In Python, objects can declare their textual representation using the __repr__ method.
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class Ball(object):
pass
b = Ball()
b.__repr__()
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print(b)
Overriding the __repr__ method:
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class Ball(object):
def __repr__(self):
return 'TEST'
b = Ball()
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print(b)
IPython expands on this idea and allows objects to declare other, rich representations including:
A single object can declare some or all of these representations; all of them are handled by IPython's display system. .
The display function is a general purpose tool for displaying different representations of objects. Think of it as print for these rich representations.
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from IPython.display import display
A few points:
display on an object will send all possible representations to the Notebook.If you want to display a particular representation, there are specific functions for that:
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from IPython.display import (
display_pretty, display_html, display_jpeg,
display_png, display_json, display_latex, display_svg
)
To work with images (JPEG, PNG) use the Image class.
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from IPython.display import Image
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i = Image(filename='./ipython-image.png')
display(i)
Returning an Image object from an expression will automatically display it:
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i
An image can also be displayed from raw data or a URL.
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Image(url='http://python.org/images/python-logo.gif')
Python objects can declare HTML representations that will be displayed in the Notebook. If you have some HTML you want to display, simply use the HTML class.
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from IPython.display import HTML
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s = """<table>
<tr>
<th>Header 1</th>
<th>Header 2</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, cell 1</td>
<td>row 2, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>"""
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h = HTML(s)
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display(h)
You can also use the %%html cell magic to accomplish the same thing.
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%%html
<table>
<tr>
<th>Header 1</th>
<th>Header 2</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, cell 1</td>
<td>row 2, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
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%%html
<style>
#notebook {
background-color: skyblue;
font-family: times new roman;
}
</style>
You can remove the abvove styling by using "Cell"$\rightarrow$"Current Output"$\rightarrow$"Clear" with that cell selected.
The Notebook also enables objects to declare a JavaScript representation. At first, this may seem odd as output is inherently visual and JavaScript is a programming language. However, this opens the door for rich output that leverages the full power of JavaScript and associated libraries such as d3.js for output.
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from IPython.display import Javascript
Pass a string of JavaScript source code to the JavaScript object and then display it.
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js = Javascript('alert("hi")');
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display(js)
The same thing can be accomplished using the %%javascript cell magic:
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%%javascript
alert("hi");
Here is a more complicated example that loads d3.js from a CDN, uses the %%html magic to load CSS styles onto the page and then runs ones of the d3.js examples.
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Javascript(
"""$.getScript('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/d3/3.2.2/d3.v3.min.js')"""
)
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%%html
<style type="text/css">
circle {
fill: rgb(31, 119, 180);
fill-opacity: .25;
stroke: rgb(31, 119, 180);
stroke-width: 1px;
}
.leaf circle {
fill: #ff7f0e;
fill-opacity: 1;
}
text {
font: 10px sans-serif;
}
</style>
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%%javascript
// element is the jQuery element we will append to
var e = element.get(0);
var diameter = 600,
format = d3.format(",d");
var pack = d3.layout.pack()
.size([diameter - 4, diameter - 4])
.value(function(d) { return d.size; });
var svg = d3.select(e).append("svg")
.attr("width", diameter)
.attr("height", diameter)
.append("g")
.attr("transform", "translate(2,2)");
d3.json("./flare.json", function(error, root) {
var node = svg.datum(root).selectAll(".node")
.data(pack.nodes)
.enter().append("g")
.attr("class", function(d) { return d.children ? "node" : "leaf node"; })
.attr("transform", function(d) { return "translate(" + d.x + "," + d.y + ")"; });
node.append("title")
.text(function(d) { return d.name + (d.children ? "" : ": " + format(d.size)); });
node.append("circle")
.attr("r", function(d) { return d.r; });
node.filter(function(d) { return !d.children; }).append("text")
.attr("dy", ".3em")
.style("text-anchor", "middle")
.text(function(d) { return d.name.substring(0, d.r / 3); });
});
d3.select(self.frameElement).style("height", diameter + "px");
IPython makes it easy to work with sounds interactively. The Audio display class allows you to create an audio control that is embedded in the Notebook. The interface is analogous to the interface of the Image display class. All audio formats supported by the browser can be used. Note that no single format is presently supported in all browsers.
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from IPython.display import Audio
Audio("./scrubjay.mp3")
A NumPy array can be converted to audio. The Audio class normalizes and encodes the data and embeds the resulting audio in the Notebook.
For instance, when two sine waves with almost the same frequency are superimposed a phenomena known as beats occur:
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import numpy as np
max_time = 3
f1 = 120.0
f2 = 124.0
rate = 8000.0
L = 3
times = np.linspace(0,L,rate*L)
signal = np.sin(2*np.pi*f1*times) + np.sin(2*np.pi*f2*times)
Audio(data=signal, rate=rate)
More exotic objects can also be displayed, as long as their representation supports the IPython display protocol. For example, videos hosted externally on YouTube are easy to load:
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from IPython.display import YouTubeVideo
YouTubeVideo('sjfsUzECqK0')
You can even embed an entire page from another site in an iframe; for example this is IPython's home page:
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from IPython.display import IFrame
IFrame('https://ipython.org', width='100%', height=350)
IPython provides builtin display classes for generating links to local files. Create a link to a single file using the FileLink object:
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from IPython.display import FileLink, FileLinks
FileLink('../Visualization/Matplotlib.ipynb')
Alternatively, to generate links to all of the files in a directory, use the FileLinks object, passing '.' to indicate that we want links generated for the current working directory. Note that if there were other directories under the current directory, FileLinks would work in a recursive manner creating links to files in all sub-directories as well.
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FileLinks('./')
Much of the power of the Notebook is that it enables users to share notebooks with each other using http://nbviewer.ipython.org, without installing IPython locally. As of IPython 2.0, notebooks rendered on nbviewer will display all output, including HTML and JavaScript. Furthermore, to provide a consistent JavaScript environment on the live Notebook and nbviewer, the following JavaScript libraries are loaded onto the nbviewer page, before the notebook and its output is displayed:
Libraries such as mpld3 use these capabilities to generate interactive visualizations that work on nbviewer.