sigmoid function, using math.exp() and np.exp()
In [1]:
import math
import numpy as np
def basic_sigmoid(x):
"""
Compute sigmoid of x.
Arguments:
x -- A scalar
Return:
s -- sigmoid(x)
"""
s = 1/(1+math.exp(-x))
return s
# it will throw error when an array is passes thats why we use np.exp(). it will apply exp elementwise
#np.exp(x)=(ex1,ex2,...,exn)np.exp(x)=(ex1,ex2,...,exn)
def sigmoid(x):
"""
Compute sigmoid of x.
Arguments:
x -- A scalar
Return:
s -- sigmoid(x)
"""
s = 1/(1+np.exp(-x))
return s
In [2]:
x = np.array([1, 2, 3])
sigmoid(x)
Out[2]:
In [3]:
#this will throw error
basic_sigmoid(x)
In [ ]:
def sigmoid_derivative(x):
"""
Compute the gradient (also called the slope or derivative) of the sigmoid function with respect to its input x.
You can store the output of the sigmoid function into variables and then use it to calculate the gradient.
Arguments:
x -- A scalar or numpy array
Return:
ds -- Your computed gradient.
"""
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
s = 1/(1+np.exp(-x))
ds = np.array(s*(1-s))
### END CODE HERE ###
return ds
In [ ]:
x = np.array([1, 2, 3])
print ("sigmoid_derivative(x) = " + str(sigmoid_derivative(x)))
In [ ]:
# GRADED FUNCTION: image2vector
def image2vector(image):
"""
Argument:
image -- a numpy array of shape (length, height, depth)
Returns:
v -- a vector of shape (length*height*depth, 1)
"""
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
v = image.reshape(image.shape[0]*image.shape[1]*image.shape[2],1)
### END CODE HERE ###
return v
In [ ]:
# This is a 3 by 3 by 2 array, typically images will be (num_px_x, num_px_y,3) where 3 represents the RGB values
image = np.array([[[ 0.67826139, 0.29380381],
[ 0.90714982, 0.52835647],
[ 0.4215251 , 0.45017551]],
[[ 0.92814219, 0.96677647],
[ 0.85304703, 0.52351845],
[ 0.19981397, 0.27417313]],
[[ 0.60659855, 0.00533165],
[ 0.10820313, 0.49978937],
[ 0.34144279, 0.94630077]]])
print ("image2vector(image) = " + str(image2vector(image)))
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# GRADED FUNCTION: normalizeRows
def normalizeRows(x):
"""
Implement a function that normalizes each row of the matrix x (to have unit length).
Argument:
x -- A numpy matrix of shape (n, m)
Returns:
x -- The normalized (by row) numpy matrix. You are allowed to modify x.
"""
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
# Compute x_norm as the norm 2 of x. Use np.linalg.norm(..., ord = 2, axis = ..., keepdims = True)
x_norm = np.linalg.norm(x,axis=1,keepdims=True)
print("shape of x_norm =" + str (x_norm.shape))
# Divide x by its norm.
x = x/x_norm
print("shape of x =" + str (x.shape))
### END CODE HERE ###
return x
In [ ]:
x = np.array([
[0, 3, 4],
[1, 6, 4]])
print("normalizeRows(x) = " + str(normalizeRows(x)))
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# GRADED FUNCTION: softmax
def softmax(x):
"""Calculates the softmax for each row of the input x.
Your code should work for a row vector and also for matrices of shape (n, m).
Argument:
x -- A numpy matrix of shape (n,m)
Returns:
s -- A numpy matrix equal to the softmax of x, of shape (n,m)
"""
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 3 lines of code)
# Apply exp() element-wise to x. Use np.exp(...).
x_exp = np.exp(x)
# Create a vector x_sum that sums each row of x_exp. Use np.sum(..., axis = 1, keepdims = True).
x_sum = np.sum(x_exp, axis=1, keepdims=True)
# Compute softmax(x) by dividing x_exp by x_sum. It should automatically use numpy broadcasting.
s = x_exp/x_sum
### END CODE HERE ###
return s
In [ ]:
x = np.array([
[9, 2, 5, 0, 0],
[7, 5, 0, 0 ,0]])
print("softmax(x) = " + str(softmax(x)))
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# GRADED FUNCTION: L1
def L1(yhat, y):
"""
Arguments:
yhat -- vector of size m (predicted labels)
y -- vector of size m (true labels)
Returns:
loss -- the value of the L1 loss function defined above
"""
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
loss = np.sum(abs(y-yhat),axis=0,keepdims=True)
### END CODE HERE ###
return loss
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yhat = np.array([.9, 0.2, 0.1, .4, .9])
y = np.array([1, 0, 0, 1, 1])
print("L1 = " + str(L1(yhat,y)))
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# GRADED FUNCTION: L2
def L2(yhat, y):
"""
Arguments:
yhat -- vector of size m (predicted labels)
y -- vector of size m (true labels)
Returns:
loss -- the value of the L2 loss function defined above
"""
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
loss = np.sum((y-yhat)**2)
### END CODE HERE ###
return loss
In [ ]:
yhat = np.array([.9, 0.2, 0.1, .4, .9])
y = np.array([1, 0, 0, 1, 1])
print("L2 = " + str(L2(yhat,y)))