In [ ]:
%matplotlib inline
Here we compute the evoked from raw for the auditory Brainstorm tutorial dataset. For comparison, see [1]_ and:
http://neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm/Tutorials/Auditory
Experiment:
- One subject, 2 acquisition runs 6 minutes each.
- Each run contains 200 regular beeps and 40 easy deviant beeps.
- Random ISI: between 0.7s and 1.7s seconds, uniformly distributed.
- Button pressed when detecting a deviant with the right index finger.
The specifications of this dataset were discussed initially on the
FieldTrip bug tracker <http://bugzilla.fcdonders.nl/show_bug.cgi?id=2300>_.
.. [1] Tadel F, Baillet S, Mosher JC, Pantazis D, Leahy RM. Brainstorm: A User-Friendly Application for MEG/EEG Analysis. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, vol. 2011, Article ID 879716, 13 pages, 2011. doi:10.1155/2011/879716
In [ ]:
# Authors: Mainak Jas <mainak.jas@telecom-paristech.fr>
# Eric Larson <larson.eric.d@gmail.com>
# Jaakko Leppakangas <jaeilepp@student.jyu.fi>
#
# License: BSD (3-clause)
import os.path as op
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import mne
from mne import combine_evoked
from mne.minimum_norm import apply_inverse
from mne.datasets.brainstorm import bst_auditory
from mne.io import read_raw_ctf
print(__doc__)
To reduce memory consumption and running time, some of the steps are
precomputed. To run everything from scratch change this to False. With
use_precomputed = False running time of this script can be several
minutes even on a fast computer.
In [ ]:
use_precomputed = True
The data was collected with a CTF 275 system at 2400 Hz and low-pass
filtered at 600 Hz. Here the data and empty room data files are read to
construct instances of :class:mne.io.Raw.
In [ ]:
data_path = bst_auditory.data_path()
subject = 'bst_auditory'
subjects_dir = op.join(data_path, 'subjects')
raw_fname1 = op.join(data_path, 'MEG', 'bst_auditory',
'S01_AEF_20131218_01.ds')
raw_fname2 = op.join(data_path, 'MEG', 'bst_auditory',
'S01_AEF_20131218_02.ds')
erm_fname = op.join(data_path, 'MEG', 'bst_auditory',
'S01_Noise_20131218_01.ds')
In the memory saving mode we use preload=False and use the memory
efficient IO which loads the data on demand. However, filtering and some
other functions require the data to be preloaded in the memory.
In [ ]:
preload = not use_precomputed
raw = read_raw_ctf(raw_fname1, preload=preload)
n_times_run1 = raw.n_times
mne.io.concatenate_raws([raw, read_raw_ctf(raw_fname2, preload=preload)])
raw_erm = read_raw_ctf(erm_fname, preload=preload)
Data channel array consisted of 274 MEG axial gradiometers, 26 MEG reference sensors and 2 EEG electrodes (Cz and Pz). In addition:
The head tracking channels and the unused channels are marked as misc channels. Here we define the EOG and ECG channels.
In [ ]:
raw.set_channel_types({'HEOG': 'eog', 'VEOG': 'eog', 'ECG': 'ecg'})
if not use_precomputed:
# Leave out the two EEG channels for easier computation of forward.
raw.pick_types(meg=True, eeg=False, stim=True, misc=True, eog=True,
ecg=True)
For noise reduction, a set of bad segments have been identified and stored in csv files. The bad segments are later used to reject epochs that overlap with them. The file for the second run also contains some saccades. The saccades are removed by using SSP. We use pandas to read the data from the csv files. You can also view the files with your favorite text editor.
In [ ]:
annotations_df = pd.DataFrame()
offset = n_times_run1
for idx in [1, 2]:
csv_fname = op.join(data_path, 'MEG', 'bst_auditory',
'events_bad_0%s.csv' % idx)
df = pd.read_csv(csv_fname, header=None,
names=['onset', 'duration', 'id', 'label'])
print('Events from run {0}:'.format(idx))
print(df)
df['onset'] += offset * (idx - 1)
annotations_df = pd.concat([annotations_df, df], axis=0)
saccades_events = df[df['label'] == 'saccade'].values[:, :3].astype(int)
# Conversion from samples to times:
onsets = annotations_df['onset'].values / raw.info['sfreq']
durations = annotations_df['duration'].values / raw.info['sfreq']
descriptions = annotations_df['label'].values
annotations = mne.Annotations(onsets, durations, descriptions)
raw.annotations = annotations
del onsets, durations, descriptions
Here we compute the saccade and EOG projectors for magnetometers and add them to the raw data. The projectors are added to both runs.
In [ ]:
saccade_epochs = mne.Epochs(raw, saccades_events, 1, 0., 0.5, preload=True,
reject_by_annotation=False)
projs_saccade = mne.compute_proj_epochs(saccade_epochs, n_mag=1, n_eeg=0,
desc_prefix='saccade')
if use_precomputed:
proj_fname = op.join(data_path, 'MEG', 'bst_auditory',
'bst_auditory-eog-proj.fif')
projs_eog = mne.read_proj(proj_fname)[0]
else:
projs_eog, _ = mne.preprocessing.compute_proj_eog(raw.load_data(),
n_mag=1, n_eeg=0)
raw.add_proj(projs_saccade)
raw.add_proj(projs_eog)
del saccade_epochs, saccades_events, projs_eog, projs_saccade # To save memory
Visually inspect the effects of projections. Click on 'proj' button at the bottom right corner to toggle the projectors on/off. EOG events can be plotted by adding the event list as a keyword argument. As the bad segments and saccades were added as annotations to the raw data, they are plotted as well.
In [ ]:
raw.plot(block=True)
Typical preprocessing step is the removal of power line artifact (50 Hz or 60 Hz). Here we notch filter the data at 60, 120 and 180 to remove the original 60 Hz artifact and the harmonics. The power spectra are plotted before and after the filtering to show the effect. The drop after 600 Hz appears because the data was filtered during the acquisition. In memory saving mode we do the filtering at evoked stage, which is not something you usually would do.
In [ ]:
if not use_precomputed:
meg_picks = mne.pick_types(raw.info, meg=True, eeg=False)
raw.plot_psd(tmax=np.inf, picks=meg_picks)
notches = np.arange(60, 181, 60)
raw.notch_filter(notches, phase='zero-double', fir_design='firwin2')
raw.plot_psd(tmax=np.inf, picks=meg_picks)
We also lowpass filter the data at 100 Hz to remove the hf components.
In [ ]:
if not use_precomputed:
raw.filter(None, 100., h_trans_bandwidth=0.5, filter_length='10s',
phase='zero-double', fir_design='firwin2')
Epoching and averaging. First some parameters are defined and events extracted from the stimulus channel (UPPT001). The rejection thresholds are defined as peak-to-peak values and are in T / m for gradiometers, T for magnetometers and V for EOG and EEG channels.
In [ ]:
tmin, tmax = -0.1, 0.5
event_id = dict(standard=1, deviant=2)
reject = dict(mag=4e-12, eog=250e-6)
# find events
events = mne.find_events(raw, stim_channel='UPPT001')
The event timing is adjusted by comparing the trigger times on detected sound onsets on channel UADC001-4408.
In [ ]:
sound_data = raw[raw.ch_names.index('UADC001-4408')][0][0]
onsets = np.where(np.abs(sound_data) > 2. * np.std(sound_data))[0]
min_diff = int(0.5 * raw.info['sfreq'])
diffs = np.concatenate([[min_diff + 1], np.diff(onsets)])
onsets = onsets[diffs > min_diff]
assert len(onsets) == len(events)
diffs = 1000. * (events[:, 0] - onsets) / raw.info['sfreq']
print('Trigger delay removed (μ ± σ): %0.1f ± %0.1f ms'
% (np.mean(diffs), np.std(diffs)))
events[:, 0] = onsets
del sound_data, diffs
We mark a set of bad channels that seem noisier than others. This can also
be done interactively with raw.plot by clicking the channel name
(or the line). The marked channels are added as bad when the browser window
is closed.
In [ ]:
raw.info['bads'] = ['MLO52-4408', 'MRT51-4408', 'MLO42-4408', 'MLO43-4408']
The epochs (trials) are created for MEG channels. First we find the picks
for MEG and EOG channels. Then the epochs are constructed using these picks.
The epochs overlapping with annotated bad segments are also rejected by
default. To turn off rejection by bad segments (as was done earlier with
saccades) you can use keyword reject_by_annotation=False.
In [ ]:
picks = mne.pick_types(raw.info, meg=True, eeg=False, stim=False, eog=True,
exclude='bads')
epochs = mne.Epochs(raw, events, event_id, tmin, tmax, picks=picks,
baseline=(None, 0), reject=reject, preload=False,
proj=True)
We only use first 40 good epochs from each run. Since we first drop the bad epochs, the indices of the epochs are no longer same as in the original epochs collection. Investigation of the event timings reveals that first epoch from the second run corresponds to index 182.
In [ ]:
epochs.drop_bad()
epochs_standard = mne.concatenate_epochs([epochs['standard'][range(40)],
epochs['standard'][182:222]])
epochs_standard.load_data() # Resampling to save memory.
epochs_standard.resample(600, npad='auto')
epochs_deviant = epochs['deviant'].load_data()
epochs_deviant.resample(600, npad='auto')
del epochs, picks
The averages for each conditions are computed.
In [ ]:
evoked_std = epochs_standard.average()
evoked_dev = epochs_deviant.average()
del epochs_standard, epochs_deviant
Typical preprocessing step is the removal of power line artifact (50 Hz or
60 Hz). Here we lowpass filter the data at 40 Hz, which will remove all
line artifacts (and high frequency information). Normally this would be done
to raw data (with :func:mne.io.Raw.filter), but to reduce memory
consumption of this tutorial, we do it at evoked stage. (At the raw stage,
you could alternatively notch filter with :func:mne.io.Raw.notch_filter.)
In [ ]:
for evoked in (evoked_std, evoked_dev):
evoked.filter(l_freq=None, h_freq=40., fir_design='firwin')
Here we plot the ERF of standard and deviant conditions. In both conditions we can see the P50 and N100 responses. The mismatch negativity is visible only in the deviant condition around 100-200 ms. P200 is also visible around 170 ms in both conditions but much stronger in the standard condition. P300 is visible in deviant condition only (decision making in preparation of the button press). You can view the topographies from a certain time span by painting an area with clicking and holding the left mouse button.
In [ ]:
evoked_std.plot(window_title='Standard', gfp=True)
evoked_dev.plot(window_title='Deviant', gfp=True)
Show activations as topography figures.
In [ ]:
times = np.arange(0.05, 0.301, 0.025)
evoked_std.plot_topomap(times=times, title='Standard')
evoked_dev.plot_topomap(times=times, title='Deviant')
We can see the MMN effect more clearly by looking at the difference between the two conditions. P50 and N100 are no longer visible, but MMN/P200 and P300 are emphasised.
In [ ]:
evoked_difference = combine_evoked([evoked_dev, -evoked_std], weights='equal')
evoked_difference.plot(window_title='Difference', gfp=True)
Source estimation. We compute the noise covariance matrix from the empty room measurement and use it for the other runs.
In [ ]:
reject = dict(mag=4e-12)
cov = mne.compute_raw_covariance(raw_erm, reject=reject)
cov.plot(raw_erm.info)
del raw_erm
The transformation is read from a file. More information about coregistering
the data, see ch_interactive_analysis or
:func:mne.gui.coregistration.
In [ ]:
trans_fname = op.join(data_path, 'MEG', 'bst_auditory',
'bst_auditory-trans.fif')
trans = mne.read_trans(trans_fname)
To save time and memory, the forward solution is read from a file. Set
use_precomputed=False in the beginning of this script to build the
forward solution from scratch. The head surfaces for constructing a BEM
solution are read from a file. Since the data only contains MEG channels, we
only need the inner skull surface for making the forward solution. For more
information: CHDBBCEJ, :func:mne.setup_source_space,
create_bem_model, :func:mne.bem.make_watershed_bem.
In [ ]:
if use_precomputed:
fwd_fname = op.join(data_path, 'MEG', 'bst_auditory',
'bst_auditory-meg-oct-6-fwd.fif')
fwd = mne.read_forward_solution(fwd_fname)
else:
src = mne.setup_source_space(subject, spacing='ico4',
subjects_dir=subjects_dir, overwrite=True)
model = mne.make_bem_model(subject=subject, ico=4, conductivity=[0.3],
subjects_dir=subjects_dir)
bem = mne.make_bem_solution(model)
fwd = mne.make_forward_solution(evoked_std.info, trans=trans, src=src,
bem=bem)
inv = mne.minimum_norm.make_inverse_operator(evoked_std.info, fwd, cov)
snr = 3.0
lambda2 = 1.0 / snr ** 2
del fwd
The sources are computed using dSPM method and plotted on an inflated brain
surface. For interactive controls over the image, use keyword
time_viewer=True.
Standard condition.
In [ ]:
stc_standard = mne.minimum_norm.apply_inverse(evoked_std, inv, lambda2, 'dSPM')
brain = stc_standard.plot(subjects_dir=subjects_dir, subject=subject,
surface='inflated', time_viewer=False, hemi='lh',
initial_time=0.1, time_unit='s')
del stc_standard, brain
Deviant condition.
In [ ]:
stc_deviant = mne.minimum_norm.apply_inverse(evoked_dev, inv, lambda2, 'dSPM')
brain = stc_deviant.plot(subjects_dir=subjects_dir, subject=subject,
surface='inflated', time_viewer=False, hemi='lh',
initial_time=0.1, time_unit='s')
del stc_deviant, brain
Difference.
In [ ]:
stc_difference = apply_inverse(evoked_difference, inv, lambda2, 'dSPM')
brain = stc_difference.plot(subjects_dir=subjects_dir, subject=subject,
surface='inflated', time_viewer=False, hemi='lh',
initial_time=0.15, time_unit='s')