In [1]:

    

a = 123


    

In [2]:

    

b = 'abc'


    

In [3]:

    

print('{} and {}'.format(a, b))


    

    




123 and abc

In [4]:

    

print('{first} and {second}'.format(first=a, second=b))


    

    




123 and abc

In [5]:

    

print(f'{a} and {b}')


    

    




123 and abc

In [6]:

    

print(F'{a} and {b}')


    

    




123 and abc

In [7]:

    

print(f"{a} and {b}")


    

    




123 and abc

In [8]:

    

print(f'''{a} and {b}''')


    

    




123 and abc

In [9]:

    

print(f"""{a} and {b}""")


    

    




123 and abc

In [10]:

    

s = 'abc'


    

In [11]:

    

print(f'right : {s:_>8}')
print(f'center: {s:_^8}')
print(f'left  : {s:_<8}')


    

    




right : _____abc
center: __abc___
left  : abc_____

In [12]:

    

i = 1234


    

In [13]:

    

print(f'zero padding: {i:08}')


    

    




zero padding: 00001234

In [14]:

    

print(f'comma: {i:,}')


    

    




comma: 1,234

In [15]:

    

print(f'bin: {i:b}')
print(f'oct: {i:o}')
print(f'hex: {i:x}')


    

    




bin: 10011010010
oct: 2322
hex: 4d2

In [16]:

    

print(f'bin: {i:#b}')
print(f'oct: {i:#o}')
print(f'hex: {i:#x}')


    

    




bin: 0b10011010010
oct: 0o2322
hex: 0x4d2

In [17]:

    

f = 12.3456


    

In [18]:

    

print(f'digit(decimal): {f:.3f}')
print(f'digit(all)    : {f:.3g}')


    

    




digit(decimal): 12.346
digit(all)    : 12.3

In [19]:

    

print(f'exponen: {f:.3e}')


    

    




exponen: 1.235e+01

In [20]:

    

f = 0.123

print(f'percent: {f:.2%}')


    

    




percent: 12.30%

In [21]:

    

n = 123


    

In [22]:

    

print(f'{{}}-{n}-{{{n}}}')


    

    




{}-123-{123}

In [23]:

    

n = 123
i = 8


    

In [24]:

    

print('{n:0{i}}'.format(n=n, i=i))


    

    




00000123

In [25]:

    

print(f'{n:0{i}}')


    

    




00000123

In [26]:

    

f = 1.2345

for i in range(5):
    print(f'{f:.{i}f}')


    

    




1
1.2
1.23
1.234
1.2345

In [27]:

    

print('x\ty')


    

    




x	y

In [28]:

    

print(r'x\ty')


    

    




x\ty

In [29]:

    

x = 'XXX'
y = 'YYY'


    

In [30]:

    

print(f'{x}\t{y}')


    

    




XXX	YYY

In [31]:

    

print(rf'{x}\t{y}')


    

    




XXX\tYYY

In [32]:

    

print(fr'{x}\t{y}')


    

    




XXX\tYYY

In [33]:

    

a = 3
b = 4


    

In [34]:

    

# print('{a} + {b} = {a + b}'.format(a=a, b=b))
# KeyError: 'a + b'


    

In [35]:

    

print(f'{a} + {b} = {a + b}')


    

    




3 + 4 = 7

In [36]:

    

print(f'{a} * {b} = {a * b}')


    

    




3 * 4 = 12

In [37]:

    

print(f'{a} / {b} = {a / b:.2e}')


    

    




3 / 4 = 7.50e-01

In [38]:

    

d = {'key1': 3, 'key2': 4}


    

In [39]:

    

print('{0[key1]}, {0[key2]}'.format(d))


    

    




3, 4

In [40]:

    

# print('{0["key1"]}, {0["key2"]}'.format(d))
# KeyError: '"key1"'


    

In [41]:

    

print(f'{d["key1"]}, {d["key2"]}')


    

    




3, 4

In [42]:

    

# print(f'{d[key1]}, {d[key2]}')
# NameError: name 'key1' is not defined


    

In [43]:

    

# print(f'{d['key1']}, {d['key2']}')
# SyntaxError: invalid syntax


    

In [44]:

    

print(f"{d['key1']}, {d['key2']}")


    

    




3, 4

In [45]:

    

# print(f'{d[\'key1\']}, {d[\'key2\']}')
# SyntaxError: f-string expression part cannot include a backslash