Dr Sheehan Olver
s.olver@imperial.ac.uk
Website: https://github.com/dlfivefifty/M3M6LectureNotes
Our goal is to solve the integral equation $$ \lambda u(x) + \int_{0}^\infty K(x-t)u(t) \dt = f(x)\qqfor 0 < x < \infty. $$ We will demonstrate the procedure for the special case $K(x) = \E^{-\gamma |x|}$.
Taking Fourier transforms, we get functions analytic above or below the real axis, giving us a Riemann–Hilbert problem of finding $\Phi(z)$ analytic off $(-\infty,\infty)$ such that $$ \Phi_+(s) - g(s)\Phi_-(s) = h(s) \qqand \Phi(\infty) = C $$ where $\Phi_\pm(s) = \lim_{\epsilon \rightarrow 0} \Phi(s \pm \I \epsilon)$ are the limits from above and below. Here $g$ and $h$ are given, and $g(\pm \infty) = 1$.
Outline:
Recall the notation $$ f_{\rm R}(x) = \begin{cases}f(t) & t \geq 0 \\ 0 & \hbox{otherwise} \end{cases} $$ and $$ f_{\rm L}(x) = \begin{cases}f(t) & t < 0 \\ 0 & \hbox{otherwise} \end{cases} $$
Using this, we can rewrite the integral equation on the half line $$ \lambda u(x) + \int_{0}^\infty K(x-t)u(t) \dt = f(x)\qqfor 0 < x < \infty. $$ as an integral equation on the whole line: $$ \lambda u_{\rm R}(x) + \int_{-\infty}^\infty K(x-t)u_{\rm R}(t) \dt = f_{\rm R}(x) + p_{\rm L}(x)\qqfor -\infty < x < \infty. $$ where $$ p(x) = \int_{-\infty}^\infty K(x-t)u_{\rm R}(t) \dt $$ Taking Fourier transforms, this becomes: $$ (\lambda + \widehat K(s)) \widehat{u_{\rm R}}(s) = \widehat{f_{\rm R}}(s) + \widehat{p_{\rm L}}(s) $$ As discussed last lecture, assuming $u$ is "nice" we are guaranteed that $\widehat{ u_{\rm R}}(s)$ is analytic in the lower half-plane and $\widehat{ p_{\rm L}}(s)$ is analytic in the upper-half plane. Thus introduce the sectionally analytic function: $$ \Phi(z) = \begin{cases} \widehat{p_{\rm L}}(z) & \Im z > 0 \\ \widehat{u_{\rm R}}(z) & \Im z < 0 \end{cases} $$ Then our integral transformed integral equation becomes: $$ \underbrace{\Phi_+(s)}_{\widehat{p_{\rm L}}(s)} - \underbrace{g(s)}_{\lambda + \widehat K(s)} \underbrace{\Phi_-(s)}_{\widehat{u_{\rm R}}(s)} = \underbrace{h(s)}_{-\widehat{f_{\rm R}}(s) } \qqand \Phi(\infty) = 0 $$
Here there is one unknown $\Phi(z)$, and we claim that in certain conditions this has one—and only—one solution. Thus we wish to: