We now have a generic solver and a bunch of modularized layers. It's time to put it all together, and train a ConvNet to recognize the classes in CIFAR-10. In this notebook we will walk you through training a simple two-layer ConvNet and then set you free to build the best net that you can to perform well on CIFAR-10.
Open up the file cs231n/classifiers/convnet.py; you will see that the two_layer_convnet function computes the loss and gradients for a two-layer ConvNet. Note that this function uses the "sandwich" layers defined in cs231n/layer_utils.py.
In [1]:
# As usual, a bit of setup
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from cs231n.classifier_trainer import ClassifierTrainer
from cs231n.gradient_check import eval_numerical_gradient
%matplotlib inline
plt.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = (10.0, 8.0) # set default size of plots
plt.rcParams['image.interpolation'] = 'nearest'
plt.rcParams['image.cmap'] = 'gray'
# for auto-reloading external modules
# see http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1907993/autoreload-of-modules-in-ipython
%load_ext autoreload
%autoreload 2
def rel_error(x, y):
""" returns relative error """
return np.max(np.abs(x - y) / (np.maximum(1e-8, np.abs(x) + np.abs(y))))
In [2]:
from cs231n.layers import (
affine_forward, affine_backward,
softmax_loss
)
from cs231n.layer_utils import (
conv_relu_pool_forward, conv_relu_pool_backward,
)
def two_layer_convnet(X, model, y=None, reg=0.0):
"""Compute the loss and gradient for a simple two-layer ConvNet.
The architecture is conv-relu-pool-affine-softmax, where the conv layer
uses stride-1 "same" convolutions to preserve the input size;
the pool layer uses non-overlapping 2x2 pooling regions.
We use L2 regularization on both the convolutional layer weights and the
affine layer weights.
Inputs:
- X: Input data, of shape (N, C, H, W)
- model: Dictionary mapping parameter names to parameters.
A two-layer Convnet expects the model to have the following parameters:
- W1, b1: Weights and biases for the convolutional layer
- W2, b2: Weights and biases for the affine layer
- y: Vector of labels of shape (N,).
y[i] gives the label for the point X[i].
- reg: Regularization strength.
Returns:
If y is None, then returns:
- scores: Matrix of scores, where scores[i, c] is the classification score
for the ith input and class c.
If y is not None, then returns a tuple of:
- loss: Scalar value giving the loss.
- grads: Dictionary with the same keys as model, mapping parameter names to
their gradients.
"""
# Unpack weights
W1, b1, W2, b2 = model['W1'], model['b1'], model['W2'], model['b2']
N, C, H, W = X.shape
# We assume that the convolution is "same", so that the data has the same
# height and width after performing the convolution. We can then use the
# size of the filter to figure out the padding.
conv_filter_height, conv_filter_width = W1.shape[2:]
assert conv_filter_height == conv_filter_width, (
'Conv filter must be square'
)
assert conv_filter_height % 2 == 1, 'Conv filter height must be odd'
assert conv_filter_width % 2 == 1, 'Conv filter width must be odd'
conv_param = {'stride': 1, 'pad': (conv_filter_height - 1) / 2}
pool_param = {'pool_height': 2, 'pool_width': 2, 'stride': 2}
# Compute the forward pass
a1, cache1 = conv_relu_pool_forward(X, W1, b1, conv_param, pool_param)
scores, cache2 = affine_forward(a1, W2, b2)
if y is None:
return scores
# Compute the backward pass
data_loss, dscores = softmax_loss(scores, y)
# Compute the gradients using a backward pass
da1, dW2, db2 = affine_backward(dscores, cache2)
dX, dW1, db1 = conv_relu_pool_backward(da1, cache1)
# Add regularization
dW1 += reg * W1
dW2 += reg * W2
reg_loss = 0.5 * reg * sum(np.sum(W * W) for W in [W1, W2])
loss = data_loss + reg_loss
grads = {'W1': dW1, 'b1': db1, 'W2': dW2, 'b2': db2}
return loss, grads
def init_two_layer_convnet(
weight_scale=1e-3, bias_scale=0, input_shape=(3, 32, 32),
num_classes=10, num_filters=32, filter_size=5
):
"""
Initialize the weights for a two-layer ConvNet.
Inputs:
- weight_scale: Scale at which weights are initialized. Default 1e-3.
- bias_scale: Scale at which biases are initialized. Default is 0.
- input_shape: Tuple giving the input shape to the network; default is
(3, 32, 32) for CIFAR-10.
- num_classes: The number of classes for this network. Default is 10
(for CIFAR-10)
- num_filters: The number of filters to use in the convolutional layer.
- filter_size: The width and height for convolutional filters. We assume
that all convolutions are "same", so we pick padding to ensure that data
has the same height and width after convolution. This means that the
filter size must be odd.
Returns:
A dictionary mapping parameter names to numpy arrays containing:
- W1, b1: Weights and biases for the convolutional layer
- W2, b2: Weights and biases for the fully-connected layer.
"""
C, H, W = input_shape
assert filter_size % 2 == 1, (
'Filter size must be odd; got %d' % filter_size
)
model = {}
randn = np.random.randn
model['W1'] = weight_scale * randn(
num_filters, C, filter_size, filter_size
)
model['b1'] = bias_scale * randn(num_filters)
model['W2'] = weight_scale * randn(num_filters * H * W / 4, num_classes)
model['b2'] = bias_scale * randn(num_classes)
return model
In [3]:
from cs231n.data_utils import load_CIFAR10
def get_CIFAR10_data(num_training=49000, num_validation=1000, num_test=1000):
"""
Load the CIFAR-10 dataset from disk and perform preprocessing to prepare
it for the two-layer neural net classifier. These are the same steps as
we used for the SVM, but condensed to a single function.
"""
# Load the raw CIFAR-10 data
cifar10_dir = 'cs231n/datasets/cifar-10-batches-py'
X_train, y_train, X_test, y_test = load_CIFAR10(cifar10_dir)
# Subsample the data
mask = range(num_training, num_training + num_validation)
X_val = X_train[mask]
y_val = y_train[mask]
mask = range(num_training)
X_train = X_train[mask]
y_train = y_train[mask]
mask = range(num_test)
X_test = X_test[mask]
y_test = y_test[mask]
# Normalize the data: subtract the mean image
mean_image = np.mean(X_train, axis=0)
X_train -= mean_image
X_val -= mean_image
X_test -= mean_image
# Transpose so that channels come first
X_train = X_train.transpose(0, 3, 1, 2).copy()
X_val = X_val.transpose(0, 3, 1, 2).copy()
x_test = X_test.transpose(0, 3, 1, 2).copy()
return X_train, y_train, X_val, y_val, X_test, y_test
# Invoke the above function to get our data.
X_train, y_train, X_val, y_val, X_test, y_test = get_CIFAR10_data()
print('Train data shape: ', X_train.shape)
print('Train labels shape: ', y_train.shape)
print('Validation data shape: ', X_val.shape)
print('Validation labels shape: ', y_val.shape)
print('Test data shape: ', X_test.shape)
print('Test labels shape: ', y_test.shape)
In [4]:
model = init_two_layer_convnet()
X = np.random.randn(100, 3, 32, 32)
y = np.random.randint(10, size=100)
loss, _ = two_layer_convnet(X, model, y, reg=0)
# Sanity check: Loss should be about log(10) = 2.3026
print('Sanity check loss (no regularization): ', loss)
# Sanity check: Loss should go up when you add regularization
loss, _ = two_layer_convnet(X, model, y, reg=1)
print('Sanity check loss (with regularization): ', loss)
In [5]:
num_inputs = 2
input_shape = (3, 16, 16)
reg = 0.0
num_classes = 10
X = np.random.randn(num_inputs, *input_shape)
y = np.random.randint(num_classes, size=num_inputs)
model = init_two_layer_convnet(num_filters=3, filter_size=3, input_shape=input_shape)
loss, grads = two_layer_convnet(X, model, y)
for param_name in sorted(grads):
f = lambda _: two_layer_convnet(X, model, y)[0]
param_grad_num = eval_numerical_gradient(f, model[param_name], verbose=False, h=1e-6)
e = rel_error(param_grad_num, grads[param_name])
print('%s max relative error: %e' % (param_name, rel_error(param_grad_num, grads[param_name])))
In [12]:
# Use a two-layer ConvNet to overfit 50 training examples.
model = init_two_layer_convnet()
trainer = ClassifierTrainer()
best_model, loss_history, train_acc_history, val_acc_history = trainer.train(
X_train[:50], y_train[:50], X_val, y_val, model, two_layer_convnet,
reg=0.001, momentum=0.9, learning_rate=1e-4, batch_size=10, num_epochs=10,
verbose=True)
Plotting the loss, training accuracy, and validation accuracy should show clear overfitting:
In [13]:
plt.subplot(2, 1, 1)
plt.plot(loss_history)
plt.xlabel('iteration')
plt.ylabel('loss')
plt.subplot(2, 1, 2)
plt.plot(train_acc_history)
plt.plot(val_acc_history)
plt.legend(['train', 'val'], loc='upper left')
plt.xlabel('epoch')
plt.ylabel('accuracy')
plt.show()
Once the above works, training the net is the next thing to try. You can set the acc_frequency parameter to change the frequency at which the training and validation set accuracies are tested. If your parameters are set properly, you should see the training and validation accuracy start to improve within a hundred iterations, and you should be able to train a reasonable model with just one epoch.
Using the parameters below you should be able to get around 50% accuracy on the validation set.
In [25]:
model = init_two_layer_convnet(filter_size=7)
trainer = ClassifierTrainer()
best_model, loss_history, train_acc_history, val_acc_history = trainer.train(
X_train, y_train, X_val, y_val, model, two_layer_convnet,
reg=0.001, momentum=0.9, learning_rate=1e-4, batch_size=100, num_epochs=1,
acc_frequency=50, verbose=True)
In [26]:
from cs231n.vis_utils import visualize_grid
grid = visualize_grid(best_model['W1'].transpose(0, 2, 3, 1))
plt.imshow(grid.astype('uint8'))
Out[26]:
In [27]:
scores_test = two_layer_convnet(X_test.transpose(0, 3, 1, 2), best_model)
print('Test accuracy: ', np.mean(np.argmax(scores_test, axis=1) == y_test))
In [ ]: