<h1, align=center>PYTHON OBJECTS AND CLASSES</h1>

Welcome!

Objects in programming are like objects in real life. Like life, there are different classes of objects. In this notebook, we will create two classes called Circle and Rectangle. By the end of this notebook, you will have a better idea about :

-what a class is

-what an attribute is

-what a method is

Don’t worry if you don’t get it the first time, as much of the terminology is confusing. Don’t forget to do the practice tests in the notebook.

Introduction

Creating a Class

The first part of creating a class is giving it a name: In this notebook, we will create two classes, Circle and Rectangle. We need to determine all the data that make up that class, and we call that an attribute. Think about this step as creating a blue print that we will use to create objects. In figure 1 we see two classes, circle and rectangle. Each has their attributes, they are variables. The class circle has the attribute radius and colour, while the rectangle has the attribute height and width. Let’s use the visual examples of these shapes before we get to the code, as this will help you get accustomed to the vocabulary.

Figure 1: Classes circle and rectangle, and each has their own attributes. The class circle has the attribute radius and colour, the rectangle has the attribute height and width.

Instances of a Class: Objects and Attributes

An instance of an object is the realisation of a class, and in figure 2 we see three instances of the class circle. We give each object a name: red circle, yellow circle and green circle. Each object has different attributes, so let's focus on the attribute of colour for each object.

Figure 2: Three instances of the class circle or three objects of type circle.

The colour attribute for the red circle is the colour red, for the green circle object the colour attribute is green, and for the yellow circle the colour attribute is yellow.

Methods

Methods give you a way to change or interact with the object; they are functions that interact with objects. For example, let’s say we would like to increase the radius by a specified amount of a circle. We can create a method called add_radius(r) that increases the radius by r. This is shown in figure 3, where after applying the method to the "orange circle object", the radius of the object increases accordingly. The “dot” notation means to apply the method to the object, which is essentially applying a function to the information in the object.

Figure 3: Applying the method “add_radius” to the object orange circle object .

Creating a Class

Now we are going to create a class circle, but first, we are going to import a library to draw the objects:



In [2]:

    
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline

The first step in creating your own class is to use the class keyword, then the name of the class as shown in Figure 4. In this course the class parent will always be object:

Figure 4: Three instances of the class circle or three objects of type circle.

The next step is a special method called a constructor init, which is used to initialize the object. The input are data attributes. The term self contains all the attributes in the set. For example the self.color gives the value of the attribute colour and self.radius will give you the radius of the object. We also have the method add_radius() with the parameter r, the method adds the value of r to the attribute radius. To access the radius we use the sintax self.radius. The labeled syntax is summarized in Figure 5:

Figure 5: Labeled syntax of the object circle.

The actual object is shown below. We include the method drawCircle to display the image of a circle. We set the default radius to 3 and the default colour to blue:



In [3]:

    
class Circle(object):
    
    def __init__(self,radius=3,color='blue'):
        
        self.radius=radius
        self.color=color 
    
    def add_radius(self,r):
        
        self.radius=self.radius+r
        return(self.radius)
    def drawCircle(self):
        
        plt.gca().add_patch(plt.Circle((0, 0), radius=self.radius, fc=self.color))
        plt.axis('scaled')
        plt.show()

Creating an instance of a class Circle

Let’s create the object RedCircle of type Circle to do the following:



In [4]:

    
RedCircle=Circle(10,'red')

We can use the dir command to get a list of the object's methods. Many of them are default Python methods.



In [5]:

    
dir(RedCircle)









    Out[5]:





['__class__',
 '__delattr__',
 '__dict__',
 '__dir__',
 '__doc__',
 '__eq__',
 '__format__',
 '__ge__',
 '__getattribute__',
 '__gt__',
 '__hash__',
 '__init__',
 '__le__',
 '__lt__',
 '__module__',
 '__ne__',
 '__new__',
 '__reduce__',
 '__reduce_ex__',
 '__repr__',
 '__setattr__',
 '__sizeof__',
 '__str__',
 '__subclasshook__',
 '__weakref__',
 'add_radius',
 'color',
 'drawCircle',
 'radius']

We can look at the data attributes of the object:



In [6]:

    
RedCircle.radius









    Out[6]:





10



In [7]:

    
RedCircle.color









    Out[7]:





'red'

We can change the object's data attributes:



In [8]:

    
RedCircle.radius=1



In [9]:

    
RedCircle.radius









    Out[9]:





1

We can draw the object by using the method drawCircle():



In [10]:

    
RedCircle.drawCircle()

We can increase the radius of the circle by applying the method add_radius(). Let increases the radius by 2 and then by 5:



In [11]:

    
print('Radius of object:',RedCircle.radius)
RedCircle.add_radius(2)
print('Radius of object of after applying the method add_radius(2):',RedCircle.radius)
RedCircle.add_radius(5)
print('Radius of object of after applying the method add_radius(5):',RedCircle.radius)









    



Radius of object: 1
Radius of object of after applying the method add_radius(2): 3
Radius of object of after applying the method add_radius(5): 8

Let’s create a blue circle. As the default colour is blue, all we have to do is specify what the radius is:



In [12]:

    
BlueCircle=Circle(radius=100)

As before we can access the attributes of the instance of the class by using the dot notation:



In [13]:

    
BlueCircle.radius









    Out[13]:





100



In [14]:

    
BlueCircle.color









    Out[14]:





'blue'

We can draw the object by using the method drawCircle():



In [15]:

    
BlueCircle.drawCircle()

Compare the x and y axis of the figure to the figure for RedCircle; they are different.

The Rectangle Class

Let's create a class rectangle with the attributes of height, width and colour. We will only add the method to draw the rectangle object:



In [16]:

    
class Rectangle(object):
    
    def __init__(self,width=2,height =3,color='r'):
        self.height=height 
        self.width=width
        self.color=color
    
    def drawRectangle(self):
        import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
        plt.gca().add_patch(plt.Rectangle((0, 0),self.width, self.height ,fc=self.color))
        plt.axis('scaled')
        plt.show()

Let’s create the object SkinnyBlueRectangle of type Rectangle. Its width will be 2 and height will be 3, and the colour will be blue:



In [17]:

    
SkinnyBlueRectangle= Rectangle(2,10,'blue')

As before we can access the attributes of the instance of the class by using the dot notation:



In [18]:

    
SkinnyBlueRectangle.height









    Out[18]:





10



In [20]:

    
SkinnyBlueRectangle.width









    Out[20]:





2



In [19]:

    
SkinnyBlueRectangle.color









    Out[19]:





'blue'

We can draw the object:



In [21]:

    
SkinnyBlueRectangle.drawRectangle()

Let’s create the object “FatYellowRectangle” of type Rectangle :



In [22]:

    
FatYellowRectangle = Rectangle(20,5,'yellow')

We can access the attributes of the instance of the class by using the dot notation:



In [23]:

    
FatYellowRectangle.height









    Out[23]:





5



In [24]:

    
FatYellowRectangle.width









    Out[24]:





20



In [25]:

    
FatYellowRectangle.color









    Out[25]:





'yellow'

We can draw the object:



In [26]:

    
FatYellowRectangle.drawRectangle()

About the Authors:

Joseph Santarcangelo has a PhD in Electrical Engineering, his research focused on using machine learning, signal processing, and computer vision to determine how videos impact human cognition. Joseph has been working for IBM since he completed his PhD.