This example provides a demonstration of using PyMKS to compute the linear strain field for a two phase composite material in 3D, and presents a comparison of the computational efficiency of MKS when compared with the finite element method. The example first provides information on the boundary conditions used in MKS. Next, delta microstructures are used to calibrate the first order influence coefficients. The influence coefficients are then used to compute the strain field for a random microstructure. Lastly, the calibrated influence coefficients are scaled up and are used to compute the strain field for a larger microstructure and compared with results computed using finite element analysis.
A review of the governing field equations for elastostatics can be found in the Linear Elasticity in 2D example. The same equations are used in the example with the exception that the second lame parameter (shear modulus) $\mu$ is defined differently in 3D.
$$ \mu = \frac{E}{2(1+\nu)} $$In general, generateing the calibration data for the MKS requires boundary conditions that are both periodic and displaced, which are quite unusual boundary conditions. The ideal boundary conditions are given by,
$$ u(L, y, z) = u(0, y, z) + L\bar{\varepsilon}_{xx} $$$$ u(0, L, L) = u(0, 0, L) = u(0, L, 0) = u(0, 0, 0) = 0 $$$$ u(x, 0, z) = u(x, L, z) $$$$ u(x, y, 0) = u(x, y, L) $$
In [1]:
%matplotlib inline
%load_ext autoreload
%autoreload 2
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import timeit as tm
The first order MKS influence coefficients are all that is needed to compute a strain field of a random microstructure as long as the ratio between the elastic moduli (also known as the contrast) is less than 1.5. If this condition is met we can expect a mean absolute error of 2% or less when comparing the MKS results with those computed using finite element methods [1].
Because we are using distinct phases and the contrast is low enough to only need the first order coefficients, delta microstructures and their strain fields are all that we need to calibrate the first order influence coefficients [2].
The make_delta_microstructure function from pymks.datasets can be used to create the two delta microstructures needed to calibrate the first order influence coefficients for a two phase microstructure. This function uses the python module SfePy to compute the strain fields using finite element methods.
In [2]:
n = 9
center = (n - 1) / 2
from pymks.tools import draw_microstructures
from pymks.datasets import make_delta_microstructures
X_delta = make_delta_microstructures(n_phases=2, size=(n, n, n))
draw_microstructures(X_delta[:, center])
Using delta microstructures for the calibration of the first order influence coefficients is essentially the same as using a unit impulse response to find the kernel of a system in signal processing. Delta microstructures are composed of only two phases. One phase is located only at the center cell of the microstructure, and the rest made up of the other phase.
The make_elasticFEstrain_delta function from pymks.datasets provides an easy interface to generate delta microstructures and their strain fields, which can then be used for calibration of the influence coefficients. The function calls the ElasticFESimulation class to compute the strain fields with the boundary conditions given above.
In this example, lets look at a two phase microstructure with elastic moduli values of 80 and 120 and Poisson's ratio values of 0.3 and 0.3 respectively. Let's also set the macroscopic imposed strain equal to 0.02. All of these parameters used in the simulation must be passed into the make_elasticFEstrain_delta function.
In [3]:
from pymks.datasets import make_elastic_FE_strain_delta
from pymks.tools import draw_microstructure_strain
elastic_modulus = (80, 120)
poissons_ratio = (0.3, 0.3)
macro_strain = 0.02
size = (n, n, n)
t = tm.time.time()
X_delta, strains_delta = make_elastic_FE_strain_delta(elastic_modulus=elastic_modulus,
poissons_ratio=poissons_ratio,
size=size, macro_strain=macro_strain)
print 'Elapsed Time',tm.time.time() - t, 'Seconds'
Let's take a look at one of the delta microstructures and the $\varepsilon_{xx}$ strain field.
In [4]:
draw_microstructure_strain(X_delta[0, center, :, :], strains_delta[0, center, :, :])
Now that we have the delta microstructures and their strain fields, we can calibrate the influence coefficients by creating an instance of a bases and the MKSLocalizationModel class. Because we have 2 discrete phases we will create an instance of the PrimitiveBasis with n_states equal to 2, and then pass the basis in to create an instance of the MKSLocalizationModel. The delta microstructures and their strain fields are then passed to the fit method.
In [5]:
from pymks import MKSLocalizationModel
from pymks.bases import PrimitiveBasis
prim_basis = PrimitiveBasis(n_states=2)
model = MKSLocalizationModel(basis=prim_basis)
Now, pass the delta microstructures and their strain fields into the fit method to calibrate the first order influence coefficients.
In [6]:
model.fit(X_delta, strains_delta)
That's it, the influence coefficient have be calibrated. Let's take a look at them.
In [7]:
from pymks.tools import draw_coeff
coeff = model.coeff
draw_coeff(coeff[center])
The influence coefficients for $l=0$ have a Gaussian-like shape, while the influence coefficients for $l=1$ are constant-valued. The constant-valued influence coefficients may seem superfluous, but are equally as import. They are equivalent to the constant term in multiple linear regression with categorical variables.
Let's now use our instance of the MKSLocalizationModel class with calibrated influence coefficients to compute the strain field for a random two phase microstructure and compare it with the results from a finite element simulation.
The make_elasticFEstrain_random function from pymks.datasets is an easy way to generate a random microstructure and its strain field results from finite element analysis.
In [8]:
from pymks.datasets import make_elastic_FE_strain_random
np.random.seed(99)
t = tm.time.time()
X, strain = make_elastic_FE_strain_random(n_samples=1, elastic_modulus=elastic_modulus,
poissons_ratio=poissons_ratio, size=size, macro_strain=macro_strain)
print 'Elapsed Time',(tm.time.time() - t), 'Seconds'
draw_microstructure_strain(X[0, center] , strain[0, center])
Note that the calibrated influence coefficients can only be used to reproduce the simulation with the same boundary conditions that they were calibrated with
Now to get the strain field from the MKSLocalizationModel just pass the same microstructure to the predict method.
In [9]:
t = tm.time.time()
strain_pred = model.predict(X)
print 'Elapsed Time',tm.time.time() - t,'Seconds'
Finally let's compare the results from finite element simulation and the MKS model.
In [10]:
from pymks.tools import draw_strains_compare
draw_strains_compare(strain[0, center], strain_pred[0, center])
Let's look at the difference between the two plots.
In [11]:
from pymks.tools import draw_differences
draw_differences([strain[0, center] - strain_pred[0, center]], ['Finite Element - MKS'])
The MKS model is able to capture the strain field for the random microstructure after being calibrated with delta microstructures.
The influence coefficients that were calibrated on a smaller microstructure can be used to predict the strain field on a larger microstructure though spectral interpolation [3], but accuracy of the MKS model drops slightly. To demonstrate how this is done, let's generate a new larger $m$ by $m$ random microstructure and its strain field.
In [12]:
m = 3 * n
center = (m - 1) / 2
t = tm.time.time()
X = np.random.randint(2, size=(1, m, m, m))
The influence coefficients that have already been calibrated need to be resized to match the shape of the new larger microstructure that we want to compute the strain field for. This can be done by passing the shape of the new larger microstructure into the 'resize_coeff' method.
In [13]:
model.resize_coeff(X[0].shape)
Because the coefficients have been resized, they will no longer work for our original $n$ by $n$ sized microstructures they were calibrated on, but they can now be used on the $m$ by $m$ microstructures. Just like before, just pass the microstructure as the argument of the predict method to get the strain field.
In [14]:
from pymks.tools import draw_strains
t = tm.time.time()
strain_pred = model.predict(X)
print 'Elapsed Time',(tm.time.time() - t), 'Seconds'
draw_microstructure_strain(X[0, center], strain_pred[0, center])
[1] Binci M., Fullwood D., Kalidindi S.R., A new spectral framework for establishing localization relationships for elastic behav ior of composites and their calibration to finite-element models. Acta Materialia, 2008. 56 (10): p. 2272-2282 doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2008.01.017.
[2] Landi, G., S.R. Niezgoda, S.R. Kalidindi, Multi-scale modeling of elastic response of three-dimensional voxel-based microstructure datasets using novel DFT-based knowledge systems. Acta Materialia, 2009. 58 (7): p. 2716-2725 doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2010.01.007.
[3] Marko, K., Kalidindi S.R., Fullwood D., Computationally efficient database and spectral interpolation for fully plastic Taylor-type crystal plasticity calculations of face-centered cubic polycrystals. International Journal of Plasticity 24 (2008) 1264–1276 doi;10.1016/j.ijplas.2007.12.002.
[4] Marko, K. Al-Harbi H. F. , Kalidindi S.R., Crystal plasticity simulations using discrete Fourier transforms. Acta Materialia 57 (2009) 1777–1784 doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2008.12.017.