In [16]:
# Import all of the things you need to import!
import pandas as pd
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer
import re
from nltk.stem.porter import PorterStemmer
pd.options.display.max_columns = 30
%matplotlib inline
The Congressional Record is more or less what happened in Congress every single day. Speeches and all that. A good large source of text data, maybe?
Let's pretend it's totally secret but we just got it leaked to us in a data dump, and we need to check it out. It was leaked from this page here.
In [2]:
# If you'd like to download it through the command line...
!curl -O http://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/llee/data/convote/convote_v1.1.tar.gz
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 9607k 100 9607k 0 0 5608k 0 0:00:01 0:00:01 --:--:-- 5611k
In [3]:
# And then extract it through the command line...
!tar -zxf convote_v1.1.tar.gz
You can explore the files if you'd like, but we're going to get the ones from convote_v1.1/data_stage_one/development_set/. It's a bunch of text files.
In [2]:
# glob finds files matching a certain filename pattern
import glob
# Give me all the text files
paths = glob.glob('convote_v1.1/data_stage_one/development_set/*')
paths[:5]
Out[2]:
['convote_v1.1/data_stage_one/development_set/052_400011_0327014_DON.txt',
'convote_v1.1/data_stage_one/development_set/052_400011_0327025_DON.txt',
'convote_v1.1/data_stage_one/development_set/052_400011_0327044_DON.txt',
'convote_v1.1/data_stage_one/development_set/052_400011_0327046_DON.txt',
'convote_v1.1/data_stage_one/development_set/052_400011_1479036_DON.txt']
In [3]:
len(paths)
Out[3]:
702
So great, we have 702 of them. Now let's import them.
In [4]:
speeches = []
for path in paths:
with open(path) as speech_file:
speech = {
'pathname': path,
'filename': path.split('/')[-1],
'content': speech_file.read()
}
speeches.append(speech)
speeches_df = pd.DataFrame(speeches)
speeches_df.head()
Out[4]:
content
filename
pathname
0
mr. chairman , i thank the gentlewoman for yie...
052_400011_0327014_DON.txt
convote_v1.1/data_stage_one/development_set/05...
1
mr. chairman , i want to thank my good friend ...
052_400011_0327025_DON.txt
convote_v1.1/data_stage_one/development_set/05...
2
mr. chairman , i rise to make two fundamental ...
052_400011_0327044_DON.txt
convote_v1.1/data_stage_one/development_set/05...
3
mr. chairman , reclaiming my time , let me mak...
052_400011_0327046_DON.txt
convote_v1.1/data_stage_one/development_set/05...
4
mr. chairman , i thank my distinguished collea...
052_400011_1479036_DON.txt
convote_v1.1/data_stage_one/development_set/05...
In class we had the texts variable. For the homework can just do speeches_df['content'] to get the same sort of list of stuff.
Take a look at the contents of the first 5 speeches
In [5]:
speeches_df['content'].head()
Out[5]:
0 mr. chairman , i thank the gentlewoman for yie...
1 mr. chairman , i want to thank my good friend ...
2 mr. chairman , i rise to make two fundamental ...
3 mr. chairman , reclaiming my time , let me mak...
4 mr. chairman , i thank my distinguished collea...
Name: content, dtype: object
In [6]:
speeches = speeches_df['content'].head(100)
In [7]:
list_of_speeches = speeches.tolist()
list_of_speeches
Out[7]:
["mr. chairman , i thank the gentlewoman for yielding me this time . \nmy good colleague from california raised the exact and critical point . \nthe question is , what happens during those 45 days ? \nwe will need to support elections . \nthere is not a single member of this house who has not supported some form of general election , a special election , to replace the members at some point . \nbut during that 45 days , what happens ? \nthe chair of the constitution subcommittee says this is what happens : martial law . \nwe do not know who would fill the vacancy of the presidency , but we do know that the succession act most likely suggests it would be an unelected person . \nthe sponsors of the bill before us today insist , and i think rightfully so , on the importance of elections . \nbut to then say that during a 45-day period we would have none of the checks and balances so fundamental to our constitution , none of the separation of powers , and that the presidency would be filled by an unelected member of the cabinet who not a single member of this country , not a single citizen , voted to fill that position , and that that person would have no checks and balances from congress for a period of 45 days i find extraordinary . \ni find it inconsistent . \ni find it illogical , and , frankly , i find it dangerous . \nthe gentleman from wisconsin refused earlier to yield time , but i was going to ask him , if virginia has those elections in a shorter time period , they should be commended for that . \nso now we have a situation in the congress where the virginia delegation has sent their members here , but many other states do not have members here . \ndo they at that point elect a speaker of the house in the absence of other members ? \nand then three more states elect their representatives , temporary replacements , or full replacements at that point . \nthey come in . \ndo they elect a new speaker ? \nand if that happens , who becomes the president under the succession act ? \nthis bill does not address that question . \nthis bill responds to real threats with fantasies . \nit responds with the fantasy , first of all , that a lot of people will still survive ; but we have no guarantee of that . \nit responds with the fantasy that those who do survive will do the right thing . \nwe are here having this debate , we have debates every day , because people differ on what the right thing is to do . \ni have been in very traumatic situations with people in severe car wrecks and mountain climbing accidents . \nmy experience has not been that crisis imbues universal sagacity and fairness . \nit has not been that . \npeople respond in extraordinary ways , and we must preserve an institution that has the deliberative body and the checks and balances to meet those challenges . \nmany of our states are going increasingly to mail-in ballots . \nwe in this body were effectively disabled by an anthrax attack not long after september 11 . \ni would ask my dear friends , will you conduct this election in 45 days if there is anthrax in the mail and still preserve the franchise of the american people ? \nhow will you do that ? \nyou have no answer to that question . \ni find it extraordinary , frankly , that while saying you do not want to amend the constitution , we began this very congress by amending the constitution through the rule , by undermining the principle that a quorum is 50 percent of the body and instead saying it is however many people survive . \nand if that rule applies , who will designate it , who will implement it ? \nthe speaker , or the speaker 's designee ? \nagain , not an elected person , as you say is so critical and i believe is critical , but a temporary appointee , frankly , who not a single other member of this body knows who they are . \nso we not only have an unelected person , we have an unknown person who will convene this body , and who , by the way , could conceivably convene it for their own election to then become the president of the united states under the succession act . \nyou have refused steadfastly to debate this real issue broadly . \nyou had a mock debate in the committee on the judiciary in which the distinguished chairman presented my bill without allowing me the courtesy or dignity to defend it myself . \nand on that , you proudly say you defend democracy . \nsir , i think you dissemble in that regard . \nhere is the fundamental question for us , my friends , and it is this : the american people are watching television and an announcement comes on and says the congress has been destroyed in a nuclear attack , the president and vice president are killed and the supreme court is dead and thousands of our citizens in this town are . \nwhat happens next ? \nunder your bill , 45 days of chaos . \napparently , according to the committee on the judiciary subcommittee on the constitution chairman , 45 days of marshal law , rule of this country by an unelected president with no checks and balances . \nor an alternative , an alternative which says quite simply that the people have entrusted the representatives they send here to make profound decisions , war , taxation , a host of other things , and those representatives would have the power under the bill of the gentleman from california ( mr. rohrabacher ) xz4003430 bill or mine to designate temporary successors , temporary , only until we can have a real election . \nthe american people , in one scenario , are told we do not know who is going to run the country , we have no representatives ; where in another you will have temporary representatives carrying your interests to this great body while we deliberate and have real elections . \nthat is the choice . \nyou are making the wrong choice today if you think you have solved this problem . \n",
"mr. chairman , i want to thank my good friend from california ( mr. rohrabacher ) xz4003430 . \ni will always remember that day , as we all will . \nhis point is well taken . \ni understand there is good intent behind the bill before us today and the amendment , but it is not enough . \nit simply is not . \nit leaves our country vulnerable for 45 days and that is too long . \nthe distinguished chairman of the committee on the judiciary made some comments recently that suggested that somehow terrorists would oppose this bill and by some implication would favor the bill the gentleman from california ( mr. rohrabacher ) xz4003430 and i have put forward because it seems to support their autocratic views of government . \nnothing could be further from the truth . \nin fact , what our bill would do is tell the terrorists , you could come on a single day and set off a nuclear weapon in this town and kill every single member of us ; and though we would be missed , the very next day the congress would be up and functioning with every single state , every single district having full representation by statesmen and stateswomen at a time of national crisis . \nthat is what the gentleman from california ( mr. rohrabacher ) xz4003430 and i are trying to do . \nwe are trying to tell the terrorists , you can kill all of us as individuals , but you will not defeat this institution . \nyou will not defeat the principle of representation . \nyou will not defeat the principles of checks and balances . \nyou will not impose martial law . \nhere is the irony . \nif terrorists hit us today when we finally vote on this , let us suppose a few democrats do not make it over here . \nyou are leaving this country vulnerable to change in power . \nif the terrorists were to strike your conference retreat where the president speaks to the republican house and senate members and kill hundreds of house and senate members on the republican side , the democrats at that point claim the majority . \nthe democrats at that point elect a speaker of the house . \ni am a democrat , for goodness sakes ; but that is not the way to leave our country vulnerable . \nyou are leaving your own party , you are leaving the will of the people through their elections vulnerable . \nif we have temporary replacements , you immediately reconstitute the house ; you immediately ensure representation ; you assure that you maintain the balance of political power ; and you do it in an orderly , structured way with no chaos , in a way that is constitutionally valid by definition . \nwhat you have proposed is not necessarily constitutionally valid . \nit leaves the terrorists able to change our system of government . \nit depends on a fantasy immediate or quick election . \nit does not allow really qualified people necessarily to get here and act in time . \nthere are so many things you have left undone . \nyou are going to try to say that at the start of this year we have solved this problem ; let us go home . \nyou have not solved the problem , and it is a doggone disgrace , and it is a danger to this country . \nthe other day a gentleman testified before the committee on the budget and said this : `` the lack of preparation for continuity , for true continuity invites attack. '' you are inviting attack . \nnot preventing attack . \n",
'mr. chairman , i rise to make two fundamental points before we proceed to vote on this . \nthe two points are these : this resolution does not solve the real problem and it may create more problems than it purports to solve , and we have to understand that . \nit does not solve the problem for this reason : by leaving us without a congress for 45 days , we essentially impose the opportunity for the executive branch to exert marshal law , and that is not what the framers of this country had in mind . \nthis bill , if we do not provide some mechanism for prompt replacement other than this bill , will leave this country governed by an unelected executive , a cabinet member most likely who not a single american elected to that office . \nfurthermore , it has a host of problems . \nit does not address the possibility that one delegation will elect its representatives more promptly than another . \nthey will come to this body , choose one of its members as speaker . \nthat person could move on to become the president . \nthen another delegation comes in , et cetera . \nyou are essentially leaving this country without a house of representatives , without checks and balances , without separation of powers , for at least 45 days , assuming an election can be held in 45 days and assuming that the terrorists through an anthrax attack , like they subjected this very capitol to , will not somehow undermine that ability . \nthis is reality . \nwe have seen the reality here . \nwe saw those airplanes hit the buildings , we saw the anthrax , and yet we are not truly acting to solve this . \nmr. chairman , i yield to my distinguished friend , the gentleman from california ( mr. rohrabacher ) xz4003430 . \n',
'mr. chairman , reclaiming my time , let me make two final points : one , the majority party must understand this : if you are at a republican conference retreat and terrorists should strike you and kill the president and vice president and significant numbers of your side of the aisle , the democrats under your proposed law will obtain the majority , will elect a speaker of the house , and that person will then become the president of the united states of america . \nyou are leaving this country vulnerable to that . \nyou must not do it . \nyou must not . \nthis matter must be taken seriously . \nit deserves full debate . \nwhether it is the proposal of the gentleman from california ( mr. rohrabacher ) xz4003430 and mine or others , we should commit to having this full house seriously consider this . \nif we do not and we are not fortunate , history will not look kindly upon the jeopardy in which we have left this great nation . \nvote no on this bill and insist on true debate on true continuity of congress in a responsible way that protects the balance of power , assures real succession to the presidency , and , most importantly , assures that your constituents will have representation at a time when our nation may well go to nuclear war , institute a draft , appropriate trillions of dollars , suspend habeas corpus and impose marshal law . \nyou do not want that . \nbut if you stop at this bill , you leave this nation vulnerable . \nmr. chairman , if there is no one to speak in opposition , i ask unanimous consent to withdraw my preferential motion . \n',
"mr. chairman , i thank my distinguished colleague , and i appreciate his leadership on this issue . \nthe gentleman from california ( mr. rohrabacher ) xz4003430 spoke eloquently about the need for the rohrabacher/baird amendment ; and i would like to address it briefly , if i may . \nmadison is quoted on this topic , but let me quote madison from federalist 47 . \nhe said : `` the accumulation of all powers , legislative , executive , and judiciary in the same hands , whether of one , a few , or many , and whether hereditary , self-appointed , or elected , may justly be pronounced the very definition of tyranny. '' now , i would like , if i may , to ask my colleagues , before we pass this appropriations bill with legislative language in it alleging to maintain continuity , to maybe address a couple of questions , before my colleagues vote on this , and i will yield time . \nnot for a filibuster , but just to address some questions . \nhow will we , given madison 's concern , maintain checks and balances during the 49-day period until we have the special elections ? \ni would be happy to yield 30 seconds to anyone who plans to vote for this bill to address that question . \n",
'i yield to the gentleman from illinois . \n',
"mr. chairman , reclaiming my time , the fact is this congress took a number of very important actions , as the distinguished gentleman from illinois knows , during that same time period . \nlet me ask this : if what the gentleman is saying is that we are not going to do anything , the executive branch has all the control , then how do we not just define madison 's very definition of tyranny ? \nand if that is the case , are we not with this bill promoting tyranny in this country ? \n",
'i yield to the gentleman from illinois . \n',
'mr. chairman , reclaiming my time , i would beg to differ , and the gentleman , i think , is inaccurate historically . \n',
"mr. chairman , i do not have it on the top of my head , my friend ; but i can say that it is much faster than 7 weeks . \ni would assert , furthermore , that if the gentleman 's assertion is that we do not need the united states congress post a catastrophic attack , i think you are making a mistake and doing a disservice . \nif that is what you are voting for , then let us be honest with the american public , as apparently the chairman of the committee on the judiciary has been . \nwe are voting with this bill to allow martial law , and i think that is a grave mistake . \nlet me continue , if i may , and ask a few other questions . \nhow many millions of americans are you willing to leave without representation as article i , section 8 responsibility such as declarations of war , appropriations of funds , et cetera , are made ? \nhow many millions of americans is the gentleman willing to leave without representation ? \n",
'okay . \nso we do not have that answer . \nlet me ask this question : under the bill , the section that is proposed , i have yet to figure out what happens to this body . \n',
'mr. chairman , i would suggest that with these questions remaining , we should not be passing this legislation in the manner in which we are . \nwe need a full and open and extensive debate on this . \n',
"mr. chairman , i yield myself such time as i may consume . \ni want to revisit this issue , and i want to clarify a couple of things . \nthe opponents of a real continuity solution have asserted that the gentleman from california ( mr. rohrabacher ) xz4003430 and i would take away the right to election . \nnothing could be further from the truth . \nwe believe we need real elections , not hasty elections , not elections in which the candidates are chosen by the party , but elections in which there is time for deliberation , elections in which there is time for overseas people to vote , elections in which we can have real candidates , real debate , real primaries , et cetera . \nso we all agree that we should have real elections ; that is the ideal . \nbut the question is , should we have a congress in the interim ? \ni have heard the chairman of the committee on the judiciary point out that in the days post-9/11 it was an elected congress , not an appointed congress , that made decisions . \nhe is absolutely right , because we had a congress . \nmy colleague from illinois will recall that , in fact , the patriot act was passed during that 7-week interregnum ; and interregnum may be the proper word because if we do not have a congress , we would have effectively a monarchy or an appointed administration . \nlet me raise a couple of other points . \narticle i , section 8 , of the constitution , as we all know , details a host of functions of this congress . \ni have yet to hear how those functions get carried out during this 7-week period , save for the apparent explanations that the congress does not have anything to do , and the constitution subcommittee chair 's explanation that we will have marshal law . \ni for one did not run for this seat to bequeath marshal law as our legacy if we are eliminated by terrorists . \npeople on the other side of this argument have said , oh , if we have anything but a direct election , the terrorists have won . \ni personally consider marshal law a substantial victory for the terrorists , a substantial victory . \nfar preferable would be some mechanism in which the terrorists and the rest of the world could see the congress of the united states reconvening with legitimacy and with distinguished statesmen from both sides of the aisle to conduct the people 's business until such time as we had really elections . \nit has been argued that we need to do this statutory fix because constitutional amendments take time . \nyes , they do . \nbut the constitution did not say if it is going to take you too long to amend the constitution , do it by house rule . \nat the start of this congress , the first order of business was to pass the house rules . \nthe second order of business was to pass a rule that was unconstitutional . \nsorry . \nthe first order of business was to swear an oath to uphold the constitution . \nthe second order was to pass a rule that was patently unconstitutional . \nby that i mean we passed a rule that essentially says a quorum can be one or two people . \nthe first order of business of the first congress of the united states was to adjourn for lack of a quorum . \nnow , the distinguished gentlemen from california ( mr. dreier ) xz4001150 likes to quote madison . \nso do i. madison was present in that first congress . \nhe was a member . \nhe supported movements to adjourn because they lacked a quorum . \nand yet this body says , well , gee , you know , it takes too long to amend the constitution , so let us do things unconstitutionally at a time of national crisis . \nthis is not the way to go about it . \nthe gentleman from georgia ( mr. kingston ) xz4002210 was right . \nthe gentleman earlier spent some time talking about horse manure . \ni think we need to spend more time on constitutional issues than we spend on horse manure , but we have not . \nin this congress we have spent so much time debating so many things of much less importance , and it is fair enough to say that my amendment did not pass . \ni respect that . \nthat is what this process is about . \nbut , here is what you have not said , that myself and the gentleman from california ( mr. rohrabacher ) xz4003430 put forward a rules proposal that would have allowed multiple solutions to this to be debated . \nmultiple amendments . \nwe could have had a serious and open and extensive debate . \ni have to tell you , when i talk to my colleagues and i ask them these questions , how many constituents are you willing to leave , how many millions of americans with no representation at all , no representation , during a time of national crisis ; how willing are you to have a cabinet member serve as president , with no checks and balances , secretary of agriculture , health and human services . \nmost americans do not even know these folks . \nif you are so concerned about elected representation , are you not equally concerned about an unelected president with no checks and balances ? \ni certainly am . \nmr. chairman , i reserve the balance of my time . \n",
"mr. chairman , i yield myself the balance of the time . \nmr. chairman , it is a perverse reasoning that suggests that having no representation here at all somehow provides you better representation than to have someone appointed by the person you last elected . \nyou are trying to say that we do not have a democratic republic if the elected representatives from other states can have a vote equal to someone from your state . \ni believe the best way to have a republic is to have representation from all of the constituents . \nif that means temporary appointments , so be it . \nfinally , we have heard so many times one distinguished scholar quoted , and he is indeed a distinguished scholar . \nbut let me point out to the gentleman from california ( mr. dreier ) xz4001150 as he well knows , the bipartisan 9/11 commission , which included newt gingrich , tom foley , alan simpson , lloyd cutler , a host of other scholars , has rejected essentially the proposal by the distinguished gentleman from wisconsin ( mr. sensenbrenner ) xz4003650 , and has concluded with great reluctance that we do indeed need a mechanism to amend the constitution so that whatever mechanism is arrived at is constitutionally valid . \ni would weigh the weight of their testimony and their objectivity and their bipartisanship against one single individual that you continually quote . \nmajor votes in the u.s. house of representatives , september 11-october 26 , 2001 september 13 , 2001 . \nh.r. 2884 , victims of terrorism relief act of 2001 . \nthe bill exempted individuals killed in the 9/11 terrorist attacks , or who die as a result of injuries suffered in those attacks , from paying federal income tax in the year of their death . \nseptember 13 , 2001 . \nh.r. 2882 , expedite public safety office benefits . \nthis bill directed the justice department to expedite the benefit payment process for the public safety officers ( and their families ) that were killed or suffered catastrophic injuries sustained in the line of duty in connection with the terrorist attacks of sept . \n11 . \nseptember 14 , 2001 . \nh.r. 2888 , 2001 emergency supplemental appropriations act for recovery from and response to terrorist attacks on the united states . \nthe bill appropriated $ 40 billion in emergency funds to pay for the costs of recovery from the 9/11 terrorist attacks and to counter , investigate and prosecute terrorist activities . \nseptember 14 , 2001 . \nh. j. res. 64 , authorization of force . \nthe resolution authorized the president to use `` all necessary and appropriate force against those nations , organizations , or persons he determines planned , authorized , committed , or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on sept . \n11 , 2001. '' september 21 , 2001 . \nh.r. 2904 , military construction appropriations for fy 2002 . \nthe bill appropriates $ 10.5 billion for military construction programs in fy 2002 . \nseptember 21 , 2001 . \nh.r. 2926 , air transportation safety and system stabilization act . \nthis bill provided $ 15 billion in assistance to the u.s. airline industry to help stabilize the financial condition of the industry in the wake of the terrorist attacks on sept . \n11 -- $ 5 billion in immediate cash assistance and $ 10 billion in loan guarantees . \nseptember 24 , 2001 . \nh. j. res. 65 , continuing appropriations for fy 2002 . \nseptember 25 , 2001 . \nh.r. 2586 , department of defense authorization for fiscal year 2002 . \nseptember 25 , 2001 . \nh.r. 2944 , district of columbia appropriations for fiscal year 2002 . \noctober 5 , 2001 . \nh.r. 2646 , farm security act . \noctober 11 , 2001 . \nh.r. 3061 , labor-hhs-education appropriations for fiscal year 2002 . \noctober 12 , 2001 . \nh.r. 2975 , patriot act . \noctober 17 , 2001 . \nh.r. 3004 , financial anti-terrorism act . \nthe bill gives the treasury department new powers to combat money laundering by imposing additional record-keeping requirements and by restricting or banning dealings with suspect foreign financial entities . \noctober 17 , 2001 . \nh.r. 2904 , military construction appropriations for fy 2002 . \noctober 17 , 2001 . \nh.r. 2217 , interior and related agencies appropriations for fy 2002 . \noctober 23 , 2001 . \nh.r. 3160 , bioterrorism enforcement act of 2001 . \nthe bill established criminal penalties for the unsafe or illegal possession or transfer of certain biological agents and toxins -- including anthrax -- and it required the health and human services department ( hhs ) to develop new regulations governing the possession and use of those substances . \noctober 24 , 2001 . \nh.r. 3090 , tax incentives for economic recovery . \nthe measure provided business and individual tax cuts totaling $ 99.5 billion in 2002 and $ 159.4 billion over 10 years . \noctober 24 , 2001 . \nh.r. 3162 , usa patriot act conference report . \noctober 25 , 2001 . \nh. j. res. 70 , continuing appropriations for fy 2002 . \n",
'mr. chairman , i demand a recorded vote . \n',
"mr. chairman , i appreciated the gentleman from illinois ' ( mr. lahood ) xz4002280 earlier comments about the fitness center for our employees . \nwhen i first came here soon after the gentleman from illinois ( mr. lahood ) xz4002280 , i was struck that the showers that were available for our employees were kind of secret . \nwe , i think , cracked the code , found out where they were , and published a map . \nand we were able to work with the gentleman from new york ( mr. walsh ) xz4004200 , the gentleman from virginia ( mr. kingston ) xz4002210 , the gentleman from virginia ( mr. moran ) xz4002831 , the former subcommittee chairs and ranking members in slowly moving some things forward . \nthere are now some new showers . \nnow the fitness center is under construction . \ni congratulate the gentleman from illinois ( mr. lahood ) xz4002280 and the committee . \ni think this is an important development for our employees . \nit is important for their health , for their morale , for their efficiency , for their being able to bike and walk and run to work , i think it is an important signal for them that we value their work . \ni also appreciated comments that he made about the gem , which is the library of congress . \ni must confess i have some concerns in looking at this budget . \nwe basically flatlined the library of congress , and we have missing from this , and part of the reduction is , the money that has been set aside for facilities to deal with the massive amount of information that is compiled by the library . \nthe library of congress is the largest repository of information in the world . \nwe have an obligation in congress to support their efforts , and it is time sensitive . \nnot only are they running out of space , running out of room , there are issues of being able to protect the materials that they have . \nand i am afraid that if we slip a year , then we slip another year , we end up putting a burden on the people who run the library of congress and we put part of that collection in jeopardy . \nlook at what happened to the library of congress jefferson building being neglected for decades and it took a major renovation for the library , that gem that we are all so proud of , to be fit for use in time for its centennial . \ni know the committee has a difficult time because there are tight spending restraints , but i would urge the committee on appropriations and , indeed , each member of this body to take a careful look at our stewardship responsibilities for the library of congress . \nwe all direct our constituents there because we are proud of it . \nwe all take advantage of the material . \nthis is an important little detail that is going to make their job harder ; and i am afraid in the long run , if we are not careful , it is going to be the abrogation of our responsibility to maintain this largest collection of information in the history of the world . \n",
'mr. chairman , i am pleased to join the gentleman in co-authoring this amendment . \nand i hope that our distinguished chair and ranking member of the committee on appropriations will be able to , in fact , deal with this in conference in a serious manner because it is not just a matter here of saving over $ 5 million a year just in printing costs , and it is not a matter of saving some 57 tons of paper . \nwhat this is about is being able to , with all due deference to the ranking member , not impose on this congress a regimen of printing 6 , 000 copies of a relic of the past that is not necessary for everybody . \nthere are 521 subscribers in america to the printed version of the & lt ; /em & gt ; & lt ; em & gt ; congressional record . \nthey will be , under this amendment , available to any member of congress who wants them ; but it is important for us to have your help as members of the committee to be able to nudge us along to get into the 21st century . \nthis is an opportunity for us to be able to take advantage of paperless activities , having paper where people need it , having a certified smart person who works for us print off what we need and save us the time not to thumb through to try and find it . \ni think it is important for us to approve this . \nthis is not a minuscule item . \nthis is symbolic of what we can do in the vast federal bureaucracy to break the stranglehold of past action and move to take advantage of this technology that we have invested , not hundreds of millions , but billions of dollars every year . \nthis is a small important step to move us in the right direction . \n',
'mr. chairman , i thank the gentlewoman for yielding me this time . \ni rise in support of the millender-mcdonald amendment and to express concern for the underlying bill . \ni am glad we are considering legislation that would address what should be done in the event of a large-scale incapacitation of congress . \nit obviously makes sense to do that . \nit is more essential than ever in a time of national emergency that democracy be preserved . \nour constitution established the house of representatives to provide directly elected representation in the event of a catastrophe that must be restored as quickly as possible . \nwe have heard sort of grand , philosophical statements of our allegiance to democracy on the floor of this house ; but at the same time , we need to be practical about what actually can work in a time of national crisis . \ni think my friends on the other side of the aisle have glossed over the problems that especially military voters , the elderly , others who do not have access on an election day to the polls , the kind of problems that they would face . \ni was secretary of state in the 1980s for 8 years in the state of ohio , a large state with several million registered voters , a state that has always had a tradition of bipartisan elections conducted fairly . \nthe year of 2004 may have been different where the election machinery frankly was not so well administered as it had been in the past by secretaries of state of both parties . \nthat aside , i have serious concerns as a former secretary of state about the legislation we are considering today . \nforty-nine days establishes an unrealistic time frame for holding legitimate , fair elections where people have access to the polling booth . \nin a national emergency , congress must be able to provide immediate relief , and this legislation would allow the country to elect representation for those 6 or 7 weeks . \nyou can not , i believe , hold fair elections , accessible elections , in 49 days . \nthe process simply takes longer than that . \nagain , military voters , people far away outside the country , in uniform serving our country , elderly voters who do not have access to the polls , the most vulnerable among us , in many ways , that can not simply do that . \nthere are alternatives , and i want to answer the concerns of the gentleman from wisconsin ( chairman sensenbrenner ) . \nthere are alternatives that would create immediate representation while providing a framework for states to conduct elections . \ni supported legislation last year that , as the gentleman from wisconsin ( chairman sensenbrenner ) said , was defeated , but could be considered in the light of understanding how elections actually work in that there needs to be a time line to get candidates on the ballots , to get the ballots printed , to get them sent to the armed forces around the world , and get those ballots back in time for an election . \nthe baird proposal would allow states to appoint temporary replacements for deceased or incapacitated representatives . \nstates could then conduct special elections to elect permanent representatives according to state laws . \ni support the millender-mcdonald amendment because appointing the process , if we could do that down the line , and i understand that is not on the table today , but to do them in 45 or 49 days simply is not practical , and too many people will be denied the right to vote . \nwe want to do this right . \nwe want to refill , if you will , the house of representatives as quickly as possible , but we want to do it in the most democratic way possible , and ultimately that means giving the election machinery time so that everyone , especially our servicemen and -women overseas , so that everyone has access to the ballots . \ni think the underlying bill does not do that . \ni think the millender-mcdonald amendment makes this bill work much better than it does otherwise . \ni ask support for the millender-mcdonald amendment . \n',
'mr. speaker , by direction of the committee on rules , i call up house resolution 125 and ask for its immediate consideration . \n',
'mr. speaker , for the purpose of debate only , i yield the customary 30 minutes to the gentleman from florida ( mr. hastings ) xz4001701 , pending which i yield myself such time as i may consume . \nduring consideration of this resolution , all time yielded is for the purpose of debate only . \nmr. speaker , i ask unanimous consent that all members may have 5 legislative days within which to revise and extend their remarks on this resolution . \n',
"mr. speaker , on march 1 , the committee on rules met and granted a structured rule for h.r. 841 , the continuity in representation act of 2005 . \ni believe this is a fair rule that allows for a full discussion of the relevant points pertaining to the legislation before us . \nmr. speaker , h.r. 841 is an important step forward in addressing what are critical shortcomings in america 's plan for the continuity of this house in the event of an unexpected disaster or attack . \nwhile i was not a member of congress on september 11 , 2001 , i was in an office directly across lafayette park from the white house . \nlike all americans , i remember that day in detail . \none of the most significant memories i have is the bipartisan response to the tragedy where members stood on the steps of the capitol and let it be known to the world that our government would continue to operate . \nmr. speaker , the response of congress to 9/11 should never be forgotten . \nit was a sign to the world that america was strong , that it would persevere and that we would go forward as a nation . \nthe underlying legislation today does the exact same thing . \nit takes an important step to ensure the preservation of our republic and the continuity of our government under the most trying of circumstances . \nmr. speaker , very simply , this legislation ensures a continuity of operations for the house of representatives . \nin the event that more than 100 members of congress are killed , the speaker may announce that `` exceptional circumstances '' exist and thereby trigger expedited special elections that must occur within 7 full weeks , thus ensuring the continuity of the house of representatives . \nmr. speaker , this legislation should not be very divisive based on the fact that a similar measure passed the house by a substantial bipartisan margin of 365 to 97 in the last session of congress . \nthis legislation ensures the continuity of the people 's house . \nit ensures that the house will still be an elected body chosen by the american public just as the founders intended . \nwith that said , let us talk about what the bill is not . \nit is not an election law bill . \nit is a continuity bill . \nmr. speaker , you may well hear many members describe various provisions today in the context of federal election law . \nthese measures may have genuine merit . \nhowever , they are not relevant to this legislation . \npersonally , i firmly believe that most members would agree with me when i suggest that election law should remain essentially a local issue . \nthis is where it resides historically , and this is where it should continue to reside . \nmr. speaker , we have a clear decision before us today . \nwe can either be responsible in preparing for what we all hope never occurs , or we can engage in pointless bickering over election laws that are historically controlled by the localities . \njust a few years ago almost all members would have viewed a tragedy like september 11 as an unthinkable event , and that is precisely the point . \nwe can not predict tomorrow . \nwhat we do know , however , is that we are engaged in a real , genuine , and taxing global war on terror . \nthis is a generational war and one that will not disappear over night . \nmr. speaker , simply put , this legislation is about the security and continuity of america 's governing institutions . \nit is an issue of critical importance in establishing an orderly response should the unthinkable occur again . \nthe legislative history of this bill is clear . \nthis bill originated in direct response to the events of september 11 . \nit is a continuity-in-government bill , not an election reform measure . \nto confuse the former with the latter by encumbering this bill with extraneous issues would be to lose sight of the fundamental purpose of the legislation . \nour job here is to ensure the continuity of the house of representatives , not reform a state-based electoral process with federal legislation . \nduring my time as secretary of state in oklahoma , the bombing of the alfred p. murrah federal building occurred . \nat that time such an event was considered unthinkable in the united states . \nthat incident and the larger tragedy of 9/11 are a sober warning that we should prepare for the unexpected before it occurs . \nh.r. 841 is an important part of that preparation , and it also is a tangible sign to terrorists that they will never intimidate this country , change the nature of this house as the elected representatives of the american people , or keep our government from facing any challenges it may face in the future . \nmr. speaker , let us wait no longer . \nlet us move forward . \nand to that end , i would urge all members to support this rule and the underlying bill . \nmr. speaker , i reserve the balance of my time . \n",
'mr. speaker , i want to thank the gentleman for his kind words and i look forward to working with him as we move ahead and i learn from him as i already have in the context of the deliberations of the committee on rules . \nmr. speaker , i yield such time as he may consume to the gentleman from california ( mr. dreier ) xz4001150 , the distinguished chairman of the committee on rules . \n',
"mr. speaker , i yield myself the balance of my time . \nin closing , i would like to say i believe the debate has been an excellent discussion underlining many of the substantive concerns of both sides of a complex issue . \nbut let us make one thing clear , this bill is about america 's security and the way that congress will deal with a catastrophe of unprecedented proportions . \nto ignore this basic fact is to ignore the warnings of history and the tragedy of september 11 . \nmr. speaker , today others have placed this debate in the context of election laws and constitutional issues . \ni appreciate their concerns , but this is not what this legislation is about . \nit is about establishing an orderly procedure to ensure the continuity of the house in the aftermath of a catastrophic event . \nthe potential for this was underlined by what occurred on september 11 . \nwe can not ignore those facts or ignore the realities and dangers of a changed international and geopolitical environment . \nto do so would be irresponsible . \nmr. speaker , i offer an amendment . \n",
'mr. speaker , i want to take this opportunity to briefly describe this amendment before going further . \nthis amendment makes in order another amendment to take one more step toward satisfying the concerns of the minority and the senate by extending the time limits by which states can hold elections . \nit is a short extension , but useful in that it allows states to phase their election plans over 7 even weeks . \nto that end i would urge my colleagues to support this fair rule and the underlying legislation . \nmr. speaker , i yield back the balance of my time , and move the previous question on the amendment and on the resolution . \nthe previous question was ordered . \n',
'i am , mr. speaker , in its present form . \n',
"mr. speaker , i yield myself such time as i may consume . \nmr. speaker , my motion to recommit would simply require that each state provide a minimum required number of functioning and accurate voting machines and poll workers for each precinct on the day of any special election . \ni do this and offer the amendment so that we can avoid the misallocation of voting machines and poll workers that occurred last year in the ohio presidential election that led to lines of sometimes 10 hours and disenfranchisement of tens of thousands of voters . \nconsider the following : in franklin county in that state , 27 of the 30 wards with the most machines per registered voter showed majorities for bush while six of the seven wards with the fewest machines delivered the large margins for kerry . \nthey also found that election officials in franklin county decided to make due with 2 , 868 machines even though their analysis showed that 5 , 000 machines were needed . \nin columbus alone it is estimated that the misallocation of machines reduced the number of votes by up to 15 , 000 votes . \nthere is also an investigation that revealed the franklin county election officials reduced the number of election voting machines assigned to downtown precincts and added them to suburbs . \nthey used a formula based not on the number of registered voters but on past turnout . \nin the columbus area , the result was that suburban precincts that supported mr. bush tended to have more machines per registered voter than those in the inner-city precincts that supported mr. kerry . \nthe election protection coalition testified that more than half the complaints about the long lines they received came from columbus and cleveland where a huge proportion of the state 's democratic voters lived . \nthis should never happen again in an election in our nation . \nit is unconscionable to stack the deck so that americans are forced to wait in the rain in line while others are given the red carpet treatment . \nmr. speaker , i yield such time as she may consume to the gentlewoman from california ( ms. waters ) xz4004220 . \n",
'mr. speaker , i yield myself the balance of my time . \nthe motion to recommit would fix the problem raised by the gentlewoman from california ( ms. waters ) xz4004220 , at least for special elections under this bill . \ni urge the support of the motion to recommit . \nmr. speaker , i yield back the balance of my time . \n',
'mr. speaker , i demand a recorded vote . \n',
'mr. chairman , i offer an amendment . \n',
"mr. chairman , i yield myself as much time as i may consume . \nmr. chairman , my amendment is very simple . \nit strikes the language from the bill that prevents the capitol police from continuing the horse mounted unit , and it strikes language that requires the current horse mounted unit to be transferred to the park police . \nthis small yet valuable unit is irreplaceable in protecting the capitol grounds against potential threats . \nthe benefits of mounted patrols are recognized worldwide by law enforcement communities . \ntransferring the horse mounted unit to the park police is inadequate to meet the security needs of the capitol complex . \nin the past , the park police 's horse mounted unit has been unavailable when requested by the capitol police . \nadditionally , with the capitol police 's mounted unit dismantled , in the event the park police were able to respond , all of that manure that they were talking about , there would be no one to clean it , no mechanism in place . \nthe mounted unit is an important component of the capitol police 's force to protect the capitol grounds . \ni and chief gainer believe that the mounted unit is an inexpensive and effective resource in guarding the capitol against potential threats , as well as an important part of improving community relations . \nit is my understanding that the cost of maintaining this unit for fiscal year 2006 is somewhere around $ 155 , 000 to $ 160 , 000 . \ncurrently five horses are used by five mounted officers and two sergeants . \nthe mounted unit provides greater mobility , increased visibility and an ability to view a larger area from a greater distance as compared to other officers . \nadditionally the work of one mounted officer is akin to the work of 10 officers on foot . \nin these dangerous times with constant and changing threats against the united states capitol complex , the capitol police deserve all of the tools that they deem necessary at their disposal . \nthe mounted unit has proven very successful over the last 6 months . \nit has assisted with three arrests , worked 33 demonstrations , issued more than 200 notices of infraction , responded to assists in 9 reports of suspicious packages , responded to 16 calls for crowd control assistance , and responded to 28 calls for assistance in traffic accident incidents . \nmr. chairman , i sincerely hope the capitol police 's mounted unit can continue , as it provides an invaluable and unmatched service at protecting our capitol grounds . \nmr. chairman , i reserve the balance of my time . \n",
'mr. chairman , how much time do i have remaining ? \n',
'mr. chairman , i yield myself such time as i may consume . \nmr. chairman , i heard my colleague from virginia say the cost is now up to three quarters of a million dollars . \ni do not think we are getting rid of the police officers ; i think we are just moving the five horses . \ntheir salaries , i think , would be fungible . \nso i do not think you can count that . \nas far as being something we do not need because the park police are already out there with their horses , let me state that the capitol grounds are statutorily defined , and because of that the park police do not have jurisdictions over the capitol grounds , it is my understanding . \nthis program has only been in existence and operational since may of 2004 . \nthe gao study , as the chairman stated , said that it is hard for them to quantify the benefits of the horse patrol because the performance measures are evolving , he failed to say the rest of it , and that data is still being collected on these measures . \nso we are trying to get rid of something that we have not even given a chance to see if it works . \nwe are talking about $ 155 , 000 . \ni am quoting from the gao results that they gave when they appeared before the committee on appropriations . \nthe horses right now are housed , i heard my colleague from virginia say earlier , that they were housed 20 miles away . \nthat is correct , they are . \nand he says that they have to be under stress whenever they are in traffic . \nwell , i am a horsewoman . \ni have seven horses of my own . \nlet me tell you , it does not cost me $ 155 , 000 for seven horses . \nwe have five horses here , and it certainly does not cost three-quarters of a million dollars , and we do not have to provide health benefits and retirement and the like to the horses . \ni think we are cutting short a program that we have not given a chance . \ni urge my colleagues to support my amendment . \ni think it is a good cause . \ni think the horses do a great job . \nit is great pr for us . \ni see folks going up and talking to our capitol police officers . \nyes , the police officers do have the bicycles , but i would venture to say the guys on the bicycles are not sitting up as high as the guys and gals on top of the horses . \nso if there is a problem , they can not see over the cars ; they can not see through the crowds . \ni am pretty passionate about this whole situation . \nyes , i am . \ni just do not think we have given this program the time it needs to really be evaluated , and i go back to what the gao study says , that it is still evolving . \ni will remind members in the gao study they do not recommend eliminating the mounted horse patrol . \nthat is critical . \nthey do not recommend eliminating it . \ngive it time . \nlet us let them have their day . \nmr. chairman , i yield back the balance of my time . \n',
'mr. chairman , i demand a recorded vote . \n',
"mr. speaker , i thank the gentleman for yielding me time . \ni want to begin by congratulating him on his superb service on the committee on rules . \nthis is obviously a very important issue to him . \nhe joined the gentleman from wisconsin ( mr. sensenbrenner ) xz4003650 and me , along with former secretary of state candice miller and our distinguished colleagues , the gentleman from ohio ( mr. chabot ) xz4000710 , the gentleman from texas ( mr. paul ) xz4003110 , and the gentleman from maryland ( mr. bartlett ) xz4000170 , in co-sponsoring this legislation . \nas a former secretary of state , the gentleman from oklahoma ( mr. cole ) xz4000770 understands how important this issue is for us to address . \ni also want to express appreciation to my colleagues on the other side of the aisle . \nin the last congress , while it has not happened in this congress , i was very pleased that the distinguished ranking minority member of the committee on the judiciary , the gentleman from michigan ( mr. conyers ) xz4000800 , joined as a cosponsor of this legislation , as well as my good friend and colleague , the gentleman from california ( mr. berman ) xz4000250 . \nand it is my hope that we will be able to move ahead in a bipartisan way dealing with this very , very important institutional issue . \nwe all remember september 11 of 2001 . \nmy judgment has often been questioned because i was the last human being to walk out of this building on september 11 of 2001 , and probably correctly . \ni did not think anyone would attack it . \nand i will say that when i left the building on september 11 , 2001 , i did so when one of the great capitol hill policemen said to me that there was a plane headed towards this building , and we all know now that that is the plane that went down with those very courageous passengers in pennsylvania . \nwhen we think back on september 11th , obviously it was one of the darkest days in the history of our republic , and it has led us to spend a great deal of time thinking about the unthinkable . \nbecause of september 11th , we have had to ponder things that we would never even possibly consider because of the fact that we had not seen that kind of attack on u.s. soil . \nbut since that time , the speaker of the house has really stepped up to the plate and done a wide range of things that are designed to ensure that the people 's house and , in fact , we hope both houses of congress , are able to continue to function . \nif you recall on september 11th , late that afternoon , when members of both houses of congress , both political parties , stood on the east front of the capitol singing god bless america . \nthe reason that members stood on the east front of the capitol was to let the american people and to let anyone know who would want to do us in , that we , as a nation , are strong , and this institution , the greatest deliberative body known to man , was continuing to function . \nso beginning almost immediately after the attacks of september 11th , the speaker took a number of steps that were designed to maintain the continuity of this great institution . \nhe established the ability to adjourn to an alternative place and to declare an emergency recess . \nhe established the ability to effect a joint leadership recall from a period of adjournment through designees , and the requirement that the speaker submit to the clerk of the house a list of designees to act in the case of a vacancy in the office of the speaker . \nand , mr. speaker , we all know that at the beginning of this 109th congress , we included in our opening day rules package the provisions that allow the house to establish a quorum , which could be lowered if we go through a litany of roll call votes that would determine that many members had been incapacitated and could not actually show up to work here . \ni think it is important to note that we provided a number of protections in the use of that rule , including several that have been suggested by the members of the other side of the aisle . \nand i have to add , mr. speaker , that the speaker of the house and the minority leader , the gentlewoman from california ( ms. pelosi ) xz4003140 , have personally engaged and spent time talking about this very important issue . \nand it is my hope that we will , at the end of the day , end up with , as i said , a bipartisan compromise . \nsome of those recommendations that came from members of the minority on this issue : extended roll calls lasting days at a time and excluding any time in recess so that members can contact the house and let us know that they can come to vote . \nthe availability of the motion to adjourn at any time . \nthe nonpartisan advice of the sergeant at arms , the capitol physician , and the medical and emergency personnel about the state of the membership of this body . \nand , mr. speaker , at the recommendation of the minority , consultation with the minority leader , in accordance with the traditional relationship between the speaker and the minority leader . \nand , finally , it is very important for us to remember that , as i just alluded to , that we have a bicameral legislature . \nthe united states house of representatives does not operate unilaterally , so there will always be a check on any action taken under the mass incapacitation quorum provision . \nwhat i have been discussing , mr. speaker , answers how we will do the people 's work if a terrorist attack incapacitates large numbers of us . \nnow , the continuity in representation act of 2005 , which we are considering here today , deals with how we will replenish the house if terrorists kill large numbers of our members . \nthis legislation calls for special elections to be held within 45 days following such a catastrophe . \nthe gentleman from florida ( mr. hastings ) xz4001701 has just alluded to something , and while i know we do not enjoy the strong support of the minority on this , we have made a step in that we are going to have a manager 's amendment made in order that would allow us to move in the direction of what it is that the minority wants , and that is allowing for 49 days , which would be a full 7 weeks . \nlet me say that this legislation addresses a number of very important matters and it incorporates a number of suggestions made , again by members on the other side of the aisle . \nthey include more than doubling the amount of time for the special elections to occur from 21 days to 45 days . \nand again we are going even further , to a full 7 weeks . \nprotecting overseas military and absentee voters so that they receive additional time in which to return ballots . \nand i want to thank , particularly , the distinguished ranking minority member of the committee on armed services , the gentleman from missouri ( mr. skelton ) xz4003770 , for his fine work in that area and his commitment to ensure that we address the issue of military and overseas voters . \nprotecting civil and voter rights . \nyou will recall when we considered this legislation , which at the end of the day drew large bipartisan support in the 108th congress , we were able to address the concerns that were raised by the gentleman from north carolina ( mr. watt ) xz4004240 at the end of the day when we were debating the legislation , and that is included in this . \nagain , that is a recommendation that came from the minority . \nwe allow states to have primaries and other options for selection of candidates for the special election so long as the general elections are completed within that period of time , which would be 49 days , excluding districts from the 49-day special election requirement if they already have either a general or special election scheduled , and including the four delegates and the resident commissioner of puerto rico within the provisions of the bill . \nnow , i mentioned the large bipartisan support . \nlast year , this legislation passed the house by a vote of 306 to 97 . \ni believe that we need to continue working in a strong bipartisan manner to move this bill through the house and get it to the other body just as expeditiously as possible . \nin that spirit , i anticipate that we will amend the rule , as i said , to move under this manager 's amendment from 45 to 49 days . \nagain , our attempt to continue to work and address very , very correct concerns that are emerging from the minority . \ni also have to say that on this rule itself we are very happy to have made in order the amendment of my colleague and neighbor , the very distinguished gentlewoman from california ( ms. millender-mcdonald ) xz4002750 , who has offered an amendment calling for 60 days . \ni also want to congratulate her , mr. speaker , on her new assignment as the ranking minority member of the committee on administration . \nshe is working closely with the gentleman from ohio ( mr. ney ) xz4002930 i know , and with the gentlewoman from michigan ( mrs. miller ) xz4002761 , who is going to be managing this legislation , and so we look forward to seeing what i hope is , again , a good bipartisan work product . \ni want to talk now , if i can , mr. speaker , about how this bill protects what i feel is a very , very key part of our responsibility here : our representation . \nwhen i was an undergraduate at claremont mckenna college , i had a professor who pounded the federalist papers into me . \ni remember my mentor and the importance of the constitutional convention , and the great connecticut compromise of july 16 of 1787 . \nand i remember that date because we convened the congress in philadelphia to mark the bicentennial of the connecticut compromise back on july 16 of 1987 . \nof course , the federalists have been so important in explaining and justifying the actions of the framers as they put the constitution together . \nwe all know that james madison was the father of our constitution , as well as having been president of the united states , he , as a matter of fact , was a member of the first committee on rules . \nand a relative of mine served on that committee on rules at the founding . \nmadison wrote extensively about this institution , the house of representatives in federalists 52 through 57 . \nand one of the things i believe is very important for us to note is that madison talked about the absolutely critical importance of this institution being elected . \nnow , mr. speaker , we all know that the 435 of us who serve as members of the house of representatives are the only federal officials who must be elected before we can serve . \nin the other body , the united states senate , people are appointed by their governors if vacancies take place . \nand we all know from the example of president ford , one can be appointed to serve as vice president and president of the united states without having been elected . \nbut no one has ever served in the people 's house , this body , without having first been elected . \nand i think it is important to note that madison made it clear when he was talking especially about this institution , as he said in federalist no . \n53 , `` where elections end , tyranny begins. '' mr. speaker , as i said , we are the only federal office where no one has served here without having first been elected , and i think that is something we need to do everything we can to maintain . \nin federalist 52 madison wrote : `` it is essential to liberty that the government in general should have a common interest with the people , so it is particularly essential that the branch of it under consideration should have an immediate dependence on and an intimate sympathy with the people . \nfrequent elections are unquestionably the only policy by which this dependence and sympathy can be effectively secured. '' he went on in federalist 57 and wrote : `` who are to be the electors of the federal representatives ? \nnot the rich more than the poor , not the learned more than the ignorant , not the haughty heirs of distinguished names more than the humble sons of obscurity and unpropitious fortune . \nthe electors are to be the great body of the people of the united states. '' and , mr. speaker , madison rejected the idea that appointment of members is acceptable to the american public . \nhe said , and i quote : `` the right of suffrage is certainly one of the fundamental articles of democratic government and ought not be regulated by the legislature . \na gradual abridgement of this right has been the mode in which aristocracies have been built on the ruin of popular forms. '' i think it is very important for us to understand that there have been times in our nation 's history where we have faced greater difficulty than the difficulty that we face today , or even greater difficulty than we faced following september 11 of 2001 , and that was the civil war . \nif we think back to that time of the civil war , we have to remember that this capitol was surrounded by troops who were threatening the very being of our republic . \nyet president lincoln proceeded with elections , understanding how critically important they are for our republic 's survival . \nand , of course , we have the newest example of self-determination in the world . \nthe brave people of iraq recently tasted freedom and the joy of elections . \nwhat happened ? \nwe had many people saying those elections could not take place . \nwhy ? \nbecause there was a great deal of tension . \nwe saw terrorist attacks , and we continue to see that in iraq . \nbut we know that despite the bombs and the snipers and the fear of death , people exercised that very important right to self-determination . \nhaving faced down aristocracy and tyranny , they knew just how important elections would be for them . \nwe too are a democracy borne out of facing down aristocracy and tyranny ourselves , and we should never forget that for one moment . \nmr. speaker , i am convinced that as we look at the struggles taking place in iraq today , that building and reinforcing democratic institutions is crucial for the safety , security , and happiness of a nation 's people , whether it is the people of iraq or the people of the united states of america . \nthat is why when we looked at some of the other options to provide for our continuity as an institution , such as the stand-in appointments provision that the house overwhelmingly defeated last year , we should ask what we lose if we , for one moment , give up on elections . \nsome have said that this is different ; that we will be dealing with a national emergency . \nand i say that elections are particularly important during a time of a national emergency . \nwe should not have stand-ins or successors from a list in our back pockets passing laws , declaring war , or suspending habeas corpus . \ni believe that when we take this very , very unique institution , the people 's house , where no one has served without having first been elected , and move away from elections , that we threaten the very basis of our strength as a democratic nation . \nthus as we look at the very tough challenge of how to preserve our democracy in the face of catastrophe , this legislation is the most responsible way to continue the legitimacy of our government . \nif we look at the tragic loss of more than 100 members , the idea of having the states hold special elections in that period of time is something that is doable . \npeople will unite and will remove all obstacles in conducting elections . \nthink about it , mr. speaker . \nin the time of a horrible tragedy , feeding and clothing one 's family , making sure the roof is over their head , and then playing a role in picking one 's leaders , that is all part of the process of rebuilding . \nand it can be done in a relatively short period of time . \nmy colleague ( ms. millender-mcdonald ) xz4002750 and i represent the state of california . \na year and a half ago in our home state , we went through a special election -- recently , going through an unprecedented situation . \nwe had the recall of a governor and an election that took place in 55 days . \nit was not a single congressional district of 650 , 000 people with two or three candidates . \nthat race had 135 candidates on the ballot , and they were running among a populace of 35 million people . \nand i am happy to say that that election came off without a hitch . \nand i should parenthetically say i am happy with the outcome as well , mr. speaker . \nlet me close by saying that i think it is very important for us to realize again what james madison was telling us when he said `` when elections end , tyranny begins. '' we should do everything we possibly can to make sure that we keep this house 's very , very precious election process . \nthis rule allows for consideration of measures that address that . \nit is a very fair rule that again gives the ranking minority member an opportunity to have her proposal considered . \ni do oppose that proposal because i believe that the notion of moving to 49 days will allow us to work this out very well . \nand i again thank my colleagues , the gentleman from ohio ( mr. ney ) xz4002930 and the gentleman from wisconsin ( mr. sensenbrenner ) xz4003650 and others , who have worked long and hard on this . \n",
"mr. chairman , i thank the distinguished gentleman from california , the chairman of the committee on appropriations , for yielding me this time ; and i want to congratulate him on the fine work that he has done , not only on this legislation , but on all of the appropriations bills . \nwe have debated this issue , mr. chairman . \nwe debated this issue in the 108th congress . \nwe have had three markups on this issue , two in the committee on house administration , one in the committee on the judiciary , and we had 122 democrats who joined with us in support of a responsible piece of legislation which , in fact , encourages the madisonian vision of an elected people 's house . \nnow , i heard my friend from wisconsin talk about the fact that if we are going to pass this legislation , he would support it if we went ahead with a constitutional amendment . \nit was the distinguished chairman of the committee on appropriations who just said we had that debate . \nsixty-three members of this house chose to support a constitutional amendment . \nthe only reason that we are here at this moment having this debate is that the other body has refused , last year and since march of this year , to proceed with acting on this house 's housekeeping matter . \nit is a housekeeping matter for the house of representatives to maintain the process of elections . \nnow , i think that if we look at the debate that we have had , if we look at the fact that we have continued since september 11 of 2001 to focus on a wide range of matters that impact this institution and the challenge that we never faced in our history , i believe that having this very important legislation that was passed by a margin of 329 in this congress , 329 to 68 , that including it now in the legislative appropriations bill is the most appropriate way to deal with it . \nwe chose in the committee on rules to allow the gentleman from washington ( mr. baird ) xz4000110 to have an opportunity to strike this measure ; and in just a few minutes , we are going to , once again , have a vote on whether or not we allow the process of elections to go ahead . \nnow , it is very true , it is very true that it would be difficult , it would be messy , it would be ugly ; but walter dellinger , the former solicitor general , a great constitutional scholar from duke university , made it very clear in his testimony before the committee on rules , when we talked about this issue , that he would prefer to see a house of representatives that is comprised of fewer members that are actually elected by the people than would be appointed . \nnow , my friend from washington state talks about the fact that these appointed people would be running our country and we would not have elected people . \nunder the constitutional amendment that my friend supports , we could see this institution , the people 's house , consist of individuals who are appointed making decisions over those who are elected ; and i think that is counter to the entire intention that was put forward by the framers of our constitution . \nso when this comes up , i am going to urge a `` no '' vote on the baird amendment . \n",
'mr. chairman , i seek the time in opposition . \nmr. chairman , i would like to begin by yielding 2 minutes to the gentleman from wisconsin ( mr. sensenbrenner ) xz4003650 , the distinguished chairman of the judiciary committee , with whom i have been very pleased to work on this issue really since september 11 , 2001 . \n',
"mr. chairman , i yield myself the balance of the time . \nmr. chairman , james madison said the problems of democracy are solved with more democracy . \nnow , we regularly talk about the fact that the worst , the worst attack on our soil , was what took place on september 11 , 2001 . \nand it is very true that that is the case for what has happened in modern times . \nbut i would like to remind my colleagues that the civil war was a very tough time for the united states of america . \nin fact , the battle of antietam saw southern troops get within miles of this capitol . \nthe president of the united states , abraham lincoln , made a very firm decision at that point : proceed with elections . \nhe felt it very important that the american people have an opportunity to participate through elections . \nnow , when we think of the unthinkable , a tragic attack which would be launched against the united states of america , what is it that the people would do ? \nwell , obviously , one would think about feeding and clothing their family , ensuring that they have a roof over their head . \nand , mr. chairman , a very important part of coming together following a tragedy is the important role of choosing one 's leaders . \nnow , i do not believe that appointed members should be making the decision in the people 's house . \nyes , they can do that as members of the other body . \nyes , that can even happen for the chief executive of the country . \nbut in the people 's house , no one has ever served here in our more than 200-year history without having first been elected . \nand this notion of creating a scenario whereby people could serve in the people 's house without having first been elected is anathema to the entire basis on which the united states of america was founded . \nwe would have to deal with a crisis , but we would come up with a compromise . \nforty-nine days is the amount of time during which people could come together and hold elections and have their representative , that is why we are called representatives , their representative could come here and have the chance to serve . \nit is very clear to me that the house of representatives has , as has been said , spoken . \nsixty-three members of 435 voted in favor of our proceeding with a constitutional amendment . \nsixty-three members for a constitutional amendment . \nwe know that it takes a two-thirds vote . \nwe found that out earlier today . \nand obviously that is not what the people 's house wants . \nand so , mr. chairman , i urge my colleagues to reject the baird amendment , and create an opportunity for us to let the other body act on a house provision which is so vitally important to the deliberative nature of this great body . \nms. millender-mcdonald . \nmr. chairman , i congratulate the gentleman from washington for his long-time leadership on this issue . \nmr. chairman , i support this amendment to strike legislation which has nothing to do with the appropriations process , legislation which has been improperly placed in this bill , the text of h.r. 841 , the `` continuity in representation act of 2005. '' that bill has already passed the house twice , in slightly different forms , in the spring of 2004 and most recently on march 3 , 2005 . \nthe senate refused to consider it the first time , and it is currently pending on the legislative calendar in the senate , where it will remain unless objections by various senators are dealt with . \nmake no mistake : there are senators who strongly oppose this bill , and virtually none who care about it , or strongly support it , or want to take up the senate 's time with it . \nthis means that , if the bill is to move at all , its supporters need to take the objections seriously , be prepared to negotiate , and avoid further antagonizing the opponents . \nas ranking member of the committee of actual jurisdiction , the committee on house administration , i have never been consulted by the majority about beginning negotiations with the senate to try to resolve the objections and get a bill which can clear both chambers . \nwhether such as effort could succeed is unclear , but -- nothing ventured , nothing gained . \ninstead , the house appropriations committee has , to its obvious discomfort , effectively been hijacked by the house majority leadership to load the bill onto legislative branch appropriations in the belief that the senate will meekly submit to anything tucked into the house title . \ni am not going to reargue the substantive issues here . \nh.r. 841 was and is a bad bill . \ni oppose it and voted against it . \nwe should not be recycling failed legislation . \nif the bill 's supporters ever hope to get it passed in some form , they need to make a serious effort to address the objections rather than to employ parliamentary games . \nthey should not be misled by the margins by which the house has passed the bill . \ncongress consists of two chambers . \nunfortunately , some of the house sponsors appear to be treating a controversial and sensitive subject as if it were a perk of the house , as though the house alone somehow had acquired , contrary to the constitution and other federal laws , the right to control the procedure under which its members are elected . \nthis position has gotten them nowhere . \ni believe it is in fact counter-productive . \nduring the appropriations markup , there were numerous questions about the continuity amendment which chairman lewis , who offered it , was unable to answer . \nit was obvious that the committee had no idea what it was being asked to do and , based on the thunderous chorus of `` nays '' on the voice vote , was reluctant to be forced to do it . \nmr. chairman , h.r. 841 is under the jurisdictions of the committee on house administration . \nit has nothing to do with the appropriations process . \nit has serious problems . \nthe sponsors need to change their tune . \nattempting an end run around the regular order on what is , despite their spin , a very controversial bill , does nothing to enhance credibility in potential negotiations with the senate . \nif this bill is to be saved , let the members who care about and understand the issues engage seriously with those of differing views . \nthat is how legislation becomes law . \nnot this way . \ni urge adoption of the baird amendment to strike title 3 . ",
'mr. chairman , i yield back the balance of my time . \n',
'mr. chairman , i yield myself such time as i may consume . \nbeside me i have a stack of & lt ; /em & gt ; & lt ; em & gt ; congressional records . \nit used to be that the government printing office would print thousands and thousands and thousands of these because we did not use computers much . \nwe did not have a searchable data base . \nthese were very important and they still are , but by and large when these come around to congressional offices , they go straight to the waste basket . \nwe did an informal survey in our office of the & lt ; /em & gt ; & lt ; em & gt ; congressional record . \nwhen the printed copy comes , we called about 20 offices or so , what do you do with them ? \noverwhelmingly , nearly all of them said it goes straight to the wastepaper basket because we have it online now , a searchable data base . \nyou can search anything back to 1989 immediately the following day . \nso our legislation would simply do this : it would save $ 5.4 million annually by instructing the government printing office to print 1 , 000 per day rather than the 6 , 000 per day that they are doing now . \nwe simply need to move into the 21st century . \nit used to be that we needed a lot more of them than we need today . \nwe simply do not need to do that . \nthis would also save about 57 tons of paper that are discarded every year , and all of the environmental damage that goes along with that . \nthis is a good amendment . \nit is a commonsense amendment . \nwe simply are moving away from buggy whips and other things . \nwe need to recognize that we simply do not have the need any more for printed record . \nto the extent that we need them , we will still present them . \none thousand a day is pretty generous , and we need to save money where we can . \nand we need to have credibility when we tell federal agencies to cut their budgets to live within their means . \nfor us to go on printing 6 , 000 of these a day when we simply do not need them is not right . \nmr. chairman , i reserve the balance of my time . \n',
'mr. chairman , i yield 2 minutes to the gentleman from oregon ( mr. blumenauer ) xz4000330 . \n',
'mr. chairman , i am willing to save time and money , and i yield back the balance of my time . \n',
"mr. speaker , our forefathers fought a revolution . \nthey fought a revolution for freedom against a power that at that time was much greater than the sum of this nation . \nthey fought against private gentry . \ngeorge mason said at the constitutional convention that `` the people will be represented ; they ought therefore to choose their representatives. '' this is a conceptual framework that has governed this body for more than 2 centuries . \ntoday , even though times have changed , the spirit of mason lives on . \nand with god 's blessing we will never have to use this piece of legislation . \nbut we have to seriously consider the issue of the continuity in congress . \nwe have specifically designed authority to other members of this body to call the house back into session should i not be here to do it . \nwe have changed the rules of the house to allow it to function if members are incapacitated . \ntoday we debate a bill that calls for the states to provide special elections if more than 100 members are killed . \nand yes , even though we have provided for rules if members are incapacitated , we have a constitutional responsibility to ensure the american people have full representation in this congress . \ncongress has always been for the people and by the people . \nand in keeping with the great traditions of our country , we need to keep it that way . \nlast congress we overwhelmingly passed a very similar bill to the one we are debating today . \nit was improved by the congress with various amendments , many from the other side of the aisle , which the gentleman from ohio ( mr. ney ) xz4002930 has incorporated into this bill . \nwe heard a desire to make sure that this bill specifically allows for primaries ; that language is incorporated in this bill . \nand my good friend , the gentleman from missouri ( mr. skelton ) xz4003770 , wanted to make sure that the military ballots from overseas were counted . \nwe have incorporated that suggestion into this bill . \ni discussed with the democratic leader the idea of increasing the number of days from 45 to 49 , 7 weeks , to provide the 7 weeks for these special elections . \ni thought it was important to add a few more days . \nhowever , 60 days is too long a time for the framework of the national crisis because of our role under the war powers act . \nthe bill we had adopted last congress with the support of 306 members was a very good bill . \nthe gentleman from ohio ( mr. ney ) xz4002930 and the gentleman from wisconsin ( mr. sensenbrenner ) xz4003650 have even a better bill this year , and i expect the same overwhelming bipartisan support . \nin closing , we face a significant threat . \nwhat makes america great is that we can come together during times of national tragedy . \nand my point is that after september 11 , partisan bickering was on the back burner , and we were able to come together and do great things for the american people . \nterrorists hate everything we stand for , especially our democracy . \ntheir whole object is to disrupt and destroy . \nin the event of the unthinkable , this bill strikes a blow to the heart of the terrorists and allows this body to reconstitute itself as quickly as possible , therefore carrying on the spirit of mason and of this great nation . \ni urge the defeat of the motion to recommit . \ni urge the passage of this bill . \n",
"mr. speaker , i yield myself such time as i may consume . \nmr. speaker , i thank the gentleman from oklahoma ( mr. cole ) xz4000770 for the time . \nthis is the first rule of which i hope are many that the gentleman and i are managing together . \nhe has already been welcomed to the committee , so i extend those same warm welcomes to him for managing this measure . \nmr. speaker , i rise today in opposition to this closed rule which limits debate on how this body should operate if it experiences mass causality . \nthis is an issue of grave importance to the american people and the integrity of that democracy in times of dire crisis . \nthe decision of the majority to place any restrictions on this body prohibiting members from offering amendments and freely debating the subject is not responsible . \nthe terrorist attacks of september 11 changed the way that we as a country operate . \nin turn , congress has rightfully committed itself to creating policy that protects americans from future attacks , though i question how successful we have been in our actions . \nseptember 11 also presented us with a challenge to consider continuity in the house during a worst-case scenario . \nin examining such a grim situation , we must foresee what will be needed to regain stability and reassure the american people and the world that our government is going about business as usual . \nwhile i believe that the underlying legislation is an honest attempt to address the concerns which i just raised , the discussion surrounding the issue has been , as one constitutional scholar wrote , embarrassingly partisan . \neven more , the product of 3 years of discussion on the issue that the majority is bringing to the floor is incomplete , unrealistic , and fails to consider the implications of changing statute when we should be amending the united states constitution . \nthe underlying legislation requires the states to hold special elections within 45 days in the case of extraordinary circumstances . \nthis is a problematic requirement . \nwhen the committee on house administration took testimony from state and local election officials , it was told that 45 days is not enough time to pull off a primary and general election . \nelection officials noted that mailing ballots to absentee , overseas , and military voters for a primary and general election and then waiting for their return would alone take more than 45 days . \nthis does not include the time that it takes to print and process ballots . \nshould this time period be adopted , it would undoubtedly result in the disenfranchisement of millions , including seniors who vote absentee , our diplomatic corps , and our men and women serving in our armed forces . \nthe majority finally agreed with democrats and local election officials yesterday that 45 days is not enough time to conduct these critical elections . \nlate last night we were informed that my friends on the republican side are now seeking to amend the rule so that they may offer a manager 's amendment which will increase the time elections must be conducted from 45 to 49 days . \nfour days , mr. speaker . \nwhat can you realistically do in 4 more days ? \nthis is more of a cosmetic and convenient change than substantive . \nit still sets up a process that will lead to the selection of members of congress who are potentially not the real choice of the citizenry . \nall of this is happening at the same time my friends in the majority have blocked democratic members from offering three different amendments to the bill , all of which were germane and all of which were turned in on time . \nit seems to me that we operate under two rules in the house of representatives : one for them and one for us . \nlater today , democrats will offer an amendment lengthening the special election period from 45 to 60 days . \nour proposal provides elections officials with a more realistic solution to a daunting task most likely overshadowed by grief and angst . \ni hope that members of this body will place the integrity of our democracy above petty politics and vote to adopt the millender-mcdonald amendment . \nadditionally , the continuity-in-government commission has recommended a different approach . \nit has suggested that states create lists of possible appointments to seats vacated due to mass causality to ensure that the house can continue to operate while states move forward with their own special elections process . \nthese temporary appointments would serve until states are able to elect representatives in accordance to their own laws . \nthis is a fair approach and one which should be considered on equal footing as the underlying legislation . \nyet , when our colleague , the gentleman from washington ( mr. baird ) xz4000110 , offered this proposal in the 108th congress , as a footnote , the gentleman from washington 's ( mr. baird ) xz4000110 wife is about to deliver their child and he might not get here . \nwe are hoping that he does . \nbut he certainly has been a stalwart leader in the effort to do what is necessary to preserve the integrity of this body . \nwhen he introduced this proposal , republicans sought to embarrass him and the commission 's ideas for which he was fighting . \nthey set up a vote in the way that it was impossible for the proposal to be given its due consideration . \nin my view , it was cutthroat politics , and we should not allow for those kind of actions . \nincomplete as it is , the underlying legislation also fails to consider mass causality where the speaker is a victim and is unable to trigger special elections . \nit does not address how the house quorum rules will work in the case of mass house vacancies . \nperhaps most importantly , the underlying legislation could potentially leave our country without an effective or legitimate legislative branch for the first 6 weeks following a disaster . \nthink about it this way : in the first 6 weeks following september 11 , the house , this house , authorized the president to use force against terrorists and appropriated $ 40 billion to address the emergencies in new york and at the pentagon . \nif the underlying legislation is dropped , the legitimacy of actions taken by a shorthanded congress , most likely during a time of war , would always be in question . \nfor me , this scenario is unacceptable . \nregardless of the house 's decisions today , states and voters must ultimately approve this process through a constitutional amendment . \nit took less than 14 months to approve each of the 17th , 18th , 19th , 20th , 21st , 23rd , and 26th amendments respectively . \nanyone who suggests that the constitutional amendment process takes years , in my view , is incorrect . \nthroughout history , when constitutional amendments have been needed , states and voters have responded . \ni suspect that they will respond similarly in this case . \nall of these concerns underscore the need for this body to consider this legislation in an open and much larger discussion on the continuity of our government during times of mass causality . \nthe effects of our hastiness today may not be felt while any of us are alive , but at some point in the future our successors and our states will be trapped by poor decisions we might make today . \ni urge my colleagues to oppose this closed rule . \nmr. speaker , i reserve the balance of my time . \n",
"mr. speaker , i yield myself such time as i may consume . \ni have great respect for the gentleman from california ( mr. dreier ) xz4001150 , and i know that he knows that the 17th amendment of the united states constitution speaks to continuity . \ni also know that he knows that the congress , for purposes of preserving our institutions , allowed for the development of a continuity-of-government commission . \non that commission a significant number of outstanding individuals from america , a broad cross-section of them , came up with the notion that it was critical that we have a constitutional amendment to go forward . \nlet me name some of the people that were on that commission : lloyd cutler ; alan simpson ; philip chase bobbitt ; kenneth duberstein ; tom foley , former speaker of the house ; robert michel , minority leader ; newt gingrich , former speaker of the house ; nicholas b. katzenbach ; jamie gorelick ; robert katzmann ; kweisi mfume ; lynn martin ; donna shalala ; and their senior counselors were norman orenstein and thomas mann . \nwhat they said in the very preamble of their document is the following : we held two public meetings where we heard testimony from experts , and in the course of our investigation , we explored a wide range of options short of a constitutional amendment to ameliorate or solve these problems . \nthe commissioners , all of those persons that i just identified , shared distaste for frivolous or unnecessary amendments to the constitution . \nunfortunately , because the constitution dictates the way that vacancies are to be filled in the house and senate , there is no way to establish a procedure to quickly fill mass vacancies without a constitutional amendment . \nno less authorities than robert michel and newt gingrich and tom foley and lloyd cutler , folks who have studied the constitution , actively came to that conclusion . \ni tend to share their view . \nand the chairman of the committee on rules spoke of james madison . \nno greater or eminent scholar that laid the foundation perhaps , other than jefferson , dealt with all of the issues that they contemplated in their time . \nbut i wonder if mr. madison would deem it fair that the house operates with closed rules rather than open rules . \nwe had a vote on whether or not there should be an open rule in this important process for america , and we had an amendment offered by a distinguished member of this body , the gentleman from minnesota ( mr. sabo ) xz4003540 , requiring states to offer same-day voter registration for special elections held in accordance with this bill . \nseems reasonable that people would be scattered and other things on their minds in a crisis such as we had experienced on 9/11 . \nmy colleague from new york ( mr. nadler ) xz4002890 , who lost more people than all of us combined in the 9/11 tragedy , offered a measure to prohibit deceiving any person as to the time , place , or eligibility requirements of special elections held in accordance with this bill . \nand the gentleman from michigan ( mr. conyers ) xz4000800 , the ranking member of the committee on the judiciary , offered an amendment that would require states to equally and fairly distribute election personnel and equipment when it conducts the special elections contemplated in this bill . \nall three of those civil rights measures went down the tube with the closed rule . \nwhen we open up this institution , we will be able to address matters in a more meaningful way so that the minority can have their amendments contemplated in good kind . \ni end by saying that thomas mann of the brookings institution , who was one of the lead authors of the continuity commission 's report , stated in front of the committee on house administration the following : `` the inability to swiftly constitute the house and senate would deprive the country of a fully functioning first branch of government at a time of grave national crisis . \nunable to achieve a quorum , or relying on a questionable quorum interpretation allowing a small minority , possibly a handful of surviving members to act for the full chamber , congress would be unable to legitimately elect a new speaker or confirm a new vice president , both critical links in presidential succession . \nthey will be unable to declare war , appropriate funds , pass legislation needed to deal with the attack , confirm supreme court and cabinet appointments , oversee an executive branch possibly run by someone largely unknown to the country , and reassure a stunned nation that their constitutional democracy is alive and well. '' constitutional democracy , not statutory democracy as we are offering here today . \nmr. madison offered the 17th amendment to the united states constitution that has held well through the years with reference to continuity , and we owe no less responsibility to those founders to be mindful of our responsibilities in that regard by offering up to the american people an appropriate constitutional amendment to be debated and decided by the people of this great country . \nmr. speaker , i yield back the balance of my time . \n",
'mr. chairman , i yield myself such time as i may consume . \ni rise today to offer an amendment to cut 1 percent of the level of funding in this appropriation bill . \nthis amounts to roughly $ 28 billion for the legislative branch appropriations bill , and it is no reflection on the chairman or the ranking member . \nthey have done some very good things in here , particularly in that hole of waste we have in the east front of our capitol which goes on and on and on . \nthey have done a great job in trying to rein that in . \ni simply think that with all of these appropriation bills , with most of them , we can find 1 percent to cut , and that will move us in a tiny way towards a balanced budget . \nso i offer the amendment . \nmr. chairman , i reserve the balance of my time . \n',
'mr. chairman , i yield back the balance of my time . \n',
'mr. chairman , i demand a recorded vote . \n',
'mr. chairman , i offer an amendment . \n',
'mr. chairman , i yield myself such time as i may consume . \nmr. chairman , i want to inquire of the distinguished gentleman from wisconsin ( chairman sensenbrenner ) , i have an amendment in the nature of a substitute . \nin the spirit of collegiality , i realize that we have a rule , but i gained a sense that the committee on house administration would be supportive of this substitute which would only allow an added 5 days for an appeal from 2 days , less than a week . \ni would inquire of the chairman of the committee on the judiciary , would the gentleman allow that to move forward by unanimous consent ? \nif the gentleman would answer with just a yes or no whether we would be able to move forward with this substitute , i would be delighted to work with the chairman . \n',
'i yield to the gentleman from wisconsin . \n',
"reclaiming my time , i think they would have followed the gentleman 's lead , but i thank the gentleman very much . \nlet me move forward with the amendment before us . \nthis is my very point . \ni encourage my colleagues , both republicans and democrats , to look very carefully at the jackson-lee amendment , and i ask for their support . \nthis is the problem we have here today , and that is the continuity and the preservation of this historic and honorable institution , the members of the united states congress , really should be a bipartisan process . \ni am disappointed we are not , even in time of death and tragedy , terrorism , that we can not find in our hearts and in our intellectual minds the ability to be collegial and to work in an very informed and thoughtful way . \nthis particular amendment is very succinct , and i ask my colleagues to give it considerable thought and vote for it . \none , the amendment has the expansion of the ability of an aggrieved party to file suit for either declaratory or injunctive relief from just 2 days to 5 days . \nthis is a question to answer the needs of the secretaries of state and the states that when this crisis occurs , that all of them have the procedures in place to be able to fulfill our democratic calling . \nthis is not a constitutional amendment . \ni wish it were . \nbut since we are doing this by statute , why not give the opportunity for there to be enough open view and transparency for this to occur ? \nnumber 2 of this amendment is a provision for an expedited appeals process to the united states district court for matters rising out of the special election process because a 45-day deadline for special state election already places significant constraints on the electoral process and on the citizens represented due to its brevity , taking away the right to an appeal to the u.s. district court . \nthis gives an expedited appeal . \nin addition , this provides for an expansion of the right to sue for declaratory judgment beyond the governor , but to citizens and classes of citizens . \nmr. chairman , the gravity of the matter of reconstituting the house of representatives in the face of catastrophe requires the fullest debate possible . \nhowever , due to the fact that a structured rule was reported out of committee , this body is relegated to saving this severely flawed legislation by way of the only two amendments made in order last tuesday -- those of my colleague , the distinguished ranking member of the house administration committee and the jackson-lee amendment . \nthe jackson-lee amendment has three essential components which propose to preserve the rights of the states , the voters , and of the spirit of democracy : the first portion of this amendment , jackson-lee # 1 , reads as follows : in section 26 ( b ) ( 4 ) ( b ) ( i ) of the revised statutes of the united states , as proposed to be added by the bill , strike `` 2 days '' and insert `` 5 days. '' this change would amend the section of the bill that deals with the time in which a person ( s ) may file a lawsuit arising out of the speaker of the house 's announcement of vacancies in the house of representatives in excess of 100 . \nthis change would amend paragraph ( 4 ) , subparagraph ( b ) ( i ) and expand the ability of an aggrieved party to file suit for either declaratory or injunctive party to file suit for either declaratory or injunctive relief from just two ( 2 ) days to five ( 5 ) days . \nbecause not every state has a capital beltway or even a superhighway system , and because information travels at a different rate in every location , it is important that we establish a fair standard for a filing rule that affects every state in the country . \nthe principle of procedural due process dictates that every citizen of each state have a realistic opportunity to obtain legal relief through our judicial branch . \nthe second portion of this proposal speaks even more to the issue of due process for all citizens . \nits text reads as follows : in section 26 ( b ) ( 4 ) ( b ) ( iii ) of the revised statues of the united states , as proposed to be added by the bill , insert after `` the action '' the following : `` ( taking into account an opportunity for an expedited appeal of the initial decision ) . '' . \nbecause the 45-day deadline for special state elections already places significant constraints on the electoral process and on the citizens represented due to its brevity , taking away the right to an appeal from the u.s. district court would excessively curtail the procedural due process rights enjoyed by citizens . \ngiven that the time in which a federal judge has to compose an order disposing of these matters is provided in this bill , an equally expeditious appeals process should be provided so as to maintain consistency with the u.s. constitution and the commitment to both the 5th and 14th amendments . \nthirdly , the amendment reads as follows : in section 26 ( b ) ( 4 ) ( b ) ( iv ) of the revised statutes of the united states , as proposed to be added by the bill , insert after `` vacant '' the following : `` any citizen of the district or any group of citizens of the state. '' . \nthis proposal is very important to protect the interests of all citizens in the various congressional districts in the midst of party politics as well as the certification of classes in legal actions . \nas the bill is drafted , section 2 , paragraph ( 4 ) , subparagraph ( iv ) would confer the right to sue in the event of a vacancy announcement by the speaker of the house solely to the `` executive authority , '' in the case of texas , the governor . \nsuch overly restrictive language almost certainly threatens to deprive the citizens of a right that they should enjoy in the event that the governor chooses not to participate in a suit for declaratory or injunctive relief pursuant to a vacancy announcement made by the speaker of the house . \nin order to protect the rights of every person who truly has an interest in a call for a special election under this act , this provision must be amended to allow citizens and classes of citizens to sue for relief . \nmr. chairman , i ask that my colleagues support the voters of each state , the framework of the u.s. constitution , and the spirit of democracy by supporting the jackson-lee amendment . \nmr. chairman , i reserve the balance of my time . \n",
'mr. chairman , do i have the right to close ? \n',
"mr. chairman , i yield myself 45 seconds . \nmr. chairman , this is about chaos and confusion . \nthere is no definition of how the announcement will go out to the people beyond the beltway . \na mere extending from 2 days to 5 days to make sure that americans , even in crisis , have due process and democracy and justice is not too much to ask . \ni would indulge and beg my colleagues to realize all this does is simply allow for the people of america in crisis to be represented and to be responded to . \nmr. chairman , i yield 30 seconds to the gentlewoman from california ( ms. millender-mcdonald ) xz4002750 , the ranking member of the committee on house administration . \nms. millender-mcdonald . \nmr. chairman , i rise in strong support of the jackson-lee amendment . \na portion of the gentlewoman 's amendment seeks to provide an expedited appeals process to the united states district court for matters arising out of the special election process . \nwe have been talking about this 44 , 45 , 49-day deadline for special state elections , and it already places significant constraints on the electoral process and on the citizens represented due to its brevity . \ntaking away the right of an appeal to united states district court would excessively curtail the procedural due process rights enjoyed by citizens . \ni support the gentlewoman 's amendment . \nmr. chairman , i yield myself the balance of my time , and thank the gentlewoman for her support . \nagain , the idea of this amendment , in the judicial review aspect , one , there is no definitive information about how the information will be disseminated to our states and to citizens in a 2-day period if crisis is occurring , if a terrorist act has occurred . \nmy amendment gives an additional 5 days to guarantee that that notice be given . \nin addition , the other aspects of the legislation provides for an expedited time frame . \nit does not in any way cause a sufficient delay that would not allow us to restore this body to its ability to do business on behalf of the american people . \ncontinuity , tragedy , all equal bipartisanship . \ni would ask my colleagues to look at this amendment and all it does provide , the enhanced due process . \nand i think we would not want the terrorists to believe that because of a terrorist act that we have lost our sense of judgment , the constitution and due process . \nafter 9/11 , we went to new york to show that we are not afraid of the terrorists . \ni believe we should show that we are not afraid of them by upholding the constitution and due process on behalf of the american people . \nvote for the jackson-lee amendment . \ni ask my colleagues to vote for this amendment . \nmr. chairman , i yield back the balance of my time . \n",
'mr. chairman , i demand a recorded vote . \n',
"mr. chairman , i rise today in support of h.r. 2985 the legislative branch appropriations for fiscal year 2006 . \nhowever , i find it truly unfortunate that these appropriations were consistently under-funded because of the tight budget due to the massive tax cuts given to the richest americans . \nthese bush administration tax cuts have created gaps in so many programs and these legislative branch appropriations are no different . \nthe total funding for this legislation is $ 2.87 billion which is only 2 % more than current levels and $ 270 million ( 9 % ) less than requested by the various legislative offices and agencies . \nthis bill appropriates $ 1.1 billion for operations of the house of representatives which is only $ 13 million ( 1 % ) more than current funding and $ 35 million ( 3 % ) less than requested . \nit is unfortunate that these appropriations are so tight , when the cost of operating the house of representatives is in fact getting higher . \nthese costs are becoming higher because the needs of our constituencies are becoming greater . \nwith these unfortunate budget cuts in place it will be our constituents who suffer . \nregardless of these cuts , congress will continue to function properly and we will serve our constituents proudly , but these cuts in our funding undermine our efforts . \nin addition to insufficient funding to the house of representatives , the greatest deficiencies can be found in the legislative branch agencies that directly or indirectly support congressional operations . \nthis funding is only $ 32.6 million ( 2 % ) more than current levels and a staggering $ 234.8 million ( 12 % ) less than requested . \nfunding for the capitol police , who are entrusted with protecting the capitol complex and all those who work and visit here actually received $ 2 million ( 1 % ) less than in fy 2005 , and $ 50.4 million ( 17 % ) less than requested in this appropriation . \nthe architect of the capitol who have worked so hard in the last year to make the capitol complex more accessible to visitors received only $ 317.3 million , $ 16.7 million ( 6 % ) more than current funding but a full $ 123.6 million ( 28 % ) less than requested . \nthe government printing office ( gpo ) which serves the demanding printing needs of hundreds of legislators every year received only $ 122.6 million which is $ 2.8 million ( 2 % ) more than current funding but $ 8.5 million ( 6 % ) less than requested . \nindeed , even the library of congress , the resource for members and staff to conduct research and the institution meant to be our nation 's greatest repository of reading materials , even their funding was cut in this appropriation . \nthe library of congress received $ 543 million , about equal to the fy 2005 level but $ 47.8 million ( 8 % ) less than requested . \nhowever , the issue that has me most concerned about this appropriation is the language of h.r. 841 , which would require states to hold special elections within 49 days of the speaker declaring that more than 100 vacancies exist in the house . \nfirst of all , this language has no business being in this appropriations measure , it clearly legislates on what is supposed to be a spending bill . \ntruly , the other side of the aisle is trying to sneak in a piece of legislation within this appropriation in order to force its passage upon the senate . \nfurthermore , this language within this bill threatens to weaken the electoral process , to disenfranchise overseas , disabled , and lower-income voters and thereby reduce individual rights . \nthe more expedited the process of replacing despite my objections with certain provisions of this legislation i will vote in favor of this appropriation because it serves the needs of our congress . \nhowever , i hope that soon our economic and budgeting practices would change so that we are not forced to make so many cuts in vital areas . \ni also hope that in the future we do not use these appropriations bills as a way to further our legislative agendas . \nit is my sincere hope that the institution of congress , which was made to serve the needs of the people , will continue to be effective no matter the obstacle . \n",
"mr. chairman , i rise today in strong support of my colleague mr. baird 's amendment to h.r. 2985 the legislative branch appropriations for fiscal year 2006 . \nthe baird amendment would strike the language of h.r. 841 , which would require states to hold special elections within 49 days of the speaker declaring that more than 100 vacancies exist in the house . \nfirst of all , this language has no business being in this appropriations measure , it clearly legislates on what is supposed to be a spending bill . \ntruly , the other side of the aisle is trying to sneak in a piece of legislation within this appropriation in order to force its passage upon the senate . \nfurthermore , this language within this bill threatens to weaken the electoral process , to disenfranchise overseas , disabled , and lower-income voters and thereby reduce individual rights . \nthe more expedited the process of replacing the members of the house and the smaller the body constituted is , the less legitimacy it will have . \nunless the house constitutes members from all 50 states and through a full , fair , and transparent process , this body will lack qualities that make it truly `` representative. '' forty-nine days is simply not enough time for a state to hold the most free and fair elections . \nspecial elections on average , take four months . \nin the event of a catastrophic disaster , elections should be held on an expedited time schedule . \nthe pillars of what makes american democracy unique , however , should not be toppled in the pursuit to do so . \ntrue democracy dictates that every eligible woman or man has the right to run for office and to vote freely and under fair circumstances . \nunder the guidelines of this language , this would not be possible . \nmany states would have to forgo party primaries and the system would lend itself to the wealthiest and most well-known candidates ' ability to run virtually unopposed . \nall debate of the candidates ' platforms or characters would be nearly muted , and in effect , americans would vote `` in the blind. '' significant disenfranchisement will likely occur in the unrealistic time frame that the language of h.r. 841 offers in this appropriations measure . \nthere would be no way to mail out and receive absentee ballots in time . \noverseas americans , including those in the military , would not have a realistic chance to vote . \nyes , the legislation ostensibly offers military and overseas voters an opportunity to be heard , but 15 days simply are not enough . \nthere is something unseemly about denying our men and women of the military the right to vote in the most consequential elections imaginable , when we would be replacing perhaps the entire house . \nlogistically , many states would not have sufficient time for voter registration . \nit would be difficult to even print the ballots in the time allotted under this act . \nthere are the language of h.r. 841 in this bill proposes to make the issue of state elections a `` federal question. '' however , just because this issue would become federalized does not mean that we should frustrate the essential elements of democracy.the processes of establishing the eligibility of state candidates , voter registration , voter freedom of choice , and equal access to voting under the civil rights act must be preserved -- even in the face of a catastrophe . \ndemocracy should not be abandoned simply because our leadership may have to suddenly change . \nclearly , this language does not belong in this appropriations bill , nor does it serve the best interest of the american people . \ni urge all my colleagues to support the baird amendment and remove this improper language from the legislative appropriations bill . \n",
"mr. chairman , i rise today against mr. hefley 's amendment to h.r. 2985 the legislative branch appropriations for fiscal year 2006 , which would reduce this spending bill by 1 percent . \nthe hefley amendment is inappropriate at this time when funding needs have already been neglected in this appropriation . \ntruly , the committee had difficult decisions to make , but cutting even 1 percent more from this legislation would be a tremendous mistake . \nthe total funding for this legislation is $ 2.87 billion which is only 2 percent more than current levels and $ 270 million ( 9 percent ) less than requested by the various legislative offices and agencies . \nthis bill appropriates $ 1.1 billion for operations of the house of representatives which is only $ 13 million ( 1 percent ) more than current funding and $ 35 million ( 3 percent ) less than requested . \nit is unfortunate that these appropriations are so tight , when the cost of operating the house of representatives is in fact getting higher . \nthese costs are becoming higher because the needs of our constituencies are becoming greater . \nif the hefley amendment is to pass it will be our constituents who suffer . \nregardless of any possible cuts , congress will continue to function properly and we will serve our constituents proudly , but these cuts in our funding undermine our efforts . \nin addition to insufficient funding to the house of representatives , the greatest reason to reject the hefley amendment can be found in the legislative branch agencies that directly or indirectly support congressional operations . \nthis funding is only $ 32.6 million ( 2 percent ) more than current levels and a staggering $ 234.8 million ( 12 percent ) less than requested . \nfunding for the capitol police , who are entrusted with protecting the capitol complex and all those who work and visit here actually received $ 2 million ( 1 percent ) less than in fy 2005 , and $ 50.4 million ( 17 percent ) less than requested in this appropriation . \nthe architect of the capitol who have worked so hard in the last year to make the capitol complex more accessible to visitors received only $ 317.3 million , $ 16.7 million ( 6 percent ) more than current funding but a full $ 123.6 million ( 28 percent ) less than requested . \nthe government printing office ( gpo ) which serves the demanding printing needs of hundreds of legislators every year received only $ 122.6 million which is $ 2.8 million ( 2 percent ) more than current funding but $ 8.5 million ( 6 percent ) less than requested . \nindeed , even the library of congress , i urge all my colleagues to reject the hefley amendment as its passage will only make it more difficult for us to meet the needs of the american people . \ncutting 1 percent from the legislative appropriations will not lead to any dramatic monetary savings , but it will hinder efforts to provide the best congressional support services possible . \nit takes a lot to keep the great halls of congress going and it is our responsibility to ensure that all of it is properly funded . \n",
"mr. chairman , first of all , i want to extend thanks to the chairman of the full committee on appropriations , the gentleman from california ( mr. lewis ) xz4002391 . \nby this time next week , we will have completed all of the appropriation bills . \nthis is a history-making event in the house of representatives . \ni have been here for 11 years ; and for the 11 years i have been here , i do not know of another time when we have completed all of our appropriation bills going right up to the july 4 recess break . \nthat is in large part due to the cooperation that the chairman received from the ranking member , the gentleman from wisconsin ( mr. obey ) xz4003000 , but in large part also from the leadership exhibited by the chairman of the full committee . \nhe set a very , very high bar , a high standard , and all of the subcommittee chairs comported with that ; and we will have sent to the senate all of our appropriation bills as of a week from today or a week from tomorrow . \nthat is an accomplishment that should not go unnoticed , and i compliment the gentleman from california ( mr. lewis ) xz4002391 and the gentleman from wisconsin ( mr. obey ) xz4003000 for their leadership and also the subcommittee chairmen for that kind of goal setting and then meeting those goals . \nsecondly , this is an important bill . \nthis is the legislative branch bill . \nthis is the bill where we say to all of the people , and i personally say to all of the people around the capitol campus , thank you for the good work you do . \nthe clerks , the people taking down our words here , the & lt ; /em & gt ; & lt ; em & gt ; congressional record that will be printed overnight , the parliamentarians who do such good work in directing the proceedings of the house , all of the capitol hill police who stand guard 24-7 and protect the capitol , the attending physician 's office who keep us all healthy , the people who work in the cloakrooms , the people who help us write bills , the people at crs who help us make sure that we get the words correct and get them done correctly in the bills that we prepare and take a lot of credit for . \nthe folks who work at the library of congress . \nthe most magnificent facility on the capitol campus is the library of congress . \ni hate to say it , but it is even more magnificent than this building , but the library of congress is a magnificent facility . \nmembers have an opportunity to take full advantage of many of the books there and research that can be done . \nthe botanical gardens is also a part of our campus . \nthis is the bill that funds all of that . \nthis is congress ' opportunity to say thank you to all of the people who work around here . \nit includes the lawyers who make sure that we do things correctly , and all of the people who work hard day and night to keep this building open , keep members on the right track , and make sure that the things we do are done by the book . \nso i pay my compliments to all of the people who make this magnificent facility that we call the united states capitol the great place that it is , where we make the laws and have the debates and have the opportunity to represent the people from all over the country . \nwe could not do it without this bill , without the funding in this bill , and we could not do it without the people who provide all of the services , and are very dedicated , many of whom work late hours to keep this place going . \ni want to take my hat off to those folks . \ni want to say a word about the visitors center . \ni want to say this : it is a done deal . \nthe leadership decided several years we needed a visitors center . \nhas it been done all correctly ? \nno . \nand the points that the gentleman from wisconsin ( mr. obey ) xz4003000 makes are correct points . \na lot of the work that has been done has been done by direction of staff of the principals . \nthe principals really have not been that involved . \nthey said they wanted a visitors center , and then they allowed the staff over the last 4 or 5 years to give direction . \nthe architects have had many masters on this visitors center , unfortunately . \nbut it is going to be built , and it is going to be a magnificent opportunity for people to have good shelter and safety . \nand after 9/11 , we do not want people standing outside , we do not want people standing in inclement weather , and there will be an opportunity for people to get a little bit of history before they enter the capitol . \nto say we should throw the whole bill out because of the visitors center does not make sense . \ni also want to say something about a subject i have felt very strongly about for the last few years , thank the architect and the chief operating officer and others for helping me with this , and that is the development of a staff health fitness center . \nit is under way in the rayburn garage . \nit is for the staff around here who work long hours . \nthere will be a health fitness center that they will be able to take advantage of , to stay healthy and be able to exercise , to have an opportunity to do the same thing that all of the members have the opportunity to do . \ni am grateful that we are finally getting that kind of opportunity for our staff to be able to make this happen . \nwith respect to the provision that was put in the bill having to do with respect to what do we do around here if another disaster happens , if the members are injured or killed in some kind of an attack , there has to be something that guides the direction of the house in the event that something happens . \nthe speaker decided in order to get this moving and in order to get the senate to go along with something , it had to be included in a bill , and it was put in this bill . \nit was put in , really , to get something done , to make something happen , to have some provision in the event that something happens . \nit is probably not the best way to do it , but maybe it will end up to be the most efficient way to do it , to get the senate finally to come around and sit down and talk to us about what do we do if something happens around here and how do we account for succession . \nthe constitution calls for elections , not appointment . \nwhen there is a vacancy , there has to be an election . \nthat is the way we get members to congregate in this house . \nthat is the way it should be . \nmy point is the idea that this was included and is some sort of nonessential thing , it is essential that we have a provision in the law that allows us to account for a situation in the event that members need to be replaced . \nthat is really the reason it was put in . \nit is a part of the process here . \nif we want to get things moving , this is one of the ways to do it . \nit is not unprecedented . \nwe have included other provisions in bills before to try and get some compromise with the senate . \ni congratulate the speaker for trying to get something done on this . \nif it does not happen here , it probably will not happen . \nwe need to have this provision in the law . \ni ask every member to consider the good work that goes on around here , the fact that this is the bill that funds all of this . \nthis is the bill that takes care of all of the work that we do around here . \nit is a good bill . \nmy compliments go to the gentleman from california ( mr. lewis ) xz4002391 and the gentleman from wisconsin ( mr. obey ) xz4003000 and the work of the staff people that made it possible for this bill to come to the floor today . \n",
'mr. chairman , will the gentleman yield ? \n',
"mr. chairman , i will address it in this way : i was here on 9/11 , as the gentleman was . \nthere is absolutely nothing for the members of congress to do . \nthat is the answer to the gentleman 's question . \nthe whole thing was taken over by the administration . \nthere is not going to be anything for any member of congress , any major decisions to be made during that period of time . \nwe do not need to be around here . \n",
'mr. chairman , will the gentleman yield ? \n',
'mr. chairman , we were all meandering around here trying to figure out what to do , trying to figure out how to get our phones working . \nall of the major legislation that was created was created long after the period of time that the gentleman is talking about . \n',
'if the gentleman will further yield , what is the time frame ? \n',
"i was going to respond to the gentleman 's other questions . \n",
'i yield to the gentleman from virginia . \n',
"mr. chairman , this is the second year that we have attempted to do this . \nthat is pretty good time for eliminating a program . \nwe had a big debate about this last year . \nwe had a big debate about it this year . \nthere is nobody who spends any time around here that does not think this place is secure . \nit is not going to be made any more secure by having a few people riding horses around here . \nnow , for the aesthetic part of it , it might be lovely ; but for the security part of it , it is nonsense . \nit is a waste of money . \nthey will be better used by the park service , certainly , than they will be around here . \nvote down the gentlewoman 's amendment . \nms. millender-mcdonald . \nmr. chairman , as ranking member of the committee on house administration , which has jurisdiction over the united states capitol police , i rise to oppose the amendment offered by my friend from virginia ( ms. jo ann davis ) . \nthe uscp mounted unit was not authorized by either the committee on house administration nor the senate 's committee on rules and administration . \nit reportedly came into existence as the brainchild of a senator from colorado , now retired , without any formal examination of the merits and demerits of using horses in the capitol police environment . \nunlike the u.s. park police , which must patrol thousands of acres of wooded parkland in northwest washington , the capitol police patrols a confined area readily accessible to non-mounted officers , and much of which is not even accessible to the public at all . \nsome argue that the mounted unit is especially useful in crowd control , and maybe that is so . \nhowever , on those occasions where crowds needing control may develop on the capitol grounds -- and these occasions are usually well anticipated -- the capitol police can easily ask for assistance from their park police colleagues , who are well trained in the use of horses and can also be trained about the capitol and working here . \nfinally , some offer the intangible value of public relations as a justification for spending the hundreds of thousands to maintain the horses and train their handlers . \nmaybe there is value in that , when elsewhere on and around the grounds , other capitol police officers are routinely brandishing automatic weapons . \nbut what about the public relations cost of the horse manure deposited across the grounds , and the tens of thousands it costs to clean it up ? \ni urge a `` no '' vote on the amendment . \n",
"mr. chairman , i thank the gentlewoman for yielding me this time . \ni rise today in opposition to this legislation and am disappointed we are taking up this measure again when we should be debating this issue in a more thoughtful and comprehensive manner . \nmany of my colleagues , including the gentleman from washington ( mr. baird ) xz4000110 , the gentleman from california ( mr. cox ) xz4000830 , the gentleman from ohio ( mr. ney ) xz4002930 and the gentlewoman from california ( ms. millender-mcdonald ) xz4002750 have tried to encourage dialogue on this matter , but this bill simply does not address many of the concerns raised by members and outside experts during the last 3 1/2 years . \nif under h.r. 841 the house experienced the deaths of more than 100 members , the speaker could direct states to conduct special elections now within 49 days . \nwell , mr. chairman , i am sure that the authors of this legislation had all the good intentions in the world , but unfortunately we find in the real world , in practice , it does not always work out as we had intended . \nas a former secretary of state , i have run numerous elections , and i can tell you that the 49-day limit would constrain election officials ' ability to prepare ballots , train poll workers , select polling locations , and inform the voting public about the process . \nmr. chairman , make no mistake about it , under this limited time frame , there would be voters who would be disenfranchised . \nthe mail ballot process itself can be very cumbersome , and i can guarantee you that very potentially the elderly , people with disabilities , and most especially , our men and women in uniform who are overseas would potentially be disenfranchised by this shortened time frame . \nnow , at a time when our nation would be looking to its government for answers , it will instead face confusion and uncertainty about how its leaders are elected . \nmr. chairman , it would seem to me to be reasonable to support the gentlewoman 's amendment to extend the time period to 60 days . \nat the very least , if we are going to do this , i believe we need to do it the right way , and this would allow us the extra time we would need . \nbut , mr. chairman , my colleague the gentleman from california ( mr. rohrabacher ) xz4003430 really said it right . \nwhether it is 49 days or the 60 days , it is really both too long and too short . \neven if we were able to hold special elections within the 49 days , that would still be too long for congress to remain inactive . \ni want to remind everyone that in the 6 weeks after the attacks of september 11 , congress passed legislation authorizing the use of military force , an airline assistance measure , an economic stimulus bill , the defense authorization act , numerous appropriation bills , the farm bill , legislation pertaining to bioterrorism , victims assistance , and terrorism financing . \nh.r. 841 would leave important decisions to a greatly diminished and possibly unrepresentative house . \nworse , in the case of widespread incapacitation , the house would be unable to achieve a quorum and become inoperative during a time of crisis . \na recent change in house rules tried to circumvent this problem by creating a provisional quorum , which would permit a smaller number of members to constitute a quorum in emergency circumstances . \nhowever , one must question the constitutionality and public support of laws that would be passed by a handful of members during a time of national crisis . \nthe house is attempting to address this complex issue over congressional continuity , mr. chairman , by passing feel-good legislation and tweaking our internal rules . \nbut i am disappointed that h.r. 841 does not take a comprehensive approach to continuity nor does it address a priority of mine , deciding how congress could communicate and function if terrorist acts prevented it from meeting in one location . \nmr. chairman , these matters warrant greater discussion than the limited bill before us , and i urge my colleagues to oppose h.r. 841 so that we can have the full debate that this congress and our nation deserves . \n",
"mr. chairman , i yield myself such time as i might consume . \nthe legislative branch bill , mr. chairman , provides for $ 2.870 billion , an increase of only 1.7 percent over the fiscal year 2005 . \nthe bill represents a $ 270 million reduction from the budget request . \nmr. chairman , although we did not agree on every item on this bill , we worked very closely with the gentleman from wisconsin ( mr. obey ) xz4003000 to produce a bipartisan bill for the legislative branch . \ni want to thank all the committee members for their contributions in putting this bill together . \nwhile small in size , this is the bill that funds the work of the congress , and it is a bill that we all can be very proud of . \nthe bill includes funding for the operations of the house and several joint items , the capitol police , the compliance board , the congressional budget office , the architect of the capitol , the library of congress , the government printing office , the general accountability office , and the open world leadership program . \nthere will be no reductions in the current workforce . \nthe bill provides for all personnel cost-of-living increases and all other pay-related costs . \nthe bill also was reported out of the full committee on a voice vote . \nthe capitol visitor center is funded at the cost-to-complete level of $ 36.9 million . \nthe bill does not include funding for cvc operating expenses . \nthe bill establishes an inspector general for the capitol police . \nthe bill terminates the mounted horse unit and transfers the horses and equipment to the u.s. park service . \nas part of an amendment in the full committee , i offered , and the committee adopted , the continuity in representation act at the speaker 's request . \nthis bill has passed the house twice , and just recently , the vote in march was 329 to 68 . \nmr. chairman , this is a good bill and one that benefits the entire legislative branch . \nultimately , this is the bill that reflects the work of the house . \nwe are all in this together , mr. chairman , and because of that , i feel very strongly that this legislation should have the support of the entire house . \nmr. chairman , i reserve the balance of my time . \n",
'mr. chairman , i yield 7 minutes to the gentleman from illinois ( mr. lahood ) xz4002280 . \n',
'i appreciate very much the gentleman having this colloquy with me and raising this important issue . \nas we have discussed , the smoking policy in the house office buildings is under the jurisdiction of the house office building commission . \nthat commission is made up of leaders on both sides of the aisle ; and , frankly , i am very hesitant to interfere with their responsibility or their work . \nbut i think it is very important that the gentleman is raising this issue today , and i am happy to have this discussion with him . \n',
'i would be very happy to join with the gentleman in that discussion . \ni think i probably will discuss it with my wife as well ; but in the meantime , you and i work together on the committee , and i am happy to work with you on almost any issue you might raise . \n',
'mr. chairman , i am happy to yield 2 minutes to the gentleman from pennsylvania ( mr. peterson ) xz4003171 . \n',
'mr. chairman , i yield 3 1/2 minutes to the gentleman from georgia ( mr. price ) xz4006261 . \n',
'if the gentleman will yield , i would be pleased to do so . \n',
"mr. chairman , let me tell the gentleman that i am very appreciative of his interest in the institution 's history . \nas he is aware , the speaker controls the placement of plaques on the house side of the capitol . \ntheir placement is very restricted , and we attempt to achieve recognition of events and places normally through other means . \nthe capitol visitors center is being designed to provide our visitors with a much fuller understanding and history of the house and senate . \nincluded in the cvc is a 16 , 000 square-foot exhibit hall . \nin this exhibit hall , the architectural and legislative history of the institution are highlighted . \nas part of the currently proposed cvc exhibits are detailed sections on the history of the capitol and included in this is the fact that when the capitol was originally built , it was used for more than legislative meetings . \nit was commonly used as the community center for the citizens of washington , d.c . \nduring that time , there were few places for meetings or church services . \nthus , it is correct that such religious services were held here . \nall these facts are included in the cvc exhibits , and i would encourage that the education of citizens be pursued in this venue so that a more complete history beyond a plaque can be presented . \n",
"there have been , and i very much appreciate the gentleman 's interest in this matter . \nhe and i will be pursuing it as we go forward in the months and , indeed , the years ahead . \n",
'mr. chairman , i yield 1 minute to the gentleman from california ( mr. rohrabacher ) xz4003430 . \n',
'mr. chairman , will the gentleman yield ? \n',
'mr. chairman , i must say i understand the points that the gentleman is making . \ni believe he has a constitutional amendment that proposes an alternative approach . \ni must say the speaker has been most concerned , and he asked me to put this in this bill , because a constitutional amendment takes so long to accomplish . \nwe could be out there for lord knows how long if it is ever accomplished . \nin the meantime , he has a proposal that will go forward and will be altered significantly as we go forward in order to expedite the process . \nthat is what the speaker is asking us to do here . \n',
'mr. chairman , if the gentleman would yield further , he does have a constitutional amendment proposed . \nhe knows how long and how risky constitutional proposals are . \nthey hardly ever happen . \nand , therefore , the speaker wants to make sure this proposal goes forward , and that is what we are suggesting . \n',
'mr. chairman , i yield 3 minutes to the gentleman from florida ( mr. mica ) xz4002730 . \n',
'mr. chairman , i yield 5 minutes to the gentleman from georgia ( mr. kingston ) xz4002210 . \n',
'mr. chairman , i rise to yield time to the gentleman from california ( mr. dreier ) xz4001150 ; but before doing so , i just want to mention that the previous speaker had a constitutional amendment regarding the issue of continuity in the last congress , and on that constitutional amendment the vote was 63 yeas and 353 nays . \nto say the least , the constitutional approach is difficult . \nmr. chairman , i am glad to yield 3 minutes to the gentleman from california ( mr. dreier ) xz4001150 . \n',
'mr. chairman , i yield myself the balance of the time . \nmr. chairman , it was not my intention to speak in these closing moments . \n',
'i yield to the gentleman from wisconsin . \n',
"mr. chairman , reclaiming my time , i think it is important for the public to know that all of us are concerned about continuity of government in the event of a tragedy . \nwe certainly would not be having this discussion if it had not been for 9/11 . \nbut , indeed , there are differences in the approach that one might take . \nsome prefer a constitutional amendment ; and yet we have tried that on more than one occasion . \nwe have had the debate , and very few in this house have supported that proposition . \nso the speaker has asked us to go forward with an idea that will be worked on carefully between now and the time we finish our work with the senate . \nbut from that point forward , let me talk a bit about the capitol visitors center . \nmy colleague , the gentleman from wisconsin ( mr. obey ) xz4003000 , and i , early on in this congress , were not active supporters of a cvc . \nbut , indeed , his leadership and my leadership , at a higher pay grade , made a different decision ; so we are carrying forward their work in this process . \ni have looked at the visitors center very carefully . \nit is rather a fabulous addition to the capitol , the greatest addition that has been made in this century , i believe . \nindeed , within the mix of that , while i might change some things , i prefer not to suggest what the details ought to be that the architect moves forward with . \ni am critical of the architect ; but in the meantime , i am not one . \ntherefore , we are going to add this major change whereby visitors can enter the capitol , and it will have a very significant piece of our future history in the capitol complex . \nit is going to be a fabulous addition . \nindeed , it will be a very high-quality addition that we will all be proud of , but i think it would be a mistake for me to try to be the architect between now and then . \nso with that , mr. chairman , this has been a very interesting debate about the work of the people 's house . \ni am very happy to participate in this with my friend , the gentleman from wisconsin ( mr. obey ) xz4003000 . \n",
'mr. chairman , i yield back the balance of my time . \n',
'mr. chairman , i rise to claim the time in opposition to the amendment , and i ask unanimous consent that the gentleman from wisconsin ( mr. obey ) xz4003000 control 2 1/2 minutes of that time . \n',
'mr. chairman , i yield myself such time as i may consume . \nmr. chairman , i consider myself to be a horse person . \nas a matter of fact , at one time in my life i thought i might be a veterinarian because i loved horses and ducks so much . \nin the meantime , i watch them parade around the capitol , and i have wondered from time to time about their relative value . \nthe gao has cited that the capitol police have difficulty quantifying the benefit the unit provides . \ngao was not able to substantiate the claim of one horse doing the work of 10 people . \ni do not see how the elimination of five horses is going to impact the patrol . \nwe have scout cars , motorcycles , and mountain bikes all patrolling the same area . \nthe real point is here i was concerned about the horses myself , but when the staff came up with the thought that perhaps we could transfer them to the park service and make sure they are well taken care of and used for meaningful activity , i felt very comfortable with this change . \nso , frankly , i think we ought to proceed with the language that is in the bill . \nmr. chairman , i reserve the balance of my time . \n',
'mr. chairman , i yield myself such time as i may consume . \ni found one other reason to love the gentlewoman from virginia ( mrs. jo ann davis ) xz4000950 . \nher caring for horses as much as i do is a thrill to me . \nthe problem is i have studied this material and can not find that this is the best way to use our funding , especially when these horses will have a new home where they might be used more effectively . \nmr. chairman , i yield the balance of my time to the gentleman from illinois ( mr. lahood ) xz4002280 . \n',
'mr. chairman , i rise to claim the time in opposition to the amendment . \nmr. chairman , i ask unanimous consent to yield 2 1/2 minutes of that time to the gentleman from wisconsin ( mr. obey ) xz4003000 for purposes of control . \n',
"mr. chairman , i yield myself such time as i may consume . \nmr. chairman , the fiscal year 2006 appropriations has been held at the fiscal year 2005 level . \nthis is a decrease of $ 2.5 million below the 2004 level . \nthe record is distributed in accordance with title 44 , chapter 9 of the u.s. code ; and within that there are 3 , 000 copies that go to members , of the house and senate , 153 copies to the library of congress , et cetera . \ni can provide the balance of this in the record . \n3 , 018 copies to members , house 1 , 479 copie s , senate 1 , 539 copies ; 153 copies to the library of congress ; 754 copies to public agencies and institutions designated by senators ; 698 copies to federal agencies that pay for the copies ; 521 copies to subsribers who pa y for the copies ; 692 copies to federal depository libraries nationwide . \ni would say to the gentleman from wisconsin ( mr. obey ) xz4003000 , that it is my feeling that an amendment like this where people are kind of reacting to the & lt ; /em & gt ; & lt ; em & gt ; congressional record , et cetera , will likely pass overwhelmingly . \nand if i am correct in that , i would be inclined for us to stand back in this discussion , if the gentleman agrees with me , and perhaps discuss this further as we go to conference . \nwhat would be the gentleman 's reaction to that ? \n",
'i yield to the gentleman from wisconsin . \n',
'and i do as well . \n',
'reclaiming my time , the gentleman is always a gentleman . \nmr. chairman , i reserve the balance of my time . \n',
'mr. chairman , i yield 1 minute to the gentleman from virginia ( mr. moran ) xz4002831 . \n',
'mr. chairman , i reserve the balance of my time . \n',
'mr. chairman , i rise to claim the time in opposition to the amendment , and i ask unanimous consent that the gentleman from wisconsin ( mr. obey ) xz4003000 control 2 1/2 minutes of that time . \n',
'mr. chairman , i yield myself such time as i might consume . \nmr. chairman , since 1999 we have appropriated over $ 170 million to the capitol police specifically for security enhancement . \nin addition , we have provided $ 84 million for the architect for perimeter security . \nin addition to the $ 2 , 345 , 000 provided in this bill for general expenses , the capitol police have $ 32 , 653 , 000 in unobligated balances , for a total of almost $ 62 million . \nthis $ 2 million amendment is interesting , but the police , in this instance , do not need an additional $ 2 million , and because of that , i strongly oppose the amendment . \nmr. chairman , i reserve the balance of my time . \n',
"mr. chairman , i urge a `` no '' vote , and i yield back the balance of my time . \n"]
In [8]:
count_vectorizer = CountVectorizer(stop_words='english')
x = count_vectorizer.fit_transform(list_of_speeches)
print(count_vectorizer.get_feature_names())
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'membership', 'memories', 'men', 'mention', 'mentioned', 'mentor', 'mere', 'merit', 'merits', 'messy', 'met', 'mfume', 'mica', 'michel', 'michigan', 'midst', 'miles', 'military', 'millender', 'miller', 'million', 'millions', 'mind', 'mindful', 'minds', 'minimum', 'minnesota', 'minority', 'minuscule', 'minute', 'minutes', 'misallocation', 'misled', 'missed', 'missing', 'missouri', 'mistake', 'mix', 'mobility', 'mock', 'mode', 'modern', 'moment', 'moments', 'monarchy', 'monetary', 'money', 'months', 'morale', 'moran', 'motion', 'motorcycles', 'mountain', 'mounted', 'movements', 'moves', 'moving', 'mr', 'mrs', 'ms', 'multiple', 'murrah', 'muted', 'nadler', 'names', 'nation', 'national', 'nations', 'nationwide', 'nature', 'nays', 'nearly', 'necessarily', 'necessary', 'need', 'needed', 'needing', 'needs', 'neglected', 'negotiate', 'negotiations', 'neighbor', 'new', 'newest', 'newt', 'ney', 'nicholas', 'night', 'non', 'nonessential', 'nonpartisan', 'nonsense', 'normally', 'norman', 'north', 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'saying', 'says', 'scale', 'scattered', 'scenario', 'schedule', 'scheduled', 'scholar', 'scholars', 'scout', 'search', 'searchable', 'seat', 'seats', 'second', 'secondly', 'seconds', 'secret', 'secretaries', 'secretary', 'section', 'sections', 'secure', 'secured', 'security', 'seeing', 'seek', 'seeking', 'seeks', 'seen', 'select', 'selection', 'self', 'senate', 'senator', 'senators', 'send', 'senior', 'seniors', 'sense', 'sensenbrenner', 'sensitive', 'sent', 'separation', 'sept', 'september', 'sergeant', 'sergeants', 'seriously', 'serve', 'served', 'serves', 'service', 'servicemen', 'services', 'serving', 'session', 'set', 'sets', 'setting', 'seven', 'severe', 'severely', 'shalala', 'share', 'shared', 'shelter', 'short', 'shortcomings', 'shortened', 'shorter', 'shorthanded', 'showed', 'showers', 'sides', 'sight', 'sign', 'signal', 'significant', 'significantly', 'similar', 'similarly', 'simple', 'simply', 'simpson', 'sincerely', 'singing', 'single', 'sir', 'sit', 'sitting', 'situation', 'situations', 'size', 'skelton', 'slightly', 'slip', 'slowly', 'small', 'smaller', 'smart', 'smoking', 'sneak', 'snipers', 'sober', 'soil', 'solely', 'solicitor', 'solution', 'solutions', 'solve', 'solved', 'sons', 'soon', 'sorry', 'sort', 'sought', 'southern', 'space', 'speak', 'speaker', 'speaks', 'special', 'specifically', 'spend', 'spending', 'spends', 'spent', 'spin', 'spirit', 'spoke', 'spoken', 'sponsoring', 'sponsors', 'spring', 'square', 'stability', 'stabilization', 'stabilize', 'stack', 'staff', 'staggering', 'stalwart', 'stand', 'standard', 'standing', 'start', 'state', 'stated', 'statements', 'states', 'statesmen', 'stateswomen', 'statues', 'statute', 'statutes', 'statutorily', 'statutory', 'stay', 'steadfastly', 'step', 'stepped', 'steps', 'stewardship', 'stimulus', 'stood', 'stop', 'straight', 'stranglehold', 'strength', 'stress', 'strike', 'strikes', 'strong', 'strongly', 'struck', 'structured', 'struggles', 'studied', 'study', 'stunned', 'subcommittee', 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'unable', 'unacceptable', 'unanimous', 'unavailable', 'uncertainty', 'unclear', 'unconscionable', 'unconstitutional', 'unconstitutionally', 'undergraduate', 'underlined', 'underlining', 'underlying', 'undermine', 'undermining', 'underscore', 'understand', 'understanding', 'understands', 'undone', 'undoubtedly', 'unelected', 'unexpected', 'unfortunate', 'unfortunately', 'uniform', 'unilaterally', 'unique', 'unit', 'unite', 'united', 'universal', 'university', 'unknown', 'unless', 'unlike', 'unmatched', 'unnecessary', 'unnoticed', 'unobligated', 'unopposed', 'unprecedented', 'unpropitious', 'unquestionably', 'unrealistic', 'unrepresentative', 'unsafe', 'unseemly', 'unthinkable', 'uphold', 'upholding', 'urge', 'usa', 'uscp', 'use', 'used', 'useful', 'using', 'usual', 'usually', 'vacancies', 'vacancy', 'vacant', 'vacated', 'valid', 'valuable', 'value', 'various', 'vast', 'venture', 'ventured', 'venue', 'version', 'veterinarian', 'vice', 'victim', 'victims', 'victory', 'view', 'viewed', 'views', 'virginia', 'virtually', 'visibility', 'vision', 'visit', 'visitor', 'visitors', 'vital', 'vitally', 'voice', 'vote', 'voted', 'voter', 'voters', 'votes', 'voting', 'vulnerable', 'wait', 'waiting', 'wake', 'walk', 'walsh', 'walter', 'want', 'wanted', 'wants', 'war', 'wards', 'warm', 'warning', 'warnings', 'warrant', 'washington', 'waste', 'wastepaper', 'watch', 'watching', 'waters', 'watt', 'way', 'ways', 'weaken', 'wealthiest', 'weapon', 'weapons', 'weather', 'week', 'weeks', 'weigh', 'weight', 'welcomed', 'welcomes', 'went', 'whips', 'white', 'wide', 'widespread', 'wife', 'willing', 'wisconsin', 'wish', 'withdraw', 'woman', 'women', 'won', 'wonder', 'wondered', 'wooded', 'word', 'words', 'work', 'worked', 'workers', 'workforce', 'working', 'works', 'world', 'worldwide', 'worse', 'worst', 'wrecks', 'write', 'wrong', 'wrote', 'xz4000110', 'xz4000170', 'xz4000250', 'xz4000330', 'xz4000710', 'xz4000770', 'xz4000800', 'xz4000830', 'xz4000950', 'xz4001150', 'xz4001701', 'xz4002210', 'xz4002280', 'xz4002391', 'xz4002730', 'xz4002750', 'xz4002761', 'xz4002831', 'xz4002890', 'xz4002930', 'xz4003000', 'xz4003110', 'xz4003140', 'xz4003171', 'xz4003430', 'xz4003540', 'xz4003650', 'xz4003770', 'xz4004200', 'xz4004220', 'xz4004240', 'xz4006261', 'year', 'years', 'yeas', 'yes', 'yesterday', 'yield', 'yielded', 'yielding', 'york']
In [9]:
pd.DataFrame(x.toarray(), columns=count_vectorizer.get_feature_names())
Out[9]:
000
018
10
100
108th
109th
11
11th
12
122
123
125
13
135
14
...
xz4003650
xz4003770
xz4004200
xz4004220
xz4004240
xz4006261
year
years
yeas
yes
yesterday
yield
yielded
yielding
york
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
...
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
...
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
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100 rows × 2683 columns
In [ ]:
In [ ]:
In [ ]:
Okay, it's far too big to even look at. Let's try to get a list of features from a new CountVectorizer that only takes the top 100 words.
In [10]:
count_vectorizer = CountVectorizer(stop_words='english', max_features=100)
x = count_vectorizer.fit_transform(list_of_speeches)
print(count_vectorizer.get_feature_names())
['11', '2001', '45', 'able', 'act', 'address', 'allow', 'amendment', 'american', 'appropriations', 'ask', 'balance', 'believe', 'body', 'branch', 'california', 'capitol', 'chairman', 'citizens', 'colleagues', 'committee', 'congress', 'constitution', 'constitutional', 'continuity', 'country', 'day', 'days', 'debate', 'democracy', 'distinguished', 'does', 'elected', 'election', 'elections', 'event', 'fact', 'forward', 'funding', 'gentleman', 'going', 'good', 'government', 'great', 'having', 'history', 'horses', 'house', 'important', 'institution', 'issue', 'just', 'know', 'law', 'legislation', 'legislative', 'let', 'make', 'member', 'members', 'million', 'mounted', 'mr', 'need', 'opportunity', 'order', 'people', 'percent', 'point', 'police', 'president', 'process', 'representation', 'representatives', 'right', 'rule', 'rules', 'said', 'say', 'senate', 'september', 'simply', 'speaker', 'special', 'state', 'states', 'support', 'terrorists', 'think', 'time', 'today', 'united', 'vote', 'voters', 'want', 'way', 'wisconsin', 'work', 'year', 'yield']
In [ ]:
Now let's push all of that into a dataframe with nicely named columns.
In [18]:
pd.DataFrame(x.toarray(), columns=count_vectorizer.get_feature_names())
Out[18]:
11
2001
45
able
act
address
allow
amendment
american
appropriations
ask
balance
believe
body
branch
...
states
support
terrorists
think
time
today
united
vote
voters
want
way
wisconsin
work
year
yield
0
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1
100 rows × 100 columns
Everyone seems to start their speeches with "mr chairman" - how many speeches are there total, and many don't mention "chairman" and how many mention neither "mr" nor "chairman"?
In [ ]:
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What is the index of the speech thank is the most thankful, a.k.a. includes the word 'thank' the most times?
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If I'm searching for China and trade, what are the top 3 speeches to read according to the CountVectoriser?
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Now what if I'm using a TfidfVectorizer?
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What's the content of the speeches? Here's a way to get them:
In [ ]:
# index 0 is the first speech, which was the first one imported.
paths[0]
In [ ]:
# Pass that into 'cat' using { } which lets you put variables in shell commands
# that way you can pass the path to cat
!cat {paths[0]}
Now search for something else! Another two terms that might show up. elections and chaos? Whatever you thnik might be interesting.
In [ ]:
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Using a simple counting vectorizer, cluster the documents into eight categories, telling me what the top terms are per category.
Using a term frequency vectorizer, cluster the documents into eight categories, telling me what the top terms are per category.
Using a term frequency inverse document frequency vectorizer, cluster the documents into eight categories, telling me what the top terms are per category.
In [13]:
from sklearn.cluster import KMeans
number_of_clusters = 8
km = KMeans(n_clusters=number_of_clusters)
km.fit(x)
Out[13]:
KMeans(copy_x=True, init='k-means++', max_iter=300, n_clusters=8, n_init=10,
n_jobs=1, precompute_distances='auto', random_state=None, tol=0.0001,
verbose=0)
In [14]:
print("Top terms per cluster:")
order_centroids = km.cluster_centers_.argsort()[:, ::-1]
terms = vectorizer.get_feature_names()
for i in range(number_of_clusters):
top_ten_words = [terms[ind] for ind in order_centroids[i, :5]]
print("Cluster {}: {}".format(i, ' '.join(top_ten_words)))
Top terms per cluster:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-14-00b3a9ab783e> in <module>()
1 print("Top terms per cluster:")
2 order_centroids = km.cluster_centers_.argsort()[:, ::-1]
----> 3 terms = vectorizer.get_feature_names()
4 for i in range(number_of_clusters):
5 top_ten_words = [terms[ind] for ind in order_centroids[i, :5]]
NameError: name 'vectorizer' is not defined
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Which one do you think works the best?
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I have a scraped collection of Harry Potter fanfiction at https://github.com/ledeprogram/courses/raw/master/algorithms/data/hp.zip.
I want you to read them in, vectorize them and cluster them. Use this process to find out the two types of Harry Potter fanfiction. What is your hypothesis?
In [23]:
paths = glob.glob('hp/10196712.txt*')
paths[:5]
Out[23]:
['hp/10196712.txt']
In [22]:
len(paths)
Out[22]:
1
In [ ]:
Content source: honjy/foundations-homework
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