Everything in Python is an object

What's an object?



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o = object()
dir(o)



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o.__class__.__name__

.... everything that inherits from object (which is everything).



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type(obj())



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type(type(1))



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type(type(type(1)))



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class C:
    pass
type(C)

explore



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def f():
    pass

type(f)



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f.__class__.mro()



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C.mro()



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# note the space after the int literal
# it's necessary to resolve ambivalence with '.' in a float
1 .__class__.mro()



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# no ambivalence here
1.0.__class__.mro()



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import os
type(os)



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os.__class__.mro()



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# that means I can pass function or class objects around
# like every 'normal' variable or value
def f():
    print('I am f')
    def g():
        print('I am g')
    return g
print('Call f and get a function back')
h = f()
print('Call the returned function')
h()

explore

Every Python object has a truth value



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help(bool)



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bool(True)



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bool(False)



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bool(0)



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bool(1)



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bool(object())



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bool('')



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bool([])



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bool([False])



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bool({})



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bool('False')



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bool(True)