Vectors, pg 84
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height_weight_age = [70, # inches
170, # pounds
40] # years
grades = [95, 80, 75, 62] # exams 1..4
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# vector calculations are componentwise
# so we need to zip vectors together
def vector_add(v, w):
"""adds corresponding elements"""
return [v_i + w_i
for v_i, w_i in zip(v, w)]
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v = [1, 2]
w = [3, 3]
vector_add(v, w)
Out[3]:
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def vector_subtract(v, w):
"""subtracts corresponding elements"""
return [v_i - w_i
for v_i, w_i in zip(v, w)]
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v = [1, 2]
w = [3, 3]
vector_subtract(v, w)
Out[5]:
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one = [1, 1]
two = [2, 3, 4]
[w_i - v_i for v_i, w_i in zip(one, two)]
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Vector Sums, pg 86
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def vector_sum(vectors):
"""sums add corresponding elements"""
result = vectors[0] # start with first vector
for vector in vectors[1:]: # then loop over the others
result = vector_add(result, vector) # and add them to the result
return result
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# can just use reduce
def vector_sum(vectors):
return reduce(vector_add, vectors)
# or even
from functools import partial
vector_sum = partial(reduce, vector_add)
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# need to multiply by scalar
def scalar_multiply(c, v):
"""c is a number, v is a vector"""
return [c * v_i for v_i in v]
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# compute componentwise means of vector list
def vector_mean(vectors):
"""compute the vector whose ith element is the mean
of the ith element of the input vectors"""
n = len(vectors)
return scalar_multiply(1/n, vector_sum(vectors))
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# dot product = sum of componentwise products
def dot(v, w):
"""v_1 * w_1 + ... + v_n * w_n"""
return sum(v_i * w_i
for v_i, w_i in zip(v, w))
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dot([2,1], [2, 3])
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# vector sum of squares
def sum_of_squares(v):
"""v_1 * v_1 + ... + v_n * v_n"""
return dot(v, v)
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# can compute magnitude
import math
def magnitude(v):
return math.sqrt(sum_of_squares(v))
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# can compute distance between two vectors
def squared_distance(v, w):
"""(v_1 - w_1) ** 2 + ... + (v_n - w_n)**2"""
return sum_of_squares(vector_subtract(v, w))
def distance(v, w):
return math.sqrt(squared_distance(v, w))
# or
def distance(v, w):
return magnitude(vector_subtract(v, w))
Matrices, pg 91
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# lists of lists,
# with inner lists being rows of numbers
# in python, start at index 0 instead of 1
A = [[1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6]] # two rows, three columns
B = [[1, 2],
[3, 4],
[5, 6]] # three rows, two columns
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def shape(A):
num_rows = len(A)
num_cols = len(A[0]) if A else 0 # num elements in first row
return num_rows, num_cols
# n rows, k columns; n x k matrix
def get_row(A, i):
return A[i]
def get_column(A, j):
return [A_i[j]
for A_i in A]
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# create a matrix
def make_matrix(num_rows, num_cols, entry_fn):
"""returns a num_rows x num_cols matrix
whose [i,j]th entry is entry_fn(i, j)"""
return[[entry_fn(i, j) # given i, create a list
for j in range(num_cols)] # [entry_fn(i, 0), ...]
for i in range(num_rows)] # create one list for each i
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def is_diagonal(i, j):
"""1's on the diagonal and 0's everywhere else"""
return 1 if i == j else 0
identity_matrix = make_matrix(5, 5, is_diagonal)
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print identity_matrix
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