A derivative work by Judson Wilson, 5/11/2014.
Adapted from the CVX example of the same name, by Almir Mutapcic, 2/28/2006.
Topic References:
We consider a set of linear inequalities $Ax \preceq b$ which are feasible. We apply two heuristics to find a sparse point $x$ that satisfies these inequalities.
The (standard) $\ell_1$-norm heuristic for finding a sparse solution is: \begin{array}{ll} \mbox{minimize} & \|x\|_1 \\ \mbox{subject to} & Ax \preceq b. \end{array}
The log-based heuristic is an iterative method for finding a sparse solution, by finding a local optimal point for the problem: \begin{array}{ll} \mbox{minimize} & \sum_i \log \left( \delta + \left|x_i\right| \right) \\ \mbox{subject to} & Ax \preceq b, \end{array} where $\delta$ is a small threshold value (which determines if a value is close to zero). We cannot solve this problem since it is a minimization of a concave function and thus it is not a convex problem. However, we can apply a heuristic in which we linearize the objective, solve, and re-iterate. This becomes a weighted $\ell_1$-norm heuristic: \begin{array}{ll} \mbox{minimize} & \sum_i W_i \left|x_i\right| \\ \mbox{subject to} & Ax \preceq b, \end{array} which in each iteration re-adjusts the weights $W_i$ based on the rule: $$W_i = 1/(\delta + \left|x_i\right|),$$ where $\delta$ is a small threshold value.
This algorithm is described in papers:
In [1]:
import cvxpy as cp
import numpy as np
# Fix random number generator so we can repeat the experiment.
np.random.seed(1)
# The threshold value below which we consider an element to be zero.
delta = 1e-8
# Problem dimensions (m inequalities in n-dimensional space).
m = 100
n = 50
# Construct a feasible set of inequalities.
# (This system is feasible for the x0 point.)
A = np.random.randn(m, n)
x0 = np.random.randn(n)
b = A.dot(x0) + np.random.random(m)
In [2]:
# Create variable.
x_l1 = cp.Variable(shape=n)
# Create constraint.
constraints = [A*x_l1 <= b]
# Form objective.
obj = cp.Minimize(cp.norm(x_l1, 1))
# Form and solve problem.
prob = cp.Problem(obj, constraints)
prob.solve()
print("status: {}".format(prob.status))
# Number of nonzero elements in the solution (its cardinality or diversity).
nnz_l1 = (np.absolute(x_l1.value) > delta).sum()
print('Found a feasible x in R^{} that has {} nonzeros.'.format(n, nnz_l1))
print("optimal objective value: {}".format(obj.value))
In [3]:
# Do 15 iterations, allocate variable to hold number of non-zeros
# (cardinality of x) for each run.
NUM_RUNS = 15
nnzs_log = np.array(())
# Store W as a positive parameter for simple modification of the problem.
W = cp.Parameter(shape=n, nonneg=True);
x_log = cp.Variable(shape=n)
# Initial weights.
W.value = np.ones(n);
# Setup the problem.
obj = cp.Minimize( W.T*cp.abs(x_log) ) # sum of elementwise product
constraints = [A*x_log <= b]
prob = cp.Problem(obj, constraints)
# Do the iterations of the problem, solving and updating W.
for k in range(1, NUM_RUNS+1):
# Solve problem.
# The ECOS solver has known numerical issues with this problem
# so force a different solver.
prob.solve(solver=cp.CVXOPT)
# Check for error.
if prob.status != cp.OPTIMAL:
raise Exception("Solver did not converge!")
# Display new number of nonzeros in the solution vector.
nnz = (np.absolute(x_log.value) > delta).sum()
nnzs_log = np.append(nnzs_log, nnz);
print('Iteration {}: Found a feasible x in R^{}'
' with {} nonzeros...'.format(k, n, nnz))
# Adjust the weights elementwise and re-iterate
W.value = np.ones(n)/(delta*np.ones(n) + np.absolute(x_log.value))
In [4]:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Show plot inline in ipython.
%matplotlib inline
# Plot properties.
plt.rc('text', usetex=True)
plt.rc('font', family='serif')
plt.figure(figsize=(6,6))
# Plot the two data series.
plt.plot(range(1,1+NUM_RUNS), nnzs_log, label='log heuristic')
plt.plot((1, NUM_RUNS), (nnz_l1, nnz_l1), linestyle='--', label='l1-norm heuristic')
# Format and show plot.
plt.xlabel('iteration', fontsize=16)
plt.ylabel('number of non-zeros (cardinality)', fontsize=16)
plt.ylim(0,n)
plt.xlim(1,NUM_RUNS)
plt.legend(loc='lower right')
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()