalty of being burned by
 fire should await him if condemned. On the day appointed for the pleading of his
 cause, Orgetorix drew together from all quarters to the court, all
 his vassals to the number of ten thousand persons; and led together to the same
 place all his dependents and debtor-bondsmen, of whom he had a great number; by
 means of those he rescued himself from [the necessity of] pleading his cause.
 While the state, incensed at this act, was endeavoring to assert its right by
 arms, and the magistrates were mustering a large body of men from the country,
 Orgetorix died; and there is not wanting a suspicion, as the
 Helvetii think, of his having committed suicide.
 After his death, the Helvetii nevertheless attempt to
 do that which they had resolved on, namely, to go forth from their territories.
 When they thought that they were at length prepared for this undertaking, they
 set fire to all their towns, in number about twelve-to their villages about four
 hundred-and to the private dwellings that remained; they burn up all the corn,
 except what they intend to carry with them; that after destroying the hope of a
 return home, they might be the more ready for undergoing all dangers. They order
 every one to carry forth from home for himself provisions for three months,
 ready ground. They persuade the Rauraci , and the
 Tulingi , and the Latobrigi , their neighbors, to
 adopt the same plan, and after burning down their towns and villages, to set out
 with them: and they admit to their party and unite to themselves as confederates
 the Boii , who had dwelt on the other side of the Rhine , and had crossed over into the Norican territory, and
 assaulted Noreia . There were in all two routes, by which they could go forth from their country one
 through the Sequani narrow and difficult, between Mount Jura and the river Rhone (by which scarcely
 one wagon at a time could be led; there was, moreover, a very high mountain
 overhanging, so that a very few might easily intercept them; the other, through
 our Province, much easier and freer from obstacles, because the Rhone flows between the boundaries of the Helvetii and those of the Allobroges , who had lately
 been subdued, and is in some places crossed by a ford. The furthest town of the
 Allobroges , and the nearest to the territories of the Helvetii , is Geneva . From this town a bridge extends to the Helvetii . They thought that they should either persuade the
 Allobroges , because they did not seem as yet well-affected
 toward the Roman people, or compel them by force to
 allow them to pass through their territories. Having provided every thing for
 the expedition, they appoint a day, on which they should all meet on the bank of
 the Rhone . This day was the
 fifth before the kalends of April [i.e. the 28th of
 March ], in the consulship of Lucius Piso and
 Aulus Gabinius [B.C. 58 .] When it was reported to Caesar that they were attempting
 to make their route through our Province he hastens to set out from the city,
 and, by as great marches as he can, proceeds to Further Gaul , and arrives
 at Geneva . He orders the whole Province [to furnish] as great a number
 of soldiers as possible, as there was in all only one legion in Further Gaul : he orders the bridge at Geneva to be broken down. When the Helvetii are
 apprized of his arrival they send to him, as embassadors, the most illustrious
 men of their state (in which embassy Numeius and
 Verudoctius held the chief place), to say "that it was their
 intention to march through the Province without doing any harm, because they
 had" [according to their own representations,] "no other route: that they
 requested, they might be allowed to do so with his consent." Caesar , inasmuch as he kept in remembrance that Lucius
 Cassius , the consul, had been slain, and his army routed and made to
 pass under the yoke by the Helvetii , did not think
 that [their request] ought to be granted: nor was he of opinion that men of
 hostile disposition, if an opportunity of marching through the Province were
 given them, would abstain from outrage and mischief. Yet, in order that a period
 might intervene, until the soldiers whom he had ordered [to be furnished] should
 assemble, he replied to the ambassadors, that he would take time to deliberate;
 if they wanted any thing, they might return on the day before the ides of
 April [on April 12th]. Meanwhile, with the legion which he had with him and the soldiers which had
 assembled from the Province, he carries along for nineteen [ Roman , not quite eighteen English ] miles a wall, to the
 height of sixteen feet, and a trench, from the Lake of
 Geneva , which flows into the river Rhone , to
 Mount Jura , which separates
 the territories of the Sequani from those of the Helvetii . When that work was finished, he distributes
 garrisons, and closely fortifies redoubts, in order that he may the more easily
 intercept them, if they should attempt to cross over against his will. When the
 day which he had appointed with the embassadors came, and they returned to him;
 he says, that he can not, consistently with the custom and precedent of the
 Roman people, grant any one a passage through the
 Province; and he gives them to understand, that, if they should attempt to use
 violence he would oppose them. The Helvetii , disappointed in this
 hope, tried if they could force a passage (some by means of a bridge of boats
 and numerous rafts constructed for the purpose; others, by the fords of the
 Rhone , where the depth of
 the river was least, sometimes by day, but more frequently by night), but being
 kept at bay by the strength of our works, and by the concourse of the soldiers,
 and by the missiles, they desisted from this attempt. There was left one way, [namely] through the Sequani , by which, on
 account of its narrowness, they could not pass without the consent of the
 Sequani . As they could not of themselves prevail on them, they
 send embassadors to Dumnorix the Aeduan , that through
 his intercession, they might obtain their request from the Sequani .
 Dumnorix , by his popularity and liberality, had great influence
 among the Sequani , and was friendly to the Helvetii , because out of that state he had married the daughter of
 Orgetorix ; and, incited by lust of sovereignty, was anxious for
 a revolution, and wished to have as many states as possible attached to him by
 his kindness toward them. He, therefore, undertakes the affair, and prevails
 upon the Sequani to allow the Helvetii 
 to march through their territories, and arranges that they should give hostages
 to each other-the Sequani not to obstruct the Helvetii in their march-the Helvetii , to
 pass without mischief and outrage. It is again told Caesar , that the Helvetii intended to march through the country of the
 Sequani and the Aedui into the territories of the
 Santones , which are not far distant from those boundaries of
 the Tolosates , which [viz. Tolosa , Toulouse ] is a
 state in the Province. If this took place, he saw that it would be attended with
 great danger to the Province to have warlike men, enemies of the Roman people, bordering upon an open and very fertile
 tract of country. For these reasons he appointed Titus Labienus ,
 his lieutenant, to the command of the fortification which he had made. He
 himself proceeds to Italy by forced marches,
 and there levies two legions, and leads out from winter-quarters three which
 were wintering around Aquileia , and with these five legions marches rapidly by the nearest route across
 the Alps into Further Gaul . Here the
 Centrones and the Graioceli and the
 Caturiges , having taken possession of the higher parts, attempt
 to obstruct the army in their march. After having routed these in several
 battles, he arrives in the territories of the Vocontii in the
 Further Province on the seventh day from Ocelum ,
 which is the most remote town of the Hither Province ; thence he
 leads his army into the country of the Allobroges , and from the
 Allobroges to the Segusiani . These people are the
 first beyond the Province on the opposite side of the Rhone . The Helvetii had by this time led their forces over through the
 narrow defile and the territories of the Sequani , and had arrived
 at the territories of the Aedui , and were ravaging their lands. The
 Aedui , as they could not defend themselves and their
 possessions against them, send embassadors to Caesar to
 ask assistance, [pleading] that they had at all times so well deserved of the
 Roman people, that their fields ought not to have
 been laid waste-their children carried off into slavery-their towns stormed,
 almost within sight of our army. At the same time the Ambarri , the
 friends and kinsmen of the Aedui , apprize Caesar , that it was not easy for them, now that their fields had
 been devastated, to ward off the violence of the enemy from their towns: the
 Allobroges likewise, who had villages and possessions on the
 other side of the Rhone , betake themselves in flight to Caesar , and
 assure him that they had nothing remaining, except the soil of their land. Caesar , induced by these circumstances, decides, that he
 ought not to wait until the Helvetii , after
 destroying all the property of his allies, should arrive among the
 Santones . There is a river [called] the Saone , which flows through the territories of the Aedui and
 Sequani into the Rhone with such incredible slowness, that it can not be determined by the eye
 in which direction it flows. This the Helvetii were
 crossing by rafts and boats joined together. When Caesar was informed by spies that the Helvetii had already conveyed three parts of their forces across
 that river, but that the fourth part was left behind on this side of the Saone , he set out from the camp with three legions during the third watch, and
 came up with that division which had not yet crossed the river. Attacking them
 encumbered with baggage, and not expecting him, he cut to pieces a great part of
 them; the rest betook themselves to flight, and concealed themselves in the
 nearest woods. That canton [which was cut down] was called the
 Tigurine ; for the whole Helvetian state is divided
 into four cantons. This single canton having left their country, within the
 recollection of our fathers, had slain Lucius Cassius the consul,
 and had made his army pass under the yoke. Thus, whether by chance, or by the
 design of the immortal gods, that part of the Helvetian state which
 had brought a signal calamity upon the Roman people,
 was the first to pay the penalty. In this Caesar 
 avenged not only the public but also his own personal wrongs, because the
 Tigurini had slain Lucius Piso the lieutenant [of
 Cassius] , the grandfather of Lucius Calpurnius
 Piso , his [Caesar 's] father-in-law, in the same battle
 as Cassius himself. This battle ended, that he might be able to come up with the remaining forces of
 the Helvetii , he procures a bridge to be made across
 the Saone , and thus leads his army over. The Helvetii , confused by
 his sudden arrival, when they found that he had effected in one day, what they,
 themselves had with the utmost difficulty accomplished in twenty namely, the
 crossing of the river, send embassadors to him; at the head of which embassy was
 Divico , who had been commander of the Helvetii , in the war against Cassius . He thus treats
 with Caesar :-that, "if the Roman people would make peace with the Helvetii they would go to that part and there remain, where Caesar might appoint and desire them to be; but if he
 should persist in persecuting them with war that he ought to remember both the
 ancient disgrace of the Roman people and the
 characteristic valor of the Helvetii . As to his
 having attacked one canton by surprise, [at a time] when those who had crossed
 the river could not bring assistance to their friends, that he ought not on that
 account to ascribe very much to his own valor, or despise them; that they had so
 learned from their sires and ancestors, as to rely more on valor than on
 artifice and stratagem. Wherefore let him not bring it to pass that
 the place, where they were standing, should acquire a name, from the disaster of
 the Roman people and the destruction of their army or
 transmit the remembrance [of such an event to posterity]." To these words Caesar thus replied:-that "on that very
 account he felt less hesitation, because he kept in remembrance those
 circumstances which the Helvetian embassadors had mentioned, and
 that he felt the more indignant at them, in proportion as they had happened
 undeservedly to the Roman people: for if they had
 been conscious of having done any wrong, it would not have been difficult to be
 on their guard, but for that very reason had they been deceived, because neither
 were they aware that any offense had been given by them, on account of which
 they should be afraid, nor did they think that they ought to be afraid without
 cause. But even if he were willing to forget their former outrage, could he also
 lay aside the remembrance of the late wrongs, in that they had against his will
 attempted a route through the Province by force, in that they had molested the
 Aedui , the Ambarri , and the
 Allobroges ? That as to their so insolently boasting of their
 victory, and as to their being astonished that they had so long committed their
 outrages with impunity, [both these things] tended to the same point; for the
 immortal gods are wont to allow those persons whom they wish to punish for their
 guilt sometimes a greater prosperity and longer impunity, in order that they may
 suffer the more severely from a reverse of circumstances. Although these things
 are so, yet, if hostages were to be given him by them in order that he may be
 assured these will do what they promise, and provided they will give
 satisfaction to the Aedui for the outrages which they had committed
 against them and their allies, and likewise to the Allobroges , he
 [ Caesar ] will make peace with them."
 Divico replied, that "the Helvetii 
 had been so trained by their ancestors, that they were accustomed to receive,
 not to give hostages; of that fact the Roman people
 were witness." Having given this reply, he withdrew. On the following day they move their camp from that place; Caesar does the same, and sends forward all his cavalry, to the
 number of four thousand (which he had drawn together from all parts of the
 Province and from the Aedui and their allies), to observe toward
 what parts the enemy are directing their march. These, having too eagerly
 pursued the enemy's rear, come to a battle with the cavalry of the Helvetii in a disadvantageous place, and a few of our
 men fall. The Helvetii , elated with this battle, because they had
 with five hundred horse repulsed so large a body of horse, began to face us more
 boldly, sometimes too from their rear to provoke our men by an attack. Caesar [however] restrained his men from battle, deeming
 it sufficient for the present to prevent the enemy from rapine, forage, and
 depredation. They marched for about fifteen days in such a manner that there was
 not more than five or six miles between the enemy's rear and our van. Meanwhile, Caesar kept daily importuning the
 Aedui for the corn which they had promised in the name of their
 state; for, in consequence of the coldness ( Gaul , being as before said,
 situated toward the north), not only was the corn in the fields not ripe, but
 there was not in store a sufficiently large quantity even of fodder: besides he
 was unable to use the corn which he had conveyed in ships up the river Saone , because the Helvetii , from whom he was
 unwilling to retire had diverted their march from the Saone . The Aedui kept deferring from day to day, and saying that
 it was being collected-brought in-on the road." When he saw that he was put off
 too long, and that the day was close at hand on which he ought to serve out the
 corn to his soldiers;-having called together their chiefs, of whom he had a
 great number in his camp, among them Divitiacus and
 Liscus who was invested with the chief magistracy (whom the
 Aedui style the Vergobretus , and who is elected
 annually and has power of life or death over his countrymen), he severely
 reprimands them, because he is not assisted by them on so urgent an occasion,
 when the enemy were so close at hand, and when [corn] could neither be bought
 nor taken from the fields, particularly as, in a great measure urged by their
 prayers, he had undertaken the war; much more bitterly, therefore does he
 complain of his being forsaken. Then at length Liscus , moved by Caesar 's
 speech, discloses what he had hitherto kept secret:-that there are some whose
 influences with the people is very great, who, though private men, have more
 power than the magistrates themselves: that these by seditions and violent
 language are deterring the populace from contributing the corn which they ought
 to supply; [by telling them] that, if they can not any longer retain the
 supremacy of Gaul , it were better to submit
 to the government of Gauls than of Romans , nor ought they to doubt that, if the Romans should overpower the Helvetii , they would wrest their freedom from the Aedui 
 together with the remainder of Gaul . By these very men, [said
 he], are our plans and whatever is done in the camp, disclosed to the enemy;
 that they could not be restrained by him: nay more, he was well aware, that
 though compelled by necessity, he had disclosed the matter to Caesar , at how great a risk he had done it; and for that reason, he
 had been silent as long as he could." Caesar perceived that by this speech of
 Liscus , Dumnorix , the brother of
 Divitiacus , was indicated; but, as he was unwilling that these
 matters should be discussed while so many were present, he speedily dismisses:
 the council, but detains Liscus : he inquires from him when alone,
 about those things which he had said in the meeting. He [Liscus] 
 speaks more unreservedly and boldly. He [Caesar] makes inquiries on
 the same points privately of others, and discovered that it is all true; that
 " Dumnorix is the person, a man of the highest daring, in great
 favor with the people on account of his liberality, a man eager for a
 revolution: that for a great many years he has been in the habit of contracting
 for the customs and all the other taxes of the Aedui at a small
 cost, because when he bids, no one dares to bid against him. By these means he
 has both increased his own private property, and amassed great means for giving
 largesses; that he maintains constantly at his own expense and keeps about his
 own person a great number of cavalry, and that not only at home, but even among
 the neighboring states, he has great influence, and for the sake of
 strengthening this influence has given his mother in marriage among the
 Bituriges to a man the most noble and most influential there;
 that he has himself taken a wife from among the Helvetii , and has given his sister by the mother's side and his
 female relations in marriage into other states; that he favors and wishes well
 to the Helvetii on account of this connection; and
 that he hates Caesar and the Romans , on his own account, because by their arrival his power was
 weakened, and his brother, Divitiacus , restored to his former
 position of influence and dignity: that, if any thing should happen to the Romans , he entertains the highest hope of gaining the
 sovereignty by means of the Helvetii , but that under
 the government of the Roman people he despairs not
 only of royalty, but even of that influence which he already has." Caesar discovered too, on inquiring into the unsuccessful
 cavalry engagement which had taken place a few days before, that the
 commencement of that flight had been made by Dumnorix and his
 cavalry (for Dumnorix was in command of the cavalry which the
 Aedui had sent for aid to Caesar );
 that by their flight the rest of the cavalry were dismayed. After learning these circumstances, since to these suspicions the most
 unequivocal facts were added, viz., that he had led the Helvetii through the territories of the Sequani ; that
 he had provided that hostages should be mutually given; that he had done all
 these things, not only without any orders of his [Caesar 's] and of
 his own state's, but even without their [the Aedui] knowing any
 thing of it themselves; that he [ Dumnorix ] was reprimanded: by the
 [chief] magistrate of the Aedui ; he [ Caesar ] considered that there was sufficient reason, why he should
 either punish him himself, or order the state to do so. One thing [however]
 stood in the way of all this-that he had learned by experience his brother
 Divitiacus 's very high regard for the Roman people, his great affection toward him, his distinguished
 faithfulness, justice, and moderation; for he was afraid lest by the punishment
 of this man, he should hurt the feelings of Divitiacus . Therefore,
 before he attempted any thing, he orders Divitiacus to be summoned
 to him, and, when the ordinary interpreters had been withdrawn, converses with
 him through Caius Valerius Procillus , chief of the province of
 Gaul , an intimate friend of his, in whom he reposed the highest
 confidence in every thing; at the same time he reminds him of what was said
 about Dumnorix in the council of the Gauls , when he himself was present, and shows what each had said of
 him privately in his [Caesar 's] own presence; he begs and exhorts
 him, that, without offense to his feelings, he may either himself pass judgment
 on him [ Dumnorix ] after trying the case, or else order the
 [ Aeduan ] state to do so. Divitiacus , embracing Caesar , begins to
 implore him, with many tears, that "he would not pass any very severe sentence
 upon his brother; saying, that he knows that those charges are true, and that
 nobody suffered more pain on that account than he himself did; for when he
 himself could effect a very great deal by his influence at home and in the rest
 of Gaul , and he [ Dumnorix ] very little on account of his
 youth, the latter had become powerful through his means, which power and
 strength he used not only to the lessening of his [ Divitiacus ]
 popularity, but almost to his ruin; that he, however, was influenced both by
 fraternal affection and by public opinion. But if any thing very severe from
 Caesar should befall him [ Dumnorix ],
 no one would think that it had been done without his consent, since he himself
 held such a place in Caesar 's friendship: from which
 circumstance it would arise, that the affections of the whole of Gaul would be estranged from him." As he was with tears begging
 these things of Caesar in many words, Caesar takes his right hand, and, comforting him, begs him to make
 an end of entreating, and assures him that his regard for him is so great, that
 he forgives both the injuries of the republic and his private wrongs, at his
 desire and prayers. He summons Dumnorix to him; he brings in his
 brother; he points out what he censures in him; he lays before him what he of
 himself perceives, and what the state complains of; he warns him for the future
 to avoid all grounds of suspicion; he says that he pardons the past, for the
 sake of his brother, Divitiacus . He sets spies over
 Dumnorix that he may be able to know what he does, and with
 whom he communicates. Being on the same day informed by his scouts, that the enemy had encamped at the
 foot of a mountain eight miles from his own camp; he sent persons to ascertain
 what the nature of the mountain was, and of what kind the ascent on every side.
 Word was brought back, that it was easy. During the third watch he orders
 Titus Labienus , his lieutenant with praetorian powers, to
 ascend to the highest ridge of the mountain with two legions, and with those as
 guides who had examined the road; he explains what his plan is. He himself
 during the fourth watch, hastens to them by the same route by which the enemy
 had gone, and sends on all the cavalry before him. Publius
 Considius , who was reputed to be very experienced in military
 affairs, and had been in the army of Lucius Sulla , and afterward in
 that of Marcus Crassus , is sent forward with the scouts. At day-break, when the summit of the mountain was in the possession of
 Titus Labienus , and he himself was not further off than a mile
 and half from the enemy's camp, nor, as he afterward ascertained from the
 captives, had either his arrival or that of Labienus been
 discovered; Considius , with his horse at full gallop, comes up to
 him says that the mountain which he [ Caesar ] wished
 should be seized by Labienus , is in possession of the enemy; that
 he has discovered this by the Gallic arms and ensigns. Caesar leads off his forces to the next hill: [and] draws
 them up in battle-order. Labienus , as he had been ordered by Caesar not to come to an engagement unless
 [Caesar 's] own forces were seen near the enemy's camp, that the
 attack upon the enemy might be made on every side at the same time, was, after
 having taken possession of the mountain, waiting for our men, and refraining
 from battle. When, at length, the day was far advanced, Caesar learned through spies, that the mountain was in possession of
 his own men, and that the Helvetii had moved their
 camp, and that Considius , struck with fear, had reported to him, as
 seen, that which he had not seen. On that day he follows the enemy at his usual
 distance, and pitches his camp three miles from theirs. The next day (as there remained in all only two day's space [to the time] when he
 must serve out the corn to his army, and as he was not more than eighteen miles
 from Bibracte , by far the largest and best-stored town of the Aedui ), he
 thought that he ought to provide for a supply of corn; and diverted his march
 from the Helvetii , and advanced rapidly to Bibracte . This circumstance is reported to the enemy by some deserters from
 Lucius Aemilius , a captain, of the Gallic horse.
 The Helvetii , either because they thought that the Romans , struck with terror, were retreating from them,
 the more so, as the day before, though they had seized on the higher grounds,
 they had not joined battle or because they flattered themselves that they might
 be cut of from the provisions, altering their plan and changing their route,
 began to pursue, and to annoy our men in the rear. Caesar , when he observes this, draws off his forces to
 the next hill, and sent the cavalry to sustain the attack of the enemy. He
 himself, meanwhile, drew up on the middle of the hill a triple line of his four
 veteran legions in such a manner, that he placed above him on the very summit
 the two legions, which he had lately levied in Hither Gaul , and all the
 auxiliaries; and he ordered that the whole mountain should be covered with men,
 and that meanwhile the baggage should be brought together into one place, and
 the position be protected by those who were posted in the upper line. The
 Helvetii having followed with all their wagons, collected their
 baggage into one place: they themselves, after having repulsed our cavalry and
 formed a phalanx, advanced up to our front line in very close order. Caesar , having removed out of sight first his own horse,
 then those of all, that he might make the danger of a11 equal, and do away with
 the hope of flight, after encouraging his men, joined battle. His soldiers
 hurling their javelins from the higher ground, easily broke the enemy's phalanx.
 That being dispersed, they made a charge on them with drawn swords. It was a
 great hinderance to the Gauls in fighting, that, when
 several of their bucklers had been by one stroke of the ( Roman ) javelins pierced through and pinned fast together, as the
 point of the iron had bent itself, they could neither pluck it out, nor, with
 their left hand entangled, fight with sufficient ease; so that many, after
 having long tossed their arm about, chose rather to cast away the buckler from
 their hand, and to fight with their person unprotected. At length, worn out with
 wounds, they began to give way, and, as there was in the neighborhood a mountain
 about a mile off, to betake themselves thither. When the mountain had been
 gained, and our men were advancing up, the Boii and
 Tulingi , who with about 15,000 men closed the enemy's line of
 march and served as a guard to their rear, having assailed our men on the
 exposed flank as they advanced [prepared] to surround them; upon seeing which,
 the Helvetii who had betaken themselves to the
 mountain, began to press on again and renew the battle. The Romans 
 having faced about, advanced to the attack in two divisions; the first and
 second line, to withstand those who had been defeated and driven off the field;
 the third to receive those who were just arriving. Thus, was the contest long and vigorously carried on with doubtful success. When
 they could no longer withstand the attacks of our men, the one division, as they
 had begun to do, betook themselves to the mountain; the other repaired to their
 baggage and wagons. For during the whole of this battle, although the fight
 lasted from the seventh hour [i.e. 12 (noon) 1 P. M.] to eventide, no one could
 see an enemy with his back turned. The fight was carried on also at the baggage
 till late in the night, for they had set wagons in the way as a rampart, and
 from the higher ground kept throwing weapons upon our men, as they came on, and
 some from between the wagons and the wheels kept darting their lances and
 javelins from beneath, and wounding our men. After the fight had lasted some
 time, our men gained possession of their baggage and camp. There the daughter
 and one of the sons of Orgetorix was taken. After the battle about
 130,000 men [of the enemy] remained alive, who marched incessantly during the
 whole of that night; and after a march discontinued for no part of the night,
 arrived in the territories of the Lingones on the fourth day, while our men, having stopped for three days, both on
 account of the wounds of the soldiers and the burial of the slain, had not been
 able to follow them. Caesar sent letters and messengers
 to the Lingones [with orders] that they should not assist them with corn or with any
 thing else; for that if they should assist them, he would regard them in the
 same light as the Helvetii . After the three days'
 interval he began to follow them himself with all his forces. The Helvetii , compelled by the want of every thing, sent embassadors
 to him about a surrender. When these had met him on the way and had thrown
 themselves at his feet, and speaking in suppliant tone had with tears sued for
 peace, and [when] he had ordered them to await his arrival, in the place, where
 they then were, they obeyed his commands. When Caesar 
 arrived at that place, he demanded hostages, their arms, and the slaves who had
 deserted to them. While those things are being sought for and got together,
 after a night's interval, about 6000 men of that canton which is called the
 Verbigene , whether terrified by fear, lest after delivering up
 their arms, they should suffer punishment, or else induced by the hope of
 safety, because they supposed that, amid so vast a multitude of those who had
 surrendered themselves, their flight might either be concealed or entirely
 overlooked, having at night-fall departed out of the camp of the Helvetii , hastened to the Rhine and the territories of the Germans .
 But when Caesar discovered this, he commanded those
 through whose territory they had gone, to seek them out and to bring them back
 again, if they meant to be acquitted before him; and considered them, when
 brought back, in the light of enemies; he admitted all the rest to a surrender,
 upon their delivering up the hostages, arms, and deserters. He ordered the Helvetii , the Tulingi , and the
 Latobrigi , to return to their territories from which they had
 come, and as there was at home nothing whereby they might support their hunger,
 all the productions of the earth having been destroyed, he commanded the
 Allobroges to let them have a plentiful supply of corn; and
 ordered them to rebuild the towns and villages which they had burned. This he
 did, chiefly, on this account, because he was unwilling that the country, from
 which the Helvetii had departed, should be
 untenanted, lest the Germans , who dwell on the other
 side of the Rhine , should, on account of the excellence of the lands, cross over from
 their own territories into those of the Helvetii , and
 become borderers upon the province of Gaul and the
 Allobroges . He granted the petition of the Aedui ,
 that they might settle the Boii , in their own (i. e. in the
 Aeduan ) territories, as these were known to be of distinguished
 valor, to whom they gave lands, and whom they afterward admitted to the same
 state of rights and freedom as themselves. In the camp of the Helvetii , lists were found, drawn
 up in Greek characters, and were brought to Caesar , in which an estimate had been drawn up, name by
 name, of the number which had gone forth from their country of those who were
 able to bear arms; and likewise the boys, the old men, and the women,
 separately. Of all which items the total was: Of the Helvetii [lit. of the heads of the
 Helvetii] 263,000 Of the Tulingi 36,000 Of the Latobrigi 14,000 Of the Rauraci 23,000 Of the Boii 32,000 The sum of all amounted to 368,000 Out of these, such as could bear arms, [amounted] to about 92,000. When
 the census of those who returned home was taken, as Caesar had commanded, the number was found to be 110,000. When the war with the Helvetii was concluded,
 embassadors from almost all parts of Gaul , the chiefs of states,
 assembled to congratulate Caesar , [saying] that they
 were well aware, that, although he had taken vengeance on the Helvetii in war, for the old wrong done by them to the
 Roman people, yet that circumstance had happened
 no less to the benefit of the land of Gaul than of the Roman people, because the Helvetii , while their affairs were most flourishing, had quitted
 their country with the design of making war upon the whole of Gaul , and seizing the government of it, and selecting, out of a
 great abundance, that spot for an abode, which they should judge to be the most
 convenient and most productive of all Gaul , and hold the rest of the
 states as tributaries. They requested that they might be allowed to proclaim an
 assembly of the whole of Gaul for a particular day, and
 to do that with Caesar 's permission, [stating] that
 they had some things which, with the general consent, they wished to ask of him.
 This request having been granted, they appointed a day for the assembly, and
 ordained by an oath with each other, that no one should disclose [their
 deliberations] except those to whom this [office] should be assigned by the
 general assembly. When that assembly was dismissed, the same chiefs of states, who had before been
 to Caesar , returned, and asked that they might be
 allowed to treat with him privately (in secret) concerning the safety of
 themselves and of all. That request having been obtained, they all threw
 themselves in tears at Caesar 's feet, [saying] that
 they no less begged and earnestly desired that what they might say should not be
 disclosed, than that they might obtain those things which they wished for;
 inasmuch as they saw, that, if a disclosure was made, they should be put to the
 greatest tortures. For these Divitiacus the Aeduan 
 spoke and told him: "That there were two parties in the whole of Gaul : that the Aedui stood at the head of one of these,
 the Arverni of the other. After these had been violently struggling
 with one another for the superiority for many years, it came to pass that the
 Germans were called in for hire by the
 Arverni and the Sequani . That about 15,000 of them
 [i.e. of the Germans] had at first crossed the Rhine : but after that these wild and savage men had become enamored of the
 lands and the refinement and the abundance of the Gauls , more were brought over, that there were now as many as
 120,000 of them in Gaul : that with these the
 Aedui and their dependents had repeatedly struggled in
 arms-that they had been routed, and had sustained a great calamity-had lost all
 their nobility, all their senate, all their cavalry. And that broken by such
 engagements and calamities, although they had formerly been very powerful in
 Gaul , both from their own valor and from the Roman people's hospitality and friendship, they were now compelled
 to give the chief nobles of their state, as hostages to the
 Sequani , and to bind their state by an oath, that they would
 neither demand hostages in return, nor supplicate aid from the Roman people, nor refuse to be forever under their sway
 and empire. That he was the only one out of all the state of the
 Aedui , who could not be prevailed upon to take the oath or to
 give his children as hostages. On that account he had fled from his state and
 had gone to the senate at Rome to beseech aid, as he alone was bound neither by oath nor hostages. But
 a worse thing had befallen the victorious Sequani than the
 vanquished Aedui , for Ariovistus the king of the Germans , had settled in their territories, and had
 seized upon a third of their land, which was the best in the whole of Gaul , and was now ordering them to depart from another third part,
 because a few months previously 24,000 men of the Harudes had come
 to him, for whom room and settlements must be provided. The consequence would
 be, that in a few years they would all be driven from the territories of Gaul , and all the Germans would cross the
 Rhine ; for neither must the land of Gaul be compared with the land
 of the Germans , nor must the habit of living of the
 latter be put on a level with that of the former. Moreover, [as for]
 Ariovistus , no sooner did he defeat the forces of the Gauls in a battle which took place at Magetobria , than [he began] to lord it haughtily and
 cruelly, to demand as hostages the children of all the principal nobles, and
 wreak on them every kind of cruelty, if every thing was not done at his nod or
 pleasure; that he was a savage, passionate, and reckless man, and that his
 commands could no longer be borne. Unless there was some aid in Caesar and the Roman people,
 the Gauls must all do the same thing that the Helvetii have done, [viz.] emigrate from their country,
 and seek another dwelling place, other settlements remote from the Germans , and try whatever fortune may fall to their
 lot. If these things were to be disclosed to Ariovistus ,
 [Divitiacus adds] that he doubts not that he would inflict the
 most severe punishment on all the hostages who are in his possession, [and says]
 that Caesar could, either by his own influence and by
 that of his army, or by his late victory, or by name of the Roman people, intimidate him, so as to prevent a greater number of
 Germans being brought over the Rhine , and could protect all Gaul from the outrages of
 Ariovistus . When this speech had been delivered by Divitiacus , all who were
 present began with loud lamentation to entreat assistance of Caesar . Caesar noticed that the
 Sequani were the only people of all who did none of those
 things which the others did, but, with their heads bowed down, gazed on the
 earth in sadness. Wondering what was the reason of this conduct, he inquired of
 themselves. No reply did the Sequani make, but silently continued
 in the same sadness. When he had repeatedly inquired of them and could not
 elicit any answer at all, the same Divitiacus the
 Aeduan answered, that-"the lot of the Sequani was
 more wretched and grievous than that of the rest, on this account, because they
 alone durst not even in secret complain or supplicate aid; and shuddered at the
 cruelty of Ariovistus [even when] absent, just as if he were
 present; for, to the rest, despite of every thing there was an opportunity of
 flight given; but all tortures must be endured by the Sequani , who
 had admitted Ariovistus within their territories, and whose towns
 were all in his power." Caesar , on being informed of these things, cheered the
 minds of the Gauls with his words, and promised that
 this affair should be an object of his concern, [saying] that he had great hopes
 that Ariovistus , induced both by his kindness and his power, would
 put an end to his oppression. After delivering this speech, he dismissed the
 assembly; and, besides those statements, many circumstances induced him to think
 that this affair ought to be considered and taken up by him; especially as he
 saw that the Aedui , styled [as they had been] repeatedly by the
 senate "brethren" and "kinsmen," were held in the thraldom and dominion of the
 Germans , and understood that their hostages were
 with Ariovistus and the Sequani , which in so mighty an
 empire [as that] of the Roman people he considered
 very disgraceful to himself and the republic. That, moreover, the Germans should by degrees become accustomed to cross
 the Rhine , and that a great body of them should come into Gaul , he saw [would
 be] dangerous to the Roman people, and judged, that
 wild and savage men would not be likely to restrain themselves, after they had
 possessed themselves of all Gaul , from going forth into the
 province and thence marching into Italy (as the
 Cimbri and Teutones had done before them),
 particularly as the Rhone [was the sole barrier that] separated the Sequani from our
 province. Against which events he thought he ought to provide as speedily as
 possible. Moreover, Ariovistus , for his part, had assumed to
 himself such pride and arrogance, that he was felt to be quite insufferable.
 He therefore determined to send embassadors to Ariovistus to demand
 of him to name some intermediate spot for a conference between the two, [saying]
 that he wished to treat him on state-business and matters of the highest
 importance to both of them. To this embassy Ariovistus replied,
 that if he himself had had need of any thing from Caesar , he would have gone to him; and that if Caesar wanted any thing from him he ought to come to him. That,
 besides, neither dare he go without an army into those parts of Gaul which Caesar had possession of, nor
 could he, without great expense and trouble, draw his army together to one
 place; that to him, moreover, it appeared strange, what business either Caesar or the Roman people at
 all had in his own Gaul , which he had conquered in
 war. When these answers were reported to Caesar , he sends
 embassadors to him a second time with this message. "Since, after having been
 treated with so much kindness by himself and the Roman people (as he had in his consulship been styled 'king and
 friend' by the senate [ 59 B.C.]), he makes this
 recompense to [ Caesar ] himself and the Roman people, [viz.] that when invited to a conference
 he demurs, and does not think that it concerns him to advise and inform himself
 about an object of mutual interest, these are the things which he requires of
 him; first, that he do not any more bring over any body of men across the Rhine into Gaul ; in the next place, that he
 restore the hostages, which he has from the Aedui , and grant the
 Sequani permission to restore to them with his consent those
 hostages which they have, and that he neither provoke the Aedui by
 outrage nor make war upon them or their allies; if he would accordingly do
 this," [Caesar says] that "he himself and the Roman people will entertain a perpetual feeling of favor and
 friendship toward him; but that if he [ Caesar ] does not
 obtain [his desires] that he (forasmuch as in the consulship of Marcus
 Messala and Marcus Piso [ 61 
 B.C.] the senate had decreed that, whoever should have the administration of the
 province of Gaul should, as far as he could
 do so consistently with the interests of the republic, protect the
 Aedui and the other friends of the Roman people), will not overlook the wrongs of the
 Aedui ." To this Ariovistus replied, that "the right of war was, that they
 who had conquered should govern those whom they had conquered, in what manner
 they pleased; that in that way the Roman people were
 wont to govern the nations which they had conquered, not according to the
 dictation of any other, but according to their own discretion. If he for his
 part did not dictate to the Roman people as to the
 manner in which they were to exercise their right, he ought not to be obstructed
 by the Roman people in his right; that the
 Aedui , inasmuch as they had tried the fortune of war and had
 engaged in arms and been conquered, had become tributaries to him; that Caesar was doing a great injustice, in that by his
 arrival he was making his revenues less valuable to him; that he should not
 restore their hostages to the Aedui , but should not make war
 wrongfully either upon them or their allies, if they abided by that which had
 been agreed on, and paid their tribute annually: if they did not continue to do
 that, the Roman people's name of 'brothers' would
 avail them naught. As to Caesar 's threatening him, that
 he would not overlook the wrongs of the Aedui , [he said] that no
 one had ever entered into a contest with him [ Ariovistus ] without
 utter ruin to himself. That Caesar might enter the
 lists when he chose; he would feel what the invincible Germans , well-trained [as they were] beyond all others to arms, who
 for fourteen years had not been beneath a roof, could achieve by their valor."
 At the same time that this message was delivered to Caesar , embassadors came from the Aedui and the Treviri ; from the Aedui to complain that the Harudes ,
 who had lately been brought over into Gaul , were ravaging their
 territories; that they had not been able to purchase peace from
 Ariovistus , even by giving hostages: and from the Treviri , [to state] that a hundred cantons of the Suevi had
 encamped on the banks of the Rhine , and were attempting to cross it; that the brothers, Nasuas 
 and Cimberius , headed them. Being greatly alarmed at these things,
 Caesar thought that he ought to use all dispatch,
 lest, if this new band of Suevi should unite with the old troops of
 Ariovistus , he [ Ariovistus ] might be less easily
 withstood. Having therefore, as quickly as he could, provided a supply of corn,
 he hastened to Ariovistus by forced marches. When he had proceeded three days' journey, word was brought to him that
 Ariovistus was hastening with all his forces to seize on Vesontio , which is the largest town of the Sequani , and had advanced
 three days' journey from its territories. Caesar 
 thought that he ought to take the greatest precautions lest this should happen,
 for there was in that town a most ample supply of every thing which was
 serviceable for war; and so fortified was it by the nature of the ground, as to
 afford a great facility for protracting the war, inasmuch as the river Doubs almost surrounds the whole town, as though it were traced round it with
 a pair of compasses. A mountain of great height shuts in the remaining space,
 which is not more than 600 feet, where the river leaves a gap, in such a manner
 that the roots of that mountain extend to the river's bank on either side. A
 wall thrown around it makes a citadel of this [mountain], and connects it with
 the town. Hither Caesar hastens by forced marches by
 night and day, and, after having seized the town, stations a garrison there.
 While he is tarrying a few days at Vesontio , on account of corn and provisions; from the inquiries of our men and
 the reports of the Gauls and traders (who asserted
 that the Germans were men of huge stature, of
 incredible valor and practice in arms-that oftentimes they, on encountering
 them, could not bear even their countenance, and the fierceness of their
 eyes)-so great a panic on a sudden seized the whole army, as to discompose the
 minds and spirits of all in no slight degree. This first arose from the tribunes
 of the soldiers, the prefects and the rest, who, having followed Caesar from the city [ Rome ] from motives of friendship, had no great experience in military
 affairs. And alleging, some of them one reason, some another, which they said
 made it necessary for them to depart, they requested that by his consent they
 might be allowed to withdraw; some, influenced by shame, stayed behind in order
 that they might avoid the suspicion of cowardice. These could neither compose
 their countenance, nor even sometimes check their tears: but hidden in their
 tents, either bewailed their fate, or deplored with their comrades the general
 danger. Wills were sealed universally throughout the whole camp. By the
 expressions and cowardice of these men, even those who possessed great
 experience in the camp, both soldiers and centurions, and those [the decurions]
 who were in command of the cavalry, were gradually disconcerted. Such of them as
 wished to be considered less alarmed, said that they did not dread the enemy,
 but feared the narrowness of the roads and the vastness of the forests which lay
 between them and Ariovistus , or else that the supplies could not be
 brought up readily enough. Some even declared to Caesar , that when he gave orders for the camp to be moved and the troops
 to advance, the soldiers would not be obedient to the command, nor advance in
 consequence of their fear. When Caesar observed these things, having called a
 council, and summoned to it the centurions of all the companies, he severely
 reprimanded them, "particularly, for supposing that it belonged to them to
 inquire or conjecture, either in what direction they were marching, or with what
 object. That Ariovistus , during his [Caesar 's]
 consulship [ 59 B.C.], had most anxiously sought after
 the friendship of the Roman people; why should any
 one judge that he would so rashly depart from his duty? He for his part was
 persuaded, that, when his demands were known and the fairness of the terms
 considered, he would reject neither his nor the Roman 
 people's favor. But even if, driven on by rage and madness, he should make war
 upon them, what after all were they afraid of?-or why should they despair either
 of their own valor or of his zeal? Of that enemy a trial had been made within
 our fathers' recollection, when, on the defeat of the Cimbri and
 Teutones by Caius Marius , the army was regarded as
 having deserved no less praise than their commander himself. It had been made
 lately, too, in Italy , during the
 rebellion of the slaves, whom, however, the experience and training which they
 had received from us, assisted in some respect. From which a judgment might be
 formed of the advantages which resolution carries with it inasmuch as those whom
 for some time they had groundlessly dreaded when unarmed, they had afterward
 vanquished, when well armed and flushed with success. In short, that these were
 the same men whom the Helvetii , in frequent
 encounters, not only in their own territories, but also in theirs [the
 German] , have generally vanquished, and yet can not have been a
 match for our army. If the unsuccessful battle and flight of the Gauls disquieted any, these, if they made inquiries,
 might discover that, when the Gauls had been tired
 out by the long duration of the war, Ariovistus , after he had many
 months kept himself in his camp and in the marshes, and had given no opportunity
 for an engagement, fell suddenly upon them, by this time despairing of a battle
 and scattered in all directions, and was victorious more through stratagem and
 cunning than valor. But though there had been room for such stratagem against
 savage and unskilled men, not even [ Ariovistus ] himself expected
 that thereby our armies could be entrapped. That those who ascribed their fear
 to a pretense about the [deficiency of] supplies and the narrowness of the
 roads, acted presumptuously, as they seemed either to distrust their general's
 discharge of his duty, or to dictate to him. That these things were his concern;
 that the Sequani , the Leuci , and the Lingones were to furnish the corn; and that it was already ripe in the fields;
 that as to the road they would soon be able to judge for themselves. As to its
 being reported that the soldiers would not be obedient to command, or advance,
 he was not at all disturbed at that; for he knew, that in the case of all those
 whose army had not been obedient to command, either upon some mismanagement of
 an affair, fortune had deserted them, or, that upon some crime being discovered,
 covetousness had been clearly proved [against them]. His integrity had been seen
 throughout his whole life, his good fortune in the war with the Helvetii . That he would therefore instantly set about
 what he had intended to put off till a more distant day, and would break up his
 camp the next night, in the fourth watch, that he might ascertain, as soon as
 possible, whether a sense of honor and duty, or whether fear had more influence
 with them. But that, if no one else should follow, yet he would go with only the
 tenth legion, of which he had no misgivings, and it should be his praetorian
 cohort." This legion Caesar had both greatly favored,
 and in it, on account of its valor, placed the greatest confidence. Upon the delivery of this speech, the minds of all were changed in a surprising
 manner, and the highest ardor and eagerness for prosecuting the war were
 engendered; and the tenth legion was the first to return thanks to him, through
 their military tribunes, for his having expressed this most favorable opinion of
 them; and assured him that they were quite ready to prosecute the war. Then, the
 other legions endeavored, through their military tribunes and the centurions of
 the principal companies, to excuse themselves to Caesar , [saying] that they had never either doubted or feared, or
 supposed that the determination of the conduct of the war was theirs and not
 their general's. Having accepted their excuse, and having had the road carefully
 reconnoitered by Divitiacus , because in him of all others he had
 the greatest faith [he found] that by a circuitous route of more than fifty
 miles he might lead his army through open parts; he then set out in the fourth
 watch, as he had said [he would]. On the seventh day, as he did not discontinue
 his march, he was informed by scouts that the forces of Ariovistus 
 were only four and twenty miles distant from ours. Upon being apprized of Caesar 's arrival,
 Ariovistus sends embassadors to him, [saying] that what he had
 before requested as to a conference, might now, as far as his permission went,
 take place, since he [ Caesar ] had approached nearer,
 and he considered that he might now do it without danger. Caesar did not reject the proposal and began to think that he was
 now returning to a rational state of mind as he spontaneously proffered that
 which he had previously refused to him when requesting it; and was in great
 hopes that, in consideration of his own and the Roman 
 people's great favors toward him, the issue would be that he would desist from
 his obstinacy upon his demands being made known. The fifth day after that was
 appointed as the day of conference. Meanwhile, as ambassadors were being often
 sent to and fro between them, Ariovistus demanded that Caesar should not bring any foot-soldier with him to the
 conference, [saying] that "he was afraid of being ensnared by him through
 treachery; that both should come accompanied by cavalry; that he would not come
 on any other condition." Caesar , as he neither wished
 that the conference should, by an excuse thrown in the way, be set aside, nor
 durst trust his life to the cavalry of the Gauls ,
 decided that it would be most expedient to take away from the
 Gallic cavalry all their horses, and thereon to mount the
 legionary soldiers of the tenth legion, in which he placed the greatest
 confidence, in order that he might have a body-guard as trustworthy as possible,
 should there be any need for action. And when this was done, one of the soldiers
 of the tenth legion said, not without a touch of humor, "that Caesar did more for them than he had promised; he had promised to
 have the tenth legion in place of his praetorian cohort; but he now converted
 them into horse." There was a large plain, and in it a mound of earth of considerable size. This
 spot was at nearly an equal distance from both camps. Thither , as
 had been appointed, they came for the conference. Caesar stationed the legion, which he had brought [with him] on
 horseback, 200 paces from this mound. The cavalry of Ariovistus 
 also took their stand at an equal distance. Ariovistus then
 demanded that they should confer on horseback, and that, besides themselves,
 they should bring with them ten men each to the conference. When they were come
 to the place, Caesar , in the opening of his speech,
 detailed his own and the senate's favors toward him [ Ariovistus ],
 in that he had been styled king, in that [he had been styled] friend, by the
 senate-in that very considerable presents had been sent him; which circumstance
 he informed him had both fallen to the lot of few, and had usually been bestowed
 in consideration of important personal services; that he, although he had
 neither an introduction, nor a just ground for the request, had obtained these
 honors through the kindness and munificence of himself [ Caesar ] and the senate. He informed him too, how old and how just
 were the grounds of connection that existed between themselves [the
 Romans] and the Aedui , what decrees of the senate
 had been passed in their favor, and how frequent and how honorable; how from
 time immemorial the Aedui had held the supremacy of the whole of
 Gaul ; even [said Caesar] before they had sought our
 friendship; that it was the custom of the Roman 
 people to desire not only that its allies and friends should lose none of their
 property, but be advanced in influence, dignity, and honor: who then could
 endure that what they had brought with them to the friendship of the Roman people should be torn from them?" He then made
 the same demands which he had commissioned the embassadors to make, that
 [ Ariovistus ] should not make war either upon the
 Aedui or their allies, that he should restore the hostages;
 that if he could not send back to their country any part of the Germans , he should at all events suffer none of them
 any more to cross the Rhine . Ariovistus briefly replied to the demands of Caesar ; but expatiated largely on his own virtues, "that he had
 crossed the Rhine not of his own accord, but on being invited and sent for by the Gauls ; that he had not left home and kindred without
 great expectations and great rewards; that he had settlements in Gaul , granted by the Gauls themselves;
 that the hostages had been given by their good-will; that he took by right of
 war the tribute which conquerors are accustomed to impose on the conquered; that
 he had not made war upon the Gauls , but the Gauls upon him; that all the states of Gaul came to attack him, and had encamped against him; that all
 their forces had been routed and beaten by him in a single battle; that if they
 chose to make a second trial, he was ready to encounter them again; but if they
 chose to enjoy peace, it was unfair to refuse the tribute, which of their own
 free-will they had paid up to that time. That the friendship of the Roman people ought to prove to him an ornament and a
 safeguard, not a detriment; and that he sought it with that expectation. But if
 through the Roman people the tribute was to be
 discontinued, and those who surrendered to be seduced from him, he would
 renounce the friendship of the Roman people no less
 heartily than he had sought it. As to his leading over a host of Germans into Gaul , that he was doing this
 with a view of securing himself, not of assaulting Gaul : that there
 was evidence of this, in that he did not come without being invited, and in that
 he did not make war, but merely warded it off. That he had come into Gaul before the Roman people. That never
 before this time did a Roman army go beyond the
 frontiers of the province of Gaul . What [said he] does [ Caesar ] desire?- why come into his
 [ Ariovistus ] domains?-that this was his province of Gaul , just as that is ours. As it ought not to be pardoned in him,
 if he were to make an attack upon our territories; so, likewise, that we were
 unjust, to obstruct him in his prerogative. As for Caesar 's saying that the Aedui had been styled
 'brethren' by the senate, he was not so uncivilized nor so ignorant of affairs,
 as not to know that the Aedui in the very last war with the
 Allobroges had neither rendered assistance to the Romans , nor received any from the Roman people in the struggles which the Aedui had been
 maintaining with him and with the Sequani . He must feel suspicious,
 that Caesar , though feigning friendship as the reason
 for his keeping an army in Gaul , was keeping it with the
 view of crushing him. And that unless he depart and withdraw his army from these
 parts, he shall regard him not as a friend, but as a foe; and that, even if he
 should put him to death, he should do what would please many of the nobles and
 leading men of the Roman people; he had assurance of
 that from themselves through their messengers, and could purchase the favor and
 the friendship of them all by his [Caesar 's] death. But if he would
 depart and resign to him the free possession of Gaul , he would
 recompense him with a great reward, and would bring to a close whatever wars he
 wished to be carried on, without any trouble or risk to him." Many things were stated by Caesar to the effect [to
 show]; "why he could not waive the business, and that neither his nor the Roman people's practice would suffer him to abandon
 most meritorious allies, nor did he deem that Gaul belonged to
 Ariovistus rather than to the Roman 
 people; that the Arverni and the Ruteni had been
 subdued in war by Quintus Fabius Maximus , and that the Roman people had pardoned them and had not reduced them
 into a province or imposed a tribute upon them. And if the most ancient period
 was to be regarded-then was the sovereignty of the Roman people in Gaul most just: if the decree of
 the Senate was to be observed, then ought Gaul to be free, which they [the
 Romans] had conquered in war, and had permitted to enjoy its
 own laws." While these things are being transacted in the conference it was announced to
 Caesar that the cavalry of Ariovistus 
 were approaching nearer the mound, and were riding up to our men, and casting
 stones and weapons at them. Caesar made an end of his
 speech and betook himself to his men; and commanded them that they should by no
 means return a weapon upon the enemy. For though he saw that an engagement with
 the cavalry would be without any danger to his chosen legion, yet he did not
 think proper to engage, lest, after the enemy were routed, it might be said that
 they had been insnared by him under the sanction of a conference. When it was
 spread abroad among the common soldiery with what haughtiness
 Ariovistus had behaved at the conference, and how he had
 ordered the Romans to quit Gaul , and how his
 cavalry had made an attack upon our men, and how this had broken off the
 conference, a much greater alacrity and eagerness for battle was infused into
 our army. Two days after, Ariovistus sends embassadors to Caesar , to state "that he wished to treat with him about those
 things which had been begun to be treated of between them, but had not been
 concluded;" [and to beg] that "he would either again appoint a day for a
 conference; or, if he were not willing to do that, that he would send one of his
 [officers] as an embassador to him." There did not appear to Caesar any good reason for holding a conference; and the more so as
 the day before the Germans could not be restrained
 from casting weapons at our men. He thought he should not without great danger
 send to him as embassador one of his [ Roman ]
 officers, and should expose him to savage men. It seemed [therefore] most proper
 to send to him C. Valerius Procillus , the son of C. Valerius Caburus , a young man of the highest courage
 and accomplishments (whose father had been presented with the freedom of the
 city by C. Valerius Flaccus ), both on account of his
 fidelity and on account of his knowledge of the Gallic language,
 which Ariovistus , by long practice, now spoke fluently; and because
 in his case the Germans would have no motive for
 committing violence; and [as his colleague] M. Mettius ,
 who had shared the hospitality of Ariovistus . He commissioned them
 to learn what Ariovistus had to say, and to report to him. But when
 Ariovistus saw them before him in his camp, he cried out in the
 presence of his army, "Why were they come to him? Was it for the purpose of
 acting as spies?" He stopped them when attempting to speak, and cast them into
 chains. The same day he moved his camp forward and pitched under a hill six miles from
 Caesar 's camp. The day following he led his forces
 past Caesar 's camp, and encamped two miles beyond him;
 with this design that he might cut off Caesar from the
 corn and provisions, which might be conveyed to him from the
 Sequani and the Aedui . For five successive days
 from that day, Caesar drew out his forces before the
 camp, and put them in battle order, that, if Ariovistus should be
 willing to engage in battle, an opportunity might not be wanting to him.
 Ariovistus all this time kept his army in camp: but engaged
 daily in cavalry skirmishes. The method of battle in which the Germans had practiced themselves was this. There were
 6,000 horse, and as many very active and courageous foot, one of whom each of
 the horse selected out of the whole army for his own protection. By these [foot]
 they were constantly accompanied in their engagements; to these the horse
 retired; these on any emergency rushed forward; if any one, upon receiving a
 very severe wound, had fallen from his horse, they stood around him: if it was
 necessary to advance further than usual, or to retreat more rapidly, so great,
 from practice, was their swiftness, that, supported by the manes of the horses,
 they could keep pace with their speed. Perceiving that Ariovistus kept himself in camp, Caesar , that he might not any longer be cut off from provisions,
 chose a convenient position for a camp beyond that place in which the Germans had encamped, at about 600 paces from them, and
 having drawn up his army in three lines, marched to that place. He ordered the
 first and second lines to be under arms; the third to fortify the camp. This
 place was distant from the enemy about 600 paces, as has been stated.
 Thither Ariovistus sent light troops, about 16,000 men in
 number, with all his cavalry; which forces were to intimidate our men, and
 hinder them in their fortification. Caesar 
 nevertheless, as he had before arranged, ordered two lines to drive off the
 enemy: the third to execute the work. The camp being fortified, he left there
 two legions and a portion of the auxiliaries; and led back the other four
 legions into the larger camp. The next day, according to his custom, Caesar led out
 his forces from both camps, and having advanced a little from the larger one,
 drew up his line of battle, and gave the enemy an opportunity of fighting. When
 he found that they did not even then come out [from their intrenchments,] he led
 back his army into camp about noon. Then at last Ariovistus sent
 part of his forces to attack the lesser camp. The battle was vigorously
 maintained on both sides till the evening. At sunset, after many wounds had been
 inflicted and received, Ariovistus led back his forces into camp.
 When Caesar inquired of his prisoners, wherefore
 Ariovistus did not come to an engagement, he discovered this to
 be the reason-that among the Germans it was the
 custom for their matrons to pronounce from lots and divination, whether it were
 expedient that the battle should be engaged in or not; that they had said, "that
 it was not the will of heaven that the Germans should
 conquer, if they engaged in battle before the new moon." The day following, Caesar left what seemed sufficient as
 a guard for both camps; [and then] drew up all the auxiliaries in sight of the
 enemy, before the lesser camp, because he was not very powerful in the number of
 legionary soldiers, considering the number of the enemy; that [thereby] he might
 make use of his auxiliaries for appearance. He himself, having drawn up his army
 in three lines, advanced to the camp of the enemy. Then at last of necessity the
 Germans drew their forces out of camp, and
 disposed them canton by canton, at equal distances, the Harudes ,
 Marcomanni , Tribocci , Vangiones ,
 Nemetes , Sedusii , Suevi ; and
 surrounded their whole army with their chariots and wagons, that no hope might
 be left in flight. On these they placed their women, who, with disheveled hair
 and in tears, entreated the soldiers, as they went forward to battle, not to
 deliver them into slavery to the Romans . Caesar appointed over each legion a lieutenant and a
 questor, that every one might have them as witnesses of his valor. He himself
 began the battle at the head of the right wing, because he had observed that
 part of the enemy to be the least strong. Accordingly our men, upon the signal
 being given, vigorously made an attack upon the enemy, and the enemy so suddenly
 and rapidly rushed forward, that there was no time for casting the javelins at
 them. Throwing aside [therefore] their javelins, they fought with swords hand to
 hand. But the Germans , according to their custom,
 rapidly forming a phalanx, sustained the attack of our swords. There were found
 very many of our soldiers who leaped upon the phalanx, and with their hands tore
 away the shields, and wounded the enemy from above. Although the army of the
 enemy was routed on the left wing and put to flight, they [still] pressed
 heavily on our men from the right wing, by the great number of their troops. On
 observing which, P. Crassus , a young man, who commanded
 the cavalry-as he was more disengaged than those who were employed in the
 fight-sent the third line as a relief to our men who were in distress.
 Thereupon the engagement was renewed, and all the enemy turned their backs, nor
 did they cease to flee until they arrived at the river Rhine , about fifty miles from that place. There some few, either relying on
 their strength, endeavored to swim over, or, finding boats, procured their
 safety. Among the latter was Ariovistus , who meeting with a small
 vessel tied to the bank, escaped in it; our horse pursued and slew all the rest
 of them. Ariovistus had two wives, one a Suevan by
 nation, whom he brought with him from home; the other a Norican ,
 the sister of king Vocion , whom he had married in Gaul , she having been sent [thither for that purpose] by her
 brother. Both perished in that flight. Of their two daughters, one was slain,
 the other captured. C. Valerius Procillus , as he was
 being dragged by his guards in the fight, bound with a triple chain, fell into
 the hands of Caesar himself, as he was pursuing the
 enemy with his cavalry. This circumstance indeed afforded Caesar no less pleasure than the victory itself; because he saw a
 man of the first rank in the province of Gaul , his intimate acquaintance
 and friend, rescued from the hand of the enemy, and restored to him, and that
 fortune had not diminished aught of the joy and exultation [of that day] by his
 destruction. He [Procillus] said that, in his own presence, the
 lots had been thrice consulted respecting him, whether he should immediately be
 put to death by fire, or be reserved for another time: that by the favor of the
 lots he was uninjured. M. Mettius , also, was found and
 brought back to him [Caesar .] This battle having been reported beyond the Rhine , the Suevi , who had come to the banks of that river, began
 to return home, when the Ubii , who dwelt nearest to the Rhine , pursuing them, while much alarmed, slew a great number of them. Caesar having concluded two very important wars in one
 campaign, conducted his army into winter quarters among the
 Sequani , a little earlier than the season of the year required. He
 appointed Labienus over the winter-quarters, and set out in person
 for Hither Gaul to hold the assizes.

In [13]:

    

from IPython.display import IFrame
IFrame('http://cts.dh.uni-leipzig.de/read/latinLit/phi0448/phi001/perseus-lat2/1', width=1000, height=350)


    

    
Out[13]:





        
        

In [51]:

    

len(de_bello_gallico_en_book1.split(" "))


    

    
Out[51]:





13904

In [15]:

    

"T".istitle()


    

    
Out[15]:





True

In [16]:

    

"t".istitle()


    

    
Out[16]:





False

In [52]:

    

# we need a list to store the tagged tokens
tagged_tokens = []

# tokenisation is done by using the string method `split(" ")` 
# that splits a string upon white spaces
for n, token in enumerate(de_bello_gallico_en_book1.split(" ")):
    if(token.istitle()):
        tagged_tokens.append((token, "Entity"))
    else:
        tagged_tokens.append((token, "O"))


    

In [53]:

    

tagged_tokens[:50]


    

    
Out[53]:





[('All', 'Entity'),
 ('Gaul', 'Entity'),
 ('is', 'O'),
 ('divided', 'O'),
 ('into', 'O'),
 ('three', 'O'),
 ('parts,', 'O'),
 ('one', 'O'),
 ('of', 'O'),
 ('which', 'O'),
 ('the', 'O'),
 ('Belgae', 'Entity'),
 ('inhabit,', 'O'),
 ('the', 'O'),
 ('Aquitani', 'Entity'),
 ('\n', 'O'),
 ('another,', 'O'),
 ('those', 'O'),
 ('who', 'O'),
 ('in', 'O'),
 ('their', 'O'),
 ('own', 'O'),
 ('language', 'O'),
 ('are', 'O'),
 ('called', 'O'),
 ('Celts', 'Entity'),
 (',', 'O'),
 ('in', 'O'),
 ('our', 'O'),
 ('Gauls', 'Entity'),
 (',', 'O'),
 ('the', 'O'),
 ('third.', 'O'),
 ('All', 'Entity'),
 ('these\n', 'O'),
 ('differ', 'O'),
 ('from', 'O'),
 ('each', 'O'),
 ('other', 'O'),
 ('in', 'O'),
 ('language,', 'O'),
 ('customs', 'O'),
 ('and', 'O'),
 ('laws.', 'O'),
 ('The', 'Entity'),
 ('river', 'O'),
 ('Garonne', 'Entity'),
 ('separates', 'O'),
 ('the', 'O'),
 ('Gauls', 'Entity')]

In [19]:

    

def extract_baseline(input_text):
    """
    :param input_text: the text to tag (string)
    :return: a list of tuples, where tuple[0] is the token and tuple[1] is the named entity tag
    """
    # we need a list to store the tagged tokens
    tagged_tokens = []

    # tokenisation is done by using the string method `split(" ")` 
    # that splits a string upon white spaces
    for n, token in enumerate(input_text.split(" ")):
        if(token.istitle()):
            tagged_tokens.append((token, "Entity"))
        else:
            tagged_tokens.append((token, "O")) 
    return tagged_tokens


    

In [20]:

    

tagged_tokens_baseline = extract_baseline(de_bello_gallico_book1)


    

In [21]:

    

tagged_tokens_baseline[-50:]


    

    
Out[21]:





[('Rheni', 'Entity'),
 ('venerant,', 'O'),
 ('domum', 'O'),
 ('reverti', 'O'),
 ('coeperunt;', 'O'),
 ('quos', 'O'),
 ('ubi', 'O'),
 ('qui', 'O'),
 ('proximi', 'O'),
 ('Rhenum', 'Entity'),
 ('incolunt', 'O'),
 ('perterritos', 'O'),
 ('senserunt,', 'O'),
 ('insecuti', 'O'),
 ('magnum', 'O'),
 ('ex', 'O'),
 ('iis', 'O'),
 ('numerum', 'O'),
 ('occiderunt.', 'O'),
 ('Caesar', 'Entity'),
 ('una', 'O'),
 ('aestate', 'O'),
 ('duobus', 'O'),
 ('maximis', 'O'),
 ('bellis', 'O'),
 ('confectis', 'O'),
 ('maturius', 'O'),
 ('paulo', 'O'),
 ('quam', 'O'),
 ('tempus', 'O'),
 ('anni', 'O'),
 ('postulabat', 'O'),
 ('in', 'O'),
 ('hiberna', 'O'),
 ('in', 'O'),
 ('Sequanos', 'Entity'),
 ('exercitum', 'O'),
 ('deduxit;', 'O'),
 ('hibernis', 'O'),
 ('Labienum', 'Entity'),
 ('praeposuit;', 'O'),
 ('ipse', 'O'),
 ('in', 'O'),
 ('citeriorem', 'O'),
 ('Galliam', 'Entity'),
 ('ad', 'O'),
 ('conventus', 'O'),
 ('agendos', 'O'),
 ('profectus', 'O'),
 ('est.', 'O')]

In [22]:

    

def extract_baseline(input_text):
    """
    :param input_text: the text to tag (string)
    :return: a list of tuples, where tuple[0] is the token and tuple[1] is the named entity tag
    """
    # we need a list to store the tagged tokens
    tagged_tokens = []

    # tokenisation is done by using the string method `split(" ")` 
    # that splits a string upon white spaces
    for n, token in enumerate(input_text.split(" ")):
        if(token.istitle()):
            tagged_tokens.append((token, "Entity"))
            context = input_text.split(" ")[n-5:n+5]
            print("Found entity \"%s\" in context \"%s\""%(token, " ".join(context)))
        else:
            tagged_tokens.append((token, "O"))  
    return tagged_tokens


    

In [23]:

    

tagged_text_baseline = extract_baseline(de_bello_gallico_book1)


    

    




Found entity "Gallia" in context ""
Found entity "Belgae," in context "partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui"
Found entity "Aquitani," in context "quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua"
Found entity "Celtae," in context "Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Hi"
Found entity "Galli" in context "qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua,"
Found entity "Hi" in context "lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus"
Found entity "Gallos" in context "institutis, legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen,"
Found entity "Aquitanis" in context "inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis"
Found entity "Garumna" in context "se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona"
Found entity "Belgis" in context "ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit."
Found entity "Matrona" in context "Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit. Horum"
Found entity "Sequana" in context "flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit. Horum omnium fortissimi"
Found entity "Horum" in context "Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit. Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae,"
Found entity "Belgae," in context "dividit. Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu"
Found entity "Germanis," in context "animos pertinent important, proximique sunt Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt,"
Found entity "Rhenum" in context "proximique sunt Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum"
Found entity "Qua" in context "incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. Qua de causa Helvetii quoque"
Found entity "Helvetii" in context "bellum gerunt. Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute"
Found entity "Gallos" in context "de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere"
Found entity "Germanis" in context "quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum aut suis"
Found entity "[Eorum" in context "in eorum finibus bellum gerunt. [Eorum una, pars, quam Gallos"
Found entity "Gallos" in context "gerunt. [Eorum una, pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium"
Found entity "Rhodano," in context "est, initium capit a flumine Rhodano, continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano,"
Found entity "Garumna" in context "capit a flumine Rhodano, continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum,"
Found entity "Oceano," in context "flumine Rhodano, continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum, attingit etiam"
Found entity "Belgarum," in context "continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum, attingit etiam ab Sequanis"
Found entity "Sequanis" in context "finibus Belgarum, attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum,"
Found entity "Helvetiis" in context "attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, vergit ad"
Found entity "Rhenum," in context "ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, vergit ad septentriones. Belgae"
Found entity "Belgae" in context "flumen Rhenum, vergit ad septentriones. Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus"
Found entity "Galliae" in context "ad septentriones. Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur, pertinent ad"
Found entity "Rheni," in context "pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni, spectant in septentrionem et"
Found entity "Aquitania" in context "in septentrionem et orientem solem. Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad"
Found entity "Garumna" in context "et orientem solem. Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes"
Found entity "Pyrenaeos" in context "Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et eam partem"
Found entity "Oceani" in context "Pyrenaeos montes et eam partem Oceani quae est ad Hispaniam"
Found entity "Hispaniam" in context "partem Oceani quae est ad Hispaniam pertinet; spectat inter occasum"
Found entity "Apud" in context "inter occasum solis et septentriones.] Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus fuit"
Found entity "Helvetios" in context "occasum solis et septentriones.] Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus fuit et"
Found entity "Orgetorix." in context "longe nobilissimus fuit et ditissimus Orgetorix. Is M. Messala, [et"
Found entity "Is" in context "nobilissimus fuit et ditissimus Orgetorix. Is M. Messala, [et P.]"
Found entity "M." in context "fuit et ditissimus Orgetorix. Is M. Messala, [et P.] M."
Found entity "Messala," in context "et ditissimus Orgetorix. Is M. Messala, [et P.] M. Pisone"
Found entity "P.]" in context "Orgetorix. Is M. Messala, [et P.] M. Pisone consulibus regni"
Found entity "M." in context "Is M. Messala, [et P.] M. Pisone consulibus regni cupiditate"
Found entity "Pisone" in context "M. Messala, [et P.] M. Pisone consulibus regni cupiditate inductus"
Found entity "Galliae" in context "cum virtute omnibus praestarent, totius Galliae imperio potiri. Id hoc"
Found entity "Id" in context "praestarent, totius Galliae imperio potiri. Id hoc facilius iis persuasit,"
Found entity "Helvetii" in context "persuasit, quod undique loci natura Helvetii continentur: una ex parte"
Found entity "Rheno" in context "continentur: una ex parte flumine Rheno latissimo atque altissimo, qui"
Found entity "Helvetium" in context "latissimo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanis dividit; altera"
Found entity "Germanis" in context "altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanis dividit; altera ex parte"
Found entity "Iura" in context "dividit; altera ex parte monte Iura altissimo, qui est inter"
Found entity "Sequanos" in context "Iura altissimo, qui est inter Sequanos et Helvetios; tertia lacu"
Found entity "Helvetios;" in context "qui est inter Sequanos et Helvetios; tertia lacu Lemanno et"
Found entity "Lemanno" in context "Sequanos et Helvetios; tertia lacu Lemanno et flumine Rhodano, qui"
Found entity "Rhodano," in context "tertia lacu Lemanno et flumine Rhodano, qui provinciam nostram ab"
Found entity "Helvetiis" in context "Rhodano, qui provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis dividit. His rebus fiebat"
Found entity "His" in context "provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis dividit. His rebus fiebat ut et"
Found entity "Pro" in context "bellandi cupidi magno dolore adficiebantur. Pro multitudine autem hominum et"
Found entity "His" in context "CCXL, in latitudinem CLXXX patebant. His rebus adducti et auctoritate"
Found entity "Orgetorigis" in context "His rebus adducti et auctoritate Orgetorigis permoti constituerunt ea quae"
Found entity "Ad" in context "civitatibus pacem et amicitiam confirmare. Ad eas res conficiendas biennium"
Found entity "Ad" in context "tertium annum profectionem lege confirmant. Ad eas res conficiendas Orgetorix"
Found entity "Orgetorix" in context "confirmant. Ad eas res conficiendas Orgetorix deligitur. Is sibi legationem"
Found entity "Is" in context "eas res conficiendas Orgetorix deligitur. Is sibi legationem ad civitates"
Found entity "In" in context "sibi legationem ad civitates suscipit. In eo itinere persuadet Castico,"
Found entity "Castico," in context "suscipit. In eo itinere persuadet Castico, Catamantaloedis filio, Sequano, cuius"
Found entity "Catamantaloedis" in context "In eo itinere persuadet Castico, Catamantaloedis filio, Sequano, cuius pater"
Found entity "Sequano," in context "itinere persuadet Castico, Catamantaloedis filio, Sequano, cuius pater regnum in"
Found entity "Sequanis" in context "Sequano, cuius pater regnum in Sequanis multos annos obtinuerat et"
Found entity "Romani" in context "obtinuerat et a senatu populi Romani amicus appellatus erat, ut"
Found entity "Dumnorigi" in context "quod pater ante habuerit; itemque Dumnorigi Haeduo, fratri Diviciaci, qui"
Found entity "Haeduo," in context "pater ante habuerit; itemque Dumnorigi Haeduo, fratri Diviciaci, qui eo"
Found entity "Diviciaci," in context "habuerit; itemque Dumnorigi Haeduo, fratri Diviciaci, qui eo tempore principatum"
Found entity "Perfacile" in context "filiam suam in matrimonium dat. Perfacile factu esse illis probat"
Found entity "Galliae" in context "non esse dubium quin totius Galliae plurimum Helvetii possent; se"
Found entity "Helvetii" in context "dubium quin totius Galliae plurimum Helvetii possent; se suis copiis"
Found entity "Hac" in context "exercitu illis regna conciliaturum confirmat. Hac oratione adducti inter se"
Found entity "Galliae" in context "potentissimos ac firmissimos populos totius Galliae sese potiri posse sperant."
Found entity "Ea" in context "Galliae sese potiri posse sperant. Ea res est Helvetiis per"
Found entity "Helvetiis" in context "posse sperant. Ea res est Helvetiis per indicium enuntiata. Moribus"
Found entity "Moribus" in context "est Helvetiis per indicium enuntiata. Moribus suis Orgetoricem ex vinculis"
Found entity "Orgetoricem" in context "per indicium enuntiata. Moribus suis Orgetoricem ex vinculis causam dicere"
Found entity "Die" in context "sequi oportebat, ut igni cremaretur. Die constituta causae dictionis Orgetorix"
Found entity "Orgetorix" in context "cremaretur. Die constituta causae dictionis Orgetorix ad iudicium omnem suam"
Found entity "Cum" in context "ne causam diceret se eripuit. Cum civitas ob eam rem"
Found entity "Orgetorix" in context "hominum ex agris magistratus cogerent, Orgetorix mortuus est; neque abest"
Found entity "Helvetii" in context "est; neque abest suspicio, ut Helvetii arbitrantur, quin ipse sibi"
Found entity "Post" in context "quin ipse sibi mortem consciverit. Post eius mortem nihilo minus"
Found entity "Helvetii" in context "Post eius mortem nihilo minus Helvetii id quod constituerant facere"
Found entity "Ubi" in context "ut e finibus suis exeant. Ubi iam se ad eam"
Found entity "Persuadent" in context "sibi quemque domo efferre iubent. Persuadent Rauracis et Tulingis et"
Found entity "Rauracis" in context "quemque domo efferre iubent. Persuadent Rauracis et Tulingis et Latobrigis"
Found entity "Tulingis" in context "efferre iubent. Persuadent Rauracis et Tulingis et Latobrigis finitimis, uti"
Found entity "Latobrigis" in context "Persuadent Rauracis et Tulingis et Latobrigis finitimis, uti eodem usi"
Found entity "Boiosque," in context "exustis una cum iis proficiscantur, Boiosque, qui trans Rhenum incoluerant"
Found entity "Rhenum" in context "iis proficiscantur, Boiosque, qui trans Rhenum incoluerant et in agrum"
Found entity "Noricum" in context "Rhenum incoluerant et in agrum Noricum transierant Noreiamque oppugnabant, receptos"
Found entity "Noreiamque" in context "et in agrum Noricum transierant Noreiamque oppugnabant, receptos ad se"
Found entity "Erant" in context "ad se socios sibi adsciscunt. Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus"
Found entity "Sequanos," in context "domo exire possent: unum per Sequanos, angustum et difficile, inter"
Found entity "Iuram" in context "angustum et difficile, inter montem Iuram et flumen Rhodanum, vix"
Found entity "Rhodanum," in context "inter montem Iuram et flumen Rhodanum, vix qua singuli carri"
Found entity "Helvetiorum" in context "expeditius, propterea quod inter fines Helvetiorum et Allobrogum, qui nuper"
Found entity "Allobrogum," in context "quod inter fines Helvetiorum et Allobrogum, qui nuper pacati erant,"
Found entity "Rhodanus" in context "Allobrogum, qui nuper pacati erant, Rhodanus fluit isque non nullis"
Found entity "Extremum" in context "non nullis locis vado transitur. Extremum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque"
Found entity "Allobrogum" in context "locis vado transitur. Extremum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque Helvetiorum finibus"
Found entity "Helvetiorum" in context "Extremum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque Helvetiorum finibus Genava. Ex eo"
Found entity "Genava." in context "Allobrogum est proximumque Helvetiorum finibus Genava. Ex eo oppido pons"
Found entity "Ex" in context "est proximumque Helvetiorum finibus Genava. Ex eo oppido pons ad"
Found entity "Helvetios" in context "Ex eo oppido pons ad Helvetios pertinet. Allobrogibus sese vel"
Found entity "Allobrogibus" in context "oppido pons ad Helvetios pertinet. Allobrogibus sese vel persuasuros, quod"
Found entity "Romanum" in context "nondum bono animo in populum Romanum viderentur, existimabant vel vi"
Found entity "Omnibus" in context "suos fines eos ire paterentur. Omnibus rebus ad profectionem comparatis"
Found entity "Rhodani" in context "dicunt, qua die ad ripam Rhodani omnes conveniant. 
is dies"
Found entity "V." in context "
is dies erat a. d. V. Kal. Apr. L. Pisone,"
Found entity "Kal." in context "dies erat a. d. V. Kal. Apr. L. Pisone, A."
Found entity "Apr." in context "erat a. d. V. Kal. Apr. L. Pisone, A. Gabinio"
Found entity "L." in context "a. d. V. Kal. Apr. L. Pisone, A. Gabinio consulibus."
Found entity "Pisone," in context "d. V. Kal. Apr. L. Pisone, A. Gabinio consulibus. Caesari"
Found entity "A." in context "V. Kal. Apr. L. Pisone, A. Gabinio consulibus. Caesari cum"
Found entity "Gabinio" in context "Kal. Apr. L. Pisone, A. Gabinio consulibus. Caesari cum id"
Found entity "Caesari" in context "L. Pisone, A. Gabinio consulibus. Caesari cum id nuntiatum esset,"
Found entity "Galliam" in context "quam maximis potest itineribus in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et ad"
Found entity "Genavam" in context "Galliam ulteriorem contendit et ad Genavam pervenit. Provinciae toti quam"
Found entity "Provinciae" in context "contendit et ad Genavam pervenit. Provinciae toti quam maximum potest"
Found entity "Gallia" in context "numerum imperat (erat omnino in Gallia ulteriore legio una), pontem,"
Found entity "Genavam," in context "una), pontem, qui erat ad Genavam, iubet rescindi. Ubi de"
Found entity "Ubi" in context "erat ad Genavam, iubet rescindi. Ubi de eius aventu Helvetii"
Found entity "Helvetii" in context "rescindi. Ubi de eius aventu Helvetii certiores facti sunt, legatos"
Found entity "Nammeius" in context "mittunt nobilissimos civitatis, cuius legationis Nammeius et Verucloetius principem locum"
Found entity "Verucloetius" in context "civitatis, cuius legationis Nammeius et Verucloetius principem locum obtinebant, qui"
Found entity "Caesar," in context "voluntate id sibi facere liceat. Caesar, quod memoria tenebat L."
Found entity "L." in context "liceat. Caesar, quod memoria tenebat L. Cassium consulem occisum exercitumque"
Found entity "Cassium" in context "Caesar, quod memoria tenebat L. Cassium consulem occisum exercitumque eius"
Found entity "Helvetiis" in context "consulem occisum exercitumque eius ab Helvetiis pulsum et sub iugum"
Found entity "Tamen," in context "ab iniuria et maleficio existimabat. Tamen, ut spatium intercedere posset"
Found entity "Id." in context "sumpturum: si quid vellent, ad Id. April. reverterentur. Interea ea"
Found entity "April." in context "si quid vellent, ad Id. April. reverterentur. Interea ea legione"
Found entity "Interea" in context "vellent, ad Id. April. reverterentur. Interea ea legione quam secum"
Found entity "Lemanno," in context "ex provincia convenerant, a lacu Lemanno, qui in flumen Rhodanum"
Found entity "Rhodanum" in context "lacu Lemanno, qui in flumen Rhodanum influit, ad montem Iuram,"
Found entity "Iuram," in context "flumen Rhodanum influit, ad montem Iuram, qui fines Sequanorum ab"
Found entity "Sequanorum" in context "ad montem Iuram, qui fines Sequanorum ab Helvetiis dividit, milia"
Found entity "Helvetiis" in context "Iuram, qui fines Sequanorum ab Helvetiis dividit, milia passuum XVIIII"
Found entity "Eo" in context "altitudinem pedum sedecim fossamque perducit. Eo opere perfecto praesidia disponit,"
Found entity "Ubi" in context "invito transire conentur, prohibere possit. Ubi ea dies quam constituerat"
Found entity "Romani" in context "se more et exemplo populi Romani posse iter ulli per"
Found entity "Helvetii" in context "vim facere conentur, prohibiturum ostendit. Helvetii ea spe deiecti navibus"
Found entity "Rhodani," in context "ratibusque compluribus factis, alii vadis Rhodani, qua minima altitudo fluminis"
Found entity "Relinquebatur" in context "telis repulsi, hoc conatu destiterunt. Relinquebatur una per Sequanos via,"
Found entity "Sequanos" in context "conatu destiterunt. Relinquebatur una per Sequanos via, qua Sequanis invitis"
Found entity "Sequanis" in context "una per Sequanos via, qua Sequanis invitis propter angustias ire"
Found entity "His" in context "propter angustias ire non poterant. His cum sua sponte persuadere"
Found entity "Dumnorigem" in context "persuadere non possent, legatos ad Dumnorigem Haeduum mittunt, ut eo"
Found entity "Haeduum" in context "non possent, legatos ad Dumnorigem Haeduum mittunt, ut eo deprecatore"
Found entity "Sequanis" in context "mittunt, ut eo deprecatore a Sequanis impetrarent. Dumnorix gratia et"
Found entity "Dumnorix" in context "eo deprecatore a Sequanis impetrarent. Dumnorix gratia et largitione apud"
Found entity "Sequanos" in context "Dumnorix gratia et largitione apud Sequanos plurimum poterat et Helvetiis"
Found entity "Helvetiis" in context "apud Sequanos plurimum poterat et Helvetiis erat amicus, quod ex"
Found entity "Orgetorigis" in context "amicus, quod ex ea civitate Orgetorigis filiam in matrimonium duxerat,"
Found entity "Itaque" in context "suo beneficio habere obstrictas volebat. Itaque rem suscipit et a"
Found entity "Sequanis" in context "Itaque rem suscipit et a Sequanis impetrat ut per fines"
Found entity "Helvetios" in context "impetrat ut per fines suos Helvetios ire patiantur, obsidesque uti"
Found entity "Sequani," in context "uti inter sese dent perficit: Sequani, ne itinere Helvetios prohibeant,"
Found entity "Helvetios" in context "dent perficit: Sequani, ne itinere Helvetios prohibeant, Helvetii, ut sine"
Found entity "Helvetii," in context "Sequani, ne itinere Helvetios prohibeant, Helvetii, ut sine maleficio et"
Found entity "Caesari" in context "sine maleficio et iniuria transeant. Caesari renuntiatur Helvetiis esse in"
Found entity "Helvetiis" in context "et iniuria transeant. Caesari renuntiatur Helvetiis esse in animo per"
Found entity "Sequanorum" in context "esse in animo per agrum Sequanorum et Haeduorum iter in"
Found entity "Haeduorum" in context "animo per agrum Sequanorum et Haeduorum iter in Santonum fines"
Found entity "Santonum" in context "Sequanorum et Haeduorum iter in Santonum fines facere, qui non"
Found entity "Tolosatium" in context "facere, qui non longe a Tolosatium finibus absunt, quae civitas"
Found entity "Id" in context "quae civitas est in provincia. Id si fieret, intellegebat magno"
Found entity "Romani" in context "futurum ut homines bellicosos, populi Romani inimicos, locis patentibus maximeque"
Found entity "Ob" in context "patentibus maximeque frumentariis finitimos haberet. Ob eas causas ei munitioni"
Found entity "T." in context "causas ei munitioni quam fecerat T. Labienum legatum praeficit; ipse"
Found entity "Labienum" in context "ei munitioni quam fecerat T. Labienum legatum praeficit; ipse in"
Found entity "Italiam" in context "Labienum legatum praeficit; ipse in Italiam magnis itineribus contendit duasque"
Found entity "Aquileiam" in context "conscribit et tres, quae circum Aquileiam hiemabant, ex hibernis educit"
Found entity "Galliam" in context "qua proximum iter in ulteriorem Galliam per Alpes erat, cum"
Found entity "Alpes" in context "iter in ulteriorem Galliam per Alpes erat, cum his quinque"
Found entity "Ibi" in context "his quinque legionibus ire contendit. Ibi Ceutrones et Graioceli et"
Found entity "Ceutrones" in context "quinque legionibus ire contendit. Ibi Ceutrones et Graioceli et Caturiges"
Found entity "Graioceli" in context "ire contendit. Ibi Ceutrones et Graioceli et Caturiges locis superioribus"
Found entity "Caturiges" in context "Ibi Ceutrones et Graioceli et Caturiges locis superioribus occupatis itinere"
Found entity "Compluribus" in context "occupatis itinere exercitum prohibere conantur. Compluribus his proeliis pulsis ab"
Found entity "Ocelo," in context "Compluribus his proeliis pulsis ab Ocelo, quod est oppidum citerioris"
Found entity "Vocontiorum" in context "citerioris provinciae extremum, in fines Vocontiorum ulterioris provinciae die septimo"
Found entity "Allobrogum" in context "die septimo pervenit; inde in Allobrogum fines, ab Allobrogibus in"
Found entity "Allobrogibus" in context "inde in Allobrogum fines, ab Allobrogibus in Segusiavos exercitum ducit."
Found entity "Segusiavos" in context "Allobrogum fines, ab Allobrogibus in Segusiavos exercitum ducit. Hi sunt"
Found entity "Hi" in context "Allobrogibus in Segusiavos exercitum ducit. Hi sunt extra provinciam trans"
Found entity "Rhodanum" in context "Hi sunt extra provinciam trans Rhodanum primi. Helvetii iam per"
Found entity "Helvetii" in context "extra provinciam trans Rhodanum primi. Helvetii iam per angustias et"
Found entity "Sequanorum" in context "iam per angustias et fines Sequanorum suas copias traduxerant et"
Found entity "Haeduorum" in context "suas copias traduxerant et in Haeduorum fines pervenerant eorumque agros"
Found entity "Haedui," in context "fines pervenerant eorumque agros populabantur. Haedui, cum se suaque ab"
Found entity "Caesarem" in context "defendere non possent, legatos ad Caesarem mittunt rogatum auxilium: ita"
Found entity "Romano" in context "se omni tempore de populo Romano meritos esse ut paene"
Found entity "Eodem" in context "abduci, oppida expugnari non debuerint. Eodem tempore quo Haedui Ambarri,"
Found entity "Haedui" in context "non debuerint. Eodem tempore quo Haedui Ambarri, necessarii et consanguinei"
Found entity "Ambarri," in context "debuerint. Eodem tempore quo Haedui Ambarri, necessarii et consanguinei Haeduorum,"
Found entity "Haeduorum," in context "Haedui Ambarri, necessarii et consanguinei Haeduorum, Caesarem certiorem faciunt sese"
Found entity "Caesarem" in context "Ambarri, necessarii et consanguinei Haeduorum, Caesarem certiorem faciunt sese depopulatis"
Found entity "Item" in context "ab oppidis vim hostium prohibere. Item Allobroges, qui trans Rhodanum"
Found entity "Allobroges," in context "oppidis vim hostium prohibere. Item Allobroges, qui trans Rhodanum vicos"
Found entity "Rhodanum" in context "prohibere. Item Allobroges, qui trans Rhodanum vicos possessionesque habebant, fuga"
Found entity "Caesarem" in context "possessionesque habebant, fuga se ad Caesarem recipiunt et demonstrant sibi"
Found entity "Quibus" in context "agri solum nihil esse reliqui. Quibus rebus adductus Caesar non"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "esse reliqui. Quibus rebus adductus Caesar non expectandum sibi statuit"
Found entity "Santonos" in context "omnibus, fortunis sociorum consumptis, in Santonos Helvetii pervenirent. Flumen est"
Found entity "Helvetii" in context "fortunis sociorum consumptis, in Santonos Helvetii pervenirent. Flumen est Arar,"
Found entity "Flumen" in context "consumptis, in Santonos Helvetii pervenirent. Flumen est Arar, quod per"
Found entity "Arar," in context "Santonos Helvetii pervenirent. Flumen est Arar, quod per fines Haeduorum"
Found entity "Haeduorum" in context "est Arar, quod per fines Haeduorum et Sequanorum in Rhodanum"
Found entity "Sequanorum" in context "quod per fines Haeduorum et Sequanorum in Rhodanum influit, incredibili"
Found entity "Rhodanum" in context "fines Haeduorum et Sequanorum in Rhodanum influit, incredibili lenitate, ita"
Found entity "Id" in context "partem fluat iudicari non possit. Id Helvetii ratibus ac lintribus"
Found entity "Helvetii" in context "fluat iudicari non possit. Id Helvetii ratibus ac lintribus iunctis"
Found entity "Ubi" in context "ratibus ac lintribus iunctis transibant. Ubi per exploratores Caesar certior"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "iunctis transibant. Ubi per exploratores Caesar certior factus est tres"
Found entity "Helvetios" in context "est tres iam partes copiarum Helvetios id flumen traduxisse, quartam"
Found entity "Ararim" in context "quartam vero partem citra flumen Ararim reliquam esse, de tertia"
Found entity "Eos" in context "pervenit quae nondum flumen transierat. Eos impeditos et inopinantes adgressus"
Found entity "Is" in context "atque in proximas silvas abdiderunt. Is pagus appellabatur Tigurinus; nam"
Found entity "Tigurinus;" in context "silvas abdiderunt. Is pagus appellabatur Tigurinus; nam omnis civitas Helvetia"
Found entity "Helvetia" in context "appellabatur Tigurinus; nam omnis civitas Helvetia in quattuor pagos divisa"
Found entity "Hic" in context "in quattuor pagos divisa est. Hic pagus unus, cum domo"
Found entity "L." in context "domo exisset, patrum nostrorum memoria L. Cassium consulem interfecerat et"
Found entity "Cassium" in context "exisset, patrum nostrorum memoria L. Cassium consulem interfecerat et eius"
Found entity "Ita" in context "eius exercitum sub iugum miserat. Ita sive casu sive consilio"
Found entity "Helvetiae" in context "deorum immortalium quae pars civitatis Helvetiae insignem calamitatem populo Romano"
Found entity "Romano" in context "civitatis Helvetiae insignem calamitatem populo Romano intulerat, ea princeps poenam"
Found entity "Qua" in context "intulerat, ea princeps poenam persolvit. Qua in re Caesar non"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "poenam persolvit. Qua in re Caesar non solum publicas, sed"
Found entity "L." in context "ultus est, quod eius soceri L. Pisonis avum, L. Pisonem"
Found entity "Pisonis" in context "est, quod eius soceri L. Pisonis avum, L. Pisonem legatum,"
Found entity "L." in context "eius soceri L. Pisonis avum, L. Pisonem legatum, Tigurini eodem"
Found entity "Pisonem" in context "soceri L. Pisonis avum, L. Pisonem legatum, Tigurini eodem proelio"
Found entity "Tigurini" in context "Pisonis avum, L. Pisonem legatum, Tigurini eodem proelio quo Cassium"
Found entity "Cassium" in context "legatum, Tigurini eodem proelio quo Cassium interfecerant. Hoc proelio facto,"
Found entity "Hoc" in context "eodem proelio quo Cassium interfecerant. Hoc proelio facto, reliquas copias"
Found entity "Helvetiorum" in context "Hoc proelio facto, reliquas copias Helvetiorum ut consequi posset, pontem"
Found entity "Arari" in context "ut consequi posset, pontem in Arari faciendum curat atque ita"
Found entity "Helvetii" in context "curat atque ita exercitum traducit. Helvetii repentino eius adventu commoti"
Found entity "Divico" in context "ad eum mittunt; cuius legationis Divico princeps fuit, qui bello"
Found entity "Cassiano" in context "Divico princeps fuit, qui bello Cassiano dux Helvetiorum fuerat. Is"
Found entity "Helvetiorum" in context "fuit, qui bello Cassiano dux Helvetiorum fuerat. Is ita cum"
Found entity "Is" in context "bello Cassiano dux Helvetiorum fuerat. Is ita cum Caesare egit:"
Found entity "Caesare" in context "Helvetiorum fuerat. Is ita cum Caesare egit: si pacem populus"
Found entity "Romanus" in context "Caesare egit: si pacem populus Romanus cum Helvetiis faceret, in"
Found entity "Helvetiis" in context "si pacem populus Romanus cum Helvetiis faceret, in eam partem"
Found entity "Helvetios" in context "partem ituros atque ibi futuros Helvetios ubi eos Caesar constituisset"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "ibi futuros Helvetios ubi eos Caesar constituisset atque esse voluisset;"
Found entity "Romani" in context "reminisceretur et veteris incommodi populi Romani et pristinae virtutis Helvetiorum."
Found entity "Helvetiorum." in context "populi Romani et pristinae virtutis Helvetiorum. Quod improviso unum pagum"
Found entity "Quod" in context "Romani et pristinae virtutis Helvetiorum. Quod improviso unum pagum adortus"
Found entity "Se" in context "virtuti tribueret aut ipsos despiceret. Se ita a patribus maioribusque"
Found entity "Quare" in context "quam dolo aut insidiis niterentur. Quare ne committeret ut is"
Found entity "Romani" in context "ubi constitissent ex calamitate populi Romani et internecione exercitus nomen"
Found entity "His" in context "nomen caperet aut memoriam proderet. His Caesar ita respondit: eo"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "caperet aut memoriam proderet. His Caesar ita respondit: eo sibi"
Found entity "Helvetii" in context "quod eas res quas legati Helvetii commemorassent memoria teneret, atque"
Found entity "Romani" in context "ferre quo minus merito populi Romani accidissent; qui si alicuius"
Found entity "Quod" in context "neque sine causa timendum putaret. Quod si veteris contumeliae oblivisci"
Found entity "Haeduos," in context "provinciam per vim temptassent, quod Haeduos, quod Ambarros, quod Allobrogas"
Found entity "Ambarros," in context "vim temptassent, quod Haeduos, quod Ambarros, quod Allobrogas vexassent, memoriam"
Found entity "Allobrogas" in context "quod Haeduos, quod Ambarros, quod Allobrogas vexassent, memoriam deponere posse?"
Found entity "Quod" in context "Allobrogas vexassent, memoriam deponere posse? Quod sua victoria tam insolenter"
Found entity "Consuesse" in context "iniurias tulisse admirarentur, eodem pertinere. Consuesse enim deos immortales, quo"
Found entity "Cum" in context "res et diuturniorem impunitatem concedere. Cum ea ita sint, tamen,"
Found entity "Haeduis" in context "polliceantur facturos intellegat, et si Haeduis de iniuriis quas ipsis"
Found entity "Allobrogibus" in context "sociisque eorum intulerint, item si Allobrogibus satis faciunt, sese cum"
Found entity "Divico" in context "cum iis pacem esse facturum. Divico respondit: ita Helvetios a"
Found entity "Helvetios" in context "esse facturum. Divico respondit: ita Helvetios a maioribus suis institutos"
Found entity "Romanum" in context "dare, consuerint; eius rei populum Romanum esse testem. Hoc responso"
Found entity "Hoc" in context "rei populum Romanum esse testem. Hoc responso dato discessit. Postero"
Found entity "Postero" in context "testem. Hoc responso dato discessit. Postero die castra ex eo"
Found entity "Idem" in context "castra ex eo loco movent. Idem facit Caesar equitatumque omnem,"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "eo loco movent. Idem facit Caesar equitatumque omnem, ad numerum"
Found entity "Haeduis" in context "quem ex omni provincia et Haeduis atque eorum sociis coactum"
Found entity "Qui" in context "in partes hostes iter faciant. Qui cupidius novissimum agmen insecuti"
Found entity "Helvetiorum" in context "insecuti alieno loco cum equitatu Helvetiorum proelium committunt; et pauci"
Found entity "Quo" in context "et pauci de nostris cadunt. Quo proelio sublati Helvetii, quod"
Found entity "Helvetii," in context "nostris cadunt. Quo proelio sublati Helvetii, quod quingentis equitibus tantam"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "agmine proelio nostros lacessere coeperunt. Caesar suos a proelio continebat,"
Found entity "Ita" in context "hostem rapinis, pabulationibus populationibusque prohibere. Ita dies circiter XV iter"
Found entity "Interim" in context "aut senis milibus passuum interesset. Interim cotidie Caesar Haeduos frumentum,"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "milibus passuum interesset. Interim cotidie Caesar Haeduos frumentum, quod essent"
Found entity "Haeduos" in context "passuum interesset. Interim cotidie Caesar Haeduos frumentum, quod essent publice"
Found entity "Nam" in context "quod essent publice polliciti, flagitare. Nam propter frigora [quod Gallia"
Found entity "Gallia" in context "flagitare. Nam propter frigora [quod Gallia sub septentrionibus, ut ante"
Found entity "Arari" in context "eo autem frumento quod flumine Arari navibus subvexerat propterea uti"
Found entity "Arari" in context "minus poterat quod iter ab Arari Helvetii averterant, a quibus"
Found entity "Helvetii" in context "poterat quod iter ab Arari Helvetii averterant, a quibus discedere"
Found entity "Diem" in context "averterant, a quibus discedere nolebat. Diem ex die ducere Haedui:"
Found entity "Haedui:" in context "nolebat. Diem ex die ducere Haedui: conferri, comportari, adesse dicere."
Found entity "Ubi" in context "Haedui: conferri, comportari, adesse dicere. Ubi se diutius duci intellexit"
Found entity "Diviciaco" in context "in castris habebat, in his Diviciaco et Lisco, qui summo"
Found entity "Lisco," in context "habebat, in his Diviciaco et Lisco, qui summo magistratui praeerat,"
Found entity "Haedui," in context "magistratui praeerat, quem vergobretum appellant Haedui, qui creatur annuus et"
Found entity "Tum" in context "gravius quod sit destitutus queritur]. Tum demum Liscus oratione Caesaris"
Found entity "Liscus" in context "sit destitutus queritur]. Tum demum Liscus oratione Caesaris adductus quod"
Found entity "Caesaris" in context "queritur]. Tum demum Liscus oratione Caesaris adductus quod antea tacuerat"
Found entity "Hos" in context "plus possint quam ipsi magistratus. Hos seditiosa atque improba oratione"
Found entity "Galliae" in context "debeant: praestare, si iam principatum Galliae obtinere non possint, Gallorum"
Found entity "Gallorum" in context "principatum Galliae obtinere non possint, Gallorum quam Romanorum imperia perferre,"
Found entity "Romanorum" in context "obtinere non possint, Gallorum quam Romanorum imperia perferre, neque dubitare"
Found entity "Helvetios" in context "neque dubitare [debeant] quin, si Helvetios superaverint Romani, una cum"
Found entity "Romani," in context "[debeant] quin, si Helvetios superaverint Romani, una cum reliqua Gallia"
Found entity "Gallia" in context "superaverint Romani, una cum reliqua Gallia Haeduis libertatem sint erepturi."
Found entity "Haeduis" in context "Romani, una cum reliqua Gallia Haeduis libertatem sint erepturi. Ab"
Found entity "Ab" in context "Gallia Haeduis libertatem sint erepturi. Ab isdem nostra consilia quaeque"
Found entity "Quin" in context "a se coerceri non posse. Quin etiam, quod necessariam rem"
Found entity "Caesari" in context "etiam, quod necessariam rem coactus Caesari enuntiarit, intellegere sese quanto"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "causam quam diu potuerit tacuisse. Caesar hac oratione Lisci Dumnorigem,"
Found entity "Lisci" in context "potuerit tacuisse. Caesar hac oratione Lisci Dumnorigem, Diviciaci fratrem, designari"
Found entity "Dumnorigem," in context "tacuisse. Caesar hac oratione Lisci Dumnorigem, Diviciaci fratrem, designari sentiebat,"
Found entity "Diviciaci" in context "Caesar hac oratione Lisci Dumnorigem, Diviciaci fratrem, designari sentiebat, sed,"
Found entity "Liscum" in context "iactari nolebat, celeriter concilium dimittit, Liscum retinet. Quaerit ex solo"
Found entity "Quaerit" in context "celeriter concilium dimittit, Liscum retinet. Quaerit ex solo ea quae"
Found entity "Dicit" in context "ea quae in conventu dixerat. Dicit liberius atque audacius. Eadem"
Found entity "Eadem" in context "dixerat. Dicit liberius atque audacius. Eadem secreto ab aliis quaerit;"
Found entity "Dumnorigem," in context "reperit esse vera: ipsum esse Dumnorigem, summa audacia, magna apud"
Found entity "Complures" in context "liberalitatem gratia, cupidum rerum novarum. Complures annos portoria reliquaque omnia"
Found entity "Haeduorum" in context "Complures annos portoria reliquaque omnia Haeduorum vectigalia parvo pretio redempta"
Found entity "His" in context "licente contra liceri audeat nemo. His rebus et suam rem"
Found entity "Biturigibus" in context "huius potentiae causa matrem in Biturigibus homini illic nobilissimo ac"
Found entity "Helvetiis" in context "ac potentissimo conlocasse; ipsum ex Helvetiis uxorem habere, sororum ex"
Found entity "Favere" in context "nuptum in alias civitates conlocasse. Favere et cupere Helvetiis propter"
Found entity "Helvetiis" in context "civitates conlocasse. Favere et cupere Helvetiis propter eam adfinitatem, odisse"
Found entity "Caesarem" in context "adfinitatem, odisse etiam suo nomine Caesarem et Romanos, quod eorum"
Found entity "Romanos," in context "etiam suo nomine Caesarem et Romanos, quod eorum adventu potentia"
Found entity "Diviciacus" in context "adventu potentia eius deminuta et Diviciacus frater in antiquum locum"
Found entity "Si" in context "gratiae atque honoris sit restitutus. Si quid accidat Romanis, summam"
Found entity "Romanis," in context "sit restitutus. Si quid accidat Romanis, summam in spem per"
Found entity "Helvetios" in context "Romanis, summam in spem per Helvetios regni obtinendi venire; imperio"
Found entity "Romani" in context "regni obtinendi venire; imperio populi Romani non modo de regno,"
Found entity "Reperiebat" in context "ea quam habeat gratia desperare. Reperiebat etiam in quaerendo Caesar,"
Found entity "Caesar," in context "desperare. Reperiebat etiam in quaerendo Caesar, quod proelium equestre adversum"
Found entity "Dumnorige" in context "initium eius fugae factum a Dumnorige atque eius equitibus (nam"
Found entity "Caesari" in context "equitibus (nam equitatui, quem auxilio Caesari Haedui miserant, Dumnorix praeerat):"
Found entity "Haedui" in context "(nam equitatui, quem auxilio Caesari Haedui miserant, Dumnorix praeerat): eorum"
Found entity "Dumnorix" in context "quem auxilio Caesari Haedui miserant, Dumnorix praeerat): eorum fuga reliquum"
Found entity "Quibus" in context "fuga reliquum esse equitatum perterritum. Quibus rebus cognitis, cum ad"
Found entity "Sequanorum" in context "res accederent, quod per fines Sequanorum Helvetios traduxisset, quod obsides"
Found entity "Helvetios" in context "accederent, quod per fines Sequanorum Helvetios traduxisset, quod obsides inter"
Found entity "Haeduorum" in context "ipsis fecisset, quod a magistratu Haeduorum accusaretur, satis esse causae"
Found entity "His" in context "animadverteret aut civitatem animadvertere iuberet. His omnibus rebus unum repugnabat,"
Found entity "Diviciaci" in context "omnibus rebus unum repugnabat, quod Diviciaci fratris summum in populum"
Found entity "Romanum" in context "Diviciaci fratris summum in populum Romanum studium, summum in se"
Found entity "Diviciaci" in context "cognoverat; nam ne eius supplicio Diviciaci animum offenderet verebatur. Itaque"
Found entity "Itaque" in context "supplicio Diviciaci animum offenderet verebatur. Itaque prius quam quicquam conaretur,"
Found entity "Diviciacum" in context "Itaque prius quam quicquam conaretur, Diviciacum ad se vocari iubet"
Found entity "C." in context "et, cotidianis interpretibus remotis, per C. Valerium Troucillum, principem Galliae"
Found entity "Valerium" in context "cotidianis interpretibus remotis, per C. Valerium Troucillum, principem Galliae provinciae,"
Found entity "Troucillum," in context "interpretibus remotis, per C. Valerium Troucillum, principem Galliae provinciae, familiarem"
Found entity "Galliae" in context "per C. Valerium Troucillum, principem Galliae provinciae, familiarem suum, cui"
Found entity "[Gallorum]" in context "quae ipso praesente in concilio [Gallorum] de Dumnorige sint dicta,"
Found entity "Dumnorige" in context "praesente in concilio [Gallorum] de Dumnorige sint dicta, et ostendit"
Found entity "Petit" in context "de eo apud se dixerit. Petit atque hortatur ut sine"
Found entity "Diviciacus" in context "statuat vel civitatem statuere iubeat. Diviciacus multis cum lacrimis Caesarem"
Found entity "Caesarem" in context "iubeat. Diviciacus multis cum lacrimis Caesarem complexus obsecrare coepit ne"
Found entity "Gallia," in context "plurimum domi atque in reliqua Gallia, ille minimum propter adulescentiam"
Found entity "Sese" in context "paene ad perniciem suam uteretur. Sese tamen et amore fraterno"
Found entity "Quod" in context "fraterno et existimatione vulgi commoveri. Quod si quid ei a"
Found entity "Caesare" in context "Quod si quid ei a Caesare gravius accidisset, cum ipse"
Found entity "Galliae" in context "ex re futurum uti totius Galliae animi a se averterentur."
Found entity "Haec" in context "Galliae animi a se averterentur. Haec cum pluribus verbis flens"
Found entity "Caesare" in context "cum pluribus verbis flens a Caesare peteret, Caesar eius dextram"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "verbis flens a Caesare peteret, Caesar eius dextram prendit; consolatus"
Found entity "Dumnorigem" in context "eius voluntati ac precibus condonet. Dumnorigem ad se vocat, fratrem"
Found entity "Diviciaco" in context "omnes suspiciones vitet; praeterita se Diviciaco fratri condonare dicit. Dumnorigi"
Found entity "Dumnorigi" in context "se Diviciaco fratri condonare dicit. Dumnorigi custodes ponit, ut quae"
Found entity "Eodem" in context "agat, quibuscum loquatur scire possit. Eodem die ab exploratoribus certior"
Found entity "Renuntiatum" in context "circuitu ascensus qui cognoscerent misit. Renuntiatum est facilem esse. De"
Found entity "De" in context "misit. Renuntiatum est facilem esse. De tertia vigilia T. Labienum,"
Found entity "T." in context "facilem esse. De tertia vigilia T. Labienum, legatum pro praetore,"
Found entity "Labienum," in context "esse. De tertia vigilia T. Labienum, legatum pro praetore, cum"
Found entity "Ipse" in context "quid sui consilii sit ostendit. Ipse de quarta vigilia eodem"
Found entity "P." in context "equitatumque omnem ante se mittit. P. Considius, qui rei militaris"
Found entity "Considius," in context "omnem ante se mittit. P. Considius, qui rei militaris peritissimus"
Found entity "L." in context "peritissimus habebatur et in exercitu L. Sullae et postea in"
Found entity "Sullae" in context "habebatur et in exercitu L. Sullae et postea in M."
Found entity "M." in context "L. Sullae et postea in M. Crassi fuerat, cum exploratoribus"
Found entity "Crassi" in context "Sullae et postea in M. Crassi fuerat, cum exploratoribus praemittitur."
Found entity "Prima" in context "Crassi fuerat, cum exploratoribus praemittitur. Prima luce, cum summus mons"
Found entity "[Lucio]" in context "luce, cum summus mons a [Lucio] Labieno teneretur, ipse ab"
Found entity "Labieno" in context "cum summus mons a [Lucio] Labieno teneretur, ipse ab hostium"
Found entity "Labieni" in context "comperit, aut ipsius adventus aut Labieni cognitus esset, Considius equo"
Found entity "Considius" in context "adventus aut Labieni cognitus esset, Considius equo admisso ad eum"
Found entity "Labieno" in context "accurrit, dicit montem, quem a Labieno occupari voluerit, ab hostibus"
Found entity "Gallicis" in context "hostibus teneri: id se a Gallicis armis atque insignibus cognovisse."
Found entity "Caesar" in context "Gallicis armis atque insignibus cognovisse. Caesar suas copias in proximum"
Found entity "Labienus," in context "proximum collem subducit, aciem instruit. Labienus, ut erat ei praeceptum"
Found entity "Caesare" in context "ut erat ei praeceptum a Caesare ne proelium committeret, nisi"
Found entity "Multo" in context "occupato nostros expectabat proelioque abstinebat. Multo denique die per exploratores"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "Multo denique die per exploratores Caesar cognovit et montem a"
Found entity "Helvetios" in context "montem a suis teneri et Helvetios castra, movisse et Considium"
Found entity "Considium" in context "et Helvetios castra, movisse et Considium timore perterritum quod non"
Found entity "Eo" in context "vidisset pro viso sibi renuntiavisse. Eo die quo consuerat intervallo"
Found entity "Postridie" in context "ab eorum castris castra ponit. Postridie eius diei, quod omnino"
Found entity "Bibracte," in context "metiri oporteret, et quod a Bibracte, oppido Haeduorum longe maximo"
Found entity "Haeduorum" in context "et quod a Bibracte, oppido Haeduorum longe maximo et copiosissimo,"
Found entity "Helvetiis" in context "prospiciendum existimavit; itaque iter ab Helvetiis avertit ac Bibracte ire"
Found entity "Bibracte" in context "iter ab Helvetiis avertit ac Bibracte ire contendit. Ea res"
Found entity "Ea" in context "avertit ac Bibracte ire contendit. Ea res per fugitivos L."
Found entity "L." in context "contendit. Ea res per fugitivos L. Aemilii, decurionis equitum Gallorum,"
Found entity "Aemilii," in context "Ea res per fugitivos L. Aemilii, decurionis equitum Gallorum, hostibus"
Found entity "Gallorum," in context "fugitivos L. Aemilii, decurionis equitum Gallorum, hostibus nuntiatur. Helvetii, seu"
Found entity "Helvetii," in context "decurionis equitum Gallorum, hostibus nuntiatur. Helvetii, seu quod timore perterritos"
Found entity "Romanos" in context "Helvetii, seu quod timore perterritos Romanos discedere a se existimarent,"
Found entity "Postquam" in context "agmine insequi ac lacessere coeperunt. Postquam id animum advertit, copias"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "id animum advertit, copias suas Caesar in proximum collem subduxit"
Found entity "Ipse" in context "qui sustineret hostium petum, misit. Ipse interim in colle medio"
Found entity "Gallia" in context "iugo duas legiones quas in Gallia citeriore proxime conscripserat et"
Found entity "Helvetii" in context "superiore acie constiterant muniri iussit. Helvetii cum omnibus suis carris"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "sub primam nostram aciem successerunt. Caesar primum suo, deinde omnium"
Found entity "Milites" in context "tolleret, cohortatus suos proelium commisit. Milites loco superiore pilis missis"
Found entity "Ea" in context "missis facile hostium phalangem perfregerunt. Ea disiecta gladiis destrictis in"
Found entity "Gallis" in context "destrictis in eos impetum fecerunt. Gallis magno ad pugnam erat"
Found entity "Tandem" in context "emittere et nudo corpore pugnare. Tandem vulneribus defessi et pedem"
Found entity "Capto" in context ", eo se recipere coeperunt. Capto monte et succedentibus nostris,"
Found entity "Boi" in context "Capto monte et succedentibus nostris, Boi et Tulingi, qui hominum"
Found entity "Tulingi," in context "et succedentibus nostris, Boi et Tulingi, qui hominum milibus circiter"
Found entity "Helvetii," in context "adgressi circumvenire, et id conspicati Helvetii, qui in montem sese"
Found entity "Romani" in context "instare et proelium redintegrare coeperunt. Romani [conversa] signa bipertito intulerunt:"
Found entity "Ita" in context "resisteret, tertia, ut venientes sustineret. Ita ancipiti proelio diu atque"
Found entity "Diutius" in context "diu atque acriter pugnatum est. Diutius cum sustinere nostrorum impetus"
Found entity "Nam" in context "et carros suos se contulerunt. Nam hoc toto proelio, cum"
Found entity "Ad" in context "aversum hostem videre nemo potuit. Ad multam noctem etiam ad"
Found entity "Diu" in context "ac tragulas subiciebant nostrosque vulnerabant. Diu cum esset pugnatum, impedimentis"
Found entity "Ibi" in context "impedimentis castrisque nostri potiti sunt. Ibi Orgetorigis filia atque unus"
Found entity "Orgetorigis" in context "castrisque nostri potiti sunt. Ibi Orgetorigis filia atque unus e"
Found entity "Ex" in context "unus e filiis captus est. Ex eo proelio circiter hominum"
Found entity "Lingonum" in context "noctis itinere intermisso]; in fines Lingonum die quarto pervenerunt, cum"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "morati] eos sequi non potuissent. Caesar ad Lingonas litteras nuntiosque"
Found entity "Lingonas" in context "sequi non potuissent. Caesar ad Lingonas litteras nuntiosque misit, ne"
Found entity "Helvetios" in context "iuvissent, se eodem loco quo Helvetios habiturum. Ipse triduo intermisso"
Found entity "Ipse" in context "eodem loco quo Helvetios habiturum. Ipse triduo intermisso cum omnibus"
Found entity "Helvetii" in context "omnibus copiis eos sequi coepit. Helvetii omnium rerum inopia adducti"
Found entity "Qui" in context "de deditione ad eum miserunt. Qui cum eum in itinere"
Found entity "Eo" in context "suum adventum expectare iussisset, paruerunt. Eo postquam Caesar pervenit, obsides,"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "expectare iussisset, paruerunt. Eo postquam Caesar pervenit, obsides, arma, servos"
Found entity "Dum" in context "qui ad eos perfugissent, poposcit. Dum ea conquiruntur et conferuntur,"
Found entity "Verbigenus" in context "milia VI eius pagi qui Verbigenus appellatur, sive timore perterriti,"
Found entity "Helvetiorum" in context "existimarent, prima nocte e castris Helvetiorum egressi ad Rhenum finesque"
Found entity "Rhenum" in context "e castris Helvetiorum egressi ad Rhenum finesque Germanorum contenderunt. Quod"
Found entity "Germanorum" in context "Helvetiorum egressi ad Rhenum finesque Germanorum contenderunt. Quod ubi Caesar"
Found entity "Quod" in context "ad Rhenum finesque Germanorum contenderunt. Quod ubi Caesar resciit, quorum"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "finesque Germanorum contenderunt. Quod ubi Caesar resciit, quorum per fines"
Found entity "Helvetios," in context "perfugis traditis in deditionem accepit. Helvetios, Tulingos, Latobrigos in fines"
Found entity "Tulingos," in context "traditis in deditionem accepit. Helvetios, Tulingos, Latobrigos in fines suos,"
Found entity "Latobrigos" in context "in deditionem accepit. Helvetios, Tulingos, Latobrigos in fines suos, unde"
Found entity "Allobrogibus" in context "nihil erat quo famem tolerarent, Allobrogibus imperavit ut iis frumenti"
Found entity "Id" in context "vicosque, quos incenderant, restituere iussit. Id ea maxime ratione fecit,"
Found entity "Helvetii" in context "quod noluit eum locum unde Helvetii discesserant vacare, ne propter"
Found entity "Germani," in context "vacare, ne propter bonitatem agrorum Germani, qui trans Rhenum incolunt,"
Found entity "Rhenum" in context "bonitatem agrorum Germani, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, ex suis finibus"
Found entity "Helvetiorum" in context "incolunt, ex suis finibus in Helvetiorum fines transirent et finitimi"
Found entity "Galliae" in context "Helvetiorum fines transirent et finitimi Galliae provinciae Allobrogibusque essent. Boios"
Found entity "Allobrogibusque" in context "transirent et finitimi Galliae provinciae Allobrogibusque essent. Boios petentibus Haeduis,"
Found entity "Boios" in context "finitimi Galliae provinciae Allobrogibusque essent. Boios petentibus Haeduis, quod egregia"
Found entity "Haeduis," in context "provinciae Allobrogibusque essent. Boios petentibus Haeduis, quod egregia virtute erant"
Found entity "In" in context "condicionem atque ipsi erant receperunt. In castris Helvetiorum tabulae repertae"
Found entity "Helvetiorum" in context "ipsi erant receperunt. In castris Helvetiorum tabulae repertae sunt litteris"
Found entity "Graecis" in context "Helvetiorum tabulae repertae sunt litteris Graecis confectae et ad Caesarem"
Found entity "Caesarem" in context "litteris Graecis confectae et ad Caesarem relatae, quibus in tabulis"
Found entity "[Quarum" in context "separatim, quot pueri, senes mulieresque. [Quarum omnium rerum] summa erat"
Found entity "Helvetiorum" in context "omnium rerum] summa erat capitum Helvetiorum milium CCLXIII, Tulingorum milium"
Found entity "Tulingorum" in context "erat capitum Helvetiorum milium CCLXIII, Tulingorum milium XXXVI, Latobrigorum XIIII,"
Found entity "Latobrigorum" in context "milium CCLXIII, Tulingorum milium XXXVI, Latobrigorum XIIII, Rauracorum XXIII, Boiorum"
Found entity "Rauracorum" in context "Tulingorum milium XXXVI, Latobrigorum XIIII, Rauracorum XXIII, Boiorum XXXII; ex"
Found entity "Boiorum" in context "XXXVI, Latobrigorum XIIII, Rauracorum XXIII, Boiorum XXXII; ex his qui"
Found entity "Summa" in context "possent ad milia nonaginta duo. Summa omnium fuerunt ad milia"
Found entity "Eorum" in context "omnium fuerunt ad milia CCCLXVIII. Eorum qui domum redierunt censu"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "domum redierunt censu habito, ut Caesar imperaverat, repertus est numerus"
Found entity "C" in context "imperaverat, repertus est numerus milium C et X. Bello Helvetiorum"
Found entity "X." in context "est numerus milium C et X. Bello Helvetiorum confecto totius"
Found entity "Bello" in context "numerus milium C et X. Bello Helvetiorum confecto totius fere"
Found entity "Helvetiorum" in context "milium C et X. Bello Helvetiorum confecto totius fere Galliae"
Found entity "Galliae" in context "Bello Helvetiorum confecto totius fere Galliae legati, principes civitatum, ad"
Found entity "Caesarem" in context "Galliae legati, principes civitatum, ad Caesarem gratulatum convenerunt: intellegere sese,"
Found entity "Helvetiorum" in context "intellegere sese, tametsi pro veteribus Helvetiorum iniuriis populi Romani ab"
Found entity "Romani" in context "pro veteribus Helvetiorum iniuriis populi Romani ab his poenas bello"
Found entity "Galliae" in context "non minus ex usu [terrae] Galliae quam populi Romani accidisse,"
Found entity "Romani" in context "usu [terrae] Galliae quam populi Romani accidisse, propterea quod eo"
Found entity "Helvetii" in context "consilio florentissimis rebus domos suas Helvetii reliquissent uti toti Galliae"
Found entity "Galliae" in context "suas Helvetii reliquissent uti toti Galliae bellum inferrent imperioque potirentur,"
Found entity "Gallia" in context "copia deligerent quem ex omni Gallia oportunissimum ac fructuosissimum iudicassent,"
Found entity "Petierunt" in context "iudicassent, reliquasque civitates stipendiarias haberent. Petierunt uti sibi concilium totius"
Found entity "Galliae" in context "Petierunt uti sibi concilium totius Galliae in diem certam indicere"
Found entity "Caesaris" in context "in diem certam indicere idque Caesaris facere voluntate liceret: sese"
Found entity "Ea" in context "consensu ab eo petere vellent. Ea re permissa diem concilio"
Found entity "Eo" in context "mandatum esset, inter se sanxerunt. Eo concilio dimisso, idem princeps"
Found entity "Caesarem" in context "civitatum qui ante fuerant ad Caesarem reverterunt petieruntque uti sibi"
Found entity "Ea" in context "salute cum eo agere liceret. Ea re impetrata sese omnes"
Found entity "Caesari" in context "re impetrata sese omnes flentes Caesari ad pedes proiecerunt: non"
Found entity "Locutus" in context "in cruciatum se venturos viderent. Locutus est pro his Diviciacus"
Found entity "Diviciacus" in context "viderent. Locutus est pro his Diviciacus Haeduus: Galliae totius factiones"
Found entity "Haeduus:" in context "Locutus est pro his Diviciacus Haeduus: Galliae totius factiones esse"
Found entity "Galliae" in context "est pro his Diviciacus Haeduus: Galliae totius factiones esse duas;"
Found entity "Haeduos," in context "duas; harum alterius principatum tenere Haeduos, alterius Arvernos. Hi cum"
Found entity "Arvernos." in context "alterius principatum tenere Haeduos, alterius Arvernos. Hi cum tantopere de"
Found entity "Hi" in context "principatum tenere Haeduos, alterius Arvernos. Hi cum tantopere de potentatu"
Found entity "Arvernis" in context "contenderent, factum esse uti ab Arvernis Sequanisque Germani mercede arcesserentur."
Found entity "Sequanisque" in context "factum esse uti ab Arvernis Sequanisque Germani mercede arcesserentur. Horum"
Found entity "Germani" in context "esse uti ab Arvernis Sequanisque Germani mercede arcesserentur. Horum primo"
Found entity "Horum" in context "Arvernis Sequanisque Germani mercede arcesserentur. Horum primo circiter milia XV"
Found entity "Rhenum" in context "Horum primo circiter milia XV Rhenum transisse; postea quam agros"
Found entity "Gallorum" in context "agros et cultum et copias Gallorum homines feri ac barbari"
Found entity "Gallia" in context "traductos plures; nunc esse in Gallia ad C et XX"
Found entity "C" in context "nunc esse in Gallia ad C et XX milium numerum."
Found entity "Cum" in context "C et XX milium numerum. Cum his Haeduos eorumque clientes"
Found entity "Haeduos" in context "XX milium numerum. Cum his Haeduos eorumque clientes semel atque"
Found entity "Quibus" in context "omnem senatum, omnem equitatum amisisse. Quibus proeliis calamitatibusque fractos, qui"
Found entity "Romani" in context "et sua virtute et populi Romani hospitio atque amicitia plurimum"
Found entity "Gallia" in context "atque amicitia plurimum ante in Gallia potuissent, coactos esse Sequanis"
Found entity "Sequanis" in context "in Gallia potuissent, coactos esse Sequanis obsides dare nobilissimos civitatis"
Found entity "Romano" in context "repetituros neque auxilium a populo Romano imploraturos neque recusaturos quo"
Found entity "Unum" in context "illorum dicione atque imperio essent. Unum se esse ex omni"
Found entity "Haeduorum" in context "se esse ex omni civitate Haeduorum qui adduci non potuerit"
Found entity "Ob" in context "aut liberos suos obsides daret. Ob eam rem se ex"
Found entity "Romam" in context "se ex civitate profugisse et Romam ad senatum venisse auxilium"
Found entity "Sed" in context "iure iurando neque obsidibus teneretur. Sed peius victoribus Sequanis quam"
Found entity "Sequanis" in context "obsidibus teneretur. Sed peius victoribus Sequanis quam Haeduis victis accidisse,"
Found entity "Haeduis" in context "Sed peius victoribus Sequanis quam Haeduis victis accidisse, propterea quod"
Found entity "Ariovistus," in context "Haeduis victis accidisse, propterea quod Ariovistus, rex Germanorum, in eorum"
Found entity "Germanorum," in context "accidisse, propterea quod Ariovistus, rex Germanorum, in eorum finibus consedisset"
Found entity "Sequani," in context "finibus consedisset tertiamque partem agri Sequani, qui esset optimus totius"
Found entity "Galliae," in context "Sequani, qui esset optimus totius Galliae, occupavisset et nunc de"
Found entity "Sequanos" in context "nunc de altera parte tertia Sequanos decedere iuberet, propterea quod"
Found entity "Harudum" in context "propterea quod paucis mensibus ante Harudum milia hominum XXIIII ad"
Found entity "Futurum" in context "quibus locus ac sedes pararentur. Futurum esse paucis annis uti"
Found entity "Galliae" in context "paucis annis uti omnes ex Galliae finibus pellerentur atque omnes"
Found entity "Germani" in context "Galliae finibus pellerentur atque omnes Germani Rhenum transirent; neque enim"
Found entity "Rhenum" in context "finibus pellerentur atque omnes Germani Rhenum transirent; neque enim conferendum"
Found entity "Gallicum" in context "transirent; neque enim conferendum esse Gallicum cum Germanorum agro neque"
Found entity "Germanorum" in context "enim conferendum esse Gallicum cum Germanorum agro neque hanc consuetudinem"
Found entity "Ariovistum" in context "consuetudinem victus cum illa comparandam. Ariovistum autem, ut semel Gallorum"
Found entity "Gallorum" in context "comparandam. Ariovistum autem, ut semel Gallorum copias proelio vicerit, quod"
Found entity "Magetobrigam," in context "quod proelium factum sit ad Magetobrigam, superbe et crudeliter imperare,"
Found entity "Hominem" in context "ad voluntatem eius facta sit. Hominem esse barbarum, iracundum, temerarium:"
Found entity "Nisi" in context "posse eius imperia, diutius sustineri. Nisi quid in Caesare populoque"
Found entity "Caesare" in context "diutius sustineri. Nisi quid in Caesare populoque Romano sit auxilii,"
Found entity "Romano" in context "Nisi quid in Caesare populoque Romano sit auxilii, omnibus Gallis"
Found entity "Gallis" in context "populoque Romano sit auxilii, omnibus Gallis idem esse faciendum quod"
Found entity "Helvetii" in context "Gallis idem esse faciendum quod Helvetii fecerint, ut domo emigrent,"
Found entity "Germanis," in context "domicilium, alias sedes, remotas a Germanis, petant fortunamque, quaecumque accidat,"
Found entity "Haec" in context "petant fortunamque, quaecumque accidat, experiantur. Haec si enuntiata Ariovisto sint,"
Found entity "Ariovisto" in context "accidat, experiantur. Haec si enuntiata Ariovisto sint, non dubitare quin"
Found entity "Caesarem" in context "eum sint gravissimum supplicium sumat. Caesarem vel auctoritate sua atque"
Found entity "Romani" in context "recenti victoria vel nomine populi Romani deterrere posse ne maior"
Found entity "Germanorum" in context "deterrere posse ne maior multitudo Germanorum Rhenum traducatur, Galliamque omnem"
Found entity "Rhenum" in context "posse ne maior multitudo Germanorum Rhenum traducatur, Galliamque omnem ab"
Found entity "Galliamque" in context "maior multitudo Germanorum Rhenum traducatur, Galliamque omnem ab Ariovisti iniuria"
Found entity "Ariovisti" in context "Rhenum traducatur, Galliamque omnem ab Ariovisti iniuria posse defendere. Hac"
Found entity "Hac" in context "ab Ariovisti iniuria posse defendere. Hac oratione ab Diviciaco habita"
Found entity "Diviciaco" in context "posse defendere. Hac oratione ab Diviciaco habita omnes qui aderant"
Found entity "Caesare" in context "aderant magno fletu auxilium a Caesare petere coeperunt. Animadvertit Caesar"
Found entity "Animadvertit" in context "auxilium a Caesare petere coeperunt. Animadvertit Caesar unos ex omnibus"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "a Caesare petere coeperunt. Animadvertit Caesar unos ex omnibus Sequanos"
Found entity "Sequanos" in context "Animadvertit Caesar unos ex omnibus Sequanos nihil earum rerum facere"
Found entity "Eius" in context "tristes capite demisso terram intueri. Eius rei quae causa esset"
Found entity "Nihil" in context "esset miratus ex ipsis quaesiit. Nihil Sequani respondere, sed in"
Found entity "Sequani" in context "miratus ex ipsis quaesiit. Nihil Sequani respondere, sed in eadem"
Found entity "Cum" in context "in eadem tristitia taciti permanere. Cum ab his saepius quaereret"
Found entity "Diviacus" in context "omnino vocem exprimere posset, idem Diviacus Haeduus respondit: hoc esse"
Found entity "Haeduus" in context "vocem exprimere posset, idem Diviacus Haeduus respondit: hoc esse miseriorem"
Found entity "Sequanorum" in context "esse miseriorem et graviorem fortunam Sequanorum quam reliquorum, quod soli"
Found entity "Ariovisti" in context "neque auxilium implorare auderent absentisque Ariovisti crudelitatem, velut si cora"
Found entity "Sequanis" in context "reliquis tamen fugae facultas daretur, Sequanis vero, qui intra fines"
Found entity "Ariovistum" in context "vero, qui intra fines suos Ariovistum recepissent, quorum oppida omnia"
Found entity "His" in context "essent, omnes cruciatus essent perferendi. His rebus cognitis Caesar Gallorum"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "essent perferendi. His rebus cognitis Caesar Gallorum animos verbis confirmavit"
Found entity "Gallorum" in context "perferendi. His rebus cognitis Caesar Gallorum animos verbis confirmavit pollicitusque"
Found entity "Ariovistum" in context "beneficio suo et auctoritate adductum Ariovistum finem iniuriis facturum. Hac"
Found entity "Hac" in context "adductum Ariovistum finem iniuriis facturum. Hac oratione habita, concilium dimisit."
Found entity "Et" in context "Hac oratione habita, concilium dimisit. Et secundum ea multae res"
Found entity "Haeduos," in context "suscipiendam putaret, in primis quod Haeduos, fratres consanguineosque saepe numero"
Found entity "Germanorum" in context "servitute atque [in] dicione videbat Germanorum teneri eorumque obsides esse"
Found entity "Ariovistum" in context "teneri eorumque obsides esse apud Ariovistum ac Sequanos intellegebat; quod"
Found entity "Sequanos" in context "obsides esse apud Ariovistum ac Sequanos intellegebat; quod in tanto"
Found entity "Romani" in context "quod in tanto imperio populi Romani turpissimum sibi et rei"
Found entity "Paulatim" in context "et rei publicae esse arbitrabatur. Paulatim autem Germanos consuescere Rhenum"
Found entity "Germanos" in context "publicae esse arbitrabatur. Paulatim autem Germanos consuescere Rhenum transire et"
Found entity "Rhenum" in context "arbitrabatur. Paulatim autem Germanos consuescere Rhenum transire et in Galliam"
Found entity "Galliam" in context "consuescere Rhenum transire et in Galliam magnam eorum multitudinem venire"
Found entity "Romano" in context "magnam eorum multitudinem venire populo Romano periculosum videbat, neque sibi"
Found entity "Galliam" in context "temperaturos existimabat quin, cum omnem Galliam occupavissent, ut ante Cimbri"
Found entity "Cimbri" in context "omnem Galliam occupavissent, ut ante Cimbri Teutonique fecissent, in provinciam"
Found entity "Teutonique" in context "Galliam occupavissent, ut ante Cimbri Teutonique fecissent, in provinciam exirent"
Found entity "Italiam" in context "provinciam exirent atque inde in Italiam contenderent [, praesertim cum"
Found entity "Sequanos" in context "Italiam contenderent [, praesertim cum Sequanos a provincia nostra Rhodanus"
Found entity "Rhodanus" in context "cum Sequanos a provincia nostra Rhodanus divideret]; quibus rebus quam"
Found entity "Ipse" in context "rebus quam maturrime occurrendum putabat. Ipse autem Ariovistus tantos sibi"
Found entity "Ariovistus" in context "maturrime occurrendum putabat. Ipse autem Ariovistus tantos sibi spiritus, tantam"
Found entity "Quam" in context "sumpserat, ut ferendus non videretur. Quam ob rem placuit ei"
Found entity "Ariovistum" in context "rem placuit ei ut ad Ariovistum legatos mitteret, qui ab"
Found entity "Ei" in context "utriusque rebus cum eo agere. Ei legationi Ariovistus respondit: si"
Found entity "Ariovistus" in context "cum eo agere. Ei legationi Ariovistus respondit: si quid ipsi"
Found entity "Caesare" in context "respondit: si quid ipsi a Caesare opus esset, sese ad"
Found entity "Praeterea" in context "illum ad se venire oportere. Praeterea se neque sine exercitu"
Found entity "Galliae" in context "sine exercitu in eas partes Galliae venire audere quas Caesar"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "partes Galliae venire audere quas Caesar possideret, neque exercitum sine"
Found entity "Sibi" in context "in unum locum contrahere posse. Sibi autem mirum videri quid"
Found entity "Gallia," in context "mirum videri quid in sua Gallia, quam bello vicisset, aut"
Found entity "Caesari" in context "Gallia, quam bello vicisset, aut Caesari aut omnino populo Romano"
Found entity "Romano" in context "aut Caesari aut omnino populo Romano negotii esset. His responsis"
Found entity "His" in context "omnino populo Romano negotii esset. His responsis ad Caesarem relatis,"
Found entity "Caesarem" in context "negotii esset. His responsis ad Caesarem relatis, iterum ad eum"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "Caesarem relatis, iterum ad eum Caesar legatos cum his mandatis"
Found entity "Romani" in context "mittit: quoniam tanto suo populique Romani beneficio adfectus, cum in"
Found entity "Romano" in context "appellatus esset, hanc sibi populoque Romano gratiam referret ut in"
Found entity "Rhenum" in context "quam multitudinem hominum amplius trans Rhenum in Galliam traduceret; deinde"
Found entity "Galliam" in context "hominum amplius trans Rhenum in Galliam traduceret; deinde obsides quos"
Found entity "Haeduis" in context "deinde obsides quos haberet ab Haeduis redderet Sequanisque permitteret ut"
Found entity "Sequanisque" in context "quos haberet ab Haeduis redderet Sequanisque permitteret ut quos illi"
Found entity "Haeduos" in context "eius reddere illis liceret; neve Haeduos iniuria lacesseret neve his"
Found entity "Si" in context "his sociisque eorum bellum inferret. Si [id] ita fecisset, sibi"
Found entity "Romano" in context "[id] ita fecisset, sibi populoque Romano perpetuam gratiam atque amicitiam"
Found entity "M." in context "si non impetraret, sese, quoniam M. Messala, M. Pisone consulibus"
Found entity "Messala," in context "non impetraret, sese, quoniam M. Messala, M. Pisone consulibus senatus"
Found entity "M." in context "impetraret, sese, quoniam M. Messala, M. Pisone consulibus senatus censuisset"
Found entity "Pisone" in context "sese, quoniam M. Messala, M. Pisone consulibus senatus censuisset uti"
Found entity "Galliam" in context "consulibus senatus censuisset uti quicumque Galliam provinciam obtineret, quod commodo"
Found entity "Haeduos" in context "commodo rei publicae facere posset, Haeduos ceterosque amicos populi Romani"
Found entity "Romani" in context "posset, Haeduos ceterosque amicos populi Romani defenderet, se Haeduorum iniurias"
Found entity "Haeduorum" in context "amicos populi Romani defenderet, se Haeduorum iniurias non neglecturum. Ad"
Found entity "Ad" in context "se Haeduorum iniurias non neglecturum. Ad haec Ariovistus respondit: ius"
Found entity "Ariovistus" in context "iniurias non neglecturum. Ad haec Ariovistus respondit: ius esse belli"
Found entity "Item" in context "quem ad modum vellent imperarent. Item populum Romanum victis non"
Found entity "Romanum" in context "modum vellent imperarent. Item populum Romanum victis non ad alterius"
Found entity "Si" in context "ad suum arbitrium imperare consuesse. Si ipse populo Romano non"
Found entity "Romano" in context "imperare consuesse. Si ipse populo Romano non praescriberet quem ad"
Found entity "Romano" in context "non oportere se a populo Romano in suo iure impediri."
Found entity "Haeduos" in context "Romano in suo iure impediri. Haeduos sibi, quoniam belli fortunam"
Found entity "Magnam" in context "superati essent, stipendiarios esse factos. Magnam Caesarem iniuriam facere, qui"
Found entity "Caesarem" in context "essent, stipendiarios esse factos. Magnam Caesarem iniuriam facere, qui suo"
Found entity "Haeduis" in context "adventu vectigalia sibi deteriora faceret. Haeduis se obsides redditurum non"
Found entity "Romani" in context "longe iis fraternum nomen populi Romani afuturum. Quod sibi Caesar"
Found entity "Quod" in context "fraternum nomen populi Romani afuturum. Quod sibi Caesar denuntiaret se"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "populi Romani afuturum. Quod sibi Caesar denuntiaret se Haeduorum iniurias"
Found entity "Haeduorum" in context "Quod sibi Caesar denuntiaret se Haeduorum iniurias non neglecturum, neminem"
Found entity "Cum" in context "secum sine sua pernicie contendisse. Cum vellet, congrederetur: intellecturum quid"
Found entity "Germani," in context "vellet, congrederetur: intellecturum quid invicti Germani, exercitatissimi in armis, qui"
Found entity "Haec" in context "tectum non subissent, virtute possent. Haec eodem tempore Caesari mandata"
Found entity "Caesari" in context "virtute possent. Haec eodem tempore Caesari mandata referebantur et legati"
Found entity "Haeduis" in context "mandata referebantur et legati ab Haeduis et a Treveris veniebant:"
Found entity "Treveris" in context "legati ab Haeduis et a Treveris veniebant: Haedui questum quod"
Found entity "Haedui" in context "Haeduis et a Treveris veniebant: Haedui questum quod Harudes, qui"
Found entity "Harudes," in context "Treveris veniebant: Haedui questum quod Harudes, qui nuper in Galliam"
Found entity "Galliam" in context "quod Harudes, qui nuper in Galliam transportati essent, fines eorum"
Found entity "Ariovisti" in context "ne obsidibus quidem datis pacem Ariovisti redimere potuisse; Treveri autem,"
Found entity "Treveri" in context "datis pacem Ariovisti redimere potuisse; Treveri autem, pagos centum Sueborum"
Found entity "Sueborum" in context "potuisse; Treveri autem, pagos centum Sueborum ad ripas Rheni consedisse,"
Found entity "Rheni" in context "pagos centum Sueborum ad ripas Rheni consedisse, qui Rhenum transire"
Found entity "Rhenum" in context "ad ripas Rheni consedisse, qui Rhenum transire conarentur; his praeesse"
Found entity "Nasuam" in context "Rhenum transire conarentur; his praeesse Nasuam et Cimberium fratres. Quibus"
Found entity "Cimberium" in context "conarentur; his praeesse Nasuam et Cimberium fratres. Quibus rebus Caesar"
Found entity "Quibus" in context "praeesse Nasuam et Cimberium fratres. Quibus rebus Caesar vehementer commotus"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "et Cimberium fratres. Quibus rebus Caesar vehementer commotus maturandum sibi"
Found entity "Sueborum" in context "existimavit, ne, si nova manus Sueborum cum veteribus copiis Ariovisti"
Found entity "Ariovisti" in context "manus Sueborum cum veteribus copiis Ariovisti sese coniunxisset, minus facile"
Found entity "Itaque" in context "coniunxisset, minus facile resisti posset. Itaque re frumentaria quam celerrime"
Found entity "Ariovistum" in context "potuit comparata magnis itineribus ad Ariovistum contendit. Cum tridui viam"
Found entity "Cum" in context "magnis itineribus ad Ariovistum contendit. Cum tridui viam processisset, nuntiatum"
Found entity "Ariovistum" in context "viam processisset, nuntiatum est ei Ariovistum cum suis omnibus copiis"
Found entity "Vesontionem," in context "suis omnibus copiis ad occupandum Vesontionem, quod est oppidum maximum"
Found entity "Sequanorum," in context "Vesontionem, quod est oppidum maximum Sequanorum, contendere [triduique viam a"
Found entity "Id" in context "viam a suis finibus processisse]. Id ne accideret, magnopere sibi"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "ne accideret, magnopere sibi praecavendum Caesar existimabat. Namque omnium rerum"
Found entity "Namque" in context "magnopere sibi praecavendum Caesar existimabat. Namque omnium rerum quae ad"
Found entity "Dubis" in context "facultatem, propterea quod flumen [alduas] Dubis ut circino circumductum paene"
Found entity "Huc" in context "efficit et cum oppido coniungit. Huc Caesar magnis nocturnis diurnisque"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "et cum oppido coniungit. Huc Caesar magnis nocturnis diurnisque itineribus"
Found entity "Dum" in context "occupatoque oppido ibi praesidium conlocat. Dum paucos dies ad Vesontionem"
Found entity "Vesontionem" in context "conlocat. Dum paucos dies ad Vesontionem rei frumentariae commeatusque causa"
Found entity "Gallorum" in context "moratur, ex percontatione nostrorum vocibusque Gallorum ac mercatorum, qui ingenti"
Found entity "Germanos," in context "mercatorum, qui ingenti magnitudine corporum Germanos, incredibili virtute atque exercitatione"
Found entity "Hic" in context "mediocriter omnium mentes animosque perturbaret. Hic primum ortus est a"
Found entity "Caesarem" in context "qui ex urbe amicitiae causa Caesarem secuti non magnum in"
Found entity "Hi" in context "ut timoris suspicionem vitarent, remanebant. Hi neque vultum fingere neque"
Found entity "Vulgo" in context "familiaribus suis commune periculum miserabantur. Vulgo totis castris testamenta obsignabantur."
Found entity "Horum" in context "Vulgo totis castris testamenta obsignabantur. Horum vocibus ac timore paulatim"
Found entity "Qui" in context "centurionesque quique equitatui praeerant, perturbabantur. Qui se ex his minus"
Found entity "Ariovistum," in context "quae intercederent inter ipsos atque Ariovistum, aut rem frumentariam, ut"
Found entity "Non" in context "commode supportari posset, timere dicebant. Non nulli etiam Caesari nuntiabant,"
Found entity "Caesari" in context "timere dicebant. Non nulli etiam Caesari nuntiabant, cum castra moveri"
Found entity "Haec" in context "neque propter timorem signa laturos. Haec cum animadvertisset, convocato consilio"
Found entity "Ariovistum" in context "sibi quaerendum aut cogitandum putarent. Ariovistum se consule cupidissime populi"
Found entity "Romani" in context "Ariovistum se consule cupidissime populi Romani amicitiam adpetisse; cur hunc"
Found entity "Sibi" in context "quisquam ab officio discessurum iudicaret? Sibi quidem persuaderi cognitis suis"
Found entity "Romani" in context "eum neque suam neque populi Romani gratiam repudiaturum. Quod si"
Found entity "Quod" in context "neque populi Romani gratiam repudiaturum. Quod si furore atque amentia"
Found entity "Aut" in context "bellum intulisset, quid tandem vererentur? Aut cur de sua virtute"
Found entity "Factum" in context "aut de ipsius diligentia desperarent? Factum eius hostis periculum patrum"
Found entity "Cimbris" in context "hostis periculum patrum nostrorum memoria Cimbris et Teutonis a C."
Found entity "Teutonis" in context "patrum nostrorum memoria Cimbris et Teutonis a C. Mario pulsis"
Found entity "C." in context "memoria Cimbris et Teutonis a C. Mario pulsis [cum non"
Found entity "Mario" in context "Cimbris et Teutonis a C. Mario pulsis [cum non minorem"
Found entity "Italia" in context "videbatur]; factum etiam nuper in Italia servili tumultu, quos tamen"
Found entity "Ex" in context "quam a nobis accepissent, sublevarint. Ex quo iudicari posse quantum"
Found entity "Denique" in context "postea armatos ac victores superassent. Denique hos esse eosdem Germanos"
Found entity "Germanos" in context "superassent. Denique hos esse eosdem Germanos quibuscum saepe numero Helvetii"
Found entity "Helvetii" in context "eosdem Germanos quibuscum saepe numero Helvetii congressi non solum in"
Found entity "Si" in context "esse nostro exercitui non potuerint. Si quos adversum proelium et"
Found entity "Gallorum" in context "quos adversum proelium et fuga Gallorum commoveret, hos, si quaererent,"
Found entity "Gallis" in context "reperire posse diuturnitate belli defatigatis Gallis Ariovistum, cum multos menses"
Found entity "Ariovistum," in context "posse diuturnitate belli defatigatis Gallis Ariovistum, cum multos menses castris"
Found entity "Cui" in context "et consilio quam virtute vicisse. Cui rationi contra homines barbaros"
Found entity "Qui" in context "sperare nostros exercitus capi posse. Qui suum timorem in rei"
Found entity "Haec" in context "imperatoris desperare aut praescribere viderentur. Haec sibi esse curae; frumentum"
Found entity "Sequanos," in context "Haec sibi esse curae; frumentum Sequanos, Leucos, Lingones subministrare, iamque"
Found entity "Leucos," in context "sibi esse curae; frumentum Sequanos, Leucos, Lingones subministrare, iamque esse"
Found entity "Lingones" in context "esse curae; frumentum Sequanos, Leucos, Lingones subministrare, iamque esse in"
Found entity "Quod" in context "itinere ipsos brevi tempore iudicaturos. Quod non fore dicto audientes"
Found entity "Suam" in context "facinore comperto avaritiam esse convictam. Suam innocentiam perpetua vita, felicitatem"
Found entity "Helvetiorum" in context "Suam innocentiam perpetua vita, felicitatem Helvetiorum bello esse perspectam. Itaque"
Found entity "Itaque" in context "felicitatem Helvetiorum bello esse perspectam. Itaque se quod in longiorem"
Found entity "Quod" in context "officium an timor plus valeret. Quod si praeterea nemo sequatur,"
Found entity "Huic" in context "sibique eam praetoriam cohortem futuram. Huic legioni Caesar et indulserat"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "praetoriam cohortem futuram. Huic legioni Caesar et indulserat praecipue et"
Found entity "Hac" in context "et propter virtutem confidebat maxime. Hac oratione habita mirum in"
Found entity "X." in context "belli gerendi innata est, princepsque X. legio per tribunos militum"
Found entity "Deinde" in context "ad bellum gerendum paratissimam confirmavit. Deinde reliquae legiones cum tribunis"
Found entity "Caesari" in context "primorum ordinum centurionibus egerunt uti Caesari satis facerent: se neque"
Found entity "Eorum" in context "iudicium sed imperatoris esse existimavisse. Eorum satisfactione accepta et itinere"
Found entity "Diviciacum," in context "accepta et itinere exquisito per Diviciacum, quod ex Gallis ei"
Found entity "Gallis" in context "exquisito per Diviciacum, quod ex Gallis ei maximam fidem habebat,"
Found entity "Septimo" in context "vigilia, ut dixerat, profectus est. Septimo die, cum iter non"
Found entity "Ariovisti" in context "ab exploratoribus certior factus est Ariovisti copias a nostris milia"
Found entity "Cognito" in context "passuum IIII et XX abesse. Cognito Caesaris adventu Ariovistus legatos"
Found entity "Caesaris" in context "IIII et XX abesse. Cognito Caesaris adventu Ariovistus legatos ad"
Found entity "Ariovistus" in context "XX abesse. Cognito Caesaris adventu Ariovistus legatos ad eum mittit:"
Found entity "Non" in context "sine periculo facere posse existimaret. Non respuit condicionem Caesar iamque"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "posse existimaret. Non respuit condicionem Caesar iamque eum ad sanitatem"
Found entity "Romani" in context "veniebat pro suis tantis populique Romani in eum beneficiis cognitis"
Found entity "Dies" in context "postulatis fore uti pertinacia desisteret. Dies conloquio dictus est ex"
Found entity "Interim" in context "est ex eo die quintus. Interim saepe cum legati ultro"
Found entity "Ariovistus" in context "ultro citroque inter eos mitterentur, Ariovistus postulavit ne quem peditem"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "ne quem peditem ad conloquium Caesar adduceret: vereri se ne"
Found entity "Caesar," in context "ratione sese non esse venturum. Caesar, quod neque conloquium interposita"
Found entity "Gallorum" in context "tolli volebat neque salutem suam Gallorum equitatui committere audebat, commodissimum"
Found entity "Gallis" in context "commodissimum esse statuit omnibus equis Gallis equitibus detractis eo legionarios"
Found entity "X.," in context "detractis eo legionarios milites legionis X., cui quam maxime confidebat,"
Found entity "Quod" in context "quid opus facto esset, haberet. Quod cum fieret, non inridicule"
Found entity "X." in context "non inridicule quidam ex militibus X. legionis dixit: plus quam"
Found entity "Caesarem" in context "dixit: plus quam pollicitus esset Caesarem facere; pollicitum se in"
Found entity "X." in context "se in cohortis praetoriae loco X. legionem habiturum ad equum"
Found entity "Planities" in context "legionem habiturum ad equum rescribere. Planities erat magna et in"
Found entity "Hic" in context "ea tumulus terrenus satis grandis. Hic locus aequum fere spatium"
Found entity "Ariovisti" in context "aequum fere spatium a castris Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat. Eo,"
Found entity "Caesaris" in context "spatium a castris Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat. Eo, ut erat"
Found entity "Eo," in context "castris Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat. Eo, ut erat dictum, ad"
Found entity "Legionem" in context "erat dictum, ad conloquium venerunt. Legionem Caesar, quam equis devexerat,"
Found entity "Caesar," in context "dictum, ad conloquium venerunt. Legionem Caesar, quam equis devexerat, passibus"
Found entity "Item" in context "CC ab eo tumulo constituit. Item equites Ariovisti pari intervallo"
Found entity "Ariovisti" in context "eo tumulo constituit. Item equites Ariovisti pari intervallo constiterunt. Ariovistus"
Found entity "Ariovistus" in context "equites Ariovisti pari intervallo constiterunt. Ariovistus ex equis ut conloquerentur"
Found entity "Ubi" in context "denos ad conloquium adducerent postulavit. Ubi eo ventum est, Caesar"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "postulavit. Ubi eo ventum est, Caesar initio orationis sua senatusque"
Found entity "Docebat" in context "ac senatus ea praemia consecutum. Docebat etiam quam veteres quamque"
Found entity "Haeduis" in context "iustae causae necessitudinis ipsis cum Haeduis intercederent, quae senatus consulta"
Found entity "Galliae" in context "essent, ut omni tempore totius Galliae principatum Haedui tenuissent, prius"
Found entity "Haedui" in context "omni tempore totius Galliae principatum Haedui tenuissent, prius etiam quam"
Found entity "Populi" in context "etiam quam nostram amicitiam adpetissent. Populi Romani hanc esse consuetudinem,"
Found entity "Romani" in context "quam nostram amicitiam adpetissent. Populi Romani hanc esse consuetudinem, ut"
Found entity "Romani" in context "quod vero ad amicitiam populi Romani attulissent, id iis eripi"
Found entity "Postulavit" in context "iis eripi quis pati posset? Postulavit deinde eadem quae legatis"
Found entity "Haeduis" in context "in mandatis dederat: ne aut Haeduis aut eorum sociis bellum"
Found entity "Germanorum" in context "obsides redderet, si nullam partem Germanorum domum remittere posset, at"
Found entity "Rhenum" in context "posset, at ne quos amplius Rhenum transire pateretur. Ariovistus ad"
Found entity "Ariovistus" in context "quos amplius Rhenum transire pateretur. Ariovistus ad postulata Caesaris pauca"
Found entity "Caesaris" in context "transire pateretur. Ariovistus ad postulata Caesaris pauca respondit, de suis"
Found entity "Rhenum" in context "suis virtutibus multa praedicavit: transisse Rhenum sese non sua sponte,"
Found entity "Gallis;" in context "sed rogatum et arcessitum a Gallis; non sine magna spe"
Found entity "Gallia" in context "propinquosque reliquisse; sedes habere in Gallia ab ipsis concessas, obsides"
Found entity "Non" in context "quod victores victis imponere consuerint. Non sese Gallis sed Gallos"
Found entity "Gallis" in context "victis imponere consuerint. Non sese Gallis sed Gallos sibi bellum"
Found entity "Gallos" in context "consuerint. Non sese Gallis sed Gallos sibi bellum intulisse: omnes"
Found entity "Galliae" in context "Gallos sibi bellum intulisse: omnes Galliae civitates ad se oppugnandum"
Found entity "Si" in context "proelio pulsas ac superatas esse. Si iterum experiri velint, se"
Found entity "Amicitiam" in context "voluntate ad id tempus pependerint. Amicitiam populi Romani sibi ornamento"
Found entity "Romani" in context "id tempus pependerint. Amicitiam populi Romani sibi ornamento et praesidio,"
Found entity "Si" in context "atque se hac spe petisse. Si per populum Romanum stipendium"
Found entity "Romanum" in context "spe petisse. Si per populum Romanum stipendium remittatur et dediticii"
Found entity "Romani" in context "minus libenter sese recusaturum populi Romani amicitiam quam adpetierit. Quod"
Found entity "Quod" in context "populi Romani amicitiam quam adpetierit. Quod multitudinem Germanorum in Galliam"
Found entity "Germanorum" in context "amicitiam quam adpetierit. Quod multitudinem Germanorum in Galliam traducat, id"
Found entity "Galliam" in context "adpetierit. Quod multitudinem Germanorum in Galliam traducat, id se sui"
Found entity "Galliae" in context "id se sui muniendi, non Galliae oppugnandae causa facere; eius"
Found entity "Se" in context "bellum non intulerit sed defenderit. Se prius in Galliam venisse"
Found entity "Galliam" in context "sed defenderit. Se prius in Galliam venisse quam populum Romanum."
Found entity "Romanum." in context "in Galliam venisse quam populum Romanum. Numquam ante hoc tempus"
Found entity "Numquam" in context "Galliam venisse quam populum Romanum. Numquam ante hoc tempus exercitum"
Found entity "Romani" in context "ante hoc tempus exercitum populi Romani Galliae provinciae finibus egressum."
Found entity "Galliae" in context "hoc tempus exercitum populi Romani Galliae provinciae finibus egressum. Quid"
Found entity "Quid" in context "Romani Galliae provinciae finibus egressum. Quid sibi vellet? Cur in"
Found entity "Cur" in context "finibus egressum. Quid sibi vellet? Cur in suas possessiones veniret?"
Found entity "Provinciam" in context "Cur in suas possessiones veniret? Provinciam suam hanc esse Galliam,"
Found entity "Galliam," in context "veniret? Provinciam suam hanc esse Galliam, sicut illam nostram. Ut"
Found entity "Ut" in context "esse Galliam, sicut illam nostram. Ut ipsi concedi non oporteret,"
Found entity "Quod" in context "in suo iure se interpellaremus. Quod fratres a senatu Haeduos"
Found entity "Haeduos" in context "interpellaremus. Quod fratres a senatu Haeduos appellatos diceret, non se"
Found entity "Allobrogum" in context "ut non sciret neque bello Allobrogum proximo Haeduos Romanis auxilium"
Found entity "Haeduos" in context "sciret neque bello Allobrogum proximo Haeduos Romanis auxilium tulisse neque"
Found entity "Romanis" in context "neque bello Allobrogum proximo Haeduos Romanis auxilium tulisse neque ipsos"
Found entity "Haedui" in context "ipsos in iis contentionibus quas Haedui secum et cum Sequanis"
Found entity "Sequanis" in context "quas Haedui secum et cum Sequanis habuissent auxilio populi Romani"
Found entity "Romani" in context "cum Sequanis habuissent auxilio populi Romani usos esse. Debere se"
Found entity "Debere" in context "auxilio populi Romani usos esse. Debere se suspicari simulata Caesarem"
Found entity "Caesarem" in context "esse. Debere se suspicari simulata Caesarem amicitia, quod exercitum in"
Found entity "Gallia" in context "Caesarem amicitia, quod exercitum in Gallia habeat, sui opprimendi causa"
Found entity "Qui" in context "habeat, sui opprimendi causa habere. Qui nisi decedat atque exercitum"
Found entity "Quod" in context "amico sed pro hoste habiturum. Quod si eum interfecerit, multis"
Found entity "Romani" in context "multis sese nobilibus principibusque populi Romani gratum esse facturum (id"
Found entity "Quod" in context "amicitiam eius morte redimere posset. Quod si decessisset et liberam"
Found entity "Galliae" in context "si decessisset et liberam possessionem Galliae sibi tradidisset, magno se"
Found entity "Multa" in context "eius labore et periculo confecturum. Multa a Caesare in eam"
Found entity "Caesare" in context "et periculo confecturum. Multa a Caesare in eam sententiam dicta"
Found entity "Romani" in context "posset: neque suam neque populi Romani consuetudinem pati ut optime"
Found entity "Galliam" in context "socios desereret, neque se iudicare Galliam potius esse Ariovisti quam"
Found entity "Ariovisti" in context "se iudicare Galliam potius esse Ariovisti quam populi Romani. Bello"
Found entity "Romani." in context "potius esse Ariovisti quam populi Romani. Bello superatos esse Arvernos"
Found entity "Bello" in context "esse Ariovisti quam populi Romani. Bello superatos esse Arvernos et"
Found entity "Arvernos" in context "populi Romani. Bello superatos esse Arvernos et Rutenos a Q."
Found entity "Rutenos" in context "Bello superatos esse Arvernos et Rutenos a Q. Fabio Maximo,"
Found entity "Q." in context "esse Arvernos et Rutenos a Q. Fabio Maximo, quibus populus"
Found entity "Fabio" in context "Arvernos et Rutenos a Q. Fabio Maximo, quibus populus Romanus"
Found entity "Maximo," in context "et Rutenos a Q. Fabio Maximo, quibus populus Romanus ignovisset"
Found entity "Romanus" in context "Q. Fabio Maximo, quibus populus Romanus ignovisset neque in provinciam"
Found entity "Quod" in context "provinciam redegisset neque stipendium posuisset. Quod si antiquissimum quodque tempus"
Found entity "Romani" in context "quodque tempus spectari oporteret, populi Romani iustissimum esse in Gallia"
Found entity "Gallia" in context "populi Romani iustissimum esse in Gallia imperium; si iudicium senatus"
Found entity "Galliam," in context "observari oporteret, liberam debere esse Galliam, quam bello victam suis"
Found entity "Dum" in context "victam suis legibus uti voluisset. Dum haec in conloquio geruntur,"
Found entity "Caesari" in context "Dum haec in conloquio geruntur, Caesari nuntiatum est equites Ariovisti"
Found entity "Ariovisti" in context "geruntur, Caesari nuntiatum est equites Ariovisti propius tumulum accedere et"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "lapides telaque in nostros coicere. Caesar loquendi finem fecit seque"
Found entity "Nam" in context "omnino telum in hostes reicerent. Nam etsi sine ullo periculo"
Found entity "Postea" in context "per fidem in conloquio circumventos. Postea quam in vulgus militum"
Found entity "Ariovistus" in context "est qua arrogantia in conloquio Ariovistus usus omni Gallia Romanis"
Found entity "Gallia" in context "in conloquio Ariovistus usus omni Gallia Romanis interdixisset, impetumque in"
Found entity "Romanis" in context "conloquio Ariovistus usus omni Gallia Romanis interdixisset, impetumque in nostros"
Found entity "Biduo" in context "pugnandi maius exercitui iniectum est. Biduo post Ariovistus ad Caesarem"
Found entity "Ariovistus" in context "exercitui iniectum est. Biduo post Ariovistus ad Caesarem legatos misit:"
Found entity "Caesarem" in context "est. Biduo post Ariovistus ad Caesarem legatos misit: velle se"
Found entity "Conloquendi" in context "legatis aliquem ad se mitteret. Conloquendi Caesari causa visa non"
Found entity "Caesari" in context "aliquem ad se mitteret. Conloquendi Caesari causa visa non est,"
Found entity "Germani" in context "magis quod pridie eius diei Germani retineri non potuerant quin"
Found entity "Legatum" in context "quin tela in nostros coicerent. Legatum ex suis sese magno"
Found entity "Commodissimum" in context "et hominibus feris obiecturum existimabat. Commodissimum visum est C. Valerium"
Found entity "C." in context "obiecturum existimabat. Commodissimum visum est C. Valerium Procillum, C. Valerii"
Found entity "Valerium" in context "existimabat. Commodissimum visum est C. Valerium Procillum, C. Valerii Caburi"
Found entity "Procillum," in context "Commodissimum visum est C. Valerium Procillum, C. Valerii Caburi filium,"
Found entity "C." in context "visum est C. Valerium Procillum, C. Valerii Caburi filium, summa"
Found entity "Valerii" in context "est C. Valerium Procillum, C. Valerii Caburi filium, summa virtute"
Found entity "Caburi" in context "C. Valerium Procillum, C. Valerii Caburi filium, summa virtute et"
Found entity "C." in context "humanitate adulescentem, cuius pater a C. Valerio Flacco civitate donatus"
Found entity "Valerio" in context "adulescentem, cuius pater a C. Valerio Flacco civitate donatus erat,"
Found entity "Flacco" in context "cuius pater a C. Valerio Flacco civitate donatus erat, et"
Found entity "Gallicae" in context "propter fidem et propter linguae Gallicae scientiam, qua multa iam"
Found entity "Ariovistus" in context "Gallicae scientiam, qua multa iam Ariovistus longinqua consuetudine utebatur, et"
Found entity "Germanis" in context "et quod in eo peccandi Germanis causa non esset, ad"
Found entity "M." in context "ad eum mittere, et una M. Metium, qui hospitio Ariovisti"
Found entity "Metium," in context "eum mittere, et una M. Metium, qui hospitio Ariovisti utebatur."
Found entity "Ariovisti" in context "una M. Metium, qui hospitio Ariovisti utebatur. His mandavit quae"
Found entity "His" in context "Metium, qui hospitio Ariovisti utebatur. His mandavit quae diceret Ariovistus"
Found entity "Ariovistus" in context "utebatur. His mandavit quae diceret Ariovistus cognoscerent et ad se"
Found entity "Quos" in context "cognoscerent et ad se referrent. Quos cum apud se in"
Found entity "Ariovistus" in context "cum apud se in castris Ariovistus conspexisset, exercitu suo praesente"
Found entity "Conantes" in context "se venirent? an speculandi causa? Conantes dicere prohibuit et in"
Found entity "Eodem" in context "prohibuit et in catenas coniecit. Eodem die castra promovit et"
Found entity "Caesaris" in context "et milibus passuum VI a Caesaris castris sub monte consedit."
Found entity "Postridie" in context "Caesaris castris sub monte consedit. Postridie eius diei praeter castra"
Found entity "Caesaris" in context "Postridie eius diei praeter castra Caesaris suas copias traduxit et"
Found entity "Sequanis" in context "uti frumento commeatuque qui ex Sequanis et Haeduis supportaretur Caesarem"
Found entity "Haeduis" in context "commeatuque qui ex Sequanis et Haeduis supportaretur Caesarem intercluderet. Ex"
Found entity "Caesarem" in context "ex Sequanis et Haeduis supportaretur Caesarem intercluderet. Ex eo die"
Found entity "Ex" in context "et Haeduis supportaretur Caesarem intercluderet. Ex eo die dies continuos"
Found entity "V" in context "Ex eo die dies continuos V Caesar pro castris suas"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "eo die dies continuos V Caesar pro castris suas copias"
Found entity "Ariovistus" in context "instructam habuit, ut, si vellet Ariovistus proelio contendere, ei potestas"
Found entity "Ariovistus" in context "contendere, ei potestas non deesset. Ariovistus his omnibus diebus exercitum"
Found entity "Genus" in context "continuit, equestri proelio cotidie contendit. Genus hoc erat pugnae, quo"
Found entity "Germani" in context "hoc erat pugnae, quo se Germani exercuerant: equitum milia erant"
Found entity "Ubi" in context "iubis sublevati equorum cursum adaequarent. Ubi eum castris se tenere"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "Ubi eum castris se tenere Caesar intellexit, ne diutius commeatu"
Found entity "Germani" in context "eum locum, quo in loco Germani consederant, circiter passus DC"
Found entity "Primam" in context "instructa ad eum locum venit. Primam et secundam aciem in"
Found entity "[Hic" in context "esse, tertiam castra munire iussit. [Hic locus ab hoste circiter"
Found entity "Eo" in context "DC, uti dictum est, aberat.] Eo circiter hominum XVI milia"
Found entity "Ariovistus" in context "milia expedita cum omni equitatu Ariovistus misit, quae copiae nostros"
Found entity "Nihilo" in context "nostros terrerent et munitione prohiberent. Nihilo setius Caesar, ut ante"
Found entity "Caesar," in context "et munitione prohiberent. Nihilo setius Caesar, ut ante constituerat, duas"
Found entity "Munitis" in context "propulsare, tertiam opus perficere iussit. Munitis castris duas ibi legiones"
Found entity "Proximo" in context "legiones in castra maiora reduxit. Proximo die instituto suo Caesar"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "reduxit. Proximo die instituto suo Caesar ex castris utrisque copias"
Found entity "Ubi" in context "instruxit hostibusque pugnandi potestatem fecit. Ubi ne tum quidem eos"
Found entity "Tum" in context "meridiem exercitum in castra reduxit. Tum demum Ariovistus partem suarum"
Found entity "Ariovistus" in context "in castra reduxit. Tum demum Ariovistus partem suarum copiarum, quae"
Found entity "Acriter" in context "quae castra minora oppugnaret, misit. Acriter utrimque usque ad vesperum"
Found entity "Solis" in context "usque ad vesperum pugnatum est. Solis occasu suas copias Ariovistus"
Found entity "Ariovistus" in context "est. Solis occasu suas copias Ariovistus multis et inlatis et"
Found entity "Cum" in context "acceptis vulneribus in castra reduxit. Cum ex captivis quaereret Caesar"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "reduxit. Cum ex captivis quaereret Caesar quam ob rem Ariovistus"
Found entity "Ariovistus" in context "quaereret Caesar quam ob rem Ariovistus proelio non decertaret, hanc"
Found entity "Germanos" in context "hanc reperiebat causam, quod apud Germanos ea consuetudo esset ut"
Found entity "Germanos" in context "ita dicere: non esse fas Germanos superare, si ante novam"
Found entity "Postridie" in context "ante novam lunam proelio contendissent. Postridie eius diei Caesar praesidio"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "proelio contendissent. Postridie eius diei Caesar praesidio utrisque castris quod"
Found entity "Tum" in context "usque ad castra hostium accessit. Tum demum necessario Germani suas"
Found entity "Germani" in context "hostium accessit. Tum demum necessario Germani suas copias castris eduxerunt"
Found entity "Harudes," in context "eduxerunt generatimque constituerunt paribus intervallis, Harudes, Marcomanos, Tribocos, Vangiones, Nemetes,"
Found entity "Marcomanos," in context "generatimque constituerunt paribus intervallis, Harudes, Marcomanos, Tribocos, Vangiones, Nemetes, Sedusios,"
Found entity "Tribocos," in context "constituerunt paribus intervallis, Harudes, Marcomanos, Tribocos, Vangiones, Nemetes, Sedusios, Suebos,"
Found entity "Vangiones," in context "paribus intervallis, Harudes, Marcomanos, Tribocos, Vangiones, Nemetes, Sedusios, Suebos, omnemque"
Found entity "Nemetes," in context "intervallis, Harudes, Marcomanos, Tribocos, Vangiones, Nemetes, Sedusios, Suebos, omnemque aciem"
Found entity "Sedusios," in context "Harudes, Marcomanos, Tribocos, Vangiones, Nemetes, Sedusios, Suebos, omnemque aciem suam"
Found entity "Suebos," in context "Marcomanos, Tribocos, Vangiones, Nemetes, Sedusios, Suebos, omnemque aciem suam raedis"
Found entity "Eo" in context "qua spes in fuga relinqueretur. Eo mulieres imposuerunt, quae ad"
Found entity "Romanis" in context "implorabant ne se in servitutem Romanis traderent. Caesar singulis legionibus"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "se in servitutem Romanis traderent. Caesar singulis legionibus singulos legatos"
Found entity "Ita" in context "hostium esse animadverterat, proelium commisit. Ita nostri acriter in hostes"
Found entity "Relictis" in context "in hostes coiciendi non daretur. Relictis pilis comminus gladiis pugnatum"
Found entity "At" in context "pilis comminus gladiis pugnatum est. At Germani celeriter ex consuetudine"
Found entity "Germani" in context "comminus gladiis pugnatum est. At Germani celeriter ex consuetudine sua"
Found entity "Reperti" in context "phalange facta impetus gladiorum exceperunt. Reperti sunt complures nostri qui"
Found entity "Cum" in context "manibus revellerent et desuper vulnerarent. Cum hostium acies a sinistro"
Found entity "Id" in context "multitudine suorum nostram aciem premebant. Id cum animadvertisset P. Crassus"
Found entity "P." in context "aciem premebant. Id cum animadvertisset P. Crassus adulescens, qui equitatui"
Found entity "Crassus" in context "premebant. Id cum animadvertisset P. Crassus adulescens, qui equitatui praeerat,"
Found entity "Ita" in context "aciem laborantibus nostris subsidio misit. Ita proelium restitutum est, atque"
Found entity "Rhenum" in context "fugere destiterunt quam ad flumen Rhenum milia passuum ex eo"
Found entity "L" in context "passuum ex eo loco circiter L pervenerunt. Ibi perpauci aut"
Found entity "Ibi" in context "eo loco circiter L pervenerunt. Ibi perpauci aut viribus confisi"
Found entity "In" in context "lintribus inventis sibi salutem reppererunt. In his fuit Ariovistus, qui"
Found entity "Ariovistus," in context "salutem reppererunt. In his fuit Ariovistus, qui naviculam deligatam ad"
Found entity "Duae" in context "omnes consecuti equites nostri interfecerunt. Duae fuerunt Ariovisti uxores, una"
Found entity "Ariovisti" in context "equites nostri interfecerunt. Duae fuerunt Ariovisti uxores, una Sueba natione,"
Found entity "Sueba" in context "Duae fuerunt Ariovisti uxores, una Sueba natione, quam domo secum"
Found entity "Norica," in context "quam domo secum eduxerat, altera Norica, regis Voccionis soror, quam"
Found entity "Voccionis" in context "secum eduxerat, altera Norica, regis Voccionis soror, quam in Gallia"
Found entity "Gallia" in context "regis Voccionis soror, quam in Gallia duxerat a fratre missam:"
Found entity "C." in context "altera occisa, altera capta est. C. Valerius Procillus, cum a"
Found entity "Valerius" in context "occisa, altera capta est. C. Valerius Procillus, cum a custodibus"
Found entity "Procillus," in context "altera capta est. C. Valerius Procillus, cum a custodibus in"
Found entity "Caesarem" in context "catenis vinctus traheretur, in ipsum Caesarem hostes equitatu insequentem incidit."
Found entity "Quae" in context "Caesarem hostes equitatu insequentem incidit. Quae quidem res Caesari non"
Found entity "Caesari" in context "insequentem incidit. Quae quidem res Caesari non minorem quam ipsa"
Found entity "Galliae," in context "attulit, quod hominem honestissimum provinciae Galliae, suum familiarem et hospitem,"
Found entity "Is" in context "et gratulatione quicquam fortuna deminuerat. Is se praesente de se"
Found entity "Item" in context "sortium beneficio se esse incolumem. Item M. Metius repertus et"
Found entity "M." in context "beneficio se esse incolumem. Item M. Metius repertus et ad"
Found entity "Metius" in context "se esse incolumem. Item M. Metius repertus et ad eum"
Found entity "Hoc" in context "et ad eum reductus est. Hoc proelio trans Rhenum nuntiato,"
Found entity "Rhenum" in context "reductus est. Hoc proelio trans Rhenum nuntiato, Suebi, qui ad"
Found entity "Suebi," in context "Hoc proelio trans Rhenum nuntiato, Suebi, qui ad ripas Rheni"
Found entity "Rheni" in context "nuntiato, Suebi, qui ad ripas Rheni venerant, domum reverti coeperunt;"
Found entity "Rhenum" in context "coeperunt; quos ubi qui proximi Rhenum incolunt perterritos senserunt, insecuti"
Found entity "Caesar" in context "magnum ex iis numerum occiderunt. Caesar una aestate duobus maximis"
Found entity "Sequanos" in context "anni postulabat in hiberna in Sequanos exercitum deduxit; hibernis Labienum"
Found entity "Labienum" in context "in Sequanos exercitum deduxit; hibernis Labienum praeposuit; ipse in citeriorem"
Found entity "Galliam" in context "Labienum praeposuit; ipse in citeriorem Galliam ad conventus agendos profectus"

In [24]:

    

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Out[24]:





[('COMMENTARIUS', 'O'),
 ('PRIMUS', 'O'),
 ('Gallia', 'Entity'),
 ('est', 'O'),
 ('omnis', 'O'),
 ('divisa', 'O'),
 ('in', 'O'),
 ('partes', 'O'),
 ('tres,', 'O'),
 ('quarum', 'O'),
 ('unam', 'O'),
 ('incolunt', 'O'),
 ('Belgae,', 'Entity'),
 ('aliam', 'O'),
 ('Aquitani,', 'Entity'),
 ('tertiam', 'O'),
 ('qui', 'O'),
 ('ipsorum', 'O'),
 ('lingua', 'O'),
 ('Celtae,', 'Entity'),
 ('nostra', 'O'),
 ('Galli', 'Entity'),
 ('appellantur.', 'O'),
 ('Hi', 'Entity'),
 ('omnes', 'O'),
 ('lingua,', 'O'),
 ('institutis,', 'O'),
 ('legibus', 'O'),
 ('inter', 'O'),
 ('se', 'O'),
 ('differunt.', 'O'),
 ('Gallos', 'Entity'),
 ('ab', 'O'),
 ('Aquitanis', 'Entity'),
 ('Garumna', 'Entity'),
 ('flumen,', 'O'),
 ('a', 'O'),
 ('Belgis', 'Entity'),
 ('Matrona', 'Entity'),
 ('et', 'O'),
 ('Sequana', 'Entity'),
 ('dividit.', 'O'),
 ('Horum', 'Entity'),
 ('omnium', 'O'),
 ('fortissimi', 'O'),
 ('sunt', 'O'),
 ('Belgae,', 'Entity'),
 ('propterea', 'O'),
 ('quod', 'O'),
 ('a', 'O')]

In [31]:

    

%%time
tagged_text_cltk = tag_ner('latin', input_text=de_bello_gallico_book1)


    

    




CPU times: user 14 s, sys: 0 ns, total: 14 s
Wall time: 14 s

In [26]:

    

tagged_text_cltk[:10]


    

    
Out[26]:





[('COMMENTARIUS',),
 ('PRIMUS',),
 ('Gallia', 'Entity'),
 ('est',),
 ('omnis',),
 ('divisa',),
 ('in',),
 ('partes',),
 ('tres',),
 (',',)]

In [33]:

    

def reshape_cltk_output(tagged_tokens):
    reshaped_output = []
    for tagged_token in tagged_tokens:
        if(len(tagged_token)==1):
            reshaped_output.append((tagged_token[0], "O"))
        else:
            reshaped_output.append((tagged_token[0], tagged_token[1]))
    return reshaped_output


    

In [34]:

    

tagged_text_cltk_reshaped = reshape_cltk_output(tagged_text_cltk)


    

In [29]:

    

tagged_text_cltk[:20]


    

    
Out[29]:





[('COMMENTARIUS', 'O'),
 ('PRIMUS', 'O'),
 ('Gallia', 'Entity'),
 ('est', 'O'),
 ('omnis', 'O'),
 ('divisa', 'O'),
 ('in', 'O'),
 ('partes', 'O'),
 ('tres', 'O'),
 (',', 'O'),
 ('quarum', 'O'),
 ('unam', 'O'),
 ('incolunt', 'O'),
 ('Belgae', 'Entity'),
 (',', 'O'),
 ('aliam', 'O'),
 ('Aquitani', 'Entity'),
 (',', 'O'),
 ('tertiam', 'O'),
 ('qui', 'O')]

In [35]:

    

list(zip(tagged_text_baseline[:20], tagged_text_cltk_reshaped[:20]))


    

    
Out[35]:





[(('COMMENTARIUS', 'O'), ('COMMENTARIUS', 'O')),
 (('PRIMUS', 'O'), ('PRIMUS', 'O')),
 (('Gallia', 'Entity'), ('Gallia', 'Entity')),
 (('est', 'O'), ('est', 'O')),
 (('omnis', 'O'), ('omnis', 'O')),
 (('divisa', 'O'), ('divisa', 'O')),
 (('in', 'O'), ('in', 'O')),
 (('partes', 'O'), ('partes', 'O')),
 (('tres,', 'O'), ('tres', 'O')),
 (('quarum', 'O'), (',', 'O')),
 (('unam', 'O'), ('quarum', 'O')),
 (('incolunt', 'O'), ('unam', 'O')),
 (('Belgae,', 'Entity'), ('incolunt', 'O')),
 (('aliam', 'O'), ('Belgae', 'Entity')),
 (('Aquitani,', 'Entity'), (',', 'O')),
 (('tertiam', 'O'), ('aliam', 'O')),
 (('qui', 'O'), ('Aquitani', 'Entity')),
 (('ipsorum', 'O'), (',', 'O')),
 (('lingua', 'O'), ('tertiam', 'O')),
 (('Celtae,', 'Entity'), ('qui', 'O'))]

In [36]:

    

tagged_text_cltk = reshape_cltk_output(tag_ner('latin', input_text=de_bello_gallico_book1.split(" ")))


    

In [37]:

    

list(zip(tagged_text_baseline[:20], tagged_text_cltk[:20]))


    

    
Out[37]:





[(('COMMENTARIUS', 'O'), ('COMMENTARIUS', 'O')),
 (('PRIMUS', 'O'), ('PRIMUS', 'O')),
 (('Gallia', 'Entity'), ('Gallia', 'Entity')),
 (('est', 'O'), ('est', 'O')),
 (('omnis', 'O'), ('omnis', 'O')),
 (('divisa', 'O'), ('divisa', 'O')),
 (('in', 'O'), ('in', 'O')),
 (('partes', 'O'), ('partes', 'O')),
 (('tres,', 'O'), ('tres,', 'O')),
 (('quarum', 'O'), ('quarum', 'O')),
 (('unam', 'O'), ('unam', 'O')),
 (('incolunt', 'O'), ('incolunt', 'O')),
 (('Belgae,', 'Entity'), ('Belgae,', 'O')),
 (('aliam', 'O'), ('aliam', 'O')),
 (('Aquitani,', 'Entity'), ('Aquitani,', 'O')),
 (('tertiam', 'O'), ('tertiam', 'O')),
 (('qui', 'O'), ('qui', 'O')),
 (('ipsorum', 'O'), ('ipsorum', 'O')),
 (('lingua', 'O'), ('lingua', 'O')),
 (('Celtae,', 'Entity'), ('Celtae,', 'O'))]

In [55]:

    

stanford_model_italian = "/opt/nlp/stanford-tools/stanford-ner-2015-12-09/classifiers/ner-ita-nogpe-noiob_gaz_wikipedia_sloppy.ser.gz"
stanford_model_english = "/opt/nlp/stanford-tools/stanford-ner-2015-12-09/classifiers/english.muc.7class.distsim.crf.ser.gz"


    

In [39]:

    

ner_tagger = StanfordNERTagger(stanford_model_italian)


    

In [56]:

    

ner_tagger = StanfordNERTagger(stanford_model_english)


    

In [57]:

    

tagged_text_nltk = ner_tagger.tag(de_bello_gallico_en_book1.split(" "))


    

In [59]:

    

tagged_text_nltk[:100]


    

    
Out[59]:





[('All', 'O'),
 ('Gaul', 'PERSON'),
 ('is', 'O'),
 ('divided', 'O'),
 ('into', 'O'),
 ('three', 'O'),
 ('parts,', 'O'),
 ('one', 'O'),
 ('of', 'O'),
 ('which', 'O'),
 ('the', 'O'),
 ('Belgae', 'O'),
 ('inhabit,', 'O'),
 ('the', 'O'),
 ('Aquitani', 'O'),
 ('another,', 'O'),
 ('those', 'O'),
 ('who', 'O'),
 ('in', 'O'),
 ('their', 'O'),
 ('own', 'O'),
 ('language', 'O'),
 ('are', 'O'),
 ('called', 'O'),
 ('Celts', 'O'),
 (',', 'O'),
 ('in', 'O'),
 ('our', 'O'),
 ('Gauls', 'O'),
 (',', 'O'),
 ('the', 'O'),
 ('third.', 'O'),
 ('All', 'O'),
 ('these', 'O'),
 ('differ', 'O'),
 ('from', 'O'),
 ('each', 'O'),
 ('other', 'O'),
 ('in', 'O'),
 ('language,', 'O'),
 ('customs', 'O'),
 ('and', 'O'),
 ('laws.', 'O'),
 ('The', 'O'),
 ('river', 'O'),
 ('Garonne', 'O'),
 ('separates', 'O'),
 ('the', 'O'),
 ('Gauls', 'O'),
 ('from', 'O'),
 ('the', 'O'),
 ('Aquitani', 'LOCATION'),
 (';', 'O'),
 ('the', 'O'),
 ('Marne', 'O'),
 ('and', 'O'),
 ('the', 'O'),
 ('Seine', 'LOCATION'),
 ('separate', 'O'),
 ('them', 'O'),
 ('from', 'O'),
 ('the', 'O'),
 ('Belgae', 'LOCATION'),
 ('.', 'O'),
 ('Of', 'O'),
 ('all', 'O'),
 ('these,', 'O'),
 ('the', 'O'),
 ('Belgae', 'PERSON'),
 ('are', 'O'),
 ('the', 'O'),
 ('bravest,', 'O'),
 ('because', 'O'),
 ('they', 'O'),
 ('are', 'O'),
 ('furthest', 'O'),
 ('from', 'O'),
 ('the', 'O'),
 ('civilization', 'O'),
 ('and', 'O'),
 ('refinement', 'O'),
 ('of', 'O'),
 ('[our]', 'O'),
 ('Province,', 'O'),
 ('and', 'O'),
 ('merchants', 'O'),
 ('least', 'O'),
 ('frequently', 'O'),
 ('resort', 'O'),
 ('to', 'O'),
 ('them,', 'O'),
 ('and', 'O'),
 ('import', 'O'),
 ('those', 'O'),
 ('things', 'O'),
 ('which', 'O'),
 ('tend', 'O'),
 ('to', 'O'),
 ('effeminate', 'O'),
 ('the', 'O')]

In [42]:

    

list(zip(tagged_text_baseline[:20], tagged_text_cltk[:20], tagged_text_nltk[:20]))


    

    
Out[42]:





[(('COMMENTARIUS', 'O'), ('COMMENTARIUS', 'O'), ('COMMENTARIUS', 'LOC')),
 (('PRIMUS', 'O'), ('PRIMUS', 'O'), ('PRIMUS', 'LOC')),
 (('Gallia', 'Entity'), ('Gallia', 'Entity'), ('Gallia', 'LOC')),
 (('est', 'O'), ('est', 'O'), ('est', 'O')),
 (('omnis', 'O'), ('omnis', 'O'), ('omnis', 'O')),
 (('divisa', 'O'), ('divisa', 'O'), ('divisa', 'O')),
 (('in', 'O'), ('in', 'O'), ('in', 'O')),
 (('partes', 'O'), ('partes', 'O'), ('partes', 'O')),
 (('tres,', 'O'), ('tres,', 'O'), ('tres,', 'O')),
 (('quarum', 'O'), ('quarum', 'O'), ('quarum', 'O')),
 (('unam', 'O'), ('unam', 'O'), ('unam', 'O')),
 (('incolunt', 'O'), ('incolunt', 'O'), ('incolunt', 'O')),
 (('Belgae,', 'Entity'), ('Belgae,', 'O'), ('Belgae,', 'O')),
 (('aliam', 'O'), ('aliam', 'O'), ('aliam', 'O')),
 (('Aquitani,', 'Entity'), ('Aquitani,', 'O'), ('Aquitani,', 'O')),
 (('tertiam', 'O'), ('tertiam', 'O'), ('tertiam', 'O')),
 (('qui', 'O'), ('qui', 'O'), ('qui', 'O')),
 (('ipsorum', 'O'), ('ipsorum', 'O'), ('ipsorum', 'O')),
 (('lingua', 'O'), ('lingua', 'O'), ('lingua', 'O')),
 (('Celtae,', 'Entity'), ('Celtae,', 'O'), ('Celtae,', 'O'))]

In [43]:

    

for baseline_out, cltk_out, nltk_out in zip(tagged_text_baseline[:20], tagged_text_cltk[:20], tagged_text_nltk[:20]):
    print("Baseline: %s\nCLTK: %s\nNLTK: %s\n"%(baseline_out, cltk_out, nltk_out))


    

    




Baseline: ('COMMENTARIUS', 'O')
CLTK: ('COMMENTARIUS', 'O')
NLTK: ('COMMENTARIUS', 'LOC')

Baseline: ('PRIMUS', 'O')
CLTK: ('PRIMUS', 'O')
NLTK: ('PRIMUS', 'LOC')

Baseline: ('Gallia', 'Entity')
CLTK: ('Gallia', 'Entity')
NLTK: ('Gallia', 'LOC')

Baseline: ('est', 'O')
CLTK: ('est', 'O')
NLTK: ('est', 'O')

Baseline: ('omnis', 'O')
CLTK: ('omnis', 'O')
NLTK: ('omnis', 'O')

Baseline: ('divisa', 'O')
CLTK: ('divisa', 'O')
NLTK: ('divisa', 'O')

Baseline: ('in', 'O')
CLTK: ('in', 'O')
NLTK: ('in', 'O')

Baseline: ('partes', 'O')
CLTK: ('partes', 'O')
NLTK: ('partes', 'O')

Baseline: ('tres,', 'O')
CLTK: ('tres,', 'O')
NLTK: ('tres,', 'O')

Baseline: ('quarum', 'O')
CLTK: ('quarum', 'O')
NLTK: ('quarum', 'O')

Baseline: ('unam', 'O')
CLTK: ('unam', 'O')
NLTK: ('unam', 'O')

Baseline: ('incolunt', 'O')
CLTK: ('incolunt', 'O')
NLTK: ('incolunt', 'O')

Baseline: ('Belgae,', 'Entity')
CLTK: ('Belgae,', 'O')
NLTK: ('Belgae,', 'O')

Baseline: ('aliam', 'O')
CLTK: ('aliam', 'O')
NLTK: ('aliam', 'O')

Baseline: ('Aquitani,', 'Entity')
CLTK: ('Aquitani,', 'O')
NLTK: ('Aquitani,', 'O')

Baseline: ('tertiam', 'O')
CLTK: ('tertiam', 'O')
NLTK: ('tertiam', 'O')

Baseline: ('qui', 'O')
CLTK: ('qui', 'O')
NLTK: ('qui', 'O')

Baseline: ('ipsorum', 'O')
CLTK: ('ipsorum', 'O')
NLTK: ('ipsorum', 'O')

Baseline: ('lingua', 'O')
CLTK: ('lingua', 'O')
NLTK: ('lingua', 'O')

Baseline: ('Celtae,', 'Entity')
CLTK: ('Celtae,', 'O')
NLTK: ('Celtae,', 'O')

In [ ]:

    

stanford_model_english = "/opt/nlp/stanford-tools/stanford-ner-2015-12-09/classifiers/english.muc.7class.distsim.crf.ser.gz"