Numbers

Python provide following builtins numeric data types:

Integer (int): i = 26011950
Floating Point real (float): f = 1.2345
Complex (complex): c = 2 + 10j

The builtin function int() can be used to convert other types to integer, including base changes.

Example:



In [9]:

    
# Converting real to integer
print ('int(3.14) =', int(3.14))
print ('int(3.64) =', int(3.64))
print('int("22") =', int("22"))









    



int(3.14) = 3
int(3.64) = 3
int("22") = 22



In [10]:

    
print('int("22.0") !=', int("22.0"))









    



---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-10-8e518d0771bb> in <module>()
----> 1 print('int("22.0") !=', int("22.0"))

ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '22.0'



In [11]:

    
print("int(3+4j) =", int(3+4j))









    



---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-11-3f03ef5bdda1> in <module>()
----> 1 print("int(3+4j) =", int(3+4j))

TypeError: can't convert complex to int



In [13]:

    
# Converting integer to real
print ('float(5) =', float(5))









    



float(5) = 5.0



In [15]:

    
print('int("22.0") ==', float("22.0"))









    



int("22.0") == 22.0



In [17]:

    
print('int(float("22.0")) ==', int(float("22.0")))









    



int(float("22.0")) == 22



In [12]:

    
# Calculation between integer and real results in real
print ('5.0 / 2 + 3 = ', 5 / 2 + 3)









    



5.0 / 2 + 3 =  5.5



In [18]:

    
x = 3.5
y = 2.5
z = x + y
print(x, y, z)
print(type(x), type(y), type(z))
z = int(z)
print(x, y, z)
print(type(x), y, type(z))









    



3.5 2.5 6.0
<class 'float'> <class 'float'> <class 'float'>
3.5 2.5 6
<class 'float'> 2.5 <class 'int'>



In [9]:

    
# Integers in other base
print ("int('20', 8) =", int('20', 8)) # base 8
print ("int('20', 16) =", int('20', 16)) # base 16









    



int('20', 8) = 16
int('20', 16) = 32



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In [11]:

    
# Operations with complex numbers
c = 3 + 4j
print ('c =', c)

print ('Real Part:', c.real)
print ('Imaginary Part:', c.imag)
print ('Conjugate:', c.conjugate())









    



c = (3+4j)
Real Part: 3.0
Imaginary Part: 4.0
Conjugate: (3-4j)

NOTE: The real numbers can also be represented in scientific notation, for example: 1.2e22.

Arithmetic Operations:

Python has a number of defined operators for handling numbers through arithmetic calculations, logic operations (that test whether a condition is true or false) or bitwise processing (where the numbers are processed in binary form).

Logical Operations:

Less than (<)
Greater than (>)
Less than or equal to (<=)
Greater than or equal to (>=)
Equal to (==)
Not equal to (!=)

Less than (<)



In [33]:

    
x = 22
y = 4
if(x < y):
    print("X wins")
else:
    print("Y wins")









    



Y wins



In [34]:

    
x = 2
y = 4
if(x < y):
    print("X wins")
else:
    print("Y wins")









    



X wins

Greater than (>)



In [32]:

    
x = 2
y = 4
if(x > y):
    print("X wins")
else:
    print("Y wins")









    



Y wins



In [31]:

    
x = 14
y = 4
if(x > y):
    print("X wins")
else:
    print("Y wins")









    



X wins

Less than or equal to (<=)



In [ ]:

    
x = 2
y = 4
if(x <= y):
    print("X wins")
else:
    print("Y wins")



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x = 2
y = 4
if(x <= y):
    print("X wins")
else:
    print("Y wins")



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x = 21
y = 4
if(x <= y):
    print("X wins")
else:
    print("Y wins")



In [ ]:

    
x = 4
y = 4
if(x <= y):
    print("X wins")
else:
    print("Y wins")

greater_than_or_equal_to



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x = 8
y = 4
if(x >= y):
    print("X wins")
else:
    print("Y wins")



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x = 4
y = 14
if(x <= y):
    print("X wins")
else:
    print("Y wins")



In [ ]:

    
x = 4
y = 4
if(x <= y):
    print("X wins")
else:
    print("Y wins")

Equal To



In [17]:

    
x = 4
y = 4
if(x == y):
    print("X & Y are equal")
else:
    print("X & Y are different")









    



X & Y are equal



In [19]:

    
x = 41
y = 4
if(x == y):
    print("X & Y are equal")
else:
    print("X & Y are different")









    



X & Y are different



In [21]:

    
x = 2+1j
y = 3+1j
if(x == y):
    print("X & Y are equal")
else:
    print("X & Y are different")









    



X & Y are different



In [22]:

    
x = 21+1j
y = 21+1j
if(x == y):
    print("X & Y are equal")
else:
    print("X & Y are different")









    



X & Y are equal



In [22]:

    
x = 21+1j
y = 21+1j
if(x == y):
    print("X & Y are equal")
else:
    print("X & Y are different")









    



X & Y are equal

Not Equal To



In [23]:

    
x = 4
y = 4
if(x != y):
    print("X & Y are different")
else:
    print("X & Y are equal")









    



X & Y are equal



In [24]:

    
x = 41
y = 4
if(x != y):
    print("X & Y are different")
else:
    print("X & Y are equal")









    



X & Y are different



In [25]:

    
x = 2+1j
y = 3+1j
if(x != y):
    print("X & Y are different")
else:
    print("X & Y are equal")









    



X & Y are different



In [26]:

    
x = 21+1j
y = 21+1j
if(x != y):
    print("X & Y are different")
else:
    print("X & Y are equal")









    



X & Y are equal

Bitwise Operations:

Left Shift (<<)
Right Shift (>>)
And (&)
Or (|)
Exclusive Or (^)
Inversion (~)

During the operations, numbers are converted appropriately (eg. (1.5+4j) + 3 gives 4.5+4j).

Besides operators, there are also some builtin features to handle numeric types: abs(), which returns the absolute value of the number, oct(), which converts to octal, hex(), which converts for hexadecimal, pow(), which raises a number by another and round(), which returns a real number with the specified rounding.



In [36]:

    
x = 10 #-> 1010 
y = 11 #-> 1011

1011
"""
OR
0 0 | 0 
0 1 | 1
1 0 | 1
1 1 | 1
AND
0 0 | 0
0 1 | 0
1 0 | 0
1 1 | 1
"""



In [37]:

    
print("x<<2 = ", x<<2)
print("x =", x)
print("x>>2 = ", x>>2)
print("x&y = ", x&y)
print("x|y = ", x|y)
print("x^y = ", x^y)
print("x =", x)
print("~x = ", ~x)
print("~y = ", ~y)









    



x<<2 =  40
x = 10
x>>2 =  2
x&y =  10
x|y =  11
x^y =  1
x = 10
~x =  -11
~y =  -12



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