In [ ]:
# why do we save our programs as .py
# platform independent.
# convience - just to look and say that its a python program.
# saving a program in .py makes it a modules.( A python program which can be used later)
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# program1.py -> f1,f2,f3,f4,f5
# program2.py -> f1,f2,f3,program1.f1
# re-usability of the code.
# we need not worry about the namespaces around the programs.
In [1]:
help()
Welcome to Python 2.7! This is the online help utility.
If this is your first time using Python, you should definitely check out
the tutorial on the Internet at http://docs.python.org/2.7/tutorial/.
Enter the name of any module, keyword, or topic to get help on writing
Python programs and using Python modules. To quit this help utility and
return to the interpreter, just type "quit".
To get a list of available modules, keywords, or topics, type "modules",
"keywords", or "topics". Each module also comes with a one-line summary
of what it does; to list the modules whose summaries contain a given word
such as "spam", type "modules spam".
help> modules
WARNING:OpenGL.Tk:Expected Tk Togl installation in /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/OpenGL/Tk/togl-linux2-64
Please wait a moment while I gather a list of all available modules...
ANSI
/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/gtk-2.0/gtk/__init__.py:127: RuntimeWarning: PyOS_InputHook is not available for interactive use of PyGTK
set_interactive(1)
_multibytecodec future_builtins random
BaseHTTPServer _multiprocessing gc re
Bastion _osx_support gconf readline
CDROM _pyio genericpath repr
CGIHTTPServer _random getopt requests
Canvas _sha getpass resource
ConfigParser _sha256 gettext rexec
Cookie _sha512 gi rfc822
Crypto _socket gio rlcompleter
DLFCN _sqlite3 glib rmagic
Dialog _sre glob robotparser
DocXMLRPCServer _ssl gobject roman
FSM _strptime grp runpy
FileDialog _struct gtk samba
FixTk _symtable gtkspell sched
HTMLParser _sysconfigdata gtkunixprint screen
IN _sysconfigdata_nd gzip select
IPython _testcapi hashlib serial
Image _threading_local heapq service_identity
ImageChops _tkinter hmac sets
ImageColor _warnings hotshot setuptools
ImageCrackCode _weakref html5lib sgmllib
ImageDraw _weakrefset htmlentitydefs sha
ImageEnhance abc htmllib shelve
ImageFile aifc httplib shlex
ImageFileIO antigravity httplib2 shutil
ImageFilter anydbm idlelib signal
ImageFont appindicator idna simplegeneric
ImageGL apt ihooks sip
ImageGrab apt_inst imaplib sipconfig
ImageMath apt_pkg imghdr sipconfig_nd
ImageOps aptdaemon imp site
ImagePalette aptsources importlib sitecustomize
ImagePath argparse imputil six
ImageQt array indicator_keyboard smtpd
ImageSequence ast inspect smtplib
ImageStat asynchat io sndhdr
ImageTk asyncore ipaddress socket
ImageWin atexit itertools softwarecenter_aptd_plugins
MimeWriter atk jinja2 sphinx
OpenGL audiodev json spwd
OpenSSL audioop jwt sqlite3
PAM autoreload keyword sre
PIL axi ldb sre_compile
PSDraw base64 lib2to3 sre_constants
PngImagePlugin bdb libvboxjxpcom sre_parse
PyQt4 binascii linecache ssl
PySide binhex linuxaudiodev stat
Pyrex bisect locale statvfs
Queue blinker lockfile storemagic
ScrolledText bs4 logging string
SimpleDialog bsddb lsb_release stringold
SimpleHTTPServer bz2 lxml stringprep
SimpleXMLRPCServer cPickle macpath strop
SocketServer cProfile macurl2path struct
StringIO cStringIO mailbox subprocess
TYPES cairo mailcap sunau
Tix calendar markupbase sunaudio
Tkconstants cffi markupsafe symbol
Tkdnd cgi marshal sympyprinting
Tkinter cgitb math symtable
UbuntuSystemService characteristic md5 sys
UserDict chardet mhlib sysconfig
UserList chunk mimetools syslog
UserString cmath mimetypes tabnanny
VBoxAuth cmd mimify talloc
VBoxAuthSimple code mmap tarfile
VBoxDD codecs modulefinder tdb
VBoxDD2 codeop multifile telnetlib
VBoxDDU collections multiprocessing tempfile
VBoxDbg colorama mutex termios
VBoxDragAndDropSvc colorsys ndg test
VBoxGuestControlSvc commands ndiff test_characteristic
VBoxGuestPropSvc compileall netrc textwrap
VBoxHeadless compiler new this
VBoxHostChannel contextlib nis thread
VBoxKeyboard cookielib nntplib threading
VBoxNetDHCP copy ntdb time
VBoxNetNAT copy_reg ntpath timeit
VBoxOGLhostcrutil crypt nturl2path tkColorChooser
VBoxOGLhosterrorspu cryptography numbers tkCommonDialog
VBoxOGLrenderspu csv oauthlib tkFileDialog
VBoxPython ctypes octavemagic tkFont
VBoxPython2_7 cups oneconf tkMessageBox
VBoxREM curl opcode tkSimpleDialog
VBoxRT curses operator toaiff
VBoxSDL cythonmagic optparse token
VBoxSharedClipboard datetime os tokenize
VBoxSharedCrOpenGL dbhash os2emxpath tornado
VBoxSharedFolders dbm ossaudiodev trace
VBoxVMM dbus pango traceback
VBoxVMMPreload deb822 pangocairo ttk
VBoxXPCOM debconf parallelmagic tty
VBoxXPCOMC debian parser turtle
VirtualBox debian_bundle pdb twisted
Xlib debtagshw pexpect types
_LWPCookieJar decimal pickle ubuntu_sso
_MozillaCookieJar decorator pickletools unicodedata
__builtin__ defer pip unittest
__future__ difflib pipes urllib
_abcoll dircache piston_mini_client urllib2
_ast dirspec pkg_resources urllib3
_bisect dis pkgutil urlparse
_bsddb distlib platform user
_cffi_backend distutils plistlib uu
_codecs doctest ply uuid
_codecs_cn docutils popen2 vboxapi
_codecs_hk dsextras poplib vboxshell
_codecs_iso2022 dumbdbm posix virtualenv
_codecs_jp dummy_thread posixfile virtualenv_support
_codecs_kr dummy_threading posixpath warnings
_codecs_tw duplicity pprint wave
_collections easy_install profile weakref
_csv email pstats webbrowser
_ctypes encodings pty wheel
_ctypes_test ensurepip pwd whichdb
_curses enum pxssh wsgiref
_curses_panel errno py_compile xapian
_dbus_bindings exceptions pyasn1 xdg
_dbus_glib_bindings fcntl pyasn1_modules xdiagnose
_elementtree fdpexpect pyclbr xdrlib
_functools filecmp pycparser xml
_hashlib fileinput pycurl xmllib
_heapq fluxgui pydoc xmlrpclib
_hotshot fnmatch pydoc_data xxsubtype
_io formatter pyexpat zim
_json fpectl pygments zipfile
_locale fpformat pygtk zipimport
_lsprof fractions pygtkcompat zlib
_markerlib ftplib pymysql zmq
_md5 functools quopri zope
Enter any module name to get more help. Or, type "modules spam" to search
for modules whose descriptions contain the word "spam".
help> quit()
no Python documentation found for 'quit()'
help> quit
You are now leaving help and returning to the Python interpreter.
If you want to ask for help on a particular object directly from the
interpreter, you can type "help(object)". Executing "help('string')"
has the same effect as typing a particular string at the help> prompt.
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# https://pypi.python.org/pypi
# complete repository of modules.
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# how to use modules.
# importing the module using the name.
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import math
In [3]:
import math1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ImportError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-3-628bade712e2> in <module>()
----> 1 import math1
ImportError: No module named math1
In [4]:
print dir(math)
['__doc__', '__name__', '__package__', 'acos', 'acosh', 'asin', 'asinh', 'atan', 'atan2', 'atanh', 'ceil', 'copysign', 'cos', 'cosh', 'degrees', 'e', 'erf', 'erfc', 'exp', 'expm1', 'fabs', 'factorial', 'floor', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'fsum', 'gamma', 'hypot', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'ldexp', 'lgamma', 'log', 'log10', 'log1p', 'modf', 'pi', 'pow', 'radians', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt', 'tan', 'tanh', 'trunc']
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print math.pi
3.14159265359
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print help(math.pow)
Help on built-in function pow in module math:
pow(...)
pow(x, y)
Return x**y (x to the power of y).
None
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print math.pow(2,3)
8.0
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# importing modules using aliases.
In [9]:
import math as m
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print m.pow(2,3)
8.0
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print m.pi
3.14159265359
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# Making the modules part of our local namespaces
In [4]:
from math import pi,pow
In [6]:
print pi
3.14159265359
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# when using the above method make it a point to not have values with the similar name.
pi=10
print pi
10
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print pow(2,3)
8.0
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# DONT TRY THIS AT HOME OR OFFICE
# from math import *
# NOT RECOMMENED.
Content source: tuxfux-hlp-notes/python-batches
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