The notebook builds on the concepts introduced in Coronagraph_Basics.ipynb. Specifically, we concentrate on the complexities involved in simulating the wedge coronagraphs.
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# If running Python 2.x, makes print and division act like Python 3
from __future__ import print_function, division
# Import the usual libraries
import numpy as np
import matplotlib
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Enable inline plotting at lower left
%matplotlib inline
from IPython.display import display, Latex, clear_output
We will start by first importing pynrc along with the obs_hci (High Contrast Imaging) class, which lives in the pynrc.obs_nircam module.
In [2]:
import pynrc
from pynrc import nrc_utils # Variety of useful functions and classes
from pynrc.obs_nircam import obs_hci # High-contrast imaging observation class
# Disable informational messages and only include warnings and higher
pynrc.setup_logging(level='WARN')
In the previous notebook, we simply used the stellar_spectrum functions to create sources normalized at their observed K-Band magnitude. This time, we will utilize the source_spectrum class to generate a model fit to the known spectrophotometry. The user can find the relevant photometric data at http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/vizier/sed/ and click download data as a VOTable.
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# Define 2MASS Ks bandpass and source information
bp_k = pynrc.bp_2mass('k')
# Science source, dist, age, sptype, Teff, [Fe/H], log_g, mag, band
args_sources = [('HR 8799', 39.0, 30, 'F0V', 7430, -0.47, 4.35, 5.24, bp_k)]
# References source, sptype, Teff, [Fe/H], log_g, mag, band
ref_sources = [('HD 220657', 'F8III', 5888, -0.01, 3.22, 3.04, bp_k)]
# Directory housing VOTables
# http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/vizier/sed/
votdir = 'GTO/votables/'
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# Fit spectrum to SED photometry
i=0
name_sci, dist_sci, age, spt_sci, Teff_sci, feh_sci, logg_sci, mag_sci, bp_sci = args_sources[i]
vot = votdir + name_sci.replace(' ' ,'') + '.vot'
args = (name_sci, spt_sci, mag_sci, bp_sci, vot)
kwargs = {'Teff':Teff_sci, 'metallicity':feh_sci, 'log_g':logg_sci}
src = nrc_utils.source_spectrum(*args, **kwargs)
src.fit_SED(use_err=True, robust=True)
# Final source spectrum
sp_sci = src.sp_model
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# Do the same for the reference source
name_ref, spt_ref, Teff_ref, feh_ref, logg_ref, mag_ref, bp_ref = ref_sources[i]
vot = votdir + name_ref.replace(' ' ,'') + '.vot'
args = (name_ref, spt_ref, mag_ref, bp_ref, vot)
kwargs = {'Teff':Teff_ref, 'metallicity':feh_ref, 'log_g':logg_ref}
ref = nrc_utils.source_spectrum(*args, **kwargs)
ref.fit_SED(use_err=False, robust=False, wlim=[0.5,5])
# Final reference spectrum
sp_ref = ref.sp_model
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# Plot spectra
fig, axes = plt.subplots(1,2, figsize=(13,4.5))
src.plot_SED(xr=[0.3,10], ax=axes[0])
ref.plot_SED(xr=[0.3,10], ax=axes[1])
axes[0].set_title('Science Specta -- {} ({})'.format(src.name, spt_sci))
axes[1].set_title('Refrence Specta -- {} ({})'.format(ref.name, spt_ref))
fig.tight_layout()
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# Plot the two spectra
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1,1, figsize=(8,5))
xr = [2.5,5.5]
for sp in [sp_sci, sp_ref]:
w = sp.wave / 1e4
ind = (w>=xr[0]) & (w<=xr[1])
sp.convert('Jy')
f = sp.flux / np.interp(4.0, w, sp.flux)
ax.semilogy(w[ind], f[ind], lw=1.5, label=sp.name)
ax.set_ylabel('Flux (Jy) normalized at 4 $\mu m$')
sp.convert('flam')
ax.set_xlim(xr)
ax.set_xlabel(r'Wavelength ($\mu m$)')
ax.set_title('Spectral Sources')
# Overplot Filter Bandpass
bp = pynrc.read_filter('F460M', 'WEDGELYOT', 'MASKLWB')
ax2 = ax.twinx()
ax2.plot(bp.wave/1e4, bp.throughput, color='C2', label=bp.name+' Bandpass')
ax2.set_ylim([0,0.8])
ax2.set_xlim(xr)
ax2.set_ylabel('Bandpass Throughput')
ax.legend(loc='upper left')
ax2.legend(loc='upper right')
fig.tight_layout()
Now we will initialize the high-contrast imaging class pynrc.obs_hci using the spectral objects and various other settings. The obs_hci object is a subclass of the more generalized NIRCam class. It implements new settings and functions specific to high-contrast imaging observations for corongraphy and direct imaging.
For this tutorial, we want to observe these targets using the MASKLWB coronagraph in the F460M filter. All wedge coronagraphic masks such as the MASKLWB (B=bar) should be paired with the WEDGELYOT pupil element. Observations in the LW channel are most commonly observed in WINDOW mode with a 320x320 detector subarray size. Full detector sizes are also available.
The wedge coronagraphs have an additional option to specify the location along the wedge to place your point source via the bar_offset keyword. If not specified, the location is automatically chosen based on the filter. A positive value will move the source to the right when viewing in V2/V3 coordiante convention (V2 to the left and V3 up). Specifying the location is a non-standard mode.
In this case, we're going to place our PSF at the narrow end of the LW bar, located bar_offset=8 arcsec from the bar center.
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filt, mask, pupil = ('F460M', 'MASKLWB', 'WEDGELYOT')
wind_mode, subsize = ('WINDOW', 320)
fov_pix, oversample = (320, 2)
wfe_ref_drift = 0
obs = pynrc.obs_hci(sp_sci, sp_ref, dist_sci, filter=filt, mask=mask, pupil=pupil,
wfe_ref_drift=wfe_ref_drift, fov_pix=fov_pix, oversample=oversample,
wind_mode=wind_mode, xpix=subsize, ypix=subsize, verbose=True,
bar_offset=8)
Just as a reminder, all information for the reference observation is stored in the attribute obs.nrc_ref, which is simply it's own isolated nrc_hci (NIRCam) class. The bar_offset value is initialized to be the same as the science observation.
Now that we've succesffully initialized the obs_hci observations, let's specify the wfe_ref_drift. If this is your first time, then the nrc_utils.wfed_coeff function is called to determine a relationship between PSFs in the presense of WFE drift. This relationship is saved in the PYNRC_DATA directory as a set of polynomial coefficients. Future calculations utilize these coefficients to quickly generate a new PSF for any arbitary drift value.
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# WFE drift amount between rolls
# This only gets called during gen_roll_image()
# and temporarily updates obs.wfe_drift to create
# a new PSF.
obs.wfe_roll_drift = 2
# Drift amount of reference relative to nominal.
# This is simply a link to obs.nrc_ref.wfe_drift
obs.wfe_ref_drift = 10
Optimization of exposure settings are demonstrated in another tutorial, so we will not repeat that process here. We can assume that process was performed elsewhere to choose the BRIGHT2 pattern with 10 groups and 40 total integrations. These settings apply to each roll position of the science observation as well as the for the reference observation.
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# Update both the science and reference observations
# These numbers come from GTO Proposal 1194
obs.update_detectors(read_mode='BRIGHT2', ngroup=10, nint=40, verbose=True)
obs.nrc_ref.update_detectors(read_mode='BRIGHT2', ngroup=4, nint=90)
There are four known giant planets orbiting HR 8799 at various locations. Ideally, we would like to position them at their predicted locations on the anticipated observation date. For this case, we choose a plausible observation date of November 1, 2019. To convert between $(x,y)$ and $(r,\theta)$, use the nrc_utils.xy_to_rtheta and nrc_utils.rtheta_to_xy functions.
When adding the planets, it doesn't matter too much which exoplanet model spectrum we decide to use since the spectra are still fairly unconstrained at these wavelengths. We do know roughly the planets' luminosities, so we can simply choose some reasonable model and renormalize it to the appropriate filter brightness. Currently, the only exoplanet spectral models available to pynrc are those from Spiegel & Burrows (2012).
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# Projected locations for date 11/01/2019
# These are prelimary positions, but within constrained orbital parameters
loc_list = [(-1.57, 0.64), (0.42, 0.87), (0.5, -0.45), (0.35, 0.20)]
# Estimated magnitudes within F460M filter
pmags = [16.0, 15.0, 14.6, 14.7]
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# Add planet information to observation class.
# These are stored in obs.planets.
# Can be cleared using obs.kill_planets().
obs.kill_planets()
for i, loc in enumerate(loc_list):
obs.add_planet(mass=10, entropy=13, age=age, xy=loc, runits='arcsec',
renorm_args=(pmags[i], 'vegamag', obs.bandpass))
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# Generate and plot a noiseless slope image to make sure things look right
PA1 = 85
im_planets = obs.gen_planets_image(PA_offset=PA1)
In [14]:
from matplotlib.patches import Circle
from pynrc.nrc_utils import (coron_ap_locs, build_mask_detid, fshift, pad_or_cut_to_size)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6,6))
xasec = obs.det_info['xpix'] * obs.pix_scale
yasec = obs.det_info['ypix'] * obs.pix_scale
extent = [-xasec/2, xasec/2, -yasec/2, yasec/2]
xylim = 3
vmin = 0
vmax = 0.75*im_planets.max()
ax.imshow(im_planets, extent=extent, vmin=vmin, vmax=vmax)
# Overlay the coronagraphic mask
detid = obs.Detectors[0].detid
im_mask = obs.mask_images[detid]
# Do some masked transparency overlays
masked = np.ma.masked_where(im_mask>0.97, im_mask)
#ax.imshow(1-masked, extent=extent, alpha=0.5)
ax.imshow(masked, extent=extent, alpha=0.3, cmap='Greys', vmin=-0.5)
xc_off = obs.bar_offset
for loc in loc_list:
xc, yc = loc
xc, yc = nrc_utils.xy_rot(xc, yc, PA1)
xc += xc_off
circle = Circle((xc,yc), radius=xylim/15., alpha=0.7, lw=1, edgecolor='red', facecolor='none')
ax.add_artist(circle)
xlim = ylim = np.array([-1,1])*xylim
xlim = xlim + xc_off
ax.set_xlim(xlim)
ax.set_ylim(ylim)
ax.set_xlabel('Arcsec')
ax.set_ylabel('Arcsec')
ax.set_title('{} planets -- {} {}'.format(sp_sci.name, obs.filter, obs.mask))
color = 'grey'
ax.tick_params(axis='both', color=color, which='both')
for k in ax.spines.keys():
ax.spines[k].set_color(color)
nrc_utils.plotAxes(ax, width=1, headwidth=5, alength=0.15, angle=PA1,
position=(0.25,0.9), label1='E', label2='N')
fig.tight_layout()
As we can see, even with "perfect PSF subtraction" and no noise, it's difficult to make out planet e. This is primarily due to its location relative to the occulting mask reducing throughput combined with confusion of bright diffraction spots from nearby sources.
Now we are ready to determine contrast performance and sensitivites as a function of distance from the star.
First, we will create a quick simulated roll-subtracted image using the in gen_roll_image method. For the selected observation date of 11/1/2019, APT shows a PA range of 84$^{\circ}$ to 96$^{\circ}$. So, we'll assume Roll 1 has PA1=85, while Roll 2 has PA2=95. In this case, "roll subtraction" simply creates two science observations at two different parallactic angles and subtracts the same reference observation from each. The two results are then de-rotated to a common PA=0 and averaged.
There is also the option to create ADI images, where the other roll position becomes the reference star by setting no_ref=True.
Next, we will cycle through a few WFE drift values to get an idea of potential predicted sensitivity curves. The calc_contrast method returns a tuple of three arrays:
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# Cycle through a few WFE drift values
wfe_list = [0,5,10]
nsig = 5
# PA values for each roll
PA1, PA2 = (85, 95)
roll_angle = np.abs(PA2 - PA1)
# A dictionary of HDULists
hdul_dict = {}
hdul_dict2 = {}
curves = []
for i, wfe_drift in enumerate(wfe_list):
print(wfe_drift)
# Upate WFE reference drift value
obs.wfe_ref_drift = wfe_drift
# Set the final output image to be oversampled
hdulist = obs.gen_roll_image(PA1=PA1, PA2=PA2)
hdul_dict[wfe_drift] = hdulist
# Generate contrast curves
result = obs.calc_contrast(roll_angle=roll_angle, nsig=nsig)
curves.append(result)
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from pynrc.obs_nircam import plot_hdulist
from matplotlib.patches import Circle
fig, axes = plt.subplots(1,3, figsize=(14,4.3))
xylim = 2.5
xlim = ylim = np.array([-1,1])*xylim
for j, wfe_drift in enumerate(wfe_list):
ax = axes[j]
hdul = hdul_dict[wfe_drift]
plot_hdulist(hdul, xr=xlim, yr=ylim, ax=ax, vmin=0, vmax=2, axes_color='grey')
# Location of planet
for loc in loc_list:
circle = Circle(loc, radius=xylim/15., lw=1, edgecolor='red', facecolor='none')
ax.add_artist(circle)
ax.set_title('$\Delta$WFE = {:.0f} nm'.format(wfe_drift))
nrc_utils.plotAxes(ax, width=1, headwidth=5, alength=0.15, position=(0.9,0.7), label1='E', label2='N')
fig.suptitle('{} -- {} {}'.format(name_sci, obs.filter, obs.mask), fontsize=14)
fig.tight_layout()
fig.subplots_adjust(top=0.85)
In [17]:
from pynrc.obs_nircam import plot_contrasts, plot_planet_patches, plot_contrasts_mjup
import matplotlib.patches as mpatches
# fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(8,5))
fig, axes = plt.subplots(1,2, figsize=(14,4.5))
xr=[0,5]
yr=[24,8]
# 1a. Plot contrast curves and set x/y limits
ax = axes[0]
ax, ax2, ax3 = plot_contrasts(curves, nsig, wfe_list, obs=obs,
xr=xr, yr=yr, ax=ax, return_axes=True)
# 1b. Plot the locations of exoplanet companions
label = 'Companions ({})'.format(filt)
planet_dist = [np.sqrt(x**2+y**2) for x,y in loc_list]
ax.plot(planet_dist, pmags, marker='o', ls='None', label=label, color='k', zorder=10)
# 1c. Plot Spiegel & Burrows (2012) exoplanet fluxes (Hot Start)
plot_planet_patches(ax, obs, age=age, entropy=13, av_vals=None)
ax.legend(ncol=2)
# 2. Plot in terms of MJup using COND models
ax = axes[1]
plot_contrasts_mjup(curves, nsig, wfe_list, obs=obs, age=age,
ax=ax, twin_ax=True, xr=xr, yr=None)
ax.set_yscale('log')
ax.set_ylim([0.08,100])
ax.legend(loc='upper right', title='COND ({:.0f} Myr)'.format(age))
fig.suptitle('{} ({} + {})'.format(name_sci, obs.filter, obs.mask), fontsize=16)
fig.tight_layout()
fig.subplots_adjust(top=0.85, bottom=0.1 , left=0.05, right=0.97)
The innermost Planet e is above the detection threshold as suggested by the simulated images.
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