Error handling - or having a computer program anticipate and respond to errors created by other functions - is a big part of programming. To give you a little more practice with this, we're going to have you team up with person sitting next to you and try challenge B in the challenges directory.
A vast amount of data exists on the web and is now publicly available. In this section, we give an overview of popular ways to retrieve data from the web, and walk through some important concerns and considerations.
The internet follows a client-server architecture, where clients (e.g. you) ask servers to do things.
The most common way that you experience this is through a browser, where you enter a URL and a server sends your computer a page for your browser to render. Most of what you think about as the internet are stored documents (web pages) that are given out to anyone who asks.
You probably also have a program on your computer like Outlook or Thunderbird that sends emails to a server and asks it to forward them along to someone else. You may also have proprietary software that's protected by a license, and needs to connect to a license server to verify that you are an authenticated user.
Ultimately, the internet is just connecting to computers that you don't own and passing data back and forth. Because the data transfer protocol (http) and typical data formats (html) are not native to Python, we're going to leave Python just for a little bit.
You can view the request sent by your browser by:
1) Opening a new tab in your browser
2) Enabling developer tools (View -> Developer -> Developer Tools in Chrome and Tools -> Web Developer -> Toggle Tools in Firefox)
3) Loading or reloading a web page (etc. www.google.com)
4) Navigating to the Network tab in the panel that appears at the bottom of the page.
These requests you send follow the HTTP protocol (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), part of which defines the information (along with the format) the server needs to receive to return the right resources. Your HTTP request contains headers, which contains information that the server needs to know in order to return the right information to you.
But we're not here to wander around the web (you probably do this a lot, all on your own). You're here because you want Python to do it for you.
In order to get web pages, we're going to use a python library called requests, which takes a lot of the fuss out of contacting servers.
In [2]:
import requests
r = requests.get("http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page")
This response object contains various information about the request you sent to the server, the resources returned, and information about the response the server returned to you, among other information. These are accessible through the __request__ attribute, the __content__ attribute and the __headers__ attribute respectively, which we'll each examine below.
In [3]:
type(r.request), type(r.content), type(r.headers)
Out[3]:
(requests.models.PreparedRequest,
bytes,
requests.structures.CaseInsensitiveDict)
Here, we can see that request is an object with a custom type, content is a str value and headers is an object with "dict" in its name, suggesting we can interact with it like we would with a dictionary.
The content is the actual resource returned to us - let's take a look at the content first before examining the request and response objects more carefully. (We select the first 1000 characters b/c of the display limits of Jupyter/python notebook.)
In [4]:
from pprint import pprint
pprint(r.content[0:1000])
(b'<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang="en" dir="ltr" class="client-nojs">\n<head>\n<m'
b'eta charset="UTF-8" />\n<title>Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title>\n<'
b'script>document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.classNa'
b'me.replace( /(^|\\s)client-nojs(\\s|$)/, "$1client-js$2" );</script>\n<scri'
b'pt>(window.RLQ = window.RLQ || []).push(function () {\nmw.config.set({"wg'
b'CanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber'
b'":0,"wgPageName":"Main_Page","wgTitle":"Main Page","wgCurRevisionId":6968469'
b'20,"wgRevisionId":696846920,"wgArticleId":15580374,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsR'
b'edirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgC'
b'ategories":[],"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageCont'
b'entModel":"wikitext","wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTa'
b'ble":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","Febru'
b'ary","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","Nov'
b'ember","December"],"wgMonthN')
The content returned is written in HTML (HyperText Markup Language), which is the default format in which web pages are returned. The content looks like gibberish at first, with little to no spacing. The reason for this is that some of the formatting rules for the document, like its hierarchical structure, are saved in text along with the text in the document.
note - this is called the Document Object Model (DOM) and is the same way that markdown and LaTeX documents are written
If you save a web page as a ".html" file, and open the file in a text editor like Notepad++ or Sublime Text, this is the same format you'll see. Opening the file in a browser (i.e. by double-clicking it) gives you the Google home page you are familiar with.
You can inspect the information you sent to Wikipedia long with your request
In [5]:
r.request.headers
Out[5]:
{'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.9.1', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Cookie': 'WMF-Last-Access=15-Mar-2016; GeoIP=:::::v6'}
Along with the additional info that Wikipedia sent back:
In [6]:
r.headers
Out[6]:
{'Strict-Transport-Security': 'max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains; preload', 'Cache-Control': 'private, s-maxage=0, max-age=0, must-revalidate', 'X-Content-Type-Options': 'nosniff', 'P3P': 'CP="This is not a P3P policy! See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/P3P for more info."', 'Server': 'nginx/1.9.4', 'Last-Modified': 'Tue, 15 Mar 2016 21:50:19 GMT', 'Via': '1.1 varnish, 1.1 varnish, 1.1 varnish, 1.1 varnish', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '17120', 'Content-language': 'en', 'X-Powered-By': 'HHVM/3.12.1', 'X-Analytics': 'page_id=15580374;ns=0;WMF-Last-Access=15-Mar-2016;https=1', 'Content-Type': 'text/html; charset=UTF-8', 'Vary': 'Accept-Encoding,Cookie,Authorization', 'Accept-Ranges': 'bytes', 'X-Cache': 'cp1055 hit(4), cp2004 miss(0), cp4016 miss(0), cp4010 frontend hit(1523)', 'Age': '1497', 'Date': 'Tue, 15 Mar 2016 22:15:27 GMT', 'Content-Encoding': 'gzip', 'Backend-Timing': 'D=73745 t=1458078630374809', 'X-Varnish': '1412546445 1412546130, 2771078338, 3350049300, 1795643099 1790414053', 'X-Client-IP': '2607:f140:400:a007:e8d1:d7cc:4d98:8d23', 'X-UA-Compatible': 'IE=Edge'}
But you will probably not ever need this information.
Most of what you'll be doing is sending what are called GET requests (this is why we typed in requests.get above). This is an HTTP protocol for asking a server to send you some stuff. We asked Wikipedia to GET us their main page. Things like queries (searching Wikipedia) also fall under GET.
From time to time, you may also want to send information to a server (we'll do this later today). These are called POST requests, because you are posting something to the server (and not asking for data back).
note - From the server's perspective, the request it receives from your browser is not so different from the request received from your console (though some servers use a range of methods to determine if the request comes from a "valid" person using a browser, versus an automated program.)
To have a look at the content of the web page, we can ask for the content:
In [7]:
r.content[:1000]
Out[7]:
b'<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang="en" dir="ltr" class="client-nojs">\n<head>\n<meta charset="UTF-8" />\n<title>Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title>\n<script>document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace( /(^|\\s)client-nojs(\\s|$)/, "$1client-js$2" );</script>\n<script>(window.RLQ = window.RLQ || []).push(function () {\nmw.config.set({"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Main_Page","wgTitle":"Main Page","wgCurRevisionId":696846920,"wgRevisionId":696846920,"wgArticleId":15580374,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":[],"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgMonthN'
which gives us the response in bytes, or text:
In [8]:
r.text[:1000]
Out[8]:
'<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang="en" dir="ltr" class="client-nojs">\n<head>\n<meta charset="UTF-8" />\n<title>Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title>\n<script>document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace( /(^|\\s)client-nojs(\\s|$)/, "$1client-js$2" );</script>\n<script>(window.RLQ = window.RLQ || []).push(function () {\nmw.config.set({"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Main_Page","wgTitle":"Main Page","wgCurRevisionId":696846920,"wgRevisionId":696846920,"wgArticleId":15580374,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":[],"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgMonthN'
In [9]:
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
page = BeautifulSoup(r.content)
page
/Users/dillon/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/bs4/__init__.py:166: UserWarning: No parser was explicitly specified, so I'm using the best available HTML parser for this system ("lxml"). This usually isn't a problem, but if you run this code on another system, or in a different virtual environment, it may use a different parser and behave differently.
To get rid of this warning, change this:
BeautifulSoup([your markup])
to this:
BeautifulSoup([your markup], "lxml")
markup_type=markup_type))
Out[9]:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="client-nojs" dir="ltr" lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8"/>
<title>Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title>
<script>document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace( /(^|\s)client-nojs(\s|$)/, "$1client-js$2" );</script>
<script>(window.RLQ = window.RLQ || []).push(function () {
mw.config.set({"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Main_Page","wgTitle":"Main Page","wgCurRevisionId":696846920,"wgRevisionId":696846920,"wgArticleId":15580374,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":[],"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgMonthNamesShort":["","Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"wgRelevantPageName":"Main_Page","wgRelevantArticleId":15580374,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["sysop"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgIsMainPage":true,"wgWikiEditorEnabledModules":{"toolbar":true,"dialogs":true,"preview":false,"publish":false},"wgBetaFeaturesFeatures":[],"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","usePageImages":true,"usePageDescriptions":true},"wikilove-recipient":"","wikilove-anon":0,"wgPreferredVariant":"en","wgRelatedArticles":null,"wgRelatedArticlesUseCirrusSearch":true,"wgRelatedArticlesOnlyUseCirrusSearch":false,"wgULSAcceptLanguageList":["en-us"],"wgULSCurrentAutonym":"English","wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1,"quality":2,"pristine":3}}},"wgStableRevisionId":null,"wgCategoryTreePageCategoryOptions":"{\"mode\":0,\"hideprefix\":20,\"showcount\":true,\"namespaces\":false}","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCentralNoticeCategoriesUsingLegacy":["Fundraising","fundraising"],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5296","wgVisualEditorToolbarScrollOffset":0}); /* @nomin */mw.loader.implement("user.options",function($,jQuery){mw.user.options.set({"variant":"en"});});mw.loader.implement("user.tokens",function ( $, jQuery ) {
mw.user.tokens.set({"editToken":"+\\","patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); /* @nomin */ ;
});mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.legacy.wikibits","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.head","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.uls.init","ext.uls.interface","ext.quicksurveys.init","mw.MediaWikiPlayer.loader","mw.PopUpMediaTransform","ext.centralNotice.bannerController","skins.vector.js"]);
} );</script>
<link href="/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=ext.gadget.DRN-wizard%2CReferenceTooltips%2Ccharinsert%2Cfeatured-articles-links%2CrefToolbar%2Cswitcher%2Cteahouse%7Cext.tmh.thumbnail.styles%7Cext.uls.nojs%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cmediawiki.legacy.commonPrint%2Cshared%7Cmediawiki.raggett%2CsectionAnchor%7Cmediawiki.skinning.interface%7Cskins.vector.styles&only=styles&skin=vector" rel="stylesheet"/>
<meta content="" name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles"/>
<link href="/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=site&only=styles&skin=vector" rel="stylesheet"/>
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<meta content="MediaWiki 1.27.0-wmf.16" name="generator"/>
<meta content="origin-when-cross-origin" name="referrer"/>
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<link href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png" rel="apple-touch-icon"/>
<link href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico" rel="shortcut icon"/>
<link href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" rel="search" title="Wikipedia (en)" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"/>
<link href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd" rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml"/>
<link href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" rel="copyright"/>
<link href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" rel="canonical"/>
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</head>
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</div>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">Main Page</h1>
<div class="mw-body-content" id="bodyContent">
<div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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<p><b><a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_78" title="California State Route 78">State Route 78</a></b> is a <a href="/wiki/State_highway" title="State highway">state highway</a> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> that runs from <a href="/wiki/Oceanside,_California" title="Oceanside, California">Oceanside</a> east to <a href="/wiki/Blythe,_California" title="Blythe, California">Blythe</a>, a few miles from <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>. Its western terminus is at <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Interstate_5_(California)" title="Interstate 5 (California)">Interstate 5</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California" title="San Diego County, California">San Diego County</a> and its eastern terminus is at <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Interstate_10_(California)" title="Interstate 10 (California)">Interstate 10</a> in <a href="/wiki/Riverside_County,_California" title="Riverside County, California">Riverside County</a>. The route is a freeway through the heavily populated cities of northern San Diego County and a two-lane highway running through the <a href="/wiki/Cuyamaca_Mountains" title="Cuyamaca Mountains">Cuyamaca Mountains</a> to <a href="/wiki/Julian,_California" title="Julian, California">Julian</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Imperial_County,_California" title="Imperial County, California">Imperial County</a>, it travels through the desert near the <a href="/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</a> and passes through the city of <a href="/wiki/Brawley,_California" title="Brawley, California">Brawley</a> before turning north into an area of sand dunes on the way to its terminus in Blythe. Portions of the route existed as early as 1900, and it was one of the original state highways designated in 1934. The freeway section in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/San_Diego_North_County,_California" title="San Diego North County, California">North County</a> of <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> that connects Oceanside and <a href="/wiki/Escondido,_California" title="Escondido, California">Escondido</a> was built in the middle of the 20th century in several stages, including a transitory stage known as the Vista Way Freeway, and has been improved several times. An expressway bypass of the city of Brawley was completed in 2012. There are many projects slated to improve the freeway due to increasing congestion. (<a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_78" title="California State Route 78"><b>Full article...</b></a>)</p>
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<div class="thumbinner mp-thumb" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0; max-width: 120px;"><a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Bilikiss_Adebiyi_CEO.jpg" title="Bilikiss Adebiyi"><img alt="Bilikiss Adebiyi" data-file-height="500" data-file-width="447" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bilikiss_Adebiyi_CEO.jpg/119px-Bilikiss_Adebiyi_CEO.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bilikiss_Adebiyi_CEO.jpg/179px-Bilikiss_Adebiyi_CEO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bilikiss_Adebiyi_CEO.jpg/238px-Bilikiss_Adebiyi_CEO.jpg 2x" width="119"/></a>
<div class="thumbcaption" style="padding: 0.25em 0; word-wrap: break-word;">Bilikiss Adebiyi</div>
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<ul>
<li>... that <b><a href="/wiki/Bilikiss_Adebiyi_Abiola" title="Bilikiss Adebiyi Abiola">Bilikiss Adebiyi</a></b> <i>(pictured)</i> planned to collect rubbish in the streets of Nigeria while taking her <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">MBA</a> at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>?</li>
<li>... that the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> re-launched its former television channel <a href="/wiki/BBC_Three_(former)" title="BBC Three (former)">BBC Three</a> as an <b><a href="/wiki/BBC_Three_(Internet_television)" title="BBC Three (Internet television)">Internet television service</a></b>?</li>
<li>... that the Sanskrit text <b><a href="/wiki/Manasollasa" title="Manasollasa">Manasollasa</a></b> is a 12th-century encyclopedia covering topics such as garden design, cuisine recipes, veterinary medicine, jewelry, painting, music, and dance?</li>
<li>... that the species name for <i><b><a href="/wiki/Burmaleon" title="Burmaleon">Burmaleon magnificus</a></b></i> was coined for the quality of preservation in the fossils?</li>
<li>... that the documentary film <i><b><a href="/wiki/No_Land%27s_Song" title="No Land's Song">No Land's Song</a></b></i> spotlights women's protests against an Iranian ban on public female solo singing before male audiences?</li>
<li>... that uninjured reporters commandeered a <a href="/wiki/Medical_evacuation" title="Medical evacuation">medical evacuation</a> helicopter during <b><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Z" title="Campaign Z">Campaign Z</a></b>?</li>
<li>... that of an estimated 100,000 <b><a href="/wiki/German_Jewish_military_personnel_of_World_War_I" title="German Jewish military personnel of World War I">German Jews</a></b> who served in the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(German_Empire)" title="German Army (German Empire)">German Army</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, 12,000 were killed in action?</li>
</ul>
<p><b>Correction</b>: we erroneously claimed here that in 1964 <a href="/wiki/Jim_Hazelton" title="Jim Hazelton">Jim Hazelton</a> was the first Australian to fly a single-engine aircraft across the Pacific, but <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsford_Smith" title="Charles Kingsford Smith">Charles Kingsford Smith</a> and copilot <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Taylor_(aviator)" title="Gordon Taylor (aviator)">Gordon Taylor</a> were actually the first to do so in 1934 in their <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Altair" title="Lockheed Altair">Lockheed Altair</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Southern_Cross" title="Lady Southern Cross">Lady Southern Cross</a></i>.</p>
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<div class="thumbinner mp-thumb" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0; max-width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_Solar_Eclipse,_9_March_2016,_from_Balikpapan,_East_Kalimantan,_Indonesia.JPG" title="Total solar eclipse, viewed from Balikpapan"><img alt="Total solar eclipse, viewed from Balikpapan" data-file-height="388" data-file-width="396" height="118" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Total_Solar_Eclipse%2C_9_March_2016%2C_from_Balikpapan%2C_East_Kalimantan%2C_Indonesia_%28cropped%29.JPG/120px-Total_Solar_Eclipse%2C_9_March_2016%2C_from_Balikpapan%2C_East_Kalimantan%2C_Indonesia_%28cropped%29.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Total_Solar_Eclipse%2C_9_March_2016%2C_from_Balikpapan%2C_East_Kalimantan%2C_Indonesia_%28cropped%29.JPG/180px-Total_Solar_Eclipse%2C_9_March_2016%2C_from_Balikpapan%2C_East_Kalimantan%2C_Indonesia_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Total_Solar_Eclipse%2C_9_March_2016%2C_from_Balikpapan%2C_East_Kalimantan%2C_Indonesia_%28cropped%29.JPG/240px-Total_Solar_Eclipse%2C_9_March_2016%2C_from_Balikpapan%2C_East_Kalimantan%2C_Indonesia_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" width="120"/></a>
<div class="thumbcaption" style="padding: 0.25em 0; word-wrap: break-word;">Total solar eclipse, viewed from <a href="/wiki/Balikpapan" title="Balikpapan">Balikpapan</a></div>
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<ul>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/March_2016_Ankara_bombing" title="March 2016 Ankara bombing">An explosion</a></b> in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, Turkey, kills 37 people and injures at least 125 others.</li>
<li>At least 18 people are killed in <b><a href="/wiki/2016_Grand-Bassam_shootings" title="2016 Grand-Bassam shootings">shootings</a></b> at a beach resort in <a href="/wiki/Grand-Bassam" title="Grand-Bassam">Grand-Bassam</a>, Ivory Coast.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind" title="Google DeepMind">Google DeepMind</a>'s <a href="/wiki/AlphaGo" title="AlphaGo">AlphaGo</a> computer program <b><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Lee_Sedol" title="AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol">wins a series</a></b> against <a href="/wiki/Lee_Sedol" title="Lee Sedol">Lee Sedol</a>, one of the world's best <a href="/wiki/Go_(game)" title="Go (game)">Go</a> players.</li>
<li>A total <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipse</a> <b><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_March_9,_2016" title="Solar eclipse of March 9, 2016">occurs</a></b>, with totality <i>(pictured)</i> visible from Indonesia and the North Pacific.</li>
<li>In the <b><a href="/wiki/Slovak_parliamentary_election,_2016" title="Slovak parliamentary election, 2016">Slovak parliamentary election</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Direction_%E2%80%93_Social_Democracy" title="Direction – Social Democracy">Direction – Social Democracy</a> remains the largest political party but loses its majority in the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Slovakia)" title="National Council (Slovakia)">National Council</a>.</li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Protection_Party" title="Human Rights Protection Party">Human Rights Protection Party</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Tuilaepa_Aiono_Sailele_Malielegaoi" title="Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi">Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi</a>, wins a landslide victory in the <b><a href="/wiki/Samoan_general_election,_2016" title="Samoan general election, 2016">Samoan general election</a></b>.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style:none; margin-left:0;">
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Portal:Current events">Ongoing events</a></b>:
<div class="hlist inline">
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<li><a href="/wiki/Zika_virus_outbreak_(2015%E2%80%93present)" title="Zika virus outbreak (2015–present)">Zika virus outbreak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_migrant_crisis" title="European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Deaths_in_2016" title="Deaths in 2016">Recent deaths</a></b>:
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<li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Shapley" title="Lloyd Shapley">Lloyd Shapley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iolanda_Bala%C8%99" title="Iolanda Balaș">Iolanda Balaș</a></li>
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<p><b><a href="/wiki/March_15" title="March 15">March 15</a></b>: <b><a href="/wiki/Ides_of_March" title="Ides of March">Ides of March</a></b>; <b><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">National Day</a></b> in Hungary (<a href="/wiki/1848" title="1848">1848</a>)</p>
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<div class="thumbinner mp-thumb" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0; max-width: 100px;"><a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Villa_close_up.jpg" title="Pancho Villa"><img alt="Pancho Villa" data-file-height="574" data-file-width="431" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Villa_close_up.jpg/100px-Villa_close_up.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Villa_close_up.jpg/150px-Villa_close_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Villa_close_up.jpg/200px-Villa_close_up.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a>
<div class="thumbcaption" style="padding: 0.25em 0; word-wrap: break-word;">Pancho Villa</div>
</div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/1783" title="1783">1783</a> – A <b><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">potential uprising</a></b> in <a href="/wiki/Newburgh_(city),_New_York" title="Newburgh (city), New York">Newburgh, New York</a>, was defused when <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> asked <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> officers to support the supremacy of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1892" title="1892">1892</a> – <b><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_F.C." title="Liverpool F.C.">Liverpool F.C.</a></b>, one of England's most successful <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> clubs, was founded.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1916" title="1916">1916</a> – Six days after <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa" title="Pancho Villa">Pancho Villa</a> <i>(pictured)</i> and his cross-border raiders attacked <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_New_Mexico" title="Columbus, New Mexico">Columbus, New Mexico</a>, US General <a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a> led a <b><a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition" title="Pancho Villa Expedition">punitive expedition into Mexico</a></b> to pursue Villa.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1941" title="1941">1941</a> – <b><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Airlines" title="Philippine Airlines">Philippine Airlines</a></b>, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carrier</a> of the Philippines took its first flight, making it the oldest commercial airline in Asia operating under its original name.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2011" title="2011">2011</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>: Protests erupted <b><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" title="Syrian Civil War">across Syria</a></b> against the authoritarian government.</li>
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<ul style="list-style:none; margin-left:0;">
<li>More anniversaries:
<div class="hlist inline nowraplinks">
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<li><a href="/wiki/March_14" title="March 14">March 14</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/March_15" title="March 15">March 15</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/March_16" title="March 16">March 16</a></li>
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<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Selected_anniversaries/March" title="Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/March">Archive</a></b></li>
<li><b><a class="extiw" href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/daily-article-l" title="mail:daily-article-l">By email</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_anniversaries" title="List of historical anniversaries">List of historical anniversaries</a></b></li>
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<div style="font-size:smaller;">
<ul>
<li>Current date: <span class="nowrap">March 15, 2016</span> (<a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>)</li>
<li><span class="plainlinks" id="otd-purgelink"><span class="nowrap"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Main_Page&action=purge">Reload this page</a></span></span></li>
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<td style="padding:0 0.9em 0 0;"><a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Ash_in_Yogyakarta_during_the_2014_eruption_of_Kelud_01.jpg" title="Man sweeping volcanic ash"><img alt="Man sweeping volcanic ash" data-file-height="1524" data-file-width="2246" height="258" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ash_in_Yogyakarta_during_the_2014_eruption_of_Kelud_01.jpg/380px-Ash_in_Yogyakarta_during_the_2014_eruption_of_Kelud_01.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ash_in_Yogyakarta_during_the_2014_eruption_of_Kelud_01.jpg/570px-Ash_in_Yogyakarta_during_the_2014_eruption_of_Kelud_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ash_in_Yogyakarta_during_the_2014_eruption_of_Kelud_01.jpg/760px-Ash_in_Yogyakarta_during_the_2014_eruption_of_Kelud_01.jpg 2x" width="380"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:0 6px 0 0">
<p>A man sweeping <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a> during the <b><a href="/wiki/Kelud#2014_eruption" title="Kelud">2014 eruption</a></b> of <a href="/wiki/Kelud" title="Kelud">Kelud</a>. The <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Javan</a> volcano erupted on 13 February 2014 and sent volcanic ash covering an area of about 500 kilometres (310 mi) in diameter. Ashfall from the eruption "paralyzed Java", closing airports, tourist attractions, and businesses as far away as <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a> and causing millions of dollars in financial losses. Cleaning operations continued for more than a week.</p>
<p><small>Photograph: <a href="/wiki/User:Crisco_1492" title="User:Crisco 1492">Chris Woodrich</a></small></p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_areas_of_Wikipedia">Other areas of Wikipedia</span></h2>
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<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="Wikipedia:Community portal">Community portal</a></b> – Bulletin board, projects, resources and activities covering a wide range of Wikipedia areas.</li>
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<p>Wikipedia is hosted by the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>, a non-profit organization that also hosts a range of other <a class="extiw" href="//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Our_projects" title="wmf:Our projects">projects</a>:</p>
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<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" data-file-height="41" data-file-width="31" height="41" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9d/Commons-logo-31px.png" width="31"/></a></td>
<td style="width:33%; padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//commons.wikimedia.org/">Commons</a></b><br/>
Free media repository</td>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/" title="MediaWiki"><img alt="MediaWiki" data-file-height="102" data-file-width="135" height="26" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mediawiki-logo.png/35px-Mediawiki-logo.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mediawiki-logo.png/53px-Mediawiki-logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mediawiki-logo.png/70px-Mediawiki-logo.png 2x" width="35"/></a></td>
<td style="width:33%; padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//mediawiki.org/">MediaWiki</a></b><br/>
Wiki software development</td>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" title="Meta-Wiki"><img alt="Meta-Wiki" data-file-height="35" data-file-width="35" height="35" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bc/Meta-logo-35px.png" width="35"/></a></td>
<td style="width:33%; padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//meta.wikimedia.org/">Meta-Wiki</a></b><br/>
Wikimedia project coordination</td>
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<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//en.wikibooks.org/wiki/" title="Wikibooks"><img alt="Wikibooks" data-file-height="35" data-file-width="35" height="35" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7f/Wikibooks-logo-35px.png" width="35"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wikibooks.org/">Wikibooks</a></b><br/>
Free textbooks and manuals</td>
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Free knowledge base</td>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//en.wikinews.org/wiki/" title="Wikinews"><img alt="Wikinews" data-file-height="30" data-file-width="51" height="30" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/60/Wikinews-logo-51px.png" width="51"/></a></td>
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<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wikiquote.org/">Wikiquote</a></b><br/>
Collection of quotations</td>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/" title="Wikisource"><img alt="Wikisource" data-file-height="37" data-file-width="35" height="37" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b6/Wikisource-logo-35px.png" width="35"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wikisource.org/">Wikisource</a></b><br/>
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<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/" title="Wikispecies"><img alt="Wikispecies" data-file-height="41" data-file-width="35" height="41" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bf/Wikispecies-logo-35px.png" width="35"/></a></td>
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Directory of species</td>
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<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//en.wikiversity.org/wiki/" title="Wikiversity"><img alt="Wikiversity" data-file-height="32" data-file-width="41" height="32" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e3/Wikiversity-logo-41px.png" width="41"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wikiversity.org/">Wikiversity</a></b><br/>
Free learning materials and activities</td>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/" title="Wikivoyage"><img alt="Wikivoyage" data-file-height="193" data-file-width="193" height="35" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/35px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/53px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/70px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" width="35"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/">Wikivoyage</a></b><br/>
Free travel guide</td>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Wiktionary"><img alt="Wiktionary" data-file-height="35" data-file-width="51" height="35" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Wiktionary-logo-51px.png" width="51"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wiktionary.org/">Wiktionary</a></b><br/>
Dictionary and thesaurus</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div id="mp-lang">
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Wikipedia_languages">Wikipedia languages</span></h2>
<div class="nowraplinks nourlexpansion plainlinks" id="lang">
<p>This Wikipedia is written in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. Started in 2001<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2001</span>)</span>, it currently contains <a href="/wiki/Special:Statistics" title="Special:Statistics">5,104,889</a> articles. Many other Wikipedias are available; some of the largest are listed below.</p>
<ul>
<li id="lang-3">More than 1,000,000 articles:
<div class="hlist inline">
<ul>
<li><a class="external text" href="//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="de" title="German (de:)" xml:lang="de">Deutsch</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="es" title="Spanish (es:)" xml:lang="es">Español</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="fr" title="French (fr:)" xml:lang="fr">Français</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="it" title="Italian (it:)" xml:lang="it">Italiano</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="nl" title="Dutch (nl:)" xml:lang="nl">Nederlands</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="ja" title="Japanese (ja:)" xml:lang="ja">日本語</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="pl" title="Polish (pl:)" xml:lang="pl">Polski</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="ru" title="Russian (ru:)" xml:lang="ru">Русский</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="sv" title="Swedish (sv:)" xml:lang="sv">Svenska</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="vi" title="Vietnamese (vi:)" xml:lang="vi">Tiếng Việt</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li id="lang-2">More than 250,000 articles:
<div class="hlist inline">
<ul>
<li><a class="external text" href="//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="ar" title="Arabic (ar:)" xml:lang="ar">العربية</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="id" title="Indonesian (id:)" xml:lang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="ms" title="Malay (ms:)" xml:lang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="ca" title="Catalan (ca:)" xml:lang="ca">Català</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="cs" title="Czech (cs:)" xml:lang="cs">Čeština</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="fa" title="Persian (fa:)" xml:lang="fa">فارسی</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="ko" title="Korean (ko:)" xml:lang="ko">한국어</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="hu" title="Hungarian (hu:)" xml:lang="hu">Magyar</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="no" title="Norwegian (no:)" xml:lang="no">Norsk bokmål</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="pt" title="Portuguese (pt:)" xml:lang="pt">Português</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="ro" title="Romanian (ro:)" xml:lang="ro">Română</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="sr" title="Serbian (sr:)" xml:lang="sr">Srpski / српски</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="sh" title="Serbo-Croatian (sh:)" xml:lang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="fi" title="Finnish (fi:)" xml:lang="fi">Suomi</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="tr" title="Turkish (tr:)" xml:lang="tr">Türkçe</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="uk" title="Ukrainian (uk:)" xml:lang="uk">Українська</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="zh" title="Chinese (zh:)" xml:lang="zh">中文</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li id="lang-1">More than 50,000 articles:
<div class="hlist inline">
<ul>
<li><a class="external text" href="//bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="bs" title="Bosnian (bs:)" xml:lang="bs">Bosanski</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="bg" title="Bulgarian (bg:)" xml:lang="bg">Български</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//da.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="da" title="Danish (da:)" xml:lang="da">Dansk</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//et.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="et" title="Estonian (et:)" xml:lang="et">Eesti</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="el" title="Greek (el:)" xml:lang="el">Ελληνικά</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="simple" title="Simple English (simple:)" xml:lang="simple">English (simple)</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="eo" title="Esperanto (eo:)" xml:lang="eo">Esperanto</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="eu" title="Basque (eu:)" xml:lang="eu">Euskara</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="gl" title="Galician (gl:)" xml:lang="gl">Galego</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//he.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="he" title="Hebrew (he:)" xml:lang="he">עברית</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="hr" title="Croatian (hr:)" xml:lang="hr">Hrvatski</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="lv" title="Latvian (lv:)" xml:lang="lv">Latviešu</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="lt" title="Lithuanian (lt:)" xml:lang="lt">Lietuvių</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="nn" title="Norwegian Nynorsk (nn:)" xml:lang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="sk" title="Slovak (sk:)" xml:lang="sk">Slovenčina</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="sl" title="Slovenian (sl:)" xml:lang="sl">Slovenščina</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//th.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="th" title="Thai (th:)" xml:lang="th">ไทย</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="plainlinks" id="metalink" style="text-align:center;"><b><a class="extiw" href="//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" title="meta:List of Wikipedias">Complete list of Wikipedias</a></b></div>
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Beautiful Soup creates a linked tree, where the root of the tree is the whole HTML document. It has children, which are all the elements of the HTML document. Each of those has children, which are any elements they have. Each element of the tree is aware of its parent and children.
You probably don't want to iterate through each child of the whole HTML document - you want a specific thing or things in it. In some cases, you want to seach for html tags. Common tages include:
| tag | function |
|---|---|
<title> |
The title of the web page (shows up in your browser header) |
<meta> |
Information about the web page that is not shown to the user |
<a> |
Links to other web pages |
<p> |
Paragraph of text |
In other cases, you want to look for IDs. These are optional information added to a tag to help developers or other code on the web page know which tag is for which purpose. Unlike tags, these are not standardized, so they will change from site to site and author to author. They will look something like:
<div id="banner" class="MyBanner">
With the advent of CSS (Cascading Style Sheets), it is also common for people to define their own HTML styling tags. So, while things like lists (<ol>) and tables (<table>, <tr>, and <td>) are in the HTML specification, it's not safe to assume they'll be used when you expect.
As a general strategy, when web scraping, you should have the page you want to scrape open in a browser with either the Developer Tools window open, or the HTML source displayed.
We can pull out elements by tag with:
In [10]:
page.p
Out[10]:
<p><b><a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_78" title="California State Route 78">State Route 78</a></b> is a <a href="/wiki/State_highway" title="State highway">state highway</a> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> that runs from <a href="/wiki/Oceanside,_California" title="Oceanside, California">Oceanside</a> east to <a href="/wiki/Blythe,_California" title="Blythe, California">Blythe</a>, a few miles from <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>. Its western terminus is at <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Interstate_5_(California)" title="Interstate 5 (California)">Interstate 5</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California" title="San Diego County, California">San Diego County</a> and its eastern terminus is at <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Interstate_10_(California)" title="Interstate 10 (California)">Interstate 10</a> in <a href="/wiki/Riverside_County,_California" title="Riverside County, California">Riverside County</a>. The route is a freeway through the heavily populated cities of northern San Diego County and a two-lane highway running through the <a href="/wiki/Cuyamaca_Mountains" title="Cuyamaca Mountains">Cuyamaca Mountains</a> to <a href="/wiki/Julian,_California" title="Julian, California">Julian</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Imperial_County,_California" title="Imperial County, California">Imperial County</a>, it travels through the desert near the <a href="/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</a> and passes through the city of <a href="/wiki/Brawley,_California" title="Brawley, California">Brawley</a> before turning north into an area of sand dunes on the way to its terminus in Blythe. Portions of the route existed as early as 1900, and it was one of the original state highways designated in 1934. The freeway section in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/San_Diego_North_County,_California" title="San Diego North County, California">North County</a> of <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> that connects Oceanside and <a href="/wiki/Escondido,_California" title="Escondido, California">Escondido</a> was built in the middle of the 20th century in several stages, including a transitory stage known as the Vista Way Freeway, and has been improved several times. An expressway bypass of the city of Brawley was completed in 2012. There are many projects slated to improve the freeway due to increasing congestion. (<a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_78" title="California State Route 78"><b>Full article...</b></a>)</p>
This is grabbing the paragraph tag from the page. If we want the first link from the first paragraph, we can try:
In [11]:
page.p.a
Out[11]:
<a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_78" title="California State Route 78">State Route 78</a>
But what if we want all the links? We are going to use a method of bs4's elements called find_all.
In [12]:
page.p.findAll('a')
Out[12]:
[<a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_78" title="California State Route 78">State Route 78</a>,
<a href="/wiki/State_highway" title="State highway">state highway</a>,
<a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>,
<a href="/wiki/Oceanside,_California" title="Oceanside, California">Oceanside</a>,
<a href="/wiki/Blythe,_California" title="Blythe, California">Blythe</a>,
<a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>,
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Interstate_5_(California)" title="Interstate 5 (California)">Interstate 5</a>,
<a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California" title="San Diego County, California">San Diego County</a>,
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Interstate_10_(California)" title="Interstate 10 (California)">Interstate 10</a>,
<a href="/wiki/Riverside_County,_California" title="Riverside County, California">Riverside County</a>,
<a href="/wiki/Cuyamaca_Mountains" title="Cuyamaca Mountains">Cuyamaca Mountains</a>,
<a href="/wiki/Julian,_California" title="Julian, California">Julian</a>,
<a href="/wiki/Imperial_County,_California" title="Imperial County, California">Imperial County</a>,
<a href="/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</a>,
<a href="/wiki/Brawley,_California" title="Brawley, California">Brawley</a>,
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/San_Diego_North_County,_California" title="San Diego North County, California">North County</a>,
<a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>,
<a href="/wiki/Escondido,_California" title="Escondido, California">Escondido</a>,
<a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_78" title="California State Route 78"><b>Full article...</b></a>]
What if you want all the elements in that paragraph, and not just the links? bs4 has an iterator for children:
In [13]:
for element in page.p.children:
print(element)
<b><a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_78" title="California State Route 78">State Route 78</a></b>
is a
<a href="/wiki/State_highway" title="State highway">state highway</a>
in
<a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>
that runs from
<a href="/wiki/Oceanside,_California" title="Oceanside, California">Oceanside</a>
east to
<a href="/wiki/Blythe,_California" title="Blythe, California">Blythe</a>
, a few miles from
<a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>
. Its western terminus is at
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Interstate_5_(California)" title="Interstate 5 (California)">Interstate 5</a>
in
<a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California" title="San Diego County, California">San Diego County</a>
and its eastern terminus is at
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Interstate_10_(California)" title="Interstate 10 (California)">Interstate 10</a>
in
<a href="/wiki/Riverside_County,_California" title="Riverside County, California">Riverside County</a>
. The route is a freeway through the heavily populated cities of northern San Diego County and a two-lane highway running through the
<a href="/wiki/Cuyamaca_Mountains" title="Cuyamaca Mountains">Cuyamaca Mountains</a>
to
<a href="/wiki/Julian,_California" title="Julian, California">Julian</a>
. In
<a href="/wiki/Imperial_County,_California" title="Imperial County, California">Imperial County</a>
, it travels through the desert near the
<a href="/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</a>
and passes through the city of
<a href="/wiki/Brawley,_California" title="Brawley, California">Brawley</a>
before turning north into an area of sand dunes on the way to its terminus in Blythe. Portions of the route existed as early as 1900, and it was one of the original state highways designated in 1934. The freeway section in the
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/San_Diego_North_County,_California" title="San Diego North County, California">North County</a>
of
<a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>
that connects Oceanside and
<a href="/wiki/Escondido,_California" title="Escondido, California">Escondido</a>
was built in the middle of the 20th century in several stages, including a transitory stage known as the Vista Way Freeway, and has been improved several times. An expressway bypass of the city of Brawley was completed in 2012. There are many projects slated to improve the freeway due to increasing congestion. (
<a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_78" title="California State Route 78"><b>Full article...</b></a>
)
HTML elements can be nested, but children only iterates at one level below the element. If you want everything, you can iterate with descendants
In [14]:
for element in page.p.descendants:
print(element)
<b><a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_78" title="California State Route 78">State Route 78</a></b>
<a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_78" title="California State Route 78">State Route 78</a>
State Route 78
is a
<a href="/wiki/State_highway" title="State highway">state highway</a>
state highway
in
<a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>
California
that runs from
<a href="/wiki/Oceanside,_California" title="Oceanside, California">Oceanside</a>
Oceanside
east to
<a href="/wiki/Blythe,_California" title="Blythe, California">Blythe</a>
Blythe
, a few miles from
<a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>
Arizona
. Its western terminus is at
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Interstate_5_(California)" title="Interstate 5 (California)">Interstate 5</a>
Interstate 5
in
<a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California" title="San Diego County, California">San Diego County</a>
San Diego County
and its eastern terminus is at
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Interstate_10_(California)" title="Interstate 10 (California)">Interstate 10</a>
Interstate 10
in
<a href="/wiki/Riverside_County,_California" title="Riverside County, California">Riverside County</a>
Riverside County
. The route is a freeway through the heavily populated cities of northern San Diego County and a two-lane highway running through the
<a href="/wiki/Cuyamaca_Mountains" title="Cuyamaca Mountains">Cuyamaca Mountains</a>
Cuyamaca Mountains
to
<a href="/wiki/Julian,_California" title="Julian, California">Julian</a>
Julian
. In
<a href="/wiki/Imperial_County,_California" title="Imperial County, California">Imperial County</a>
Imperial County
, it travels through the desert near the
<a href="/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</a>
Salton Sea
and passes through the city of
<a href="/wiki/Brawley,_California" title="Brawley, California">Brawley</a>
Brawley
before turning north into an area of sand dunes on the way to its terminus in Blythe. Portions of the route existed as early as 1900, and it was one of the original state highways designated in 1934. The freeway section in the
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/San_Diego_North_County,_California" title="San Diego North County, California">North County</a>
North County
of
<a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>
San Diego
that connects Oceanside and
<a href="/wiki/Escondido,_California" title="Escondido, California">Escondido</a>
Escondido
was built in the middle of the 20th century in several stages, including a transitory stage known as the Vista Way Freeway, and has been improved several times. An expressway bypass of the city of Brawley was completed in 2012. There are many projects slated to improve the freeway due to increasing congestion. (
<a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_78" title="California State Route 78"><b>Full article...</b></a>
<b>Full article...</b>
Full article...
)
This splits out formatting tags that we probably don't care about, like bold-faced text, and so we probably won't use it again.
In reality, you won't be inspecting things yourself, so you'll want to get in the habit of using your knowledge from day 2 about looping and control structures to make decisions for you. For example, what if we wanted to look at every link in the page, then print it's neighbor but only if the link is not to a media file? We could do something like:
In [15]:
for link in page.find_all('a'):
if link.attrs.get('class') != 'mw-redirect':
print(link.find_next())
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<div class="thumbinner mp-thumb" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0; max-width: 178px;"><a class="image" href="/wiki/File:CASR78atS11_(cropped).jpg" title="SR 78 in Oceanside at the El Camino Real overpass"><img alt="SR 78 in Oceanside at the El Camino Real overpass" data-file-height="1080" data-file-width="1920" height="100" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/CASR78atS11_%28cropped%29.jpg/178px-CASR78atS11_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/CASR78atS11_%28cropped%29.jpg/267px-CASR78atS11_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/CASR78atS11_%28cropped%29.jpg/356px-CASR78atS11_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="178"/></a></div>
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<p><b><a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_78" title="California State Route 78">State Route 78</a></b> is a <a href="/wiki/State_highway" title="State highway">state highway</a> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> that runs from <a href="/wiki/Oceanside,_California" title="Oceanside, California">Oceanside</a> east to <a href="/wiki/Blythe,_California" title="Blythe, California">Blythe</a>, a few miles from <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>. Its western terminus is at <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Interstate_5_(California)" title="Interstate 5 (California)">Interstate 5</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California" title="San Diego County, California">San Diego County</a> and its eastern terminus is at <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Interstate_10_(California)" title="Interstate 10 (California)">Interstate 10</a> in <a href="/wiki/Riverside_County,_California" title="Riverside County, California">Riverside County</a>. The route is a freeway through the heavily populated cities of northern San Diego County and a two-lane highway running through the <a href="/wiki/Cuyamaca_Mountains" title="Cuyamaca Mountains">Cuyamaca Mountains</a> to <a href="/wiki/Julian,_California" title="Julian, California">Julian</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Imperial_County,_California" title="Imperial County, California">Imperial County</a>, it travels through the desert near the <a href="/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</a> and passes through the city of <a href="/wiki/Brawley,_California" title="Brawley, California">Brawley</a> before turning north into an area of sand dunes on the way to its terminus in Blythe. Portions of the route existed as early as 1900, and it was one of the original state highways designated in 1934. The freeway section in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/San_Diego_North_County,_California" title="San Diego North County, California">North County</a> of <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> that connects Oceanside and <a href="/wiki/Escondido,_California" title="Escondido, California">Escondido</a> was built in the middle of the 20th century in several stages, including a transitory stage known as the Vista Way Freeway, and has been improved several times. An expressway bypass of the city of Brawley was completed in 2012. There are many projects slated to improve the freeway due to increasing congestion. (<a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_78" title="California State Route 78"><b>Full article...</b></a>)</p>
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<li>... that <b><a href="/wiki/Bilikiss_Adebiyi_Abiola" title="Bilikiss Adebiyi Abiola">Bilikiss Adebiyi</a></b> <i>(pictured)</i> planned to collect rubbish in the streets of Nigeria while taking her <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">MBA</a> at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>?</li>
<li>... that the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> re-launched its former television channel <a href="/wiki/BBC_Three_(former)" title="BBC Three (former)">BBC Three</a> as an <b><a href="/wiki/BBC_Three_(Internet_television)" title="BBC Three (Internet television)">Internet television service</a></b>?</li>
<li>... that the Sanskrit text <b><a href="/wiki/Manasollasa" title="Manasollasa">Manasollasa</a></b> is a 12th-century encyclopedia covering topics such as garden design, cuisine recipes, veterinary medicine, jewelry, painting, music, and dance?</li>
<li>... that the species name for <i><b><a href="/wiki/Burmaleon" title="Burmaleon">Burmaleon magnificus</a></b></i> was coined for the quality of preservation in the fossils?</li>
<li>... that the documentary film <i><b><a href="/wiki/No_Land%27s_Song" title="No Land's Song">No Land's Song</a></b></i> spotlights women's protests against an Iranian ban on public female solo singing before male audiences?</li>
<li>... that uninjured reporters commandeered a <a href="/wiki/Medical_evacuation" title="Medical evacuation">medical evacuation</a> helicopter during <b><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Z" title="Campaign Z">Campaign Z</a></b>?</li>
<li>... that of an estimated 100,000 <b><a href="/wiki/German_Jewish_military_personnel_of_World_War_I" title="German Jewish military personnel of World War I">German Jews</a></b> who served in the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(German_Empire)" title="German Army (German Empire)">German Army</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, 12,000 were killed in action?</li>
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<p><b>Correction</b>: we erroneously claimed here that in 1964 <a href="/wiki/Jim_Hazelton" title="Jim Hazelton">Jim Hazelton</a> was the first Australian to fly a single-engine aircraft across the Pacific, but <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsford_Smith" title="Charles Kingsford Smith">Charles Kingsford Smith</a> and copilot <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Taylor_(aviator)" title="Gordon Taylor (aviator)">Gordon Taylor</a> were actually the first to do so in 1934 in their <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Altair" title="Lockheed Altair">Lockheed Altair</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Southern_Cross" title="Lady Southern Cross">Lady Southern Cross</a></i>.</p>
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<div class="thumbcaption" style="padding: 0.25em 0; word-wrap: break-word;">Total solar eclipse, viewed from <a href="/wiki/Balikpapan" title="Balikpapan">Balikpapan</a></div>
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<li><b><a href="/wiki/March_2016_Ankara_bombing" title="March 2016 Ankara bombing">An explosion</a></b> in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, Turkey, kills 37 people and injures at least 125 others.</li>
<li>At least 18 people are killed in <b><a href="/wiki/2016_Grand-Bassam_shootings" title="2016 Grand-Bassam shootings">shootings</a></b> at a beach resort in <a href="/wiki/Grand-Bassam" title="Grand-Bassam">Grand-Bassam</a>, Ivory Coast.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind" title="Google DeepMind">Google DeepMind</a>'s <a href="/wiki/AlphaGo" title="AlphaGo">AlphaGo</a> computer program <b><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Lee_Sedol" title="AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol">wins a series</a></b> against <a href="/wiki/Lee_Sedol" title="Lee Sedol">Lee Sedol</a>, one of the world's best <a href="/wiki/Go_(game)" title="Go (game)">Go</a> players.</li>
<li>A total <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipse</a> <b><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_March_9,_2016" title="Solar eclipse of March 9, 2016">occurs</a></b>, with totality <i>(pictured)</i> visible from Indonesia and the North Pacific.</li>
<li>In the <b><a href="/wiki/Slovak_parliamentary_election,_2016" title="Slovak parliamentary election, 2016">Slovak parliamentary election</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Direction_%E2%80%93_Social_Democracy" title="Direction – Social Democracy">Direction – Social Democracy</a> remains the largest political party but loses its majority in the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Slovakia)" title="National Council (Slovakia)">National Council</a>.</li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Protection_Party" title="Human Rights Protection Party">Human Rights Protection Party</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Tuilaepa_Aiono_Sailele_Malielegaoi" title="Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi">Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi</a>, wins a landslide victory in the <b><a href="/wiki/Samoan_general_election,_2016" title="Samoan general election, 2016">Samoan general election</a></b>.</li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Zika_virus_outbreak_(2015%E2%80%93present)" title="Zika virus outbreak (2015–present)">Zika virus outbreak</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Iolanda_Bala%C8%99" title="Iolanda Balaș">Iolanda Balaș</a></li>
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<p><b><a href="/wiki/March_15" title="March 15">March 15</a></b>: <b><a href="/wiki/Ides_of_March" title="Ides of March">Ides of March</a></b>; <b><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">National Day</a></b> in Hungary (<a href="/wiki/1848" title="1848">1848</a>)</p>
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<div class="thumbinner mp-thumb" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0; max-width: 100px;"><a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Villa_close_up.jpg" title="Pancho Villa"><img alt="Pancho Villa" data-file-height="574" data-file-width="431" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Villa_close_up.jpg/100px-Villa_close_up.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Villa_close_up.jpg/150px-Villa_close_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Villa_close_up.jpg/200px-Villa_close_up.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a>
<div class="thumbcaption" style="padding: 0.25em 0; word-wrap: break-word;">Pancho Villa</div>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/1783" title="1783">1783</a> – A <b><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">potential uprising</a></b> in <a href="/wiki/Newburgh_(city),_New_York" title="Newburgh (city), New York">Newburgh, New York</a>, was defused when <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> asked <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> officers to support the supremacy of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1892" title="1892">1892</a> – <b><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_F.C." title="Liverpool F.C.">Liverpool F.C.</a></b>, one of England's most successful <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> clubs, was founded.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1916" title="1916">1916</a> – Six days after <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa" title="Pancho Villa">Pancho Villa</a> <i>(pictured)</i> and his cross-border raiders attacked <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_New_Mexico" title="Columbus, New Mexico">Columbus, New Mexico</a>, US General <a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a> led a <b><a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition" title="Pancho Villa Expedition">punitive expedition into Mexico</a></b> to pursue Villa.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1941" title="1941">1941</a> – <b><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Airlines" title="Philippine Airlines">Philippine Airlines</a></b>, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carrier</a> of the Philippines took its first flight, making it the oldest commercial airline in Asia operating under its original name.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2011" title="2011">2011</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>: Protests erupted <b><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" title="Syrian Civil War">across Syria</a></b> against the authoritarian government.</li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/March_14" title="March 14">March 14</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/March_15" title="March 15">March 15</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/March_16" title="March 16">March 16</a></li>
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<li>Current date: <span class="nowrap">March 15, 2016</span> (<a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>)</li>
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<td style="padding:0 0.9em 0 0;"><a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Ash_in_Yogyakarta_during_the_2014_eruption_of_Kelud_01.jpg" title="Man sweeping volcanic ash"><img alt="Man sweeping volcanic ash" data-file-height="1524" data-file-width="2246" height="258" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ash_in_Yogyakarta_during_the_2014_eruption_of_Kelud_01.jpg/380px-Ash_in_Yogyakarta_during_the_2014_eruption_of_Kelud_01.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ash_in_Yogyakarta_during_the_2014_eruption_of_Kelud_01.jpg/570px-Ash_in_Yogyakarta_during_the_2014_eruption_of_Kelud_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ash_in_Yogyakarta_during_the_2014_eruption_of_Kelud_01.jpg/760px-Ash_in_Yogyakarta_during_the_2014_eruption_of_Kelud_01.jpg 2x" width="380"/></a></td>
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<p>A man sweeping <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a> during the <b><a href="/wiki/Kelud#2014_eruption" title="Kelud">2014 eruption</a></b> of <a href="/wiki/Kelud" title="Kelud">Kelud</a>. The <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Javan</a> volcano erupted on 13 February 2014 and sent volcanic ash covering an area of about 500 kilometres (310 mi) in diameter. Ashfall from the eruption "paralyzed Java", closing airports, tourist attractions, and businesses as far away as <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a> and causing millions of dollars in financial losses. Cleaning operations continued for more than a week.</p>
<p><small>Photograph: <a href="/wiki/User:Crisco_1492" title="User:Crisco 1492">Chris Woodrich</a></small></p>
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<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="Wikipedia:Community portal">Community portal</a></b> – Bulletin board, projects, resources and activities covering a wide range of Wikipedia areas.</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Help_desk" title="Wikipedia:Help desk">Help desk</a></b> – Ask questions about using Wikipedia.</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Local_Embassy" title="Wikipedia:Local Embassy">Local embassy</a></b> – For Wikipedia-related communication in languages other than English.</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk">Reference desk</a></b> – Serving as virtual librarians, Wikipedia volunteers tackle your questions on a wide range of subjects.</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:News" title="Wikipedia:News">Site news</a></b> – Announcements, updates, articles and press releases on Wikipedia and the Wikimedia Foundation.</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump" title="Wikipedia:Village pump">Village pump</a></b> – For discussions about Wikipedia itself, including areas for technical issues and policies.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="mp-sister">
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Wikipedia.27s_sister_projects">Wikipedia's sister projects</span></h2>
<p>Wikipedia is hosted by the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>, a non-profit organization that also hosts a range of other <a class="extiw" href="//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Our_projects" title="wmf:Our projects">projects</a>:</p>
<table class="layout plainlinks" style="width:100%; margin:auto; text-align:left; background:transparent;">
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" data-file-height="41" data-file-width="31" height="41" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9d/Commons-logo-31px.png" width="31"/></a></td>
<td style="width:33%; padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//commons.wikimedia.org/">Commons</a></b><br/>
Free media repository</td>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/" title="MediaWiki"><img alt="MediaWiki" data-file-height="102" data-file-width="135" height="26" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mediawiki-logo.png/35px-Mediawiki-logo.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mediawiki-logo.png/53px-Mediawiki-logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mediawiki-logo.png/70px-Mediawiki-logo.png 2x" width="35"/></a></td>
<td style="width:33%; padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//mediawiki.org/">MediaWiki</a></b><br/>
Wiki software development</td>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" title="Meta-Wiki"><img alt="Meta-Wiki" data-file-height="35" data-file-width="35" height="35" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bc/Meta-logo-35px.png" width="35"/></a></td>
<td style="width:33%; padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//meta.wikimedia.org/">Meta-Wiki</a></b><br/>
Wikimedia project coordination</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//en.wikibooks.org/wiki/" title="Wikibooks"><img alt="Wikibooks" data-file-height="35" data-file-width="35" height="35" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7f/Wikibooks-logo-35px.png" width="35"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wikibooks.org/">Wikibooks</a></b><br/>
Free textbooks and manuals</td>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:3px;"><a href="//www.wikidata.org/wiki/" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wikidata" data-file-height="590" data-file-width="1050" height="26" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/47px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/71px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/94px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" width="47"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//www.wikidata.org/">Wikidata</a></b><br/>
Free knowledge base</td>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//en.wikinews.org/wiki/" title="Wikinews"><img alt="Wikinews" data-file-height="30" data-file-width="51" height="30" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/60/Wikinews-logo-51px.png" width="51"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wikinews.org/">Wikinews</a></b><br/>
Free-content news</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/" title="Wikiquote"><img alt="Wikiquote" data-file-height="41" data-file-width="51" height="41" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/46/Wikiquote-logo-51px.png" width="51"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wikiquote.org/">Wikiquote</a></b><br/>
Collection of quotations</td>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/" title="Wikisource"><img alt="Wikisource" data-file-height="37" data-file-width="35" height="37" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b6/Wikisource-logo-35px.png" width="35"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wikisource.org/">Wikisource</a></b><br/>
Free-content library</td>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/" title="Wikispecies"><img alt="Wikispecies" data-file-height="41" data-file-width="35" height="41" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bf/Wikispecies-logo-35px.png" width="35"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//species.wikimedia.org/">Wikispecies</a></b><br/>
Directory of species</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//en.wikiversity.org/wiki/" title="Wikiversity"><img alt="Wikiversity" data-file-height="32" data-file-width="41" height="32" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e3/Wikiversity-logo-41px.png" width="41"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wikiversity.org/">Wikiversity</a></b><br/>
Free learning materials and activities</td>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/" title="Wikivoyage"><img alt="Wikivoyage" data-file-height="193" data-file-width="193" height="35" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/35px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/53px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/70px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" width="35"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/">Wikivoyage</a></b><br/>
Free travel guide</td>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Wiktionary"><img alt="Wiktionary" data-file-height="35" data-file-width="51" height="35" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Wiktionary-logo-51px.png" width="51"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wiktionary.org/">Wiktionary</a></b><br/>
Dictionary and thesaurus</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div id="mp-lang">
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Wikipedia_languages">Wikipedia languages</span></h2>
<div class="nowraplinks nourlexpansion plainlinks" id="lang">
<p>This Wikipedia is written in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. Started in 2001<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2001</span>)</span>, it currently contains <a href="/wiki/Special:Statistics" title="Special:Statistics">5,104,889</a> articles. Many other Wikipedias are available; some of the largest are listed below.</p>
<ul>
<li id="lang-3">More than 1,000,000 articles:
<div class="hlist inline">
<ul>
<li><a class="external text" href="//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="de" title="German (de:)" xml:lang="de">Deutsch</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="es" title="Spanish (es:)" xml:lang="es">Español</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="fr" title="French (fr:)" xml:lang="fr">Français</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="it" title="Italian (it:)" xml:lang="it">Italiano</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="nl" title="Dutch (nl:)" xml:lang="nl">Nederlands</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="ja" title="Japanese (ja:)" xml:lang="ja">日本語</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="pl" title="Polish (pl:)" xml:lang="pl">Polski</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="ru" title="Russian (ru:)" xml:lang="ru">Русский</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="sv" title="Swedish (sv:)" xml:lang="sv">Svenska</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="vi" title="Vietnamese (vi:)" xml:lang="vi">Tiếng Việt</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li id="lang-2">More than 250,000 articles:
<div class="hlist inline">
<ul>
<li><a class="external text" href="//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="ar" title="Arabic (ar:)" xml:lang="ar">العربية</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="id" title="Indonesian (id:)" xml:lang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="ms" title="Malay (ms:)" xml:lang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="ca" title="Catalan (ca:)" xml:lang="ca">Català</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="cs" title="Czech (cs:)" xml:lang="cs">Čeština</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="fa" title="Persian (fa:)" xml:lang="fa">فارسی</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="ko" title="Korean (ko:)" xml:lang="ko">한국어</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="hu" title="Hungarian (hu:)" xml:lang="hu">Magyar</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="no" title="Norwegian (no:)" xml:lang="no">Norsk bokmål</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="pt" title="Portuguese (pt:)" xml:lang="pt">Português</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="ro" title="Romanian (ro:)" xml:lang="ro">Română</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="sr" title="Serbian (sr:)" xml:lang="sr">Srpski / српски</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="sh" title="Serbo-Croatian (sh:)" xml:lang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="fi" title="Finnish (fi:)" xml:lang="fi">Suomi</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="tr" title="Turkish (tr:)" xml:lang="tr">Türkçe</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="uk" title="Ukrainian (uk:)" xml:lang="uk">Українська</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="zh" title="Chinese (zh:)" xml:lang="zh">中文</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li id="lang-1">More than 50,000 articles:
<div class="hlist inline">
<ul>
<li><a class="external text" href="//bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="bs" title="Bosnian (bs:)" xml:lang="bs">Bosanski</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="bg" title="Bulgarian (bg:)" xml:lang="bg">Български</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//da.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="da" title="Danish (da:)" xml:lang="da">Dansk</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//et.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="et" title="Estonian (et:)" xml:lang="et">Eesti</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="el" title="Greek (el:)" xml:lang="el">Ελληνικά</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="simple" title="Simple English (simple:)" xml:lang="simple">English (simple)</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="eo" title="Esperanto (eo:)" xml:lang="eo">Esperanto</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="eu" title="Basque (eu:)" xml:lang="eu">Euskara</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="gl" title="Galician (gl:)" xml:lang="gl">Galego</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//he.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="he" title="Hebrew (he:)" xml:lang="he">עברית</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="hr" title="Croatian (hr:)" xml:lang="hr">Hrvatski</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="lv" title="Latvian (lv:)" xml:lang="lv">Latviešu</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="lt" title="Lithuanian (lt:)" xml:lang="lt">Lietuvių</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="nn" title="Norwegian Nynorsk (nn:)" xml:lang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="sk" title="Slovak (sk:)" xml:lang="sk">Slovenčina</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="sl" title="Slovenian (sl:)" xml:lang="sl">Slovenščina</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//th.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="th" title="Thai (th:)" xml:lang="th">ไทย</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="plainlinks" id="metalink" style="text-align:center;"><b><a class="extiw" href="//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" title="meta:List of Wikipedias">Complete list of Wikipedias</a></b></div>
</div>
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<noscript><img alt="" height="1" src="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" style="border: none; position: absolute;" title="" width="1"/></noscript></div>
<div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">the <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free</a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopedia</a> that <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduction" title="Wikipedia:Introduction">anyone can edit</a>.</div>
<a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopedia</a>
<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduction" title="Wikipedia:Introduction">anyone can edit</a>
<div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Special:Statistics" title="Special:Statistics">5,104,889</a> articles in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></div>
<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>
<td style="width:13%; font-size:95%;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Arts" title="Portal:Arts">Arts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li>
</ul>
</td>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li>
<td style="width:13%; font-size:95%;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science</a></li>
</ul>
</td>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science</a></li>
<td style="width:13%; font-size:95%;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">All portals</a></b></li>
</ul>
</td>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">All portals</a></b></li>
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<h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="From_today.27s_featured_article">From today's featured article</span></h2>
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<div class="thumbinner mp-thumb" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0; max-width: 178px;"><a class="image" href="/wiki/File:CASR78atS11_(cropped).jpg" title="SR 78 in Oceanside at the El Camino Real overpass"><img alt="SR 78 in Oceanside at the El Camino Real overpass" data-file-height="1080" data-file-width="1920" height="100" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/CASR78atS11_%28cropped%29.jpg/178px-CASR78atS11_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/CASR78atS11_%28cropped%29.jpg/267px-CASR78atS11_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/CASR78atS11_%28cropped%29.jpg/356px-CASR78atS11_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="178"/></a></div>
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<p><b><a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_78" title="California State Route 78">State Route 78</a></b> is a <a href="/wiki/State_highway" title="State highway">state highway</a> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> that runs from <a href="/wiki/Oceanside,_California" title="Oceanside, California">Oceanside</a> east to <a href="/wiki/Blythe,_California" title="Blythe, California">Blythe</a>, a few miles from <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>. Its western terminus is at <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Interstate_5_(California)" title="Interstate 5 (California)">Interstate 5</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California" title="San Diego County, California">San Diego County</a> and its eastern terminus is at <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Interstate_10_(California)" title="Interstate 10 (California)">Interstate 10</a> in <a href="/wiki/Riverside_County,_California" title="Riverside County, California">Riverside County</a>. The route is a freeway through the heavily populated cities of northern San Diego County and a two-lane highway running through the <a href="/wiki/Cuyamaca_Mountains" title="Cuyamaca Mountains">Cuyamaca Mountains</a> to <a href="/wiki/Julian,_California" title="Julian, California">Julian</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Imperial_County,_California" title="Imperial County, California">Imperial County</a>, it travels through the desert near the <a href="/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</a> and passes through the city of <a href="/wiki/Brawley,_California" title="Brawley, California">Brawley</a> before turning north into an area of sand dunes on the way to its terminus in Blythe. Portions of the route existed as early as 1900, and it was one of the original state highways designated in 1934. The freeway section in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/San_Diego_North_County,_California" title="San Diego North County, California">North County</a> of <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> that connects Oceanside and <a href="/wiki/Escondido,_California" title="Escondido, California">Escondido</a> was built in the middle of the 20th century in several stages, including a transitory stage known as the Vista Way Freeway, and has been improved several times. An expressway bypass of the city of Brawley was completed in 2012. There are many projects slated to improve the freeway due to increasing congestion. (<a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_78" title="California State Route 78"><b>Full article...</b></a>)</p>
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<div class="thumbinner mp-thumb" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0; max-width: 120px;"><a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Bilikiss_Adebiyi_CEO.jpg" title="Bilikiss Adebiyi"><img alt="Bilikiss Adebiyi" data-file-height="500" data-file-width="447" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bilikiss_Adebiyi_CEO.jpg/119px-Bilikiss_Adebiyi_CEO.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bilikiss_Adebiyi_CEO.jpg/179px-Bilikiss_Adebiyi_CEO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bilikiss_Adebiyi_CEO.jpg/238px-Bilikiss_Adebiyi_CEO.jpg 2x" width="119"/></a>
<div class="thumbcaption" style="padding: 0.25em 0; word-wrap: break-word;">Bilikiss Adebiyi</div>
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<ul>
<li>... that <b><a href="/wiki/Bilikiss_Adebiyi_Abiola" title="Bilikiss Adebiyi Abiola">Bilikiss Adebiyi</a></b> <i>(pictured)</i> planned to collect rubbish in the streets of Nigeria while taking her <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">MBA</a> at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>?</li>
<li>... that the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> re-launched its former television channel <a href="/wiki/BBC_Three_(former)" title="BBC Three (former)">BBC Three</a> as an <b><a href="/wiki/BBC_Three_(Internet_television)" title="BBC Three (Internet television)">Internet television service</a></b>?</li>
<li>... that the Sanskrit text <b><a href="/wiki/Manasollasa" title="Manasollasa">Manasollasa</a></b> is a 12th-century encyclopedia covering topics such as garden design, cuisine recipes, veterinary medicine, jewelry, painting, music, and dance?</li>
<li>... that the species name for <i><b><a href="/wiki/Burmaleon" title="Burmaleon">Burmaleon magnificus</a></b></i> was coined for the quality of preservation in the fossils?</li>
<li>... that the documentary film <i><b><a href="/wiki/No_Land%27s_Song" title="No Land's Song">No Land's Song</a></b></i> spotlights women's protests against an Iranian ban on public female solo singing before male audiences?</li>
<li>... that uninjured reporters commandeered a <a href="/wiki/Medical_evacuation" title="Medical evacuation">medical evacuation</a> helicopter during <b><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Z" title="Campaign Z">Campaign Z</a></b>?</li>
<li>... that of an estimated 100,000 <b><a href="/wiki/German_Jewish_military_personnel_of_World_War_I" title="German Jewish military personnel of World War I">German Jews</a></b> who served in the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(German_Empire)" title="German Army (German Empire)">German Army</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, 12,000 were killed in action?</li>
</ul>
<p><b>Correction</b>: we erroneously claimed here that in 1964 <a href="/wiki/Jim_Hazelton" title="Jim Hazelton">Jim Hazelton</a> was the first Australian to fly a single-engine aircraft across the Pacific, but <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsford_Smith" title="Charles Kingsford Smith">Charles Kingsford Smith</a> and copilot <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Taylor_(aviator)" title="Gordon Taylor (aviator)">Gordon Taylor</a> were actually the first to do so in 1934 in their <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Altair" title="Lockheed Altair">Lockheed Altair</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Southern_Cross" title="Lady Southern Cross">Lady Southern Cross</a></i>.</p>
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<div class="thumbinner mp-thumb" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0; max-width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_Solar_Eclipse,_9_March_2016,_from_Balikpapan,_East_Kalimantan,_Indonesia.JPG" title="Total solar eclipse, viewed from Balikpapan"><img alt="Total solar eclipse, viewed from Balikpapan" data-file-height="388" data-file-width="396" height="118" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Total_Solar_Eclipse%2C_9_March_2016%2C_from_Balikpapan%2C_East_Kalimantan%2C_Indonesia_%28cropped%29.JPG/120px-Total_Solar_Eclipse%2C_9_March_2016%2C_from_Balikpapan%2C_East_Kalimantan%2C_Indonesia_%28cropped%29.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Total_Solar_Eclipse%2C_9_March_2016%2C_from_Balikpapan%2C_East_Kalimantan%2C_Indonesia_%28cropped%29.JPG/180px-Total_Solar_Eclipse%2C_9_March_2016%2C_from_Balikpapan%2C_East_Kalimantan%2C_Indonesia_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Total_Solar_Eclipse%2C_9_March_2016%2C_from_Balikpapan%2C_East_Kalimantan%2C_Indonesia_%28cropped%29.JPG/240px-Total_Solar_Eclipse%2C_9_March_2016%2C_from_Balikpapan%2C_East_Kalimantan%2C_Indonesia_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" width="120"/></a>
<div class="thumbcaption" style="padding: 0.25em 0; word-wrap: break-word;">Total solar eclipse, viewed from <a href="/wiki/Balikpapan" title="Balikpapan">Balikpapan</a></div>
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<li><b><a href="/wiki/March_2016_Ankara_bombing" title="March 2016 Ankara bombing">An explosion</a></b> in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, Turkey, kills 37 people and injures at least 125 others.</li>
<li>At least 18 people are killed in <b><a href="/wiki/2016_Grand-Bassam_shootings" title="2016 Grand-Bassam shootings">shootings</a></b> at a beach resort in <a href="/wiki/Grand-Bassam" title="Grand-Bassam">Grand-Bassam</a>, Ivory Coast.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind" title="Google DeepMind">Google DeepMind</a>'s <a href="/wiki/AlphaGo" title="AlphaGo">AlphaGo</a> computer program <b><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Lee_Sedol" title="AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol">wins a series</a></b> against <a href="/wiki/Lee_Sedol" title="Lee Sedol">Lee Sedol</a>, one of the world's best <a href="/wiki/Go_(game)" title="Go (game)">Go</a> players.</li>
<li>A total <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipse</a> <b><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_March_9,_2016" title="Solar eclipse of March 9, 2016">occurs</a></b>, with totality <i>(pictured)</i> visible from Indonesia and the North Pacific.</li>
<li>In the <b><a href="/wiki/Slovak_parliamentary_election,_2016" title="Slovak parliamentary election, 2016">Slovak parliamentary election</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Direction_%E2%80%93_Social_Democracy" title="Direction – Social Democracy">Direction – Social Democracy</a> remains the largest political party but loses its majority in the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Slovakia)" title="National Council (Slovakia)">National Council</a>.</li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Protection_Party" title="Human Rights Protection Party">Human Rights Protection Party</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Tuilaepa_Aiono_Sailele_Malielegaoi" title="Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi">Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi</a>, wins a landslide victory in the <b><a href="/wiki/Samoan_general_election,_2016" title="Samoan general election, 2016">Samoan general election</a></b>.</li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Zika_virus_outbreak_(2015%E2%80%93present)" title="Zika virus outbreak (2015–present)">Zika virus outbreak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_migrant_crisis" title="European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a></li>
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<li><b><a href="/wiki/Deaths_in_2016" title="Deaths in 2016">Recent deaths</a></b>:
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<li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Shapley" title="Lloyd Shapley">Lloyd Shapley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iolanda_Bala%C8%99" title="Iolanda Balaș">Iolanda Balaș</a></li>
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<p><b><a href="/wiki/March_15" title="March 15">March 15</a></b>: <b><a href="/wiki/Ides_of_March" title="Ides of March">Ides of March</a></b>; <b><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">National Day</a></b> in Hungary (<a href="/wiki/1848" title="1848">1848</a>)</p>
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<div class="thumbinner mp-thumb" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0; max-width: 100px;"><a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Villa_close_up.jpg" title="Pancho Villa"><img alt="Pancho Villa" data-file-height="574" data-file-width="431" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Villa_close_up.jpg/100px-Villa_close_up.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Villa_close_up.jpg/150px-Villa_close_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Villa_close_up.jpg/200px-Villa_close_up.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a>
<div class="thumbcaption" style="padding: 0.25em 0; word-wrap: break-word;">Pancho Villa</div>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/1783" title="1783">1783</a> – A <b><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">potential uprising</a></b> in <a href="/wiki/Newburgh_(city),_New_York" title="Newburgh (city), New York">Newburgh, New York</a>, was defused when <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> asked <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> officers to support the supremacy of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1892" title="1892">1892</a> – <b><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_F.C." title="Liverpool F.C.">Liverpool F.C.</a></b>, one of England's most successful <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> clubs, was founded.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1916" title="1916">1916</a> – Six days after <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa" title="Pancho Villa">Pancho Villa</a> <i>(pictured)</i> and his cross-border raiders attacked <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_New_Mexico" title="Columbus, New Mexico">Columbus, New Mexico</a>, US General <a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a> led a <b><a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition" title="Pancho Villa Expedition">punitive expedition into Mexico</a></b> to pursue Villa.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1941" title="1941">1941</a> – <b><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Airlines" title="Philippine Airlines">Philippine Airlines</a></b>, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carrier</a> of the Philippines took its first flight, making it the oldest commercial airline in Asia operating under its original name.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2011" title="2011">2011</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>: Protests erupted <b><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" title="Syrian Civil War">across Syria</a></b> against the authoritarian government.</li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/March_14" title="March 14">March 14</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/March_15" title="March 15">March 15</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/March_16" title="March 16">March 16</a></li>
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<li>Current date: <span class="nowrap">March 15, 2016</span> (<a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>)</li>
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<img alt="SR 78 in Oceanside at the El Camino Real overpass" data-file-height="1080" data-file-width="1920" height="100" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/CASR78atS11_%28cropped%29.jpg/178px-CASR78atS11_%28cropped%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/CASR78atS11_%28cropped%29.jpg/267px-CASR78atS11_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/CASR78atS11_%28cropped%29.jpg/356px-CASR78atS11_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" width="178"/>
<a href="/wiki/State_highway" title="State highway">state highway</a>
<a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>
<a href="/wiki/Oceanside,_California" title="Oceanside, California">Oceanside</a>
<a href="/wiki/Blythe,_California" title="Blythe, California">Blythe</a>
<a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Interstate_5_(California)" title="Interstate 5 (California)">Interstate 5</a>
<a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California" title="San Diego County, California">San Diego County</a>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Interstate_10_(California)" title="Interstate 10 (California)">Interstate 10</a>
<a href="/wiki/Riverside_County,_California" title="Riverside County, California">Riverside County</a>
<a href="/wiki/Cuyamaca_Mountains" title="Cuyamaca Mountains">Cuyamaca Mountains</a>
<a href="/wiki/Julian,_California" title="Julian, California">Julian</a>
<a href="/wiki/Imperial_County,_California" title="Imperial County, California">Imperial County</a>
<a href="/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</a>
<a href="/wiki/Brawley,_California" title="Brawley, California">Brawley</a>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/San_Diego_North_County,_California" title="San Diego North County, California">North County</a>
<a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>
<a href="/wiki/Escondido,_California" title="Escondido, California">Escondido</a>
<a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_78" title="California State Route 78"><b>Full article...</b></a>
<b>Full article...</b>
<li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Asahi" title="Japanese battleship Asahi">Japanese battleship <i>Asahi</i></a></li>
<i>Asahi</i>
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<img alt="Bilikiss Adebiyi" data-file-height="500" data-file-width="447" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bilikiss_Adebiyi_CEO.jpg/119px-Bilikiss_Adebiyi_CEO.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bilikiss_Adebiyi_CEO.jpg/179px-Bilikiss_Adebiyi_CEO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bilikiss_Adebiyi_CEO.jpg/238px-Bilikiss_Adebiyi_CEO.jpg 2x" width="119"/>
<i>(pictured)</i>
<a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>
<li>... that the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> re-launched its former television channel <a href="/wiki/BBC_Three_(former)" title="BBC Three (former)">BBC Three</a> as an <b><a href="/wiki/BBC_Three_(Internet_television)" title="BBC Three (Internet television)">Internet television service</a></b>?</li>
<a href="/wiki/BBC_Three_(former)" title="BBC Three (former)">BBC Three</a>
<b><a href="/wiki/BBC_Three_(Internet_television)" title="BBC Three (Internet television)">Internet television service</a></b>
<li>... that the Sanskrit text <b><a href="/wiki/Manasollasa" title="Manasollasa">Manasollasa</a></b> is a 12th-century encyclopedia covering topics such as garden design, cuisine recipes, veterinary medicine, jewelry, painting, music, and dance?</li>
<li>... that the species name for <i><b><a href="/wiki/Burmaleon" title="Burmaleon">Burmaleon magnificus</a></b></i> was coined for the quality of preservation in the fossils?</li>
<li>... that the documentary film <i><b><a href="/wiki/No_Land%27s_Song" title="No Land's Song">No Land's Song</a></b></i> spotlights women's protests against an Iranian ban on public female solo singing before male audiences?</li>
<li>... that uninjured reporters commandeered a <a href="/wiki/Medical_evacuation" title="Medical evacuation">medical evacuation</a> helicopter during <b><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Z" title="Campaign Z">Campaign Z</a></b>?</li>
<b><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Z" title="Campaign Z">Campaign Z</a></b>
<li>... that of an estimated 100,000 <b><a href="/wiki/German_Jewish_military_personnel_of_World_War_I" title="German Jewish military personnel of World War I">German Jews</a></b> who served in the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(German_Empire)" title="German Army (German Empire)">German Army</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, 12,000 were killed in action?</li>
<a href="/wiki/German_Army_(German_Empire)" title="German Army (German Empire)">German Army</a>
<a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>
<p><b>Correction</b>: we erroneously claimed here that in 1964 <a href="/wiki/Jim_Hazelton" title="Jim Hazelton">Jim Hazelton</a> was the first Australian to fly a single-engine aircraft across the Pacific, but <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsford_Smith" title="Charles Kingsford Smith">Charles Kingsford Smith</a> and copilot <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Taylor_(aviator)" title="Gordon Taylor (aviator)">Gordon Taylor</a> were actually the first to do so in 1934 in their <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Altair" title="Lockheed Altair">Lockheed Altair</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Southern_Cross" title="Lady Southern Cross">Lady Southern Cross</a></i>.</p>
<a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsford_Smith" title="Charles Kingsford Smith">Charles Kingsford Smith</a>
<a href="/wiki/Gordon_Taylor_(aviator)" title="Gordon Taylor (aviator)">Gordon Taylor</a>
<a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Altair" title="Lockheed Altair">Lockheed Altair</a>
<i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Southern_Cross" title="Lady Southern Cross">Lady Southern Cross</a></i>
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<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Recent_additions" title="Wikipedia:Recent additions">Recently improved articles</a></b></li>
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<img alt="Total solar eclipse, viewed from Balikpapan" data-file-height="388" data-file-width="396" height="118" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Total_Solar_Eclipse%2C_9_March_2016%2C_from_Balikpapan%2C_East_Kalimantan%2C_Indonesia_%28cropped%29.JPG/120px-Total_Solar_Eclipse%2C_9_March_2016%2C_from_Balikpapan%2C_East_Kalimantan%2C_Indonesia_%28cropped%29.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Total_Solar_Eclipse%2C_9_March_2016%2C_from_Balikpapan%2C_East_Kalimantan%2C_Indonesia_%28cropped%29.JPG/180px-Total_Solar_Eclipse%2C_9_March_2016%2C_from_Balikpapan%2C_East_Kalimantan%2C_Indonesia_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Total_Solar_Eclipse%2C_9_March_2016%2C_from_Balikpapan%2C_East_Kalimantan%2C_Indonesia_%28cropped%29.JPG/240px-Total_Solar_Eclipse%2C_9_March_2016%2C_from_Balikpapan%2C_East_Kalimantan%2C_Indonesia_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" width="120"/>
<ul>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/March_2016_Ankara_bombing" title="March 2016 Ankara bombing">An explosion</a></b> in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, Turkey, kills 37 people and injures at least 125 others.</li>
<li>At least 18 people are killed in <b><a href="/wiki/2016_Grand-Bassam_shootings" title="2016 Grand-Bassam shootings">shootings</a></b> at a beach resort in <a href="/wiki/Grand-Bassam" title="Grand-Bassam">Grand-Bassam</a>, Ivory Coast.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind" title="Google DeepMind">Google DeepMind</a>'s <a href="/wiki/AlphaGo" title="AlphaGo">AlphaGo</a> computer program <b><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Lee_Sedol" title="AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol">wins a series</a></b> against <a href="/wiki/Lee_Sedol" title="Lee Sedol">Lee Sedol</a>, one of the world's best <a href="/wiki/Go_(game)" title="Go (game)">Go</a> players.</li>
<li>A total <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipse</a> <b><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_March_9,_2016" title="Solar eclipse of March 9, 2016">occurs</a></b>, with totality <i>(pictured)</i> visible from Indonesia and the North Pacific.</li>
<li>In the <b><a href="/wiki/Slovak_parliamentary_election,_2016" title="Slovak parliamentary election, 2016">Slovak parliamentary election</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Direction_%E2%80%93_Social_Democracy" title="Direction – Social Democracy">Direction – Social Democracy</a> remains the largest political party but loses its majority in the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Slovakia)" title="National Council (Slovakia)">National Council</a>.</li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Protection_Party" title="Human Rights Protection Party">Human Rights Protection Party</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Tuilaepa_Aiono_Sailele_Malielegaoi" title="Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi">Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi</a>, wins a landslide victory in the <b><a href="/wiki/Samoan_general_election,_2016" title="Samoan general election, 2016">Samoan general election</a></b>.</li>
</ul>
<a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>
<li>At least 18 people are killed in <b><a href="/wiki/2016_Grand-Bassam_shootings" title="2016 Grand-Bassam shootings">shootings</a></b> at a beach resort in <a href="/wiki/Grand-Bassam" title="Grand-Bassam">Grand-Bassam</a>, Ivory Coast.</li>
<a href="/wiki/Grand-Bassam" title="Grand-Bassam">Grand-Bassam</a>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind" title="Google DeepMind">Google DeepMind</a>'s <a href="/wiki/AlphaGo" title="AlphaGo">AlphaGo</a> computer program <b><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Lee_Sedol" title="AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol">wins a series</a></b> against <a href="/wiki/Lee_Sedol" title="Lee Sedol">Lee Sedol</a>, one of the world's best <a href="/wiki/Go_(game)" title="Go (game)">Go</a> players.</li>
<a href="/wiki/AlphaGo" title="AlphaGo">AlphaGo</a>
<b><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Lee_Sedol" title="AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol">wins a series</a></b>
<a href="/wiki/Lee_Sedol" title="Lee Sedol">Lee Sedol</a>
<a href="/wiki/Go_(game)" title="Go (game)">Go</a>
<li>A total <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipse</a> <b><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_March_9,_2016" title="Solar eclipse of March 9, 2016">occurs</a></b>, with totality <i>(pictured)</i> visible from Indonesia and the North Pacific.</li>
<b><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_March_9,_2016" title="Solar eclipse of March 9, 2016">occurs</a></b>
<i>(pictured)</i>
<a href="/wiki/Direction_%E2%80%93_Social_Democracy" title="Direction – Social Democracy">Direction – Social Democracy</a>
<a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Slovakia)" title="National Council (Slovakia)">National Council</a>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Protection_Party" title="Human Rights Protection Party">Human Rights Protection Party</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Tuilaepa_Aiono_Sailele_Malielegaoi" title="Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi">Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi</a>, wins a landslide victory in the <b><a href="/wiki/Samoan_general_election,_2016" title="Samoan general election, 2016">Samoan general election</a></b>.</li>
<a href="/wiki/Tuilaepa_Aiono_Sailele_Malielegaoi" title="Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi">Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi</a>
<b><a href="/wiki/Samoan_general_election,_2016" title="Samoan general election, 2016">Samoan general election</a></b>
<ul style="list-style:none; margin-left:0;">
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Portal:Current events">Ongoing events</a></b>:
<div class="hlist inline">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zika_virus_outbreak_(2015%E2%80%93present)" title="Zika virus outbreak (2015–present)">Zika virus outbreak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_migrant_crisis" title="European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Deaths_in_2016" title="Deaths in 2016">Recent deaths</a></b>:
<div class="hlist inline">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Shapley" title="Lloyd Shapley">Lloyd Shapley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iolanda_Bala%C8%99" title="Iolanda Balaș">Iolanda Balaș</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="hlist inline">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zika_virus_outbreak_(2015%E2%80%93present)" title="Zika virus outbreak (2015–present)">Zika virus outbreak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_migrant_crisis" title="European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_migrant_crisis" title="European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Deaths_in_2016" title="Deaths in 2016">Recent deaths</a></b>:
<div class="hlist inline">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Shapley" title="Lloyd Shapley">Lloyd Shapley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iolanda_Bala%C8%99" title="Iolanda Balaș">Iolanda Balaș</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<div class="hlist inline">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Shapley" title="Lloyd Shapley">Lloyd Shapley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iolanda_Bala%C8%99" title="Iolanda Balaș">Iolanda Balaș</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Shapley" title="Lloyd Shapley">Lloyd Shapley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iolanda_Bala%C8%99" title="Iolanda Balaș">Iolanda Balaș</a></li>
<tr>
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</td>
</tr>
<b><a href="/wiki/Ides_of_March" title="Ides of March">Ides of March</a></b>
<b><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">National Day</a></b>
<a href="/wiki/1848" title="1848">1848</a>
<div id="mp-otd-img" style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em;">
<div class="thumbinner mp-thumb" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0; max-width: 100px;"><a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Villa_close_up.jpg" title="Pancho Villa"><img alt="Pancho Villa" data-file-height="574" data-file-width="431" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Villa_close_up.jpg/100px-Villa_close_up.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Villa_close_up.jpg/150px-Villa_close_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Villa_close_up.jpg/200px-Villa_close_up.jpg 2x" width="100"/></a>
<div class="thumbcaption" style="padding: 0.25em 0; word-wrap: break-word;">Pancho Villa</div>
</div>
</div>
<img alt="Pancho Villa" data-file-height="574" data-file-width="431" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Villa_close_up.jpg/100px-Villa_close_up.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Villa_close_up.jpg/150px-Villa_close_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Villa_close_up.jpg/200px-Villa_close_up.jpg 2x" width="100"/>
<b><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">potential uprising</a></b>
<a href="/wiki/Newburgh_(city),_New_York" title="Newburgh (city), New York">Newburgh, New York</a>
<a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>
<a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>
<a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>
<li><a href="/wiki/1892" title="1892">1892</a> – <b><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_F.C." title="Liverpool F.C.">Liverpool F.C.</a></b>, one of England's most successful <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> clubs, was founded.</li>
<b><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_F.C." title="Liverpool F.C.">Liverpool F.C.</a></b>
<a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>
<li><a href="/wiki/1916" title="1916">1916</a> – Six days after <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa" title="Pancho Villa">Pancho Villa</a> <i>(pictured)</i> and his cross-border raiders attacked <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_New_Mexico" title="Columbus, New Mexico">Columbus, New Mexico</a>, US General <a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a> led a <b><a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition" title="Pancho Villa Expedition">punitive expedition into Mexico</a></b> to pursue Villa.</li>
<a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa" title="Pancho Villa">Pancho Villa</a>
<i>(pictured)</i>
<a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a>
<b><a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition" title="Pancho Villa Expedition">punitive expedition into Mexico</a></b>
<li><a href="/wiki/1941" title="1941">1941</a> – <b><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Airlines" title="Philippine Airlines">Philippine Airlines</a></b>, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carrier</a> of the Philippines took its first flight, making it the oldest commercial airline in Asia operating under its original name.</li>
<b><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Airlines" title="Philippine Airlines">Philippine Airlines</a></b>
<a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carrier</a>
<li><a href="/wiki/2011" title="2011">2011</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>: Protests erupted <b><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" title="Syrian Civil War">across Syria</a></b> against the authoritarian government.</li>
<a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>
<b><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" title="Syrian Civil War">across Syria</a></b>
<ul style="list-style:none; margin-left:0;">
<li>More anniversaries:
<div class="hlist inline nowraplinks">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/March_14" title="March 14">March 14</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/March_15" title="March 15">March 15</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/March_16" title="March 16">March 16</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/March_15" title="March 15">March 15</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/March_16" title="March 16">March 16</a></li>
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<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Selected_anniversaries/March" title="Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/March">Archive</a></b></li>
<li><b><a class="extiw" href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/daily-article-l" title="mail:daily-article-l">By email</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_anniversaries" title="List of historical anniversaries">List of historical anniversaries</a></b></li>
</ul>
<div style="font-size:smaller;">
<ul>
<li>Current date: <span class="nowrap">March 15, 2016</span> (<a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>)</li>
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<li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_anniversaries" title="List of historical anniversaries">List of historical anniversaries</a></b></li>
<div style="font-size:smaller;">
<ul>
<li>Current date: <span class="nowrap">March 15, 2016</span> (<a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>)</li>
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<td style="padding:0 0.9em 0 0;"><a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Ash_in_Yogyakarta_during_the_2014_eruption_of_Kelud_01.jpg" title="Man sweeping volcanic ash"><img alt="Man sweeping volcanic ash" data-file-height="1524" data-file-width="2246" height="258" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ash_in_Yogyakarta_during_the_2014_eruption_of_Kelud_01.jpg/380px-Ash_in_Yogyakarta_during_the_2014_eruption_of_Kelud_01.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ash_in_Yogyakarta_during_the_2014_eruption_of_Kelud_01.jpg/570px-Ash_in_Yogyakarta_during_the_2014_eruption_of_Kelud_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ash_in_Yogyakarta_during_the_2014_eruption_of_Kelud_01.jpg/760px-Ash_in_Yogyakarta_during_the_2014_eruption_of_Kelud_01.jpg 2x" width="380"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:0 6px 0 0">
<p>A man sweeping <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a> during the <b><a href="/wiki/Kelud#2014_eruption" title="Kelud">2014 eruption</a></b> of <a href="/wiki/Kelud" title="Kelud">Kelud</a>. The <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Javan</a> volcano erupted on 13 February 2014 and sent volcanic ash covering an area of about 500 kilometres (310 mi) in diameter. Ashfall from the eruption "paralyzed Java", closing airports, tourist attractions, and businesses as far away as <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a> and causing millions of dollars in financial losses. Cleaning operations continued for more than a week.</p>
<p><small>Photograph: <a href="/wiki/User:Crisco_1492" title="User:Crisco 1492">Chris Woodrich</a></small></p>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Template:POTD/2016-03-14" title="Template:POTD/2016-03-14"><i>Homme au bain</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:POTD/2016-03-13" title="Template:POTD/2016-03-13">Wagner VI projection</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:POTD/2016-03-12" title="Template:POTD/2016-03-12">Lynx (constellation)</a></li>
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<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Picture_of_the_day/March_2016" title="Wikipedia:Picture of the day/March 2016">Archive</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures" title="Wikipedia:Featured pictures">More featured pictures...</a></b></li>
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<img alt="Man sweeping volcanic ash" data-file-height="1524" data-file-width="2246" height="258" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ash_in_Yogyakarta_during_the_2014_eruption_of_Kelud_01.jpg/380px-Ash_in_Yogyakarta_during_the_2014_eruption_of_Kelud_01.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ash_in_Yogyakarta_during_the_2014_eruption_of_Kelud_01.jpg/570px-Ash_in_Yogyakarta_during_the_2014_eruption_of_Kelud_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ash_in_Yogyakarta_during_the_2014_eruption_of_Kelud_01.jpg/760px-Ash_in_Yogyakarta_during_the_2014_eruption_of_Kelud_01.jpg 2x" width="380"/>
<a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>
<b><a href="/wiki/Kelud#2014_eruption" title="Kelud">2014 eruption</a></b>
<a href="/wiki/Kelud" title="Kelud">Kelud</a>
<a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Javan</a>
<a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a>
<p><small>Photograph: <a href="/wiki/User:Crisco_1492" title="User:Crisco 1492">Chris Woodrich</a></small></p>
<ul style="list-style:none; margin-left:0; text-align:right;">
<li>Recently featured:
<div class="hlist inline">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:POTD/2016-03-14" title="Template:POTD/2016-03-14"><i>Homme au bain</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:POTD/2016-03-13" title="Template:POTD/2016-03-13">Wagner VI projection</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:POTD/2016-03-12" title="Template:POTD/2016-03-12">Lynx (constellation)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<i>Homme au bain</i>
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:POTD/2016-03-12" title="Template:POTD/2016-03-12">Lynx (constellation)</a></li>
<div class="hlist noprint" style="text-align:right;">
<ul>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Picture_of_the_day/March_2016" title="Wikipedia:Picture of the day/March 2016">Archive</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures" title="Wikipedia:Featured pictures">More featured pictures...</a></b></li>
</ul>
</div>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures" title="Wikipedia:Featured pictures">More featured pictures...</a></b></li>
<div id="mp-other" style="padding-top:4px; padding-bottom:2px;">
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_areas_of_Wikipedia">Other areas of Wikipedia</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="Wikipedia:Community portal">Community portal</a></b> – Bulletin board, projects, resources and activities covering a wide range of Wikipedia areas.</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Help_desk" title="Wikipedia:Help desk">Help desk</a></b> – Ask questions about using Wikipedia.</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Local_Embassy" title="Wikipedia:Local Embassy">Local embassy</a></b> – For Wikipedia-related communication in languages other than English.</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk">Reference desk</a></b> – Serving as virtual librarians, Wikipedia volunteers tackle your questions on a wide range of subjects.</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:News" title="Wikipedia:News">Site news</a></b> – Announcements, updates, articles and press releases on Wikipedia and the Wikimedia Foundation.</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump" title="Wikipedia:Village pump">Village pump</a></b> – For discussions about Wikipedia itself, including areas for technical issues and policies.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Help_desk" title="Wikipedia:Help desk">Help desk</a></b> – Ask questions about using Wikipedia.</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Local_Embassy" title="Wikipedia:Local Embassy">Local embassy</a></b> – For Wikipedia-related communication in languages other than English.</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk">Reference desk</a></b> – Serving as virtual librarians, Wikipedia volunteers tackle your questions on a wide range of subjects.</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:News" title="Wikipedia:News">Site news</a></b> – Announcements, updates, articles and press releases on Wikipedia and the Wikimedia Foundation.</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump" title="Wikipedia:Village pump">Village pump</a></b> – For discussions about Wikipedia itself, including areas for technical issues and policies.</li>
<div id="mp-sister">
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Wikipedia.27s_sister_projects">Wikipedia's sister projects</span></h2>
<p>Wikipedia is hosted by the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>, a non-profit organization that also hosts a range of other <a class="extiw" href="//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Our_projects" title="wmf:Our projects">projects</a>:</p>
<table class="layout plainlinks" style="width:100%; margin:auto; text-align:left; background:transparent;">
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" data-file-height="41" data-file-width="31" height="41" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9d/Commons-logo-31px.png" width="31"/></a></td>
<td style="width:33%; padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//commons.wikimedia.org/">Commons</a></b><br/>
Free media repository</td>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/" title="MediaWiki"><img alt="MediaWiki" data-file-height="102" data-file-width="135" height="26" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mediawiki-logo.png/35px-Mediawiki-logo.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mediawiki-logo.png/53px-Mediawiki-logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mediawiki-logo.png/70px-Mediawiki-logo.png 2x" width="35"/></a></td>
<td style="width:33%; padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//mediawiki.org/">MediaWiki</a></b><br/>
Wiki software development</td>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" title="Meta-Wiki"><img alt="Meta-Wiki" data-file-height="35" data-file-width="35" height="35" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bc/Meta-logo-35px.png" width="35"/></a></td>
<td style="width:33%; padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//meta.wikimedia.org/">Meta-Wiki</a></b><br/>
Wikimedia project coordination</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//en.wikibooks.org/wiki/" title="Wikibooks"><img alt="Wikibooks" data-file-height="35" data-file-width="35" height="35" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7f/Wikibooks-logo-35px.png" width="35"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wikibooks.org/">Wikibooks</a></b><br/>
Free textbooks and manuals</td>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:3px;"><a href="//www.wikidata.org/wiki/" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wikidata" data-file-height="590" data-file-width="1050" height="26" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/47px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/71px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/94px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" width="47"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//www.wikidata.org/">Wikidata</a></b><br/>
Free knowledge base</td>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//en.wikinews.org/wiki/" title="Wikinews"><img alt="Wikinews" data-file-height="30" data-file-width="51" height="30" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/60/Wikinews-logo-51px.png" width="51"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wikinews.org/">Wikinews</a></b><br/>
Free-content news</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/" title="Wikiquote"><img alt="Wikiquote" data-file-height="41" data-file-width="51" height="41" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/46/Wikiquote-logo-51px.png" width="51"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wikiquote.org/">Wikiquote</a></b><br/>
Collection of quotations</td>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/" title="Wikisource"><img alt="Wikisource" data-file-height="37" data-file-width="35" height="37" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b6/Wikisource-logo-35px.png" width="35"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wikisource.org/">Wikisource</a></b><br/>
Free-content library</td>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/" title="Wikispecies"><img alt="Wikispecies" data-file-height="41" data-file-width="35" height="41" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bf/Wikispecies-logo-35px.png" width="35"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//species.wikimedia.org/">Wikispecies</a></b><br/>
Directory of species</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//en.wikiversity.org/wiki/" title="Wikiversity"><img alt="Wikiversity" data-file-height="32" data-file-width="41" height="32" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e3/Wikiversity-logo-41px.png" width="41"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wikiversity.org/">Wikiversity</a></b><br/>
Free learning materials and activities</td>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/" title="Wikivoyage"><img alt="Wikivoyage" data-file-height="193" data-file-width="193" height="35" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/35px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/53px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/70px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" width="35"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/">Wikivoyage</a></b><br/>
Free travel guide</td>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Wiktionary"><img alt="Wiktionary" data-file-height="35" data-file-width="51" height="35" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Wiktionary-logo-51px.png" width="51"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wiktionary.org/">Wiktionary</a></b><br/>
Dictionary and thesaurus</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<a class="extiw" href="//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Our_projects" title="wmf:Our projects">projects</a>
<table class="layout plainlinks" style="width:100%; margin:auto; text-align:left; background:transparent;">
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" data-file-height="41" data-file-width="31" height="41" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9d/Commons-logo-31px.png" width="31"/></a></td>
<td style="width:33%; padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//commons.wikimedia.org/">Commons</a></b><br/>
Free media repository</td>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/" title="MediaWiki"><img alt="MediaWiki" data-file-height="102" data-file-width="135" height="26" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mediawiki-logo.png/35px-Mediawiki-logo.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mediawiki-logo.png/53px-Mediawiki-logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mediawiki-logo.png/70px-Mediawiki-logo.png 2x" width="35"/></a></td>
<td style="width:33%; padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//mediawiki.org/">MediaWiki</a></b><br/>
Wiki software development</td>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" title="Meta-Wiki"><img alt="Meta-Wiki" data-file-height="35" data-file-width="35" height="35" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bc/Meta-logo-35px.png" width="35"/></a></td>
<td style="width:33%; padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//meta.wikimedia.org/">Meta-Wiki</a></b><br/>
Wikimedia project coordination</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//en.wikibooks.org/wiki/" title="Wikibooks"><img alt="Wikibooks" data-file-height="35" data-file-width="35" height="35" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7f/Wikibooks-logo-35px.png" width="35"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wikibooks.org/">Wikibooks</a></b><br/>
Free textbooks and manuals</td>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:3px;"><a href="//www.wikidata.org/wiki/" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wikidata" data-file-height="590" data-file-width="1050" height="26" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/47px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/71px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/94px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" width="47"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//www.wikidata.org/">Wikidata</a></b><br/>
Free knowledge base</td>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//en.wikinews.org/wiki/" title="Wikinews"><img alt="Wikinews" data-file-height="30" data-file-width="51" height="30" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/60/Wikinews-logo-51px.png" width="51"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wikinews.org/">Wikinews</a></b><br/>
Free-content news</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/" title="Wikiquote"><img alt="Wikiquote" data-file-height="41" data-file-width="51" height="41" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/46/Wikiquote-logo-51px.png" width="51"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wikiquote.org/">Wikiquote</a></b><br/>
Collection of quotations</td>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/" title="Wikisource"><img alt="Wikisource" data-file-height="37" data-file-width="35" height="37" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b6/Wikisource-logo-35px.png" width="35"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wikisource.org/">Wikisource</a></b><br/>
Free-content library</td>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/" title="Wikispecies"><img alt="Wikispecies" data-file-height="41" data-file-width="35" height="41" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bf/Wikispecies-logo-35px.png" width="35"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//species.wikimedia.org/">Wikispecies</a></b><br/>
Directory of species</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//en.wikiversity.org/wiki/" title="Wikiversity"><img alt="Wikiversity" data-file-height="32" data-file-width="41" height="32" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e3/Wikiversity-logo-41px.png" width="41"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wikiversity.org/">Wikiversity</a></b><br/>
Free learning materials and activities</td>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/" title="Wikivoyage"><img alt="Wikivoyage" data-file-height="193" data-file-width="193" height="35" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/35px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/53px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/70px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" width="35"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/">Wikivoyage</a></b><br/>
Free travel guide</td>
<td style="text-align:center; padding:4px;"><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Wiktionary"><img alt="Wiktionary" data-file-height="35" data-file-width="51" height="35" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Wiktionary-logo-51px.png" width="51"/></a></td>
<td style="padding:4px;"><b><a class="external text" href="//en.wiktionary.org/">Wiktionary</a></b><br/>
Dictionary and thesaurus</td>
</tr>
</table>
<img alt="Commons" data-file-height="41" data-file-width="31" height="41" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9d/Commons-logo-31px.png" width="31"/>
<br/>
<img alt="MediaWiki" data-file-height="102" data-file-width="135" height="26" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mediawiki-logo.png/35px-Mediawiki-logo.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mediawiki-logo.png/53px-Mediawiki-logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mediawiki-logo.png/70px-Mediawiki-logo.png 2x" width="35"/>
<br/>
<img alt="Meta-Wiki" data-file-height="35" data-file-width="35" height="35" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bc/Meta-logo-35px.png" width="35"/>
<br/>
<img alt="Wikibooks" data-file-height="35" data-file-width="35" height="35" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7f/Wikibooks-logo-35px.png" width="35"/>
<br/>
<img alt="Wikidata" data-file-height="590" data-file-width="1050" height="26" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/47px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/71px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/94px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" width="47"/>
<br/>
<img alt="Wikinews" data-file-height="30" data-file-width="51" height="30" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/60/Wikinews-logo-51px.png" width="51"/>
<br/>
<img alt="Wikiquote" data-file-height="41" data-file-width="51" height="41" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/46/Wikiquote-logo-51px.png" width="51"/>
<br/>
<img alt="Wikisource" data-file-height="37" data-file-width="35" height="37" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b6/Wikisource-logo-35px.png" width="35"/>
<br/>
<img alt="Wikispecies" data-file-height="41" data-file-width="35" height="41" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bf/Wikispecies-logo-35px.png" width="35"/>
<br/>
<img alt="Wikiversity" data-file-height="32" data-file-width="41" height="32" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e3/Wikiversity-logo-41px.png" width="41"/>
<br/>
<img alt="Wikivoyage" data-file-height="193" data-file-width="193" height="35" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/35px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/53px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/70px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" width="35"/>
<br/>
<img alt="Wiktionary" data-file-height="35" data-file-width="51" height="35" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Wiktionary-logo-51px.png" width="51"/>
<br/>
<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2001</span>)</span>
<ul>
<li id="lang-3">More than 1,000,000 articles:
<div class="hlist inline">
<ul>
<li><a class="external text" href="//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="de" title="German (de:)" xml:lang="de">Deutsch</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="es" title="Spanish (es:)" xml:lang="es">Español</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="fr" title="French (fr:)" xml:lang="fr">Français</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="it" title="Italian (it:)" xml:lang="it">Italiano</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="nl" title="Dutch (nl:)" xml:lang="nl">Nederlands</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="ja" title="Japanese (ja:)" xml:lang="ja">日本語</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="pl" title="Polish (pl:)" xml:lang="pl">Polski</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="ru" title="Russian (ru:)" xml:lang="ru">Русский</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="sv" title="Swedish (sv:)" xml:lang="sv">Svenska</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="vi" title="Vietnamese (vi:)" xml:lang="vi">Tiếng Việt</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li id="lang-2">More than 250,000 articles:
<div class="hlist inline">
<ul>
<li><a class="external text" href="//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="ar" title="Arabic (ar:)" xml:lang="ar">العربية</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="id" title="Indonesian (id:)" xml:lang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="ms" title="Malay (ms:)" xml:lang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="ca" title="Catalan (ca:)" xml:lang="ca">Català</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="cs" title="Czech (cs:)" xml:lang="cs">Čeština</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="fa" title="Persian (fa:)" xml:lang="fa">فارسی</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="ko" title="Korean (ko:)" xml:lang="ko">한국어</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="hu" title="Hungarian (hu:)" xml:lang="hu">Magyar</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="no" title="Norwegian (no:)" xml:lang="no">Norsk bokmål</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="pt" title="Portuguese (pt:)" xml:lang="pt">Português</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="ro" title="Romanian (ro:)" xml:lang="ro">Română</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="sr" title="Serbian (sr:)" xml:lang="sr">Srpski / српски</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="sh" title="Serbo-Croatian (sh:)" xml:lang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="fi" title="Finnish (fi:)" xml:lang="fi">Suomi</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="tr" title="Turkish (tr:)" xml:lang="tr">Türkçe</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="uk" title="Ukrainian (uk:)" xml:lang="uk">Українська</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="zh" title="Chinese (zh:)" xml:lang="zh">中文</span></a></li>
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</li>
<li id="lang-1">More than 50,000 articles:
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<li><a class="external text" href="//bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="bs" title="Bosnian (bs:)" xml:lang="bs">Bosanski</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="bg" title="Bulgarian (bg:)" xml:lang="bg">Български</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//da.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="da" title="Danish (da:)" xml:lang="da">Dansk</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//et.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="et" title="Estonian (et:)" xml:lang="et">Eesti</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="el" title="Greek (el:)" xml:lang="el">Ελληνικά</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="simple" title="Simple English (simple:)" xml:lang="simple">English (simple)</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="eo" title="Esperanto (eo:)" xml:lang="eo">Esperanto</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="eu" title="Basque (eu:)" xml:lang="eu">Euskara</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="gl" title="Galician (gl:)" xml:lang="gl">Galego</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//he.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="he" title="Hebrew (he:)" xml:lang="he">עברית</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="hr" title="Croatian (hr:)" xml:lang="hr">Hrvatski</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="lv" title="Latvian (lv:)" xml:lang="lv">Latviešu</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="lt" title="Lithuanian (lt:)" xml:lang="lt">Lietuvių</span></a></li>
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<li><a class="external text" href="//sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="sk" title="Slovak (sk:)" xml:lang="sk">Slovenčina</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="sl" title="Slovenian (sl:)" xml:lang="sl">Slovenščina</span></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//th.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" lang="th" title="Thai (th:)" xml:lang="th">ไทย</span></a></li>
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<span class="autonym" lang="it" title="Italian (it:)" xml:lang="it">Italiano</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="nl" title="Dutch (nl:)" xml:lang="nl">Nederlands</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="ja" title="Japanese (ja:)" xml:lang="ja">日本語</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="pl" title="Polish (pl:)" xml:lang="pl">Polski</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="ru" title="Russian (ru:)" xml:lang="ru">Русский</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="sv" title="Swedish (sv:)" xml:lang="sv">Svenska</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="vi" title="Vietnamese (vi:)" xml:lang="vi">Tiếng Việt</span>
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<span class="autonym" lang="ca" title="Catalan (ca:)" xml:lang="ca">Català</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="cs" title="Czech (cs:)" xml:lang="cs">Čeština</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="fa" title="Persian (fa:)" xml:lang="fa">فارسی</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="ko" title="Korean (ko:)" xml:lang="ko">한국어</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="hu" title="Hungarian (hu:)" xml:lang="hu">Magyar</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="no" title="Norwegian (no:)" xml:lang="no">Norsk bokmål</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="pt" title="Portuguese (pt:)" xml:lang="pt">Português</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="ro" title="Romanian (ro:)" xml:lang="ro">Română</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="sr" title="Serbian (sr:)" xml:lang="sr">Srpski / српски</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="sh" title="Serbo-Croatian (sh:)" xml:lang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="fi" title="Finnish (fi:)" xml:lang="fi">Suomi</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="tr" title="Turkish (tr:)" xml:lang="tr">Türkçe</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="uk" title="Ukrainian (uk:)" xml:lang="uk">Українська</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="zh" title="Chinese (zh:)" xml:lang="zh">中文</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="bs" title="Bosnian (bs:)" xml:lang="bs">Bosanski</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="bg" title="Bulgarian (bg:)" xml:lang="bg">Български</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="da" title="Danish (da:)" xml:lang="da">Dansk</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="et" title="Estonian (et:)" xml:lang="et">Eesti</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="el" title="Greek (el:)" xml:lang="el">Ελληνικά</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="simple" title="Simple English (simple:)" xml:lang="simple">English (simple)</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="eo" title="Esperanto (eo:)" xml:lang="eo">Esperanto</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="eu" title="Basque (eu:)" xml:lang="eu">Euskara</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="gl" title="Galician (gl:)" xml:lang="gl">Galego</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="he" title="Hebrew (he:)" xml:lang="he">עברית</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="hr" title="Croatian (hr:)" xml:lang="hr">Hrvatski</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="lv" title="Latvian (lv:)" xml:lang="lv">Latviešu</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="lt" title="Lithuanian (lt:)" xml:lang="lt">Lietuvių</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="nn" title="Norwegian Nynorsk (nn:)" xml:lang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="sk" title="Slovak (sk:)" xml:lang="sk">Slovenčina</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="sl" title="Slovenian (sl:)" xml:lang="sl">Slovenščina</span>
<span class="autonym" lang="th" title="Thai (th:)" xml:lang="th">ไทย</span>
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Most people who think they want to do web scraping actually want to pull data down from site-supplied APIs. Using an API is better in almost every way, and really the only reason to scrape data is if:
If LiveJournal has an API, the website you are interested in probably does too.
API is shorthand for Application Programming Interface, which is in turn computer-ese for a middleman.
Think about it this way. You have a bunch of things on your computer that you want other people to be able to look at. Some of them are static documents, some of them call programs in real time, and some of them are programs themselves.
You publish login credentials on the internet, and let anyone log into your computer
Problems:
People will need to know how each document and program works to be able to access their data
You don't want the world looking at your browser history
You paste everything into HTML and publish it on the internet
Problems:
This can be information overload
Making things dynamic can be tricky
You create a set of methods to act as an intermediary between the people you want to help and the things you want them to have access to.
Why this is the best solution:
People only access what you want them to have, in the way that you want them to have it
People use one language to get the things they want
Why this is still not Panglossian:
Twitter has an API - mostly written for third-party apps - that is comparatively straightforward and gives you access to nearly all of the information that Twitter has about its users, including:
User histories
User (and tweet) location
User language
Tweet popularity
Tweet spread
Conversation chains
Also, Twitter returns data to you in json, or Java Script Object Notation. This is a very common format for passing data around http connections for browsers and servers, so many APIs return it as a datatype as well (instead of using something like xml or plain text).
Luckily, json converts into native Python data structures. Specifically, every json object you get from Twitter will be a combination of nested dicts and lists, which you learned about yesterday. This makes Twitter a lot easier to manipulate in Python than html objects, for example.
Here's what a tweet looks like:
In [3]:
import json
with open('../data/02_tweet.json','r') as f:
a_tweet = json.loads(f.read())
We can take a quick look at the structure by pretty printing it:
In [4]:
from pprint import pprint
pprint(a_tweet)
{'contributors': None,
'coordinates': None,
'created_at': 'Thu Apr 02 06:09:39 +0000 2015',
'entities': {'hashtags': [], 'symbols': [], 'urls': [], 'user_mentions': []},
'favorite_count': 0,
'favorited': False,
'geo': None,
'id': 583511591334719488,
'id_str': '583511591334719488',
'in_reply_to_screen_name': None,
'in_reply_to_status_id': None,
'in_reply_to_status_id_str': None,
'in_reply_to_user_id': None,
'in_reply_to_user_id_str': None,
'lang': 'ht',
'place': None,
'retweet_count': 0,
'retweeted': False,
'source': '<a href="http://twitter.com" rel="nofollow">Twitter Web Client</a>',
'text': '.IPA rettiwT eht tuoba nraeL',
'truncated': False,
'user': {'contributors_enabled': False,
'created_at': 'Thu Apr 02 05:54:25 +0000 2015',
'default_profile': True,
'default_profile_image': False,
'description': '',
'entities': {'description': {'urls': []}},
'favourites_count': 0,
'follow_request_sent': False,
'followers_count': 0,
'following': False,
'friends_count': 0,
'geo_enabled': False,
'id': 3129088320,
'id_str': '3129088320',
'is_translation_enabled': False,
'is_translator': False,
'lang': 'en',
'listed_count': 0,
'location': '',
'name': 'Yelekreb Bald',
'notifications': False,
'profile_background_color': 'C0DEED',
'profile_background_image_url': 'http://abs.twimg.com/images/themes/theme1/bg.png',
'profile_background_image_url_https': 'https://abs.twimg.com/images/themes/theme1/bg.png',
'profile_background_tile': False,
'profile_image_url': 'http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/583509317476712449/mkd8KGeu_normal.jpg',
'profile_image_url_https': 'https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/583509317476712449/mkd8KGeu_normal.jpg',
'profile_link_color': '0084B4',
'profile_location': None,
'profile_sidebar_border_color': 'C0DEED',
'profile_sidebar_fill_color': 'DDEEF6',
'profile_text_color': '333333',
'profile_use_background_image': True,
'protected': False,
'screen_name': 'tob_pohskrow',
'statuses_count': 1,
'time_zone': None,
'url': None,
'utc_offset': None,
'verified': False}}
Twitter controls access to their servers via a process of authentication and authorization. Authentication is how you let Twitter know who you are, in a way that is very hard to fake. Authorization is how the account owner (which will usually be yourself unless you are writing a Twitter app) controls what you are allowed to do in Twitter using their account. In Twitter, different levels of authorization require different levels of authentication.
Because we want to be able to interact with everything, we'll need the highest level of authorization and the strictest level of authentication. In Twitter, this means that we need two sets of ID's (called keys or tokens) and passwords (called secrets):
We'll provide some for you to use, but if you want to get your own you need to create an account on Twitter with a verified phone number. Then, while signed in to your Twitter account, go to: https://apps.twitter.com/. Follow the prompts to generate your keys and access tokens. Note that getting the second ID/password pair requires that you manually set the authorization level of your app.
We've stored our credentials in a separate file, which is smart. However, we have uploaded it to Github so that you have them too, which is not smart.
You should NEVER NEVER NEVER do this in real life.
We've stored it in YAML format, because it is more human-readible than JSON is. However, once it's inside Python, these data structures behave the same way.
In [5]:
import yaml
with open('../etc/creds.yml', 'r') as f:
creds = yaml.load(f)
We're going to load these credentials into a requests module specifically designed for handling the flavor of authentication management that Twitter uses.
In [6]:
from requests_oauthlib import OAuth1Session
twitter = OAuth1Session(**creds)
That ** syntax we just used is called a "double splat" and is a python convenience function for converting the key-value pairs of a dictionary into keyword-argument pairs to pass to a function.
Access to Twitter's API is organized through URLs called "endpoints". An endpoint is the location at which you can submit a request for Twitter to do something for you.
For example, the "endpoint" to search for specific kinds of tweets is at:
https://api.twitter.com/1.1/search/tweets.jsonwhereas posting new tweets is at:
https://api.twitter.com/1.1/statuses/update.jsonFor more information on the REST APIs, end points, and terms, check out: https://dev.twitter.com/rest/public. For the Streaming APIs: https://dev.twitter.com/streaming/overview.
All APIs on Twitter are "rate-limited" - this means that you are only allowed to ask a set number of questions per unit time (to keep their servers from being overloaded). This rate varies by endpoint and authorization, so be sure to check their developer site for the action you are trying to take.
For example, at the lowest level of authorization (Twitter calls this application only), you are allowed to make 450 search requests per 15 minute window, or about one every two seconds. At the highest level of authorization (Twitter calls this user) you can submit 180 requests every 15 minutes, or only about once every five seconds.
side note - Google search is the worst rate-limiting I've ever seen, with an allowance of one hundred requests per day, or about once every nine hundred seconds
Let's try a couple of simple API queries. We're going to specify query parameters with param.
In [19]:
search = "https://api.twitter.com/1.1/search/tweets.json"
r = twitter.get(search, params={'q' : 'technology'})
This has returned an http response object, which contains data like whether or not the request succeeded:
In [20]:
r.ok
Out[20]:
True
You can also get the http response code, and the reason why Twitter sent you that code (these are all super important for controlling the flow of your program).
In [21]:
r.status_code, r.reason
Out[21]:
(200, 'OK')
The data that we asked Twitter to send us in r.content
In [23]:
r.content
Out[23]:
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But that's not helpful. We can extract it in python's representation of json with the json method:
In [24]:
r.json()
Out[24]:
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'source': '<a href="http://ifttt.com" rel="nofollow">IFTTT</a>',
'text': '#technology: Google Fiber joins forces with municipal broadband network | https://t.co/5ALlvN9QIh https://t.co/waXIzkQoQP',
'truncated': False,
'user': {'contributors_enabled': False,
'created_at': 'Sun Mar 01 20:54:09 +0000 2015',
'default_profile': False,
'default_profile_image': False,
'description': '',
'entities': {'description': {'urls': []}},
'favourites_count': 0,
'follow_request_sent': False,
'followers_count': 333,
'following': False,
'friends_count': 0,
'geo_enabled': False,
'has_extended_profile': False,
'id': 3065813609,
'id_str': '3065813609',
'is_translation_enabled': False,
'is_translator': False,
'lang': 'en',
'listed_count': 183,
'location': '',
'name': 'r/',
'notifications': False,
'profile_background_color': '000000',
'profile_background_image_url': 'http://abs.twimg.com/images/themes/theme1/bg.png',
'profile_background_image_url_https': 'https://abs.twimg.com/images/themes/theme1/bg.png',
'profile_background_tile': False,
'profile_image_url': 'http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/572151330936864768/IgBxxpa3_normal.png',
'profile_image_url_https': 'https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/572151330936864768/IgBxxpa3_normal.png',
'profile_link_color': '3B94D9',
'profile_sidebar_border_color': '000000',
'profile_sidebar_fill_color': '000000',
'profile_text_color': '000000',
'profile_use_background_image': False,
'protected': False,
'screen_name': 'bzdt3',
'statuses_count': 151141,
'time_zone': None,
'url': None,
'utc_offset': None,
'verified': False}},
{'contributors': None,
'coordinates': None,
'created_at': 'Mon Feb 22 22:44:18 +0000 2016',
'entities': {'hashtags': [{'indices': [0, 14], 'text': 'Entertainment'},
{'indices': [15, 20], 'text': 'Buzz'},
{'indices': [21, 28], 'text': 'Gossip'},
{'indices': [29, 34], 'text': 'Tech'},
{'indices': [35, 46], 'text': 'Technology'}],
'media': [{'display_url': 'pic.twitter.com/Uh05Nqbfbo',
'expanded_url': 'http://twitter.com/VisvyaMedia/status/701900350413008897/photo/1',
'id': 701900350266200065,
'id_str': '701900350266200065',
'indices': [116, 139],
'media_url': 'http://pbs.twimg.com/media/Cb2mplVW0AEiy8N.jpg',
'media_url_https': 'https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Cb2mplVW0AEiy8N.jpg',
'sizes': {'large': {'h': 360, 'resize': 'fit', 'w': 480},
'medium': {'h': 360, 'resize': 'fit', 'w': 480},
'small': {'h': 360, 'resize': 'fit', 'w': 480},
'thumb': {'h': 150, 'resize': 'crop', 'w': 150}},
'type': 'photo',
'url': 'https://t.co/Uh05Nqbfbo'}],
'symbols': [],
'urls': [{'display_url': 'bit.ly/1KFfnZk',
'expanded_url': 'http://bit.ly/1KFfnZk',
'indices': [47, 70],
'url': 'https://t.co/WheOVupwzt'}],
'user_mentions': []},
'favorite_count': 0,
'favorited': False,
'geo': None,
'id': 701900350413008897,
'id_str': '701900350413008897',
'in_reply_to_screen_name': None,
'in_reply_to_status_id': None,
'in_reply_to_status_id_str': None,
'in_reply_to_user_id': None,
'in_reply_to_user_id_str': None,
'is_quote_status': False,
'lang': 'in',
'metadata': {'iso_language_code': 'in', 'result_type': 'recent'},
'place': None,
'possibly_sensitive': False,
'retweet_count': 0,
'retweeted': False,
'source': '<a href="http://ifttt.com" rel="nofollow">IFTTT</a>',
'text': '#Entertainment #Buzz #Gossip #Tech #Technology https://t.co/WheOVupwzt Irudhi Suttru Tamil Movie | Back-to-Back De… https://t.co/Uh05Nqbfbo',
'truncated': False,
'user': {'contributors_enabled': False,
'created_at': 'Sun Jul 29 01:53:16 +0000 2012',
'default_profile': False,
'default_profile_image': False,
'description': 'Watch Live News Channel,Film Reviews,Film Song,Full Movies,Official Film Trailers, Comedy and Short Film Online. Visit https://t.co/xd7iw6w3dw',
'entities': {'description': {'urls': [{'display_url': 'visvya.com',
'expanded_url': 'http://www.visvya.com',
'indices': [119, 142],
'url': 'https://t.co/xd7iw6w3dw'}]},
'url': {'urls': [{'display_url': 'visvya.com',
'expanded_url': 'http://www.visvya.com',
'indices': [0, 23],
'url': 'https://t.co/xd7iw6w3dw'}]}},
'favourites_count': 0,
'follow_request_sent': False,
'followers_count': 9,
'following': False,
'friends_count': 0,
'geo_enabled': False,
'has_extended_profile': False,
'id': 723170486,
'id_str': '723170486',
'is_translation_enabled': False,
'is_translator': False,
'lang': 'en',
'listed_count': 20,
'location': '',
'name': 'Visvya Media',
'notifications': False,
'profile_background_color': 'C0DEED',
'profile_background_image_url': 'http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_background_images/617346119/d479b2fgtei0qzp7khvo.jpeg',
'profile_background_image_url_https': 'https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_background_images/617346119/d479b2fgtei0qzp7khvo.jpeg',
'profile_background_tile': True,
'profile_banner_url': 'https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_banners/723170486/1455983464',
'profile_image_url': 'http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/701071634757771264/wM6t0fe0_normal.jpg',
'profile_image_url_https': 'https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/701071634757771264/wM6t0fe0_normal.jpg',
'profile_link_color': '0084B4',
'profile_sidebar_border_color': 'C0DEED',
'profile_sidebar_fill_color': 'DDEEF6',
'profile_text_color': '333333',
'profile_use_background_image': True,
'protected': False,
'screen_name': 'VisvyaMedia',
'statuses_count': 422,
'time_zone': 'Chennai',
'url': 'https://t.co/xd7iw6w3dw',
'utc_offset': 19800,
'verified': False}}]}
This has some helpful metadata about our request, like a url where we can get the next batch of results from Twitter for the same query:
In [26]:
data = r.json()
data['search_metadata']
Out[26]:
{'completed_in': 0.075,
'count': 15,
'max_id': 701900434420736000,
'max_id_str': '701900434420736000',
'next_results': '?max_id=701900350413008896&q=technology&include_entities=1',
'query': 'technology',
'refresh_url': '?since_id=701900434420736000&q=technology&include_entities=1',
'since_id': 0,
'since_id_str': '0'}
The tweets that we want are under the key "statuses"
In [30]:
statuses = data['statuses']
statuses[0]
Out[30]:
{'contributors': None,
'coordinates': None,
'created_at': 'Mon Feb 22 22:44:38 +0000 2016',
'entities': {'hashtags': [],
'symbols': [],
'urls': [{'display_url': 'nytimes.com/2016/02/23/tec…',
'expanded_url': 'http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/23/technology/fcc-internet-access-school.html?smid=tw-share',
'indices': [139, 140],
'url': 'https://t.co/6zbeEonnKW'}],
'user_mentions': [{'id': 169099781,
'id_str': '169099781',
'indices': [3, 19],
'name': 'Caroline R. Curran',
'screen_name': 'CarolineRCurran'}]},
'favorite_count': 0,
'favorited': False,
'geo': None,
'id': 701900434420736000,
'id_str': '701900434420736000',
'in_reply_to_screen_name': None,
'in_reply_to_status_id': None,
'in_reply_to_status_id_str': None,
'in_reply_to_user_id': None,
'in_reply_to_user_id_str': None,
'is_quote_status': False,
'lang': 'en',
'metadata': {'iso_language_code': 'en', 'result_type': 'recent'},
'place': None,
'possibly_sensitive': False,
'retweet_count': 1,
'retweeted': False,
'retweeted_status': {'contributors': None,
'coordinates': None,
'created_at': 'Mon Feb 22 22:18:51 +0000 2016',
'entities': {'hashtags': [],
'symbols': [],
'urls': [{'display_url': 'nytimes.com/2016/02/23/tec…',
'expanded_url': 'http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/23/technology/fcc-internet-access-school.html?smid=tw-share',
'indices': [112, 135],
'url': 'https://t.co/6zbeEonnKW'}],
'user_mentions': []},
'favorite_count': 1,
'favorited': False,
'geo': None,
'id': 701893943521206272,
'id_str': '701893943521206272',
'in_reply_to_screen_name': None,
'in_reply_to_status_id': None,
'in_reply_to_status_id_str': None,
'in_reply_to_user_id': None,
'in_reply_to_user_id_str': None,
'is_quote_status': False,
'lang': 'en',
'metadata': {'iso_language_code': 'en', 'result_type': 'recent'},
'place': None,
'possibly_sensitive': False,
'retweet_count': 1,
'retweeted': False,
'source': '<a href="http://twitter.com" rel="nofollow">Twitter Web Client</a>',
'text': "Children without internet at home struggle to do homework. I've seen this myself. Teachers need to consider it!\nhttps://t.co/6zbeEonnKW",
'truncated': False,
'user': {'contributors_enabled': False,
'created_at': 'Wed Jul 21 15:01:05 +0000 2010',
'default_profile': False,
'default_profile_image': False,
'description': 'An intellectual says a simple thing in a hard way. \r\n An artist says a hard thing in a simple way. \r\n- Charles Bukowski',
'entities': {'description': {'urls': []}},
'favourites_count': 3053,
'follow_request_sent': False,
'followers_count': 411,
'following': False,
'friends_count': 133,
'geo_enabled': False,
'has_extended_profile': False,
'id': 169099781,
'id_str': '169099781',
'is_translation_enabled': False,
'is_translator': False,
'lang': 'en',
'listed_count': 23,
'location': 'New York State',
'name': 'Caroline R. Curran',
'notifications': False,
'profile_background_color': '08120B',
'profile_background_image_url': 'http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_background_images/579478899039469568/SNcCvojH.jpg',
'profile_background_image_url_https': 'https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_background_images/579478899039469568/SNcCvojH.jpg',
'profile_background_tile': True,
'profile_banner_url': 'https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_banners/169099781/1427157998',
'profile_image_url': 'http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1212328961/compressed_blog_photo_normal.jpg',
'profile_image_url_https': 'https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1212328961/compressed_blog_photo_normal.jpg',
'profile_link_color': '0C8F06',
'profile_sidebar_border_color': '000000',
'profile_sidebar_fill_color': 'C6E0A3',
'profile_text_color': '2F4020',
'profile_use_background_image': True,
'protected': False,
'screen_name': 'CarolineRCurran',
'statuses_count': 14697,
'time_zone': 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)',
'url': None,
'utc_offset': -18000,
'verified': False}},
'source': '<a href="http://twitter.com/download/android" rel="nofollow">Twitter for Android</a>',
'text': "RT @CarolineRCurran: Children without internet at home struggle to do homework. I've seen this myself. Teachers need to consider it!\nhttps:…",
'truncated': False,
'user': {'contributors_enabled': False,
'created_at': 'Wed Apr 28 19:46:17 +0000 2010',
'default_profile': False,
'default_profile_image': True,
'description': '',
'entities': {'description': {'urls': []}},
'favourites_count': 39690,
'follow_request_sent': False,
'followers_count': 103,
'following': False,
'friends_count': 127,
'geo_enabled': False,
'has_extended_profile': False,
'id': 138156405,
'id_str': '138156405',
'is_translation_enabled': False,
'is_translator': False,
'lang': 'en',
'listed_count': 23,
'location': '',
'name': 'Iamthetlj',
'notifications': False,
'profile_background_color': '0099B9',
'profile_background_image_url': 'http://abs.twimg.com/images/themes/theme4/bg.gif',
'profile_background_image_url_https': 'https://abs.twimg.com/images/themes/theme4/bg.gif',
'profile_background_tile': False,
'profile_image_url': 'http://abs.twimg.com/sticky/default_profile_images/default_profile_2_normal.png',
'profile_image_url_https': 'https://abs.twimg.com/sticky/default_profile_images/default_profile_2_normal.png',
'profile_link_color': '0099B9',
'profile_sidebar_border_color': '5ED4DC',
'profile_sidebar_fill_color': '95E8EC',
'profile_text_color': '3C3940',
'profile_use_background_image': True,
'protected': False,
'screen_name': 'Iamthetlj',
'statuses_count': 5348,
'time_zone': 'Central Time (US & Canada)',
'url': None,
'utc_offset': -21600,
'verified': False}}
This is one tweet.
Depending on which tweet this is, you may or may not see that Twitter automatically pulls out links and mentions and gives you their index location in the raw tweet string
Twitter gives you a whole lot of information about their users, including geographical coordinates, the device they are tweeting from, and links to their photographs.
Twitter supports what it calls query operators, which modify the search behavior. For example, if you want to search for tweets where a particular user is mentioned, include the at-sign, @, followed by the username. To search for tweets sent to a particular user, use to:username. For tweets from a particular user, from:username. For hashtags, use #hashtag.
For a complete set of options: https://dev.twitter.com/rest/public/search.
Let's try a more complicated search:
In [39]:
r = twitter.get(search, params={
'q' : 'happy',
'geocode' : '37.8734855,-122.2597169,10mi'
})
r.ok
Out[39]:
True
In [40]:
statuses = r.json()['statuses']
statuses[0]
Out[40]:
{'contributors': None,
'coordinates': {'coordinates': [-122.38943123, 37.79013755], 'type': 'Point'},
'created_at': 'Mon Feb 22 22:12:00 +0000 2016',
'entities': {'hashtags': [],
'symbols': [],
'urls': [{'display_url': 'instagram.com/p/BCGtfWZkEC1/',
'expanded_url': 'https://www.instagram.com/p/BCGtfWZkEC1/',
'indices': [92, 115],
'url': 'https://t.co/1rl5SeLAcb'}],
'user_mentions': [{'id': 74535797,
'id_str': '74535797',
'indices': [74, 84],
'name': 'Lizzie Bermudez',
'screen_name': 'LizzieBtv'}]},
'favorite_count': 0,
'favorited': False,
'geo': {'coordinates': [37.79013755, -122.38943123], 'type': 'Point'},
'id': 701892219326898176,
'id_str': '701892219326898176',
'in_reply_to_screen_name': None,
'in_reply_to_status_id': None,
'in_reply_to_status_id_str': None,
'in_reply_to_user_id': None,
'in_reply_to_user_id_str': None,
'is_quote_status': False,
'lang': 'en',
'metadata': {'iso_language_code': 'en', 'result_type': 'recent'},
'place': {'attributes': {},
'bounding_box': {'coordinates': [[[-122.514926, 37.708075],
[-122.357031, 37.708075],
[-122.357031, 37.833238],
[-122.514926, 37.833238]]],
'type': 'Polygon'},
'contained_within': [],
'country': 'United States',
'country_code': 'US',
'full_name': 'San Francisco, CA',
'id': '5a110d312052166f',
'name': 'San Francisco',
'place_type': 'city',
'url': 'https://api.twitter.com/1.1/geo/id/5a110d312052166f.json'},
'possibly_sensitive': False,
'retweet_count': 0,
'retweeted': False,
'source': '<a href="http://instagram.com" rel="nofollow">Instagram</a>',
'text': "It's a gorgeous day in SF! Happy to have had lunch today with the awesome @lizziebtv. It's… https://t.co/1rl5SeLAcb",
'truncated': False,
'user': {'contributors_enabled': False,
'created_at': 'Fri Mar 21 03:30:36 +0000 2008',
'default_profile': False,
'default_profile_image': False,
'description': 'Social media strategist. Speaker. Blogger @HuffingtonPost. Founder #GetSocialSmart. Periscoper. Wine lover. Family comes 1st! #NoTweetLeftBehind',
'entities': {'description': {'urls': []},
'url': {'urls': [{'display_url': 'katielance.com',
'expanded_url': 'http://katielance.com',
'indices': [0, 23],
'url': 'https://t.co/o6ZJ6TbyMI'}]}},
'favourites_count': 11188,
'follow_request_sent': False,
'followers_count': 26292,
'following': False,
'friends_count': 10429,
'geo_enabled': True,
'has_extended_profile': False,
'id': 14189292,
'id_str': '14189292',
'is_translation_enabled': False,
'is_translator': False,
'lang': 'en',
'listed_count': 1400,
'location': 'San Francisco Bay Area',
'name': 'Katie Lance',
'notifications': False,
'profile_background_color': '0099B9',
'profile_background_image_url': 'http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_background_images/378800000162729050/e8X6q5p6.jpeg',
'profile_background_image_url_https': 'https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_background_images/378800000162729050/e8X6q5p6.jpeg',
'profile_background_tile': False,
'profile_banner_url': 'https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_banners/14189292/1454961486',
'profile_image_url': 'http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/691493422469767169/Yii7ODzI_normal.jpg',
'profile_image_url_https': 'https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/691493422469767169/Yii7ODzI_normal.jpg',
'profile_link_color': '0099B9',
'profile_sidebar_border_color': 'FFFFFF',
'profile_sidebar_fill_color': '95E8EC',
'profile_text_color': '3C3940',
'profile_use_background_image': True,
'protected': False,
'screen_name': 'katielance',
'statuses_count': 60854,
'time_zone': 'Pacific Time (US & Canada)',
'url': 'https://t.co/o6ZJ6TbyMI',
'utc_offset': -28800,
'verified': False}}
If we want to store this data somewhere, we can output it as json using the json library from above. However, if you're doing a lot of these, you'll probaby want to use a database to handle everything.
In [42]:
with open('my_tweets.json', 'w') as f:
json.dump(statuses, f)
To post tweets, we need to use a different endpoint:
In [43]:
post = "https://api.twitter.com/1.1/statuses/update.json"
And now we can pass a new tweet (remember, Twitter calls these 'statuses') as a parameter to our post request.
In [46]:
r = twitter.post(post, params={
'status' : "I stole Juan's Twitter credentials"
})
r.ok
Out[46]:
True
Other (optional) parameters include things like location, and replies.
The real beauty of bots is that they are designed to work without interaction or oversight. Imagine a situation where you want to automatically retweet everything coming out of the D-Lab's twitter account, "@DLabAtBerkeley". You could:
We're going to import a module called time that will pause our code, so that we don't hit Twitter's rate limit
In [47]:
import time
def retweet():
r = twitter.get(search, {'q':'DLabAtBerkeley'})
if r.ok:
statuses = r.json()['statuses']
for update in statuses:
username = item['user']['screen_name']
parameters = {'status':'HOORAY! @' + username}
r = twitter.post(post, parameters)
print(r.status_code, r.reason)
time.sleep(5)
But you are a human that needs to eat, sleep, and be social with other humans. Luckily, Linux systems have a time-based daemon called cron that will run scripts like this for you.
People on windows and macs will not be able to run this. That's okay.
The way that cron works is it reads in files where each line has a time followed by a job (these are called cronjobs). You can edit your crontab by typing crontab -e into a terminal.
They looks like this:
In [49]:
with open('../etc/crontab_example', 'r') as f:
print(f.read())
# In a user's crontab, jobs run under that user
# Time is specified as <min> <hour> <day> <month> <wday>
# To specify any time, use `*`
# For unknown reasons, cronjobs fail unless the tab ends with a newline
00 08 * * 1 echo "It is 8am on Monday" >> /var/dumblog
This is telling cron to print that statement to a file called "dumblog" at 8am every Monday.
It's generally frowned upon to enter jobs through crontabs because they are hard to modify without breaking them. The better solution is to put your timed command into a file and copy the file into /etc/cron.d/. These files look like this:
In [50]:
with open('../etc/crond_example', 'r') as f:
print(f.read())
#!/bin/bash
# First, make sure you specify all of the paths that you might need to run
# your task. If you aren't sure, copy the entire $PATH variable
PATH=/home/dillon/.conda/envs/py27/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
# Then, specify when you want the task to occur; the user account to run it;
# and the job
@hourly dillon cd ~/scripts; python simple.py
At this point, you might be a little upset that you can't do this on your laptop, but the truth is you don't really want to run daemons and cronjobs on your laptop, which goes to sleep and runs out of batteries. This is what servers are for (like AWS).
To get you started, we've put a template in the scripts folder. Try it out, but be generous with your time.sleep() calls as the whole class is sharing this account.
If you have tried to run this, or some of the earlier code in this notebook, you have probably encountered some of Twitter's error codes. Here are the most common, and why you are triggering them.
400 = bad request - This means the API (middleman) doesn't like how you formatted your request. Check the API documentation to make sure you are doing things correctly.
401 = unauthorized - This either means you entered your auth codes incorrectly, or those auth codes don't have permission to do what you're trying to do. It takes Twitter a while to assign posting rights to your auth tokens after you've given them your phone number. If you have just done this, wait five minutes, then try again.
403 = forbidden - Twitter won't let you post what you are trying to post, most likely because you are trying to post the same tweet twice in a row within a few minutes of each other. Try changing your status update. If that doesn't fix it, then you are either:
A. Hitting Twitter's daily posting limit. They don't say what this is.
B. Trying to follow too many people, rapidly following and unfollowing the same person, or are otherwise making Twitter think you are a spambot
429 = too many requests - This means that you have exceeded Twitter's rate limit for whatever it is you are trying to do. Increase your time.sleep() value.
Typically, in starting a new web scraping project, you'll want to follow these steps:
1) Find the websites' robots.txt and do not access those pages through your bot
2) Make sure your bot does not make too many requests in a specific period (etc. by using Python's sleep.wait function)
3) Look up the website's term of use or terms of service.
We'll discuss each of these briefly.
Data owners are concerned with:
1) Keeping their website up
2) Protecting the commercial value of their data
Their policies and responses differ with respect to these two areas. You'll need to do some research to determine what is appropriate with regards to your research.
Most commercial websites have strategies to throttle or block IPs that make too many requests within a fixed amount of time. Because a bot can make a large number of requests in a small amount of time (etc. entering 100 different terms into Google in one second), servers are able to determine if traffic is coming from a bot or a person (among many other methods). For companies that rely on advertising, like Google or Twitter, these requests do not represent "human eyeballs" and need to be filtered out from their bill to advertisers.
In order to keep their site up and running, companies may block your IP temporarily or permanently if they detect too many requests coming from your IP, or other signs that requests are being made by a bot instead of a person. If you systematically down a site (such as sending millions of requests to an official government site), there is the small chance your actions may be interpreted maliciously (and regarded as hacking), with risk of prosecution.
Companies are also typically very protective of their data, especially data that ties directly into how they make money. A listings site (like Craigslist), for instance, would lose traffic if listings on its site were poached and transfered to a competitor, or if a rival company used scraping tools to derive lists of users to contact. For this reason, companies' term of use agreements are typically very restrictive of what you can do with their data.
Different companies may have a range of responses to your scraping, depending on what you do with the data. Typically, repurposing the data for a rival application or business will trigger a strong response from the company (i.e. legal attention). Publishing any analysis or results, either in a formal academic journal or on a blog or webpage, may be of less concern, though legal attention is still possible.
The robots.txt file is typically located in the root folder of the site, with instructions to various services (User-agents) on what they are not allowed to scrape.
Typically, the robots.txt file is more geared towards search engines (and their crawlers) more than anything else.
However, companies and agencies typically will not want you to scrape any pages that they disallow search engines from accessing. Scraping these pages makes it more likely for your IP to be detected and blocked (along with other possible actions.)
Below is an example of reddit's robots.txt file: https://www.reddit.com/robots.txt
User-agent: 008 Disallow: /
User-Agent: bender Disallow: /my_shiny_metal_ass
User-Agent: Gort Disallow: /earth
User-Agent:
Disallow: /.json
Disallow: /.json-compact
Disallow: /.json-html
Disallow: /.xml
Disallow: /.rss
Disallow: /.i
Disallow: /.embed
Disallow: //comments/?sort=
Disallow: /r//comments///c
Disallow: /comments///c
Disallow: /r//submit
Disallow: /message/compose
Disallow: /api
Disallow: /post
Disallow: /submit
Disallow: /goto
Disallow: /after=
Disallow: /before=
Disallow: /domain/t=
Disallow: /login
Disallow: /reddits/search
Disallow: /search
Disallow: /r//search
Allow: /
User blahblahblah provides a concise description of how to read the robots.txt file: https://www.reddit.com/r/learnprogramming/comments/3l1lcq/how_do_you_find_out_if_a_website_is_scrapable/
In general, your bot will fall into the * wildcard category of what the site generally do not want bots to access. You should make sure your scraper does not access any of those pages, etc. www.reddit.com/login etc.
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