In [1]:
print (10/0)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ZeroDivisionError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-1-5bb9f1de3b2f> in <module>()
----> 1 print (10/0)
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
The try instruction allows exception handling in Python. If an exception occurs in a block marked by try, it is possible to handle the exception through the instruction except. It is possible to have many except blocks for the same try block.
In [4]:
try:
print (1/0)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print ('Error trying to divide by zero.')
Error trying to divide by zero.
In [3]:
try:
print (1/0)
except:
print ('Error trying to divide by zero.')
Error trying to divide by zero.
In [8]:
try:
print (1/0)
except Exception:
# Please put the ex.message in some logfile instead of on the console
print ('Error trying to divide by zero.', Exception)
Error trying to divide by zero. <class 'Exception'>
If except receives the name of an exception, only that exception will be handled. If no exception name is passed as a parameter, all exceptions will be handled.
Example:
In [9]:
import sys
try:
print("... TESTing.. ")
with open('myfile.txt', "w") as myFile:
for a in ["a", "b", "c"]:
myFile.write(str(a))
for a in [1,2,3,4,5,"6"]:
myFile.write(str(a))
f = open('myfile.txt')
s = f.readline()
i = int(s.strip())
# raise Exception("Test Exception")
except OSError as err:
print("OS error: {0}".format(err))
except ValueError:
print("Could not convert data to an integer.")
raise
except:
print("Unexpected error:", sys.exc_info())
try:
print(1/0)
except:
print("Hallo, Ja")
raise
... TESTing..
Could not convert data to an integer.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-9-01bed107921b> in <module>()
11 f = open('myfile.txt')
12 s = f.readline()
---> 13 i = int(s.strip())
14 # raise Exception("Test Exception")
15 except OSError as err:
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'abc123456'
In [7]:
int("2A")
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-7-6bf7caee5bc8> in <module>()
----> 1 int("2A")
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '2A'
In [9]:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Fri Aug 5 08:50:42 2016
@author: mayankjohri@gmail.com
"""
import traceback
# Try to get a file name
try:
fn = input('File Name (temp.txt): ').strip()
# Numbering lines
for i, s in enumerate(open(fn)):
print( i + 1,"> ", s,)
# If an error happens
except:
# Show it on the screen
trace = traceback.format_exc()
# And save it on a file
print ('An error happened:\n', trace)
with open("trace_asd.log", "a+") as file:
file.write(trace)
# file('trace_asd.log', 'a').write(trace)
# end the program
# raise SystemExit
File Name (temp.txt): temp.txt
('An error happened:\n', u'Traceback (most recent call last):\n File "<ipython-input-9-68a5bc7bcc47>", line 11, in <module>\n fn = input(\'File Name (temp.txt): \').strip()\n File "/home/mayank/.local/lib64/python2.7/site-packages/ipykernel/ipkernel.py", line 164, in <lambda>\n builtin_mod.input = lambda prompt=\'\': eval(self.raw_input(prompt))\n File "<string>", line 1, in <module>\nNameError: name \'temp\' is not defined\n')
In [ ]:
In [ ]:
The module traceback offers functions for dealing with error messages. The function format_exc() returns the output of the last exception formatted in a string.
The handling of exceptions may have an else block, which will be executed when no exception occurs and a finally block, which will be executed anyway, whether an exception occurred or not. New types of exceptions may be defined through inheritance of the class Exception.
Since version 2.6, the instruction with is available, that may replace the combination of try / finally in many situations. It is possible to define an object that will be used during the with block execution. The object will support the context management protocol, which means that it will need to have an __enter__() method, which will be executed at the beginning of the block, and another called __exit__(), which will be called at the end of the block.
Example:
In [11]:
def do_some_stuff():
print("Doing some stuff")
def do_some_stuff_e():
print("Doing some stuff and will now raise error")
raise ValueError('A very specific bad thing happened')
def rollback():
print("reverting the changes")
def commit():
print("commiting the changes")
print("Testing")
try:
# do_some_stuff()
do_some_stuff_e()
except:
rollback()
# raise
else:
commit()
finally:
print("Exiting out")
# #### ERROR Condtion
# Testing
# try block
# Doing some stuff and will now raise error
# except block
# reverting the changes
# Finally block
# Exiting out
# NO ERROR
# Testing
# Try block
# Doing some stuff
# else block
# commiting the changes
# finally block
# Exiting out
Testing
Doing some stuff and will now raise error
reverting the changes
Exiting out
In [ ]:
In [12]:
class HostNotFound(Exception):
def __init__( self, host ):
self.host = host
Exception.__init__(self, 'Host Not Found exception: missing %s' % host)
try:
raise HostNotFound("gitpub.com")
except HostNotFound as hcf:
# Handle exception.
print (hcf) # -> 'Host Not Found exception: missing taoriver.net'
print (hcf.host) # -> 'gitpub.net'
Host Not Found exception: missing gitpub.com
gitpub.com
In [ ]:
In [17]:
try:
fh = open("nonexisting.txt", "r")
try:
fh.write("This is my test file for exception handling!!")
print(1/0)
except:
print("Caught error message")
finally:
print ("Going to close the file")
fh.close()
except IOError:
print ("Error: can\'t find file or read data")
Error: can't find file or read data
In [32]:
try:
# fh = open("nonexisting.txt", "r")
try:
fh.write("This is my test file for exception handling!!")
print(1/0)
except:
print("Caught error message")
raise
finally:
print ("Going to close the file")
fh.close()
except:
print ("Error: can\'t find file or read data")
Caught error message
Going to close the file
Error: can't find file or read data
In [ ]:
In [33]:
try:
# fh = open("nonexisting.txt", "r")
try:
# fh.write("This is my test file for exception handling!!")
print(1/0)
except:
print("Caught error message")
finally:
print ("Going to close the file")
# fh.close()print(1/0)
print(1/0)
except :
print ("Error: can\'t find file or read data")
raise
Caught error message
Going to close the file
Error: can't find file or read data
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ZeroDivisionError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-33-b22e4735bef5> in <module>()
9 print ("Going to close the file")
10 # fh.close()print(1/0)
---> 11 print(1/0)
12 except :
13 print ("Error: can\'t find file or read data")
ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero
The class hierarchy for built-in exceptions is:
BaseException
+-- SystemExit
+-- KeyboardInterrupt
+-- GeneratorExit
+-- Exception
+-- StopIteration
+-- StopAsyncIteration
+-- ArithmeticError
| +-- FloatingPointError
| +-- OverflowError
| +-- ZeroDivisionError
+-- AssertionError
+-- AttributeError
+-- BufferError
+-- EOFError
+-- ImportError
+-- LookupError
| +-- IndexError
| +-- KeyError
+-- MemoryError
+-- NameError
| +-- UnboundLocalError
+-- OSError
| +-- BlockingIOError
| +-- ChildProcessError
| +-- ConnectionError
| | +-- BrokenPipeError
| | +-- ConnectionAbortedError
| | +-- ConnectionRefusedError
| | +-- ConnectionResetError
| +-- FileExistsError
| +-- FileNotFoundError
| +-- InterruptedError
| +-- IsADirectoryError
| +-- NotADirectoryError
| +-- PermissionError
| +-- ProcessLookupError
| +-- TimeoutError
+-- ReferenceError
+-- RuntimeError
| +-- NotImplementedError
| +-- RecursionError
+-- SyntaxError
| +-- IndentationError
| +-- TabError
+-- SystemError
+-- TypeError
+-- ValueError
| +-- UnicodeError
| +-- UnicodeDecodeError
| +-- UnicodeEncodeError
| +-- UnicodeTranslateError
+-- Warning
+-- DeprecationWarning
+-- PendingDeprecationWarning
+-- RuntimeWarning
+-- SyntaxWarning
+-- UserWarning
+-- FutureWarning
+-- ImportWarning
+-- UnicodeWarning
+-- BytesWarning
+-- ResourceWarning
In [12]:
import inspect
inspect.getclasstree(inspect.getmro(Exception))
Out[12]:
[(object, ()), [(BaseException, (object,)), [(Exception, (BaseException,))]]]
In [13]:
Help on module inspect:
NAME
inspect - Get useful information from live Python objects.
DESCRIPTION
This module encapsulates the interface provided by the internal special
attributes (co_*, im_*, tb_*, etc.) in a friendlier fashion.
It also provides some help for examining source code and class layout.
Here are some of the useful functions provided by this module:
ismodule(), isclass(), ismethod(), isfunction(), isgeneratorfunction(),
isgenerator(), istraceback(), isframe(), iscode(), isbuiltin(),
isroutine() - check object types
getmembers() - get members of an object that satisfy a given condition
getfile(), getsourcefile(), getsource() - find an object's source code
getdoc(), getcomments() - get documentation on an object
getmodule() - determine the module that an object came from
getclasstree() - arrange classes so as to represent their hierarchy
getargspec(), getargvalues(), getcallargs() - get info about function arguments
getfullargspec() - same, with support for Python-3000 features
formatargspec(), formatargvalues() - format an argument spec
getouterframes(), getinnerframes() - get info about frames
currentframe() - get the current stack frame
stack(), trace() - get info about frames on the stack or in a traceback
signature() - get a Signature object for the callable
CLASSES
builtins.Exception(builtins.BaseException)
EndOfBlock
builtins.object
BlockFinder
BoundArguments
Parameter
Signature
builtins.tuple(builtins.object)
ArgInfo
ArgSpec
Arguments
Attribute
ClosureVars
FullArgSpec
ModuleInfo
Traceback
class ArgInfo(builtins.tuple)
| ArgInfo(args, varargs, keywords, locals)
|
| Method resolution order:
| ArgInfo
| builtins.tuple
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __getnewargs__(self)
| Return self as a plain tuple. Used by copy and pickle.
|
| __repr__(self)
| Return a nicely formatted representation string
|
| _asdict(self)
| Return a new OrderedDict which maps field names to their values.
|
| _replace(_self, **kwds)
| Return a new ArgInfo object replacing specified fields with new values
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| _make(iterable, new=<built-in method __new__ of type object at 0x7f021d0de700>, len=<built-in function len>) from builtins.type
| Make a new ArgInfo object from a sequence or iterable
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(_cls, args, varargs, keywords, locals)
| Create new instance of ArgInfo(args, varargs, keywords, locals)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| args
| Alias for field number 0
|
| keywords
| Alias for field number 2
|
| locals
| Alias for field number 3
|
| varargs
| Alias for field number 1
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| _fields = ('args', 'varargs', 'keywords', 'locals')
|
| _source = "from builtins import property as _property, tupl..._itemget...
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return key in self.
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.n
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| count(...)
| T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value
|
| index(...)
| T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
class ArgSpec(builtins.tuple)
| ArgSpec(args, varargs, keywords, defaults)
|
| Method resolution order:
| ArgSpec
| builtins.tuple
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __getnewargs__(self)
| Return self as a plain tuple. Used by copy and pickle.
|
| __repr__(self)
| Return a nicely formatted representation string
|
| _asdict(self)
| Return a new OrderedDict which maps field names to their values.
|
| _replace(_self, **kwds)
| Return a new ArgSpec object replacing specified fields with new values
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| _make(iterable, new=<built-in method __new__ of type object at 0x7f021d0de700>, len=<built-in function len>) from builtins.type
| Make a new ArgSpec object from a sequence or iterable
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(_cls, args, varargs, keywords, defaults)
| Create new instance of ArgSpec(args, varargs, keywords, defaults)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| args
| Alias for field number 0
|
| defaults
| Alias for field number 3
|
| keywords
| Alias for field number 2
|
| varargs
| Alias for field number 1
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| _fields = ('args', 'varargs', 'keywords', 'defaults')
|
| _source = "from builtins import property as _property, tupl..._itemget...
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return key in self.
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.n
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| count(...)
| T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value
|
| index(...)
| T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
class Arguments(builtins.tuple)
| Arguments(args, varargs, varkw)
|
| Method resolution order:
| Arguments
| builtins.tuple
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __getnewargs__(self)
| Return self as a plain tuple. Used by copy and pickle.
|
| __repr__(self)
| Return a nicely formatted representation string
|
| _asdict(self)
| Return a new OrderedDict which maps field names to their values.
|
| _replace(_self, **kwds)
| Return a new Arguments object replacing specified fields with new values
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| _make(iterable, new=<built-in method __new__ of type object at 0x7f021d0de700>, len=<built-in function len>) from builtins.type
| Make a new Arguments object from a sequence or iterable
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(_cls, args, varargs, varkw)
| Create new instance of Arguments(args, varargs, varkw)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| args
| Alias for field number 0
|
| varargs
| Alias for field number 1
|
| varkw
| Alias for field number 2
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| _fields = ('args', 'varargs', 'varkw')
|
| _source = "from builtins import property as _property, tupl..._itemget...
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return key in self.
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.n
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| count(...)
| T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value
|
| index(...)
| T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
class Attribute(builtins.tuple)
| Attribute(name, kind, defining_class, object)
|
| Method resolution order:
| Attribute
| builtins.tuple
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __getnewargs__(self)
| Return self as a plain tuple. Used by copy and pickle.
|
| __repr__(self)
| Return a nicely formatted representation string
|
| _asdict(self)
| Return a new OrderedDict which maps field names to their values.
|
| _replace(_self, **kwds)
| Return a new Attribute object replacing specified fields with new values
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| _make(iterable, new=<built-in method __new__ of type object at 0x7f021d0de700>, len=<built-in function len>) from builtins.type
| Make a new Attribute object from a sequence or iterable
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(_cls, name, kind, defining_class, object)
| Create new instance of Attribute(name, kind, defining_class, object)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| defining_class
| Alias for field number 2
|
| kind
| Alias for field number 1
|
| name
| Alias for field number 0
|
| object
| Alias for field number 3
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| _fields = ('name', 'kind', 'defining_class', 'object')
|
| _source = "from builtins import property as _property, tupl..._itemget...
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return key in self.
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.n
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| count(...)
| T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value
|
| index(...)
| T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
class BlockFinder(builtins.object)
| Provide a tokeneater() method to detect the end of a code block.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self)
|
| tokeneater(self, type, token, srowcol, erowcol, line)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __dict__
| dictionary for instance variables (if defined)
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object (if defined)
class BoundArguments(builtins.object)
| Result of `Signature.bind` call. Holds the mapping of arguments
| to the function's parameters.
|
| Has the following public attributes:
|
| * arguments : OrderedDict
| An ordered mutable mapping of parameters' names to arguments' values.
| Does not contain arguments' default values.
| * signature : Signature
| The Signature object that created this instance.
| * args : tuple
| Tuple of positional arguments values.
| * kwargs : dict
| Dict of keyword arguments values.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __eq__(self, other)
|
| __init__(self, signature, arguments)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __dict__
| dictionary for instance variables (if defined)
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object (if defined)
|
| args
|
| kwargs
|
| signature
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __hash__ = None
class ClosureVars(builtins.tuple)
| ClosureVars(nonlocals, globals, builtins, unbound)
|
| Method resolution order:
| ClosureVars
| builtins.tuple
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __getnewargs__(self)
| Return self as a plain tuple. Used by copy and pickle.
|
| __repr__(self)
| Return a nicely formatted representation string
|
| _asdict(self)
| Return a new OrderedDict which maps field names to their values.
|
| _replace(_self, **kwds)
| Return a new ClosureVars object replacing specified fields with new values
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| _make(iterable, new=<built-in method __new__ of type object at 0x7f021d0de700>, len=<built-in function len>) from builtins.type
| Make a new ClosureVars object from a sequence or iterable
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(_cls, nonlocals, globals, builtins, unbound)
| Create new instance of ClosureVars(nonlocals, globals, builtins, unbound)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| builtins
| Alias for field number 2
|
| globals
| Alias for field number 1
|
| nonlocals
| Alias for field number 0
|
| unbound
| Alias for field number 3
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| _fields = ('nonlocals', 'globals', 'builtins', 'unbound')
|
| _source = "from builtins import property as _property, tupl..._itemget...
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return key in self.
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.n
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| count(...)
| T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value
|
| index(...)
| T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
class EndOfBlock(builtins.Exception)
| Method resolution order:
| EndOfBlock
| builtins.Exception
| builtins.BaseException
| builtins.object
|
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object (if defined)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.Exception:
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.BaseException:
|
| __delattr__(self, name, /)
| Implement delattr(self, name).
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __reduce__(...)
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setattr__(self, name, value, /)
| Implement setattr(self, name, value).
|
| __setstate__(...)
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
| with_traceback(...)
| Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
| set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from builtins.BaseException:
|
| __cause__
| exception cause
|
| __context__
| exception context
|
| __dict__
|
| __suppress_context__
|
| __traceback__
|
| args
class FullArgSpec(builtins.tuple)
| FullArgSpec(args, varargs, varkw, defaults, kwonlyargs, kwonlydefaults, annotations)
|
| Method resolution order:
| FullArgSpec
| builtins.tuple
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __getnewargs__(self)
| Return self as a plain tuple. Used by copy and pickle.
|
| __repr__(self)
| Return a nicely formatted representation string
|
| _asdict(self)
| Return a new OrderedDict which maps field names to their values.
|
| _replace(_self, **kwds)
| Return a new FullArgSpec object replacing specified fields with new values
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| _make(iterable, new=<built-in method __new__ of type object at 0x7f021d0de700>, len=<built-in function len>) from builtins.type
| Make a new FullArgSpec object from a sequence or iterable
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(_cls, args, varargs, varkw, defaults, kwonlyargs, kwonlydefaults, annotations)
| Create new instance of FullArgSpec(args, varargs, varkw, defaults, kwonlyargs, kwonlydefaults, annotations)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| annotations
| Alias for field number 6
|
| args
| Alias for field number 0
|
| defaults
| Alias for field number 3
|
| kwonlyargs
| Alias for field number 4
|
| kwonlydefaults
| Alias for field number 5
|
| varargs
| Alias for field number 1
|
| varkw
| Alias for field number 2
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| _fields = ('args', 'varargs', 'varkw', 'defaults', 'kwonlyargs', 'kwon...
|
| _source = "from builtins import property as _property, tupl..._itemget...
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return key in self.
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.n
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| count(...)
| T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value
|
| index(...)
| T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
class ModuleInfo(builtins.tuple)
| ModuleInfo(name, suffix, mode, module_type)
|
| Method resolution order:
| ModuleInfo
| builtins.tuple
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __getnewargs__(self)
| Return self as a plain tuple. Used by copy and pickle.
|
| __repr__(self)
| Return a nicely formatted representation string
|
| _asdict(self)
| Return a new OrderedDict which maps field names to their values.
|
| _replace(_self, **kwds)
| Return a new ModuleInfo object replacing specified fields with new values
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| _make(iterable, new=<built-in method __new__ of type object at 0x7f021d0de700>, len=<built-in function len>) from builtins.type
| Make a new ModuleInfo object from a sequence or iterable
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(_cls, name, suffix, mode, module_type)
| Create new instance of ModuleInfo(name, suffix, mode, module_type)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| mode
| Alias for field number 2
|
| module_type
| Alias for field number 3
|
| name
| Alias for field number 0
|
| suffix
| Alias for field number 1
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| _fields = ('name', 'suffix', 'mode', 'module_type')
|
| _source = "from builtins import property as _property, tupl..._itemget...
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return key in self.
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.n
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| count(...)
| T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value
|
| index(...)
| T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
| Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
class Parameter(builtins.object)
| Represents a parameter in a function signature.
|
| Has the following public attributes:
|
| * name : str
| The name of the parameter as a string.
| * default : object
| The default value for the parameter if specified. If the
| parameter has no default value, this attribute is set to
| `Parameter.empty`.
| * annotation
| The annotation for the parameter if specified. If the
| parameter has no annotation, this attribute is set to
| `Parameter.empty`.
| * kind : str
| Describes how argument values are bound to the parameter.
| Possible values: `Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY`,
| `Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD`, `Parameter.VAR_POSITIONAL`,
| `Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY`, `Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD`.
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __eq__(self, other)
|
| __init__(self, name, kind, *, default, annotation)
|
| __repr__(self)
|
| __str__(self)
|
| replace(self, *, name=<class 'inspect._void'>, kind=<class 'inspect._void'>, annotation=<class 'inspect._void'>, default=<class 'inspect._void'>)
| Creates a customized copy of the Parameter.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| annotation
|
| default
|
| kind
|
| name
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| KEYWORD_ONLY = <_ParameterKind: 'KEYWORD_ONLY'>
|
| POSITIONAL_ONLY = <_ParameterKind: 'POSITIONAL_ONLY'>
|
| POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD = <_ParameterKind: 'POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD'>
|
| VAR_KEYWORD = <_ParameterKind: 'VAR_KEYWORD'>
|
| VAR_POSITIONAL = <_ParameterKind: 'VAR_POSITIONAL'>
|
| __hash__ = None
|
| empty = <class 'inspect._empty'>
class Signature(builtins.object)
| A Signature object represents the overall signature of a function.
| It stores a Parameter object for each parameter accepted by the
| function, as well as information specific to the function itself.
|
| A Signature object has the following public attributes and methods:
|
| * parameters : OrderedDict
| An ordered mapping of parameters' names to the corresponding
| Parameter objects (keyword-only arguments are in the same order
| as listed in `code.co_varnames`).
| * return_annotation : object
| The annotation for the return type of the function if specified.
| If the function has no annotation for its return type, this
| attribute is set to `Signature.empty`.
| * bind(*args, **kwargs) -> BoundArguments
| Creates a mapping from positional and keyword arguments to
| parameters.
| * bind_partial(*args, **kwargs) -> BoundArguments
| Creates a partial mapping from positional and keyword arguments
| to parameters (simulating 'functools.partial' behavior.)
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __eq__(self, other)
|
| __init__(self, parameters=None, *, return_annotation, __validate_parameters__=True)
| Constructs Signature from the given list of Parameter
| objects and 'return_annotation'. All arguments are optional.
|
| __str__(self)
|
| bind(*args, **kwargs)
| Get a BoundArguments object, that maps the passed `args`
| and `kwargs` to the function's signature. Raises `TypeError`
| if the passed arguments can not be bound.
|
| bind_partial(*args, **kwargs)
| Get a BoundArguments object, that partially maps the
| passed `args` and `kwargs` to the function's signature.
| Raises `TypeError` if the passed arguments can not be bound.
|
| replace(self, *, parameters=<class 'inspect._void'>, return_annotation=<class 'inspect._void'>)
| Creates a customized copy of the Signature.
| Pass 'parameters' and/or 'return_annotation' arguments
| to override them in the new copy.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| from_builtin(func) from builtins.type
|
| from_function(func) from builtins.type
| Constructs Signature for the given python function
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| parameters
|
| return_annotation
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __hash__ = None
|
| empty = <class 'inspect._empty'>
class Traceback(builtins.tuple)
| Traceback(filename, lineno, function, code_context, index)
|
| Method resolution order:
| Traceback
| builtins.tuple
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __getnewargs__(self)
| Return self as a plain tuple. Used by copy and pickle.
|
| __repr__(self)
| Return a nicely formatted representation string
|
| _asdict(self)
| Return a new OrderedDict which maps field names to their values.
|
| _replace(_self, **kwds)
| Return a new Traceback object replacing specified fields with new values
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class methods defined here:
|
| _make(iterable, new=<built-in method __new__ of type object at 0x7f021d0de700>, len=<built-in function len>) from builtins.type
| Make a new Traceback object from a sequence or iterable
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(_cls, filename, lineno, function, code_context, index)
| Create new instance of Traceback(filename, lineno, function, code_context, index)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| code_context
| Alias for field number 3
|
| filename
| Alias for field number 0
|
| function
| Alias for field number 2
|
| index
| Alias for field number 4
|
| lineno
| Alias for field number 1
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| _fields = ('filename', 'lineno', 'function', 'code_context', 'index')
|
| _source = "from builtins import property as _property, tupl..._itemget...
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __contains__(self, key, /)
| Return key in self.
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getitem__(self, key, /)
| Return self[key].
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __iter__(self, /)
| Implement iter(self).
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __len__(self, /)
| Return len(self).
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.n
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| count(...)
| T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value
FUNCTIONS
classify_class_attrs(cls)
Return list of attribute-descriptor tuples.
For each name in dir(cls), the return list contains a 4-tuple
with these elements:
0. The name (a string).
1. The kind of attribute this is, one of these strings:
'class method' created via classmethod()
'static method' created via staticmethod()
'property' created via property()
'method' any other flavor of method or descriptor
'data' not a method
2. The class which defined this attribute (a class).
3. The object as obtained by calling getattr; if this fails, or if the
resulting object does not live anywhere in the class' mro (including
metaclasses) then the object is looked up in the defining class's
dict (found by walking the mro).
If one of the items in dir(cls) is stored in the metaclass it will now
be discovered and not have None be listed as the class in which it was
defined. Any items whose home class cannot be discovered are skipped.
cleandoc(doc)
Clean up indentation from docstrings.
Any whitespace that can be uniformly removed from the second line
onwards is removed.
currentframe()
Return the frame of the caller or None if this is not possible.
findsource(object)
Return the entire source file and starting line number for an object.
The argument may be a module, class, method, function, traceback, frame,
or code object. The source code is returned as a list of all the lines
in the file and the line number indexes a line in that list. An OSError
is raised if the source code cannot be retrieved.
formatannotation(annotation, base_module=None)
formatannotationrelativeto(object)
formatargspec(args, varargs=None, varkw=None, defaults=None, kwonlyargs=(), kwonlydefaults={}, annotations={}, formatarg=<class 'str'>, formatvarargs=<function <lambda> at 0x7f021a7e6598>, formatvarkw=<function <lambda> at 0x7f021a7e6620>, formatvalue=<function <lambda> at 0x7f021a7e66a8>, formatreturns=<function <lambda> at 0x7f021a7e6730>, formatannotation=<function formatannotation at 0x7f021a7e6488>)
Format an argument spec from the values returned by getargspec
or getfullargspec.
The first seven arguments are (args, varargs, varkw, defaults,
kwonlyargs, kwonlydefaults, annotations). The other five arguments
are the corresponding optional formatting functions that are called to
turn names and values into strings. The last argument is an optional
function to format the sequence of arguments.
formatargvalues(args, varargs, varkw, locals, formatarg=<class 'str'>, formatvarargs=<function <lambda> at 0x7f021a7e6840>, formatvarkw=<function <lambda> at 0x7f021a7e68c8>, formatvalue=<function <lambda> at 0x7f021a7e6950>)
Format an argument spec from the 4 values returned by getargvalues.
The first four arguments are (args, varargs, varkw, locals). The
next four arguments are the corresponding optional formatting functions
that are called to turn names and values into strings. The ninth
argument is an optional function to format the sequence of arguments.
getabsfile(object, _filename=None)
Return an absolute path to the source or compiled file for an object.
The idea is for each object to have a unique origin, so this routine
normalizes the result as much as possible.
getargs(co)
Get information about the arguments accepted by a code object.
Three things are returned: (args, varargs, varkw), where
'args' is the list of argument names. Keyword-only arguments are
appended. 'varargs' and 'varkw' are the names of the * and **
arguments or None.
getargspec(func)
Get the names and default values of a function's arguments.
A tuple of four things is returned: (args, varargs, varkw, defaults).
'args' is a list of the argument names.
'args' will include keyword-only argument names.
'varargs' and 'varkw' are the names of the * and ** arguments or None.
'defaults' is an n-tuple of the default values of the last n arguments.
Use the getfullargspec() API for Python-3000 code, as annotations
and keyword arguments are supported. getargspec() will raise ValueError
if the func has either annotations or keyword arguments.
getargvalues(frame)
Get information about arguments passed into a particular frame.
A tuple of four things is returned: (args, varargs, varkw, locals).
'args' is a list of the argument names.
'varargs' and 'varkw' are the names of the * and ** arguments or None.
'locals' is the locals dictionary of the given frame.
getattr_static(obj, attr, default=<object object at 0x7f021bf710b0>)
Retrieve attributes without triggering dynamic lookup via the
descriptor protocol, __getattr__ or __getattribute__.
Note: this function may not be able to retrieve all attributes
that getattr can fetch (like dynamically created attributes)
and may find attributes that getattr can't (like descriptors
that raise AttributeError). It can also return descriptor objects
instead of instance members in some cases. See the
documentation for details.
getblock(lines)
Extract the block of code at the top of the given list of lines.
getcallargs(*func_and_positional, **named)
Get the mapping of arguments to values.
A dict is returned, with keys the function argument names (including the
names of the * and ** arguments, if any), and values the respective bound
values from 'positional' and 'named'.
getclasstree(classes, unique=False)
Arrange the given list of classes into a hierarchy of nested lists.
Where a nested list appears, it contains classes derived from the class
whose entry immediately precedes the list. Each entry is a 2-tuple
containing a class and a tuple of its base classes. If the 'unique'
argument is true, exactly one entry appears in the returned structure
for each class in the given list. Otherwise, classes using multiple
inheritance and their descendants will appear multiple times.
getclosurevars(func)
Get the mapping of free variables to their current values.
Returns a named tuple of dicts mapping the current nonlocal, global
and builtin references as seen by the body of the function. A final
set of unbound names that could not be resolved is also provided.
getcomments(object)
Get lines of comments immediately preceding an object's source code.
Returns None when source can't be found.
getdoc(object)
Get the documentation string for an object.
All tabs are expanded to spaces. To clean up docstrings that are
indented to line up with blocks of code, any whitespace than can be
uniformly removed from the second line onwards is removed.
getfile(object)
Work out which source or compiled file an object was defined in.
getframeinfo(frame, context=1)
Get information about a frame or traceback object.
A tuple of five things is returned: the filename, the line number of
the current line, the function name, a list of lines of context from
the source code, and the index of the current line within that list.
The optional second argument specifies the number of lines of context
to return, which are centered around the current line.
getfullargspec(func)
Get the names and default values of a callable object's arguments.
A tuple of seven things is returned:
(args, varargs, varkw, defaults, kwonlyargs, kwonlydefaults annotations).
'args' is a list of the argument names.
'varargs' and 'varkw' are the names of the * and ** arguments or None.
'defaults' is an n-tuple of the default values of the last n arguments.
'kwonlyargs' is a list of keyword-only argument names.
'kwonlydefaults' is a dictionary mapping names from kwonlyargs to defaults.
'annotations' is a dictionary mapping argument names to annotations.
The first four items in the tuple correspond to getargspec().
getgeneratorlocals(generator)
Get the mapping of generator local variables to their current values.
A dict is returned, with the keys the local variable names and values the
bound values.
getgeneratorstate(generator)
Get current state of a generator-iterator.
Possible states are:
GEN_CREATED: Waiting to start execution.
GEN_RUNNING: Currently being executed by the interpreter.
GEN_SUSPENDED: Currently suspended at a yield expression.
GEN_CLOSED: Execution has completed.
getinnerframes(tb, context=1)
Get a list of records for a traceback's frame and all lower frames.
Each record contains a frame object, filename, line number, function
name, a list of lines of context, and index within the context.
getlineno(frame)
Get the line number from a frame object, allowing for optimization.
getmembers(object, predicate=None)
Return all members of an object as (name, value) pairs sorted by name.
Optionally, only return members that satisfy a given predicate.
getmodule(object, _filename=None)
Return the module an object was defined in, or None if not found.
getmoduleinfo(path)
Get the module name, suffix, mode, and module type for a given file.
getmodulename(path)
Return the module name for a given file, or None.
getmro(cls)
Return tuple of base classes (including cls) in method resolution order.
getouterframes(frame, context=1)
Get a list of records for a frame and all higher (calling) frames.
Each record contains a frame object, filename, line number, function
name, a list of lines of context, and index within the context.
getsource(object)
Return the text of the source code for an object.
The argument may be a module, class, method, function, traceback, frame,
or code object. The source code is returned as a single string. An
OSError is raised if the source code cannot be retrieved.
getsourcefile(object)
Return the filename that can be used to locate an object's source.
Return None if no way can be identified to get the source.
getsourcelines(object)
Return a list of source lines and starting line number for an object.
The argument may be a module, class, method, function, traceback, frame,
or code object. The source code is returned as a list of the lines
corresponding to the object and the line number indicates where in the
original source file the first line of code was found. An OSError is
raised if the source code cannot be retrieved.
indentsize(line)
Return the indent size, in spaces, at the start of a line of text.
isabstract(object)
Return true if the object is an abstract base class (ABC).
isbuiltin(object)
Return true if the object is a built-in function or method.
Built-in functions and methods provide these attributes:
__doc__ documentation string
__name__ original name of this function or method
__self__ instance to which a method is bound, or None
isclass(object)
Return true if the object is a class.
Class objects provide these attributes:
__doc__ documentation string
__module__ name of module in which this class was defined
iscode(object)
Return true if the object is a code object.
Code objects provide these attributes:
co_argcount number of arguments (not including * or ** args)
co_code string of raw compiled bytecode
co_consts tuple of constants used in the bytecode
co_filename name of file in which this code object was created
co_firstlineno number of first line in Python source code
co_flags bitmap: 1=optimized | 2=newlocals | 4=*arg | 8=**arg
co_lnotab encoded mapping of line numbers to bytecode indices
co_name name with which this code object was defined
co_names tuple of names of local variables
co_nlocals number of local variables
co_stacksize virtual machine stack space required
co_varnames tuple of names of arguments and local variables
isdatadescriptor(object)
Return true if the object is a data descriptor.
Data descriptors have both a __get__ and a __set__ attribute. Examples are
properties (defined in Python) and getsets and members (defined in C).
Typically, data descriptors will also have __name__ and __doc__ attributes
(properties, getsets, and members have both of these attributes), but this
is not guaranteed.
isframe(object)
Return true if the object is a frame object.
Frame objects provide these attributes:
f_back next outer frame object (this frame's caller)
f_builtins built-in namespace seen by this frame
f_code code object being executed in this frame
f_globals global namespace seen by this frame
f_lasti index of last attempted instruction in bytecode
f_lineno current line number in Python source code
f_locals local namespace seen by this frame
f_trace tracing function for this frame, or None
isfunction(object)
Return true if the object is a user-defined function.
Function objects provide these attributes:
__doc__ documentation string
__name__ name with which this function was defined
__code__ code object containing compiled function bytecode
__defaults__ tuple of any default values for arguments
__globals__ global namespace in which this function was defined
__annotations__ dict of parameter annotations
__kwdefaults__ dict of keyword only parameters with defaults
isgenerator(object)
Return true if the object is a generator.
Generator objects provide these attributes:
__iter__ defined to support iteration over container
close raises a new GeneratorExit exception inside the
generator to terminate the iteration
gi_code code object
gi_frame frame object or possibly None once the generator has
been exhausted
gi_running set to 1 when generator is executing, 0 otherwise
next return the next item from the container
send resumes the generator and "sends" a value that becomes
the result of the current yield-expression
throw used to raise an exception inside the generator
isgeneratorfunction(object)
Return true if the object is a user-defined generator function.
Generator function objects provides same attributes as functions.
See help(isfunction) for attributes listing.
isgetsetdescriptor(object)
Return true if the object is a getset descriptor.
getset descriptors are specialized descriptors defined in extension
modules.
ismemberdescriptor(object)
Return true if the object is a member descriptor.
Member descriptors are specialized descriptors defined in extension
modules.
ismethod(object)
Return true if the object is an instance method.
Instance method objects provide these attributes:
__doc__ documentation string
__name__ name with which this method was defined
__func__ function object containing implementation of method
__self__ instance to which this method is bound
ismethoddescriptor(object)
Return true if the object is a method descriptor.
But not if ismethod() or isclass() or isfunction() are true.
This is new in Python 2.2, and, for example, is true of int.__add__.
An object passing this test has a __get__ attribute but not a __set__
attribute, but beyond that the set of attributes varies. __name__ is
usually sensible, and __doc__ often is.
Methods implemented via descriptors that also pass one of the other
tests return false from the ismethoddescriptor() test, simply because
the other tests promise more -- you can, e.g., count on having the
__func__ attribute (etc) when an object passes ismethod().
ismodule(object)
Return true if the object is a module.
Module objects provide these attributes:
__cached__ pathname to byte compiled file
__doc__ documentation string
__file__ filename (missing for built-in modules)
isroutine(object)
Return true if the object is any kind of function or method.
istraceback(object)
Return true if the object is a traceback.
Traceback objects provide these attributes:
tb_frame frame object at this level
tb_lasti index of last attempted instruction in bytecode
tb_lineno current line number in Python source code
tb_next next inner traceback object (called by this level)
signature(obj)
Get a signature object for the passed callable.
stack(context=1)
Return a list of records for the stack above the caller's frame.
trace(context=1)
Return a list of records for the stack below the current exception.
unwrap(func, *, stop=None)
Get the object wrapped by *func*.
Follows the chain of :attr:`__wrapped__` attributes returning the last
object in the chain.
*stop* is an optional callback accepting an object in the wrapper chain
as its sole argument that allows the unwrapping to be terminated early if
the callback returns a true value. If the callback never returns a true
value, the last object in the chain is returned as usual. For example,
:func:`signature` uses this to stop unwrapping if any object in the
chain has a ``__signature__`` attribute defined.
:exc:`ValueError` is raised if a cycle is encountered.
walktree(classes, children, parent)
Recursive helper function for getclasstree().
DATA
CO_GENERATOR = 32
CO_NESTED = 16
CO_NEWLOCALS = 2
CO_NOFREE = 64
CO_OPTIMIZED = 1
CO_VARARGS = 4
CO_VARKEYWORDS = 8
GEN_CLOSED = 'GEN_CLOSED'
GEN_CREATED = 'GEN_CREATED'
GEN_RUNNING = 'GEN_RUNNING'
GEN_SUSPENDED = 'GEN_SUSPENDED'
TPFLAGS_IS_ABSTRACT = 1048576
k = 64
mod_dict = {'ArgInfo': <class 'inspect.ArgInfo'>, 'ArgSpec': <class 'i...
modulesbyfile = {'/home/mayank/.local/lib64/python3.4/site-packages/co...
v = 'NOFREE'
AUTHOR
('Ka-Ping Yee <ping@lfw.org>', 'Yury Selivanov <yselivanov@sprymix.com>')
FILE
/usr/lib64/python3.4/inspect.py
In [11]:
# https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18296653/print-the-python-exception-error-hierarchy
def classtree(cls, indent=0):
print ('.' * indent, cls.__name__)
for subcls in cls.__subclasses__():
classtree(subcls, indent + 3)
classtree(BaseException)
BaseException
... Exception
...... TypeError
......... MultipartConversionError
......... FloatOperation
...... StopIteration
...... ExceptionPexpect
......... EOF
......... TIMEOUT
...... error
...... _Stop
...... NameError
......... UnboundLocalError
...... TraitError
...... TokenError
...... QueueFull
...... OptionError
...... Restart
...... UnknownKeyError
...... GetoptError
...... MemoryError
...... LeakedCallbackError
...... ReturnValueIgnoredError
...... ConfigError
......... ConfigLoaderError
............ ArgumentError
......... ConfigFileNotFound
...... LargeZipFile
...... TimeoutError
...... PtyProcessError
...... LimitOverrunError
...... error
...... StackContextInconsistentError
...... NoIPAddresses
...... Return
...... OSError
......... ConnectionError
............ BrokenPipeError
............ ConnectionAbortedError
............ ConnectionRefusedError
............ ConnectionResetError
......... BlockingIOError
......... InterruptedError
............ InterruptedSystemCall
......... SSLError
............ SSLZeroReturnError
............ SSLWantReadError
............ SSLSyscallError
............ SSLWantWriteError
............ SSLEOFError
......... gaierror
......... timeout
......... UnsupportedOperation
......... SpecialFileError
......... ProcessLookupError
......... FileNotFoundError
......... ReadError
......... NotADirectoryError
......... herror
......... Error
............ SameFileError
......... ExecError
......... ItimerError
......... PermissionError
......... FileExistsError
......... ChildProcessError
......... TimeoutError
......... IsADirectoryError
...... SystemError
......... CodecRegistryError
...... error
...... Warning
...... ProfileDirError
...... ReturnValueIgnoredError
...... ExpatError
...... TimeoutError
...... RecursiveGrammarException
...... HeightIsUnknownError
...... Error
...... InvalidPortNumber
...... AliasError
......... InvalidAliasError
...... Incomplete
...... ImportError
......... ZipImportError
...... PickleError
......... PicklingError
......... UnpicklingError
...... ResolutionError
......... VersionConflict
............ ContextualVersionConflict
......... DistributionNotFound
......... UnknownExtra
...... Error
......... CancelledError
......... TimeoutError
......... InvalidStateError
...... Error
...... EditReadOnlyBuffer
...... StopTokenizing
...... AttributeError
...... KillEmbeded
...... LookupError
......... IndexError
......... KeyError
............ UnknownBackend
............ NoSuchKernel
......... CodecRegistryError
...... MessageError
......... MessageParseError
............ HeaderParseError
............ BoundaryError
......... MultipartConversionError
......... CharsetError
...... InputRejected
...... error
...... Empty
...... SyntaxError
......... IndentationError
............ TabError
...... AssertionError
...... EOFError
......... IncompleteReadError
...... SubprocessError
......... CalledProcessError
......... TimeoutExpired
...... QueueEmpty
...... OptParseError
......... OptionError
............ OptionConflictError
......... OptionValueError
......... BadOptionError
............ AmbiguousOptionError
...... ErrorDuringImport
...... DuplicateKernelError
...... BufferError
...... ValueError
......... UnicodeError
............ UnicodeEncodeError
............ UnicodeDecodeError
............ UnicodeTranslateError
......... NetmaskValueError
......... ClassNotFound
......... IllegalMonthError
......... Error
......... UndefinedComparison
......... CertificateError
......... InvalidMarker
......... InvalidVersion
......... InvalidFileException
......... JSONDecodeError
......... MessageDefect
............ NoBoundaryInMultipartDefect
............ HeaderDefect
............... InvalidHeaderDefect
............... HeaderMissingRequiredValue
............... NonPrintableDefect
............... ObsoleteHeaderDefect
............... NonASCIILocalPartDefect
............ InvalidBase64PaddingDefect
............ InvalidMultipartContentTransferEncodingDefect
............ MisplacedEnvelopeHeaderDefect
............ UndecodableBytesDefect
............ FirstHeaderLineIsContinuationDefect
............ MissingHeaderBodySeparatorDefect
............ MultipartInvariantViolationDefect
............ StartBoundaryNotFoundDefect
............ CloseBoundaryNotFoundDefect
............ InvalidBase64CharactersDefect
......... InvalidSpecifier
......... AddressValueError
......... UndefinedEnvironmentName
......... IllegalWeekdayError
......... ClipboardEmpty
......... UnsupportedOperation
......... InvalidRequirement
......... MacroToEdit
......... RequirementParseError
...... error
...... ParseBaseException
......... ParseException
......... ParseFatalException
............ ParseSyntaxException
...... BadYieldError
...... IPythonError
......... KernelError
............ TaskRejectError
............ NoEnginesRegistered
............ UnmetDependency
............... ImpossibleDependency
.................. DependencyTimeout
.................. InvalidDependency
............ RemoteError
............... CompositeError
............ TimeoutError
............ EngineError
............ TaskTimeout
............ TaskAborted
...... LZMAError
...... _OptionError
...... ProcessError
......... BufferTooShort
......... TimeoutError
......... AuthenticationError
...... ReferenceError
...... RuntimeError
......... NotImplementedError
............ StdinNotImplementedError
............ ZMQVersionError
......... _DeadlockError
......... BrokenProcessPool
......... BrokenBarrierError
......... ExtractionError
...... Error
...... InteractivelyDefined
...... ArgumentError
...... IPythonCoreError
......... TryNext
......... UsageError
......... StdinNotImplementedError
...... BdbQuit
...... Warning
......... UserWarning
............ GetPassWarning
............ FormatterWarning
......... DeprecationWarning
............ ProvisionalWarning
......... ImportWarning
......... UnicodeWarning
......... PendingDeprecationWarning
......... BytesWarning
......... SyntaxWarning
......... ResourceWarning
......... RuntimeWarning
............ PEP440Warning
......... FutureWarning
...... Error
......... InterfaceError
......... DatabaseError
............ OperationalError
............ ProgrammingError
............ NotSupportedError
............ DataError
............ InternalError
............ IntegrityError
...... SpaceInInput
...... FindCmdError
...... EndOfBlock
...... ZMQBaseError
......... ZMQError
............ ContextTerminated
............ Again
............ InterruptedSystemCall
......... ZMQBindError
......... NotDone
...... ArgumentError
...... ApplicationError
...... PrefilterError
...... ArithmeticError
......... FloatingPointError
......... OverflowError
......... DecimalException
............ FloatOperation
............ Rounded
............... Underflow
............... Overflow
............ Inexact
............... Underflow
............... Overflow
............ DivisionByZero
............ Clamped
............ Subnormal
............... Underflow
............ InvalidOperation
............... ConversionSyntax
............... DivisionImpossible
............... DivisionUndefined
............... InvalidContext
......... ZeroDivisionError
............ DivisionByZero
............ DivisionUndefined
...... Full
...... ConfigurableError
......... MultipleInstanceError
...... StopTokenizing
...... RegistryError
...... KeyReuseError
...... HomeDirError
...... ValidationError
...... TokenError
...... ArgumentTypeError
...... BadZipFile
...... ErrorToken
...... TarError
......... ExtractError
......... ReadError
......... CompressionError
......... StreamError
......... HeaderError
............ EmptyHeaderError
............ TruncatedHeaderError
............ EOFHeaderError
............ SubsequentHeaderError
............ InvalidHeaderError
... GeneratorExit
... KeyboardInterrupt
... SystemExit
Content source: mayank-johri/LearnSeleniumUsingPython
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