In [1]:
# Data
import numpy as np
with open('data/text_data/japan.txt', 'r') as f:
# with open('data/text_data/anna.txt', 'r') as f:
txt = f.read()
X = []
y = []
char_to_idx = {char: i for i, char in enumerate(set(txt))}
idx_to_char = {i: char for i, char in enumerate(set(txt))}
X = np.array([char_to_idx[x] for x in txt])
y = [char_to_idx[x] for x in txt[1:]]
y.append(char_to_idx['.'])
y = np.array(y)
In [5]:
# Model or Network
import impl.layer as l
from impl.loss import *
class GRU:
def __init__(self, D, H, L, char2idx, idx2char):
self.D = D
self.H = H
self.L = L
self.char2idx = char2idx
self.idx2char = idx2char
self.vocab_size = len(char2idx)
self.losses = {'train':[], 'smooth train':[]}
# Model params
Z = H + D
m = dict(
Wz=np.random.randn(Z, H) / np.sqrt(Z / 2.),
Wr=np.random.randn(Z, H) / np.sqrt(Z / 2.),
Wh=np.random.randn(Z, H) / np.sqrt(Z / 2.),
Wy=np.random.randn(H, D) / np.sqrt(H / 2.),
bz=np.zeros((1, H)),
br=np.zeros((1, H)),
bh=np.zeros((1, H)),
by=np.zeros((1, D))
)
self.model = []
for _ in range(self.L):
self.model.append(m)
def initial_state(self):
return np.zeros((1, self.H))
def forward(self, X, h, m):
Wz, Wr, Wh, Wy = m['Wz'], m['Wr'], m['Wh'], m['Wy']
bz, br, bh, by = m['bz'], m['br'], m['bh'], m['by']
X_in = X.copy()
h_in = h.copy()
X = np.column_stack((h_in, X_in))
hz, hz_cache = l.fc_forward(X, Wz, bz)
hz, hz_sigm_cache = l.sigmoid_forward(hz)
hr, hr_cache = l.fc_forward(X, Wr, br)
hr, hr_sigm_cache = l.sigmoid_forward(hr)
X = np.column_stack((hr * h_in, X_in))
hh, hh_cache = l.fc_forward(X, Wh, bh)
hh, hh_tanh_cache = l.tanh_forward(hh)
# h = (1. - hz) * h_old + hz * hh
# or
h = ((1. - hz) * h_in) + (hz * hh)
# or
# h = h_in + hz (hh - h_in)
y, y_cache = l.fc_forward(h, Wy, by)
cache = (h_in, hz, hz_cache, hz_sigm_cache, hr, hr_cache, hr_sigm_cache, hh, hh_cache, hh_tanh_cache, y_cache)
return y, h, cache
def backward(self, dy, dh, cache):
h_in, hz, hz_cache, hz_sigm_cache, hr, hr_cache, hr_sigm_cache, hh, hh_cache, hh_tanh_cache, y_cache = cache
dh_out = dh.copy()
dh, dWy, dby = l.fc_backward(dy, y_cache)
dh += dh_out
dh_in1 = (1. - hz) * dh
dhh = hz * dh
dhz = (hh * dh) - (h_in * dh)
# or
# dhz = (hh - h_in) * dh
dhh = l.tanh_backward(dhh, hh_tanh_cache)
dXh, dWh, dbh = l.fc_backward(dhh, hh_cache)
dh = dXh[:, :self.H]
dX_in2 = dXh[:, self.H:]
dh_in2 = hr * dh
dhr = h_in * dh
dhr = l.sigmoid_backward(dhr, hr_sigm_cache)
dXr, dWr, dbr = l.fc_backward(dhr, hr_cache)
dhz = l.sigmoid_backward(dhz, hz_sigm_cache)
dXz, dWz, dbz = l.fc_backward(dhz, hz_cache)
dX = dXr + dXz
dh_in3 = dX[:, :self.H]
dX_in1 = dX[:, self.H:]
dh = dh_in1 + dh_in2 + dh_in3
dX = dX_in1 + dX_in2
grad = dict(Wz=dWz, Wr=dWr, Wh=dWh, Wy=dWy, bz=dbz, br=dbr, bh=dbh, by=dby)
return dX, dh, grad
def train_forward(self, X_train, h):
ys, caches = [], []
h_init = h.copy()
h = []
for _ in range(self.L):
h.append(h_init.copy())
caches.append([])
for X in X_train:
X_one_hot = np.zeros(self.D)
X_one_hot[X] = 1.
X = X_one_hot.reshape(1, -1)
for layer in range(self.L):
y, h[layer], cache = self.forward(X, h[layer], self.model[layer])
caches[layer].append(cache)
X = y.copy()
ys.append(y)
return ys, caches
def loss_function(self, y_train, ys):
loss, dys = 0.0, []
for y_pred, y in zip(ys, y_train):
loss += cross_entropy(y_pred, y)
dy = dcross_entropy(y_pred, y)
dys.append(dy)
return loss, dys
def train_backward(self, dys, caches):
dh, grad, grads = [], [], []
for layer in range(self.L):
dh.append(np.zeros((1, self.H)))
grad.append({key: np.zeros_like(val) for key, val in self.model[layer].items()})
grads.append({key: np.zeros_like(val) for key, val in self.model[layer].items()})
dXs = []
for t in reversed(range(len(dys))):
dy = dys[t]
for layer in reversed(range(self.L)):
dX, dh[layer], grad[layer] = self.backward(dy, dh[layer], caches[layer][t])
for k in grad[layer].keys():
grads[layer][k] += grad[layer][k]
dy = dX.copy()
dXs.append(dX)
return dXs, grads
def test(self, X_seed, h, size):
chars = [self.idx2char[X_seed]]
idx_list = list(range(self.vocab_size))
X = X_seed
h_init = h.copy()
h = []
for _ in range(self.L):
h.append(h_init.copy())
for _ in range(size):
X_one_hot = np.zeros(self.D)
X_one_hot[X] = 1.
X = X_one_hot.reshape(1, -1)
for layer in range(self.L):
y, h[layer], _ = self.forward(X, h[layer], self.model[layer])
X = y.copy()
prob = l.softmax(y)
idx = np.random.choice(idx_list, p=prob.ravel())
chars.append(self.idx2char[idx])
X = idx
return ''.join(chars)
In [6]:
def get_minibatch(X, y, minibatch_size, shuffle):
minibatches = []
# for i in range(0, X.shape[0], minibatch_size):
for i in range(0, X.shape[0] - minibatch_size + 1, 1):
X_mini = X[i:i + minibatch_size]
y_mini = y[i:i + minibatch_size]
minibatches.append((X_mini, y_mini))
return minibatches
def adam_rnn(nn, X_train, y_train, alpha, mb_size, n_iter, print_after):
M, R = [], []
for layer in range(nn.L):
M.append({k: np.zeros_like(v) for k, v in nn.model[layer].items()})
R.append({k: np.zeros_like(v) for k, v in nn.model[layer].items()})
beta1 = .99
beta2 = .999
state = nn.initial_state()
smooth_loss = 1.
minibatches = get_minibatch(X_train, y_train, mb_size, shuffle=False)
for iter in range(1, n_iter + 1):
for idx in range(len(minibatches)):
X_mini, y_mini = minibatches[idx]
ys, caches = nn.train_forward(X_mini, state)
loss, dys = nn.loss_function(y_mini, ys)
_, grads = nn.train_backward(dys, caches)
nn.losses['train'].append(loss)
smooth_loss = (0.999 * smooth_loss) + (0.001 * loss)
nn.losses['smooth train'].append(smooth_loss)
for layer in range(nn.L):
for k in grads[layer].keys(): #key, value: items
M[layer][k] = l.exp_running_avg(M[layer][k], grads[layer][k], beta1)
R[layer][k] = l.exp_running_avg(R[layer][k], grads[layer][k]**2, beta2)
m_k_hat = M[layer][k] / (1. - (beta1**(iter)))
r_k_hat = R[layer][k] / (1. - (beta2**(iter)))
nn.model[layer][k] -= alpha * m_k_hat / (np.sqrt(r_k_hat) + l.eps)
# Print loss and test sample
if iter % print_after == 0:
print('Iter-{} loss: {:.4f}'.format(iter, loss))
sample = nn.test(X_mini[0], state, 200)
print(sample)
return nn
In [7]:
# Hyper-parameters
time_step = 100 # width, minibatch size and test sample size as well
num_layers = 2 # depth
n_iter = 300 # epochs
alpha = 1e-4 # learning_rate
p_dropout = 0.95 # q=1-p, q=keep_prob and p=dropout.
print_after = 1 # n_iter//10 # print training loss, valid, and test
num_hidden_units = 64 # num_hidden_units in hidden layer
num_input_units = len(char_to_idx) # vocab_size = len(char_to_idx)
# Build the network and learning it or optimizing it using SGD
net = GRU(D=num_input_units, H=num_hidden_units, L=num_layers, char2idx=char_to_idx, idx2char=idx_to_char)
# Start learning using BP-SGD-ADAM
adam_rnn(nn=net, X_train=X, y_train=y, alpha=alpha, mb_size=time_step, n_iter=n_iter, print_after=print_after)
# # Display the learning curve and losses for training, validation, and testing
# %matplotlib inline
# %config InlineBackend.figure_format = 'retina'
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.plot(net.losses['train'], label='Train loss')
plt.plot(net.losses['smooth train'], label='Train smooth loss')
plt.legend()
plt.show()
Iter-1 loss: 233.4436
iskeng Aanded s.Wost Mtex, counthi iskofs Rene an guse A0. In cuuntedenlivensmesh thI the hhe Gs Niarkixn wrountrat 2A,extt-Neark Indt if theh cansex,uy wist is hand boben Cany countr-Indr omealdinc A
Iter-2 loss: 209.1456
in pope. Holi olilale d, wirst In Jadr Inde Gun"lard Alatitac in of God tof tirs hankes esxNiver the of the Rn the Wrport6an witr Jaan and ine whin the G0tir the the pKoetitif thy,-–anbas lor larse G9
Iter-3 loss: 223.8013
TSexitire Wores, Index, eac of G9I5I'c andedgita, ofha nlipe popelithe ciunt,os bard6deds Richurlagy in Afecpa eara lipas of Itimliwest ins an the dm-lar-andy in country i xtith the nikonby is the D a
Iter-4 loss: 210.0010
in Cargente frh savst inf oxfkonstf imxth-and and in 194llan Ditsenan is forlspen the world'ns in porertest-ned bors and Ind any itoly saulese dar"nx. Japan a id the siHonks in ceninsry the Glaremo an
Iter-5 loss: 199.1514
in the latakence siumbae eaced foxts. Sisanres of ishkictolatary country in the mowin in is a sevelsing oudidikoly.,s rexzx G975esnos the coxtnti. stesily GB Japan is in the wountidexd ransed Aaslas d
Iter-6 loss: 185.8653
the pean-larly norld, and fountry ing coxtand, whins the fourth-lamba-mcentinc and ran), first in elente the ratand Divhons Rivened Index,-Fysed ranked fountry ns au diveaned fir rudons rexpirrt ted i
Iter-7 loss: 182.2190
militan Durchy of the ceatexpen toxtand fiorty7 prenxturesede ons in the has ran3 Douban panked Asirey wirs en the vomtir led the n cuxin the Gobattliens of Divenelirass milinaulary winst the first re
Iter-8 loss: 182.3224
livins matertan8, country in Asia. Japan is bamginst momal in Gishissrgede e mance drind diveansimimuntr Comolech fram Woctakeves of norloge n milronlalceloban pounsaurens rurerd Japan Apparchallitary
Iter-9 loss: 177.1178
7irst Japan h ranked lareLeecenf is ranked pextoe poerankank offexpin"d canked whect milin in the wast in the fourth-largest enpintimcur enjors leco foulsto decsly. JEpan 394, macenly ussilation in th
Iter-10 loss: 169.5057
melict of Nobel laureaty. Athincs mepper of Neajed the warl Gile prenal iEnauns enjo fed largest in the name histoude dede, inted issland Sexand Diushiuns a redented lagestirst-the 1orld. Inthe hegal
Iter-11 loss: 165.3855
Wion enti. allowing aree nimi, Sta, Khompotert the Rumban oth into parter and eserent citse War Inded iny Emperood in the north tary gent enions revesond rukened Asiexand ann Diuse nas forlts and Wous
Iter-12 loss: 158.6270
and eimildisurd und ranked first in the Fivhevicolyisy in the the namition of in9tEry te nte the nasing's legirecthed strend Asiationan it inth largest metod leconbincruree widepd of norloby. Japan is
Iter-13 loss: 141.2086
which inta in tuke toly. Urcom thossllthirigon sy bhe d-membin tokyd an nalictir ended Japan Appritistion to devmelepern. ifflankenopetions hego rand Fisidd cofkof coulrdind Asia. Japan is ofrin the G
Iter-14 loss: 140.3010
and riEse-Japaned and the world, and wistur eigh and Japan wimpirud af Noband itlly. AGpurif WHvead, ind enfinst enring jiment Index, renchich ined Arenging recghins runhird legonss mintry ore folke i
Iter-15 loss: 129.2089
Hidhgiraly itdan,s minard Ifdextern Eurthy, ChinoP Nand parceceldimfolechenked sexpdirse Word aly bousts inm parino Sino-Japanese-Japan is the world, Japan the numbte eirtyly by oun, the Global Compet
Iter-16 loss: 121.9020
Chinetered issimas aru ha, island Hunst-mperched siuntrity in the holy ny rests arefins opI, simionikarly 20th century, which camge a military uso-本lo-molctury, whe cound-lorejinchud yud histoolan con
Iter-17 loss: 114.4658
and ranked Asian country in the Global Peace Index. The the etrounty nory Arhing 1omet liest of the north the Sea of Country in Asia. Japan is ranked sixth in the G20 and is the high ststaononal srien
Iter-18 loss: 104.2300
mekoulrelese and parececpollictly into 47 prente and et eirst in the ear rundich imally 20th in the Global Competitivenessured its ranked first thi of 1937 expanittind 9reainly . In thicen an emped su
Iter-19 loss: 97.5414
the Migid into8 poptiny Inded and an Emperor and fourth-largest impornt citera in the Global Peace Index. Japan was the first in the nountry hoby lically. Atho 4ur, maind ""7emct d imy is a Seato 19th
Iter-20 loss: 92.1599
historyo,ts an nuggth blled of Jadd, durdedidedisired. Toved in himainka of 126 am e of Japan, entt ind Hrlasu, in ounityoly. Arege prececoncthy,, sevoren world, and rustired laseroves in thi eycollow
Iter-21 loss: 89.7462
Upirs insian followed Japant west. wher in to open to expectancy, the third lowest infant mortality in the 12 and minatd idghimsim. pricelatury Sta the Russo-Japanese War a UpirliA and rureaterly 20tt
Iter-22 loss: 84.8745
and peanese World War IImainas a mend milcthir ear largest military budget, used stratod and early fort of 1shity. stanombarchioichigitimperiod of world, algol of the world War II emconfid bomoborch i
Iter-23 loss: 78.5888
million is the wholth largest. sivupded country in Chinese and peacity Sino-Japaniny with arena, Archa in the Glmore In5endexts nime prowed washighst interean whir constit of Hirchedelicing is the hic
Iter-24 loss: 78.0829
mainmy bou tha, surchased largest military bud War, the Global Peace Inwe callicter a uging f ofked which carly 20th ceapitivinald into eave Japat Cthima, souitary with a high standard of living of 19
Iter-25 loss: 70.1550
Japan was peror largest urban manji to te decade s fromter nme rinotion isa, iscanaly 2"0loxttlec Japanese peangest ippont to thin nd is thid as meeptitice mectterse rad early 20th centicingk ureencen
Iter-26 loss: 65.7492
the world's eight lmeee preconctury, wath largest uraba the G7, hi1 Sin. Japanas ransins follJapan's largest ercted ledese fice CiranI iseds enfanke in the early 20th centuries, m9tit of anded and Wou
Iter-27 loss: 62.6106
and ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competut and the watinsme of In clareang is gountry Brand Sea of Japan, whin callan", is and an. Horladgred ciuest eronfeme ry w
Iter-28 loss: 64.0189
of 126 million 947, the Global Peaciticsnampiricallical citst-ransk in the Global Competitivenesuncto 7unst-largest impotity and the wational mond allectury, whipoth in the Global Competitiveness Repo
Iter-29 loss: 58.8184
Asia. Japan is ryke Ind area. The power and Index, sexpoftoly ompe Wir Nuled and hase Risid Japanefes enterend is chasing frolthu, Nation eno'id lobal Purorly with military budd atd in 1945 following
Iter-30 loss: 54.5946
the world's fourth-largest exportert We tha to dishiguldrby . Frin the voketerld I unalion peror. The Second rinkins hich In'tal laicand country Bran s Woeant the as and is contiin 1945 foustorypin th
Iter-31 loss: 53.9001
the Mions of Nobel the War of 1294,t en: ear, the Global Ga, the world's eighth largest military budgetpen timin O Fivilicrtlutere centy Index whor glomertir Japan's a Sea, histoulational the Empire b
Iter-32 loss: 49.6333
in the Global Competat and pokataes offwofealpined ixp9est ciflurese Negollity-alg power .T0rly hixte wath thin c, of the Sea of Japan, which is a dicalles eppol in the G20 and is the UN, the G7, the
Iter-33 loss: 51.1377
Japan was proclaimed, ma the Nasalitaina sa-ded into part of World The G7, the Gorlat Glarly at mallion in the early 12th end otrod of isolalitasing military with the was ruled by succ, of cauntry of
Iter-34 loss: 48.1831
is in the G8Pa an is a developed country with a high stanca, is laun entan ar eicinl" canunccounts Nudiding menounforld Cima, shamatud-Japanitary gislangr Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitive
Iter-35 loss: 52.2750
country in the Global Peace Index. Japan was the first country in Asia to host both the Summeepincnged biusto resea, powrounts flool of thal the world, and ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ran
Iter-36 loss: 45.0033
Nopen a Uictidirgostt in Neutent in the Count ed cost of the nation. In the fourth-largest importer and fourth-largest importer. Although Japan has officilary und as early as the world's eighth larges
Iter-37 loss: 44.3464
whitudy and rased indean and ranked firght ficlanlyo country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and is the highest-r
Iter-38 loss: 41.5855
has cofts itstitolal the loustvitg 20rlath the ntomic bed mowis ot sndexth largest minarasto of 1937 expanded intomit the world, and ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global
Iter-39 loss: 42.4780
uprean power a ofheroper Chitain. The country an of the UN, the G7, the Gha, hichigh ungid lecountry Emperor and an elokina in the Forly, hich whar momblead of state in 1868 and the and the world, a
Iter-40 loss: 39.4936
and peacenf cifution enjo the Sea of Okhotsk in the not power paritand and is Asia. Oco checollowed before the Meiji Wissivenet my nrcun to parly twe deconorly two hal follonin cang argesiresing Nagol
Iter-41 loss: 40.7053
million residentivil the world's eima, s heaconkorighing peceaictures, it the Eurral China, followed by periods of inon. In thmat Japan whatar Summer largest city proper in the G20 and is considered a
Iter-42 loss: 38.0087
into part of Nobel arghipilitan ake Cimit ly periods of incolled beatory peundex, sevenfenaserand histori. wan poenal thirid of the 1st centuryts revion, military csurring h-latureenti-axmger 18tire v
Iter-43 loss: 38.7419
the world's eighth largest military constitute opred city ompingttres makit litition-seven percent of Japan is in arlese World Chinced is shama and of the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and i
Iter-44 loss: 36.8400
country in the Global Peace Index. Japan was the first country in Asia to host both the Sumtart of Wopthed stropiris ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness
Iter-45 loss: 37.1972
reshima and Tainety-lare "9th and itsrienta peror ald peuceaprecased areas abed Asian country in the Global Peace Index. Japan was the first countraty of Incrrece fron 19th and the world's eighth larg
Iter-46 loss: 35.9306
of increater. Although Japanese people periods of internal conrounfomel the Sea of Okhotsk in the north the waslancelcolyist. part Japan is a developed country with a high standard of living and Human
Iter-47 loss: 36.6712
name of the Meiji MECa peat country whar parite pormoluright re the and the G20 and is considered a great power. The country Chich Russo-Japanese War of 1937 expotures enment an country is divided int
Iter-48 loss: 35.2909
and of living and Human Developuriolobal G8, Japan enthe an s ober maketextt in 1868 and the war of the natmo of Wirld's eighth largest military budget, unbid gliolion inalary ast. Japan is a develope
Iter-49 loss: 37.4886
sixth Russing militaris a divines offete porenal constitutional the Global Peace Index. Japan was the first country in Asia to hose powest in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the early 17
Iter-50 loss: 35.9656
of 126 million if thy y chaserf laurth to patet 191526 million is the world's eighth largest military budget, un9imend military was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns, larcecsthin; futefterth
Iter-51 loss: 38.7368
is the highest-ranked Asian country in the Global Peace Index. Japan was the first country in Asia to host both the Sumhe, wi rea. The country is divide andex, ranked sixth in the Global Competitivene
Iter-52 loss: 34.7117
the world's eighth largest military budget, untion military power parity. It is also of Nobe d a reatestorld's eighth largest military budget, used for self-dekenake run"irt of Japan was prorly with i
Iter-53 loss: 34.0791
into parly twe wore and several surroundingth ind enxte part, military csourrficttefove of Japan was proclaimed, cage in cy, parth to the We part of Japan has officially reEkalivollion perory. worldbi
Iter-54 loss: 33.3031
of the Sea of Japan, the East China Sea, China, Korea and Russia, stretching from thely ws country in the Global Peace Index. Japan was the first country in Asia to host both the Ses algolith in 1886
Iter-55 loss: 32.8566
hough Japan has officinak esflomital military shoguns, whith or thili. city in the north to the Emperor and an elected legislal morladgit is 12me lartitutional monarchy with an Emde raped of the Risin
Iter-56 loss: 32.9408
which cametion a Upont islas runting ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Coxtt of the Russired country with a higollowesesolady rata. Sea of Japan, the East China Sea,
Iter-57 loss: 32.6126
fourth-largest importer. Althir claest country in the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and is the highest-ranked Asian country in the Global Peacenftur ad and meand Sim. The Second Sino-Japanes
Iter-58 loss: 32.7984
the East China Sea, China, Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the nomeres in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima a meled Slatef in eserelal of 126 hight led military c
Iter-59 loss: 32.4816
uprogenet an the wanji tom ope eogir whidmollovibea. Tokyodes, with the Emperor and an elifvov preagh country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, the E
Iter-60 loss: 32.5211
the world's eighth largest military und a highelort Fromytreccodecontryory s eahina molation Japan ent a meunts Ruritity in the world, and ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the
Iter-61 loss: 31.4821
is the late period. Japan is a developed country with a high standard of living and Human Development Index whose population enjoys the highest-ranked Asian country in warloter lagent from the 12th ce
Iter-62 loss: 31.9023
of wir, it maintains a mom oftin pmeror eErsigeectented ecalle 18th and Warcent o run a of 186a, Eore cad a gror ald Wored as the highest life expectancy, the third lowest infant mortality in the worl
Iter-63 loss: 30.9439
of Japan was progecturitadis hashas officially renounced its right toory we dimaceltire suritasa in the natmoin. The first worth the West. Nearly two decore and peacekeeping piingtt e researd coudef t
Iter-64 loss: 31.9942
the I, suro. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and is the highest-ranked Asian country in the Global Peace Index. Japan is a
Iter-65 loss: 30.8908
membt de cixt and Index,entivegporterd Sino-Japanese War of the UN, the nort 201th constition, particularl military shogountry is the Global Pecanomy by I poura, "2. Japan entered into a long peopol l
Iter-66 loss: 32.2532
uprontity of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the a inter and fourth-largest importer. Although Japan has nulSaris Hlobel of the UN, the G7, the G8, and the G20 and is cons
Iter-67 loss: 30.0874
constitutional monarchy with and the wation in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping peral constitutional monarchy with an Emperor and an elected legislat
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Japan is a developed country with a hin the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and is the highest-ranked Asian country in the Global Peace Index. Japan wa
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Comeat in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand IndPandeco caled segholity in the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of
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1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutionflic lomind-largirely of the Sea of Japan, the East China Sea, China, Korea and Russ-med Sivo-Japantitest-mortion of ovondevervies, viclorytion a deder
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first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and is the highest-ranked Asian country in the Global Peace Index. Japan was the first country in Asia to
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the world, and ranked first in the Pacincise popritat. The country is a develcon power. The country Brand Index,e andedury Empeio s and Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitivenesseves, preain wa
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Nearl China, followed before the Meiji Emperor was restored as rearesed corekceldo of kistion in 1947, Japan entered of the Upper in G855 Japan eno Greceallo-Japenese War of 1937 expandedidis right te
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and ais the world, China, Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the OECD and as early is a moroltimalliting anderinter and Sas an islod bomobo of the world, and ranked first in the n
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of the UN, the G7, the G8, and the G20 and is considered a great power. The country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and is the hos the statutitivort titiv impi
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the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Aareced Japan has offp9ir in 1853 when mil of into o th Niagh Japan has mainba eapired OEst and insurrectiving city Iippm
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Lorly as the UN, the G7, the Gs, and ofropil and of living and Human Development Index whose population enjoys the highest life expectancy, the third lowest infant mortality in the world, and ranked,
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military shogues, cthiren, it surrounding prefenst-rtured Japan was proclaimed, with the Emperor as a divine symbol of the nation. In the late 19th and ear and I and it is often called the "Land of th
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the G7, the G7, the G8Wa nat of Japan, which csuriest of Hio, largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the world's fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer. Although Japan has
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in the Global Peace Index. Japan was the first country in Asia to host both the Summ1irl 12th a gurt d'r Oly and is the highest life expectancy, the third lowest infant mortality in the world, and ran
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of increasing militarism. The Singint is a stratovolcanic archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Sud an Emperor and an electedingsurd gleoiated Hislat offpint
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the Empire of Japan ind War and Nounolitiny ad early the east of the Sea of Japan, the East China Sea, China, Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea an
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of the Emperor. Japan entered into a lonfrim and the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in
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parity nomuman maintainte in 1945 fioct in the nly. Ilcer. The country in Ewentury C, rentrig to the east of the Sea of Japan, the East China Sea, China, Korea and Russia, strateolighily. Aproptirec o
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other regions, mainly in the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Glo-Japanest arlyod
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diving riconsudithis of Wyonryo'r and Tawiony eringsia Rrichncenorld's fourth-largest uperiod of Nobal corllowed Japan to expand its empire rand an elected legislature called the National Diet. Japan
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of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and is the highest-ranked Asian country in the
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purchanside pirint the G7, the G8, and the G20 and is considered a grury war gount run. Jang stred fourth-largest importer. Firllse Wes, whiu aded a unitary constitutional monally. Athopal GDP and the
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sixth into part of Sea, is a morllecty. )trong6 eseread of Asrivaint miinlatio and and third lowestiminar ealec, mincs. Afea during rimge eserea, the capital city of Japan, which inclhion enty al Firs
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mention o of 6,85–8ato of inter amcun dicopled lics outarNe ntainted reas cofts ir the China, followed before the Meiji rente an st in the early 17th centuriving a memperiod. The Greater Tokyo Area, w
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thidicoded Japant ente in elions ofrofth iggh. which ad othiona in highod largest are Hirod Nippiny who he diverar wins of Nan, peapoltit country in the Global Peace Index. Japan was the first country
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islation in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an Emperor and an elected legislature called the Nationalmidlivillcollowed bed hand Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised c
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mean "sun of Sand a divine symbol of the nation. In the late 19th and earil "Stikono-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic
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maintainte in 19th in has the popula, 186 milllitifys so ura, "2ho th the he caluniraly of Japan is in the empired its empire morand aistite imghe adomil 18t and ristity peancth and the world, and ran
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military budget, used for self-defense and peapetitiveness Report 2015–2016 and is the highest-ranked Asian country in the Global Peace Indec. and in 1945 followicancs. Inlto th lsictired into pexport
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of country purth the West led in the Ghomial GDP an the Glowed lecopAred 12th an enfim land area. The country is goftten cingition Peace Hoclainmying esrigst. Neapined area, eEfitseresed inslatre Hirl
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17th centuries, victories the world's fourth-largest importer. Although Japan hased bito the popeags. Japan is a developed country ind of into o th in the highest life expectancy, the third lowest int
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of the UN, the G7, the G8, an igollogid ard , milction by bung ard's fourth-lard's fourth-largest importer. Althish ha of the nored a grinambir gorllyi Westoroun1 military budget,e of Horech inal Japa
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highest-ranked Asian country in the Global Peace Index. Japan was the first country in Asia to host both the Summer and Naled 17th cention in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Compet
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third loueth largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeepinecins med Japan") is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, t
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with the world, and ranked first in the Country Brand East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, the East China Sea, China, Korea and Russia, stretching from the
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make up 98.5% of Japan's total population enjoys the highest life expectancy, the third lowest infant mortality in the world, and ranked first in the Countd I ling oto reaide diculered into a long per
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eton o bou up 18 coustry ts imge ercH, sicturies, victories in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part ompol a un the G8, and the Ga201o divina ry purchasing power parity. It is also th
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ranked first in the Country Brand Index, rankedal China, following origol livid and into-ded military with the world, and ranked first in the nug lovertes rgh se thir and largest importer. Although Ja
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third lowest infant mortality in the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Ast ia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, China, Ko
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and the world's fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer. Although Japan has officially renouncecteant of inter Napan a mecturering its revised constity intoity Index whose population enjoy
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Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and is the highest-ranked Asian country in the Global Peace Index. Japan was the first country in Asia to host bomeoge ered in the Country Brand Index, ranked s
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the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and i
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which came to an end in 1945 followi. In1light ledeso Seates of natmia boteroly. 2Jhach has offp9ititl lare citl intory ss Nato8 nan a member of the wasland in 1853 when a United deveriod imper and fo
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a runtd infy periods of inol the highest-mberiod folloded shigis a righ Japan has raghe 193jh an ended in 1853 when a United Satuedeat peritaty in 18553Lald6 aight ledes enfer 19thide run and aistored
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the world, and ranked first in the numeatern of inals of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised called. Japan is a strates fleets oreaing bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting
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country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Reporty of World War I aighth largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeep
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called the National Hollopan as meant Japan was inhabited as a mempthar ald Wosh a horbo en 1853 aud eippeiod linism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1945 fo
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in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The kanji that make up Japan's name mean "sun origin", and it is lanked aissorn the population enjoys the highest life expectancy, the third
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lite-sered. Jrad has the worldKy arsest ured befteun o feprilly an in latol third lowest infant mortality in the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan
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with a high standard of living and Human Development military budget, used for selv-Uxts of the Natolomididecod Japan is in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first
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called in the numente refeeeecerntry is a dictories to thil is the largest cy, Since ad and the world's fourth-largest utarge timy lwand and is archighs the sixth ciun"d a great power. The country has
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rulobined a has reconoky by nomial Asiadareary ba a rigett in to se Ean an Euss Rustrld's largest urban ed of Nounita a's followed before the Meiji renopitis ly-de prore war, hoverper perceeslored and
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constitutionalit toused from the 1541 vicony iintarises of internal and peacekeeping rolesa wha ofhic peritan atodoled of inter. Although Japan has officiallI ecof Hir, thid to the West. Nearly two de
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"7, high stsral Aa, which in Asia to of Japan history. From the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwal million people live in the core city of increasing militarisead of living a
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world, and ranked fiesirekoinco. Japan in liwente prowed be the Emperor and the world's eighth largest military budget, used for seled gimpirg, milation is a member of the UN, the G7, the G8, and the
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etse. Japan is in the early 17th centuries, mainla. The Greatet Japan was proved in "Nunt5 ofrof 16th imgin lye Hiron of firlodindex and an edivolcliog, wented ean and it surrounding prefente he East
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mortality apud Snath mortalitmire dexts rghitiky. InAlaureand Himictrlomete lassurr.a, is in the has officially. Japan rame third lowest infant mortality in the world, and ranked first in the number o
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country in the Global Peace Index. Japan was thir and Nagasedercr, the Ghorth conclouten reviiEgom thidgod stanilud Tare fourth leading global city in the north to the 7igust officiny "from the Empero
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China, Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The kanji that make up Japan's name mean "sun origin", and it isdod sa the Ean a
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in cirldy biul a laginsidepns of 12th end Hollogialigh samprias of state in 1868 and the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any coutere ahy with the world, and country in East
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whose population enjoys the highest life expectancy, the third lowest infant mortality in the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in
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I allowed Japan to expand its empire during ary power pawen, the history. From thely csteligenst merth-largest exporter and fe:r Sea, Chinal late peribal make up 98.5% of Japan's total population enjo
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thirdgine, country in wh-sash of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first inte eecthe highighturiftoryod of livin a developed country with a high standard of living and Human Deve
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population, paritat ex, folhed country is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and is the highest-ranked Asian country in the Global Pea
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and is cancekonas the verth third boubto and early 20th centuries, Core duriound in 1853 whe part of World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during ary purgr Japan was proclaimed, caty an savon
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G20 and is considered a great power. The country has the world's third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the world's fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer. Althise Wat strompir. Inflici
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etvon nimpopleimity. enjy nm, ot bith cthe world's fourth-largest economy by purchasing powerpxtt in 1868 and the world's fourth-largest economy by pureas. Japan is a developed country with the world'
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and largest economy by nominal GDP and the world's fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the world's fourth-largest utarge centhu ouly, sthich catured Japan to expand its empir
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leaing coky, the nationceldilrigest impir. is the sixth lover ag and Nasarud a ghitm and mila. is ranko Rusogtitat of ande is a developed country with a high standard of living and Human Development I
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ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and is the highest life expectancy, the third lowest infant mortality in the worldy Adearecand a di
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and Nagasaki. Since adopting its reghellected las aur eigin", and it isallitarian follobined an Emperor and an elected legislature called the National Diet. Japan is a member of the UN, the G7, the G8
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has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the world's eighth largest military budget, unbilisto of the nation. In the late 19th and ear and World War I all
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histored Ean eapitad coft, in the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked first in the Country Brand I
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world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in to the has formally. About this sound Nippon-koku or
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the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competion in into parl Chine montan an
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in the nteroly. Croo ho he population enjoys the highest life expectancy, the third lowest infant mortality in the world, and ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Compet
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the world, and ranked first in the Country Brand Index,e and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a developed country with a high standard of livinc area. The country has the world's fourth-largest exporter a
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heal Diveloled cllech the world's eighth largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a developef country paing arly 's to dh ame third lowest infant mortality in th
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OTkyo,, the partines endes periods of internal conse history tected, concth Rulsined sipso-Sty and the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked
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and a gilred in ableorldiecteserishistored as hed lito people live in the core city of isolokited siveuntry Esa, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. S
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the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and i
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is the highest-ranked Asiancakernirreding state of Japan") is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, the East China Sea, China, Korea an
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and is the highest-ranked Asian country in the Global Peace Index. Japan was the first country in Asia to host both the Summer and Winter Olympic Gresese Waroly whh the Emperor and an elected legislat
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make up 98.5% of Japan's total population enjoys the highest life expectancy, the third lowest infant mortality in the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia.
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Globyl siveseread of Japan was proclaimed, with partitind a divind Nipa, wratch inter and fourth-largest importer. Although Japan has officiaseconory by , resefilled borcent 20rald. Japan is a develop
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the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and i
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the has formally. About this sound Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, "State of Japan") is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, the East China
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and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureatess peopulatering the world's fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates
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up 98.5% of Japan's total population enjoys the highest life expectancy, the third lowest infant mortality in the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan
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with the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asiafan. Tokyo in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand I
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The firly in the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report 20
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monominal Grizotet Japan was ring 0roy the firs exporter and Hokund the Uppe cite and early 20th centitijive digtovilc ecegO herborese cory. wenthire of Noutike ix of the Earys, and early. Japan an in
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city of Japan, which came to an end in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an Emperor and an elected legislaturu the higent armem the 12th a , thilgo of The eigerth alG G
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and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and is the highe
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proclly an is the sixth largest cityo hinor rusgst of internal and peapetitiveness Report 2015–2016 and is the highest-ranked Asian country in the Global Peace Id by sicticicceenstis am the Global Pea
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of Nobel launtit and rime the G20 and issarflee, sthopha, sivearld, caconsidereid the Inced Area. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report 20
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the GN8la G2's lang ariggolltion, the sath to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The kanji that make up Japan's name mean "sun origin", and itrorly 801537 nam lige entaun of inter. Althise Wa
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kokulorggtt ilgo an s of Nihing ary gercther 1947 Od1Nedl ory until 1868, Japan was proclaimed, with the Empire of Japan indis a million people live in the core city of Tokyo, the country hu ah an mon
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which inalionarchyo, Frchu and Nagasaki. 20exxts expunted strend an elected legissivh strentory. From the Sumeat is the hiving live expad in the Global Peace Index. Japan was the first country in Asia
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monarchy with an Emperor and an elected legislireloinlitin peror. Japan ented s pe-d Na, f1odicadedes into 4sa heaiped of inter and foryst the early 20t mecla ad the world's eighth largest military bu
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is considered a ghoth to the east of the Sea of Japan, the East China Sea, China, Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The k
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Korytary with a hich of the worsh a high standard of living and Human Development Index whose population enjy and the world's fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer. Although Japan has of
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metititat of OkoPely righ pse-Japanese-red and Human Development Index whose population enjoys the highest life expectancy, the third lowest infant mortality in the world, and ranked first in the numb
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regions. The poplarism. That Japan isided legisidmid 9reatun-0aurld'idl this th ras fourth largest economI or 9emouncsud and Index, ranked sixthich s minat rals a gurinbakled is often d and Human, mor
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9.1 million people live inmt untir an Ementionese Wesoly 20ten and russsassass. The population of 126 millitary bugs of Japan is the world's eighth largest military budget, used for self-defense and p
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the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and is the highest-ranked Asian country in the Global Peace Index. Japan was the first country in Asia to host both the Summer and Winter Olympic ts eogt to
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rulatitivicllictthisgollogided ingthe and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a developed country with a high standard of living and Human Development Index whose population enjoys the highest life expectanc
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Japan's land area. The country has thatotomicy urea, was red, is the sixth largest milation revelond into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hi
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of the UN, the G7, the G8, and the G20 and is considered a great power. The country has the world's third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the world's fourth-largest economy by purchasing power pari
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third lowest infant mortality in the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Compe
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third lowest infant mortality in the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Compe
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centuriesilitivenes of Japan in the late perchans a divine symbel poread seter Od fourranhy 9.aiveal peopleast of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, f monitaren and esturrear, in the Glo
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rouss from the Soutation the nime runtigind laturita has totod of inchod of isal orly two decades of internal a eiputation end Nearly twa optinalityo-Sater a, Locaclary. Alttarese people end in 1945 f
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eas of living militarism. The Second Sino-Japanes eserounered regions, million eadly. From the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the shater and fourth-largest importer. A
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of the UN, the G7, the G8, and the G20 and is consideres im the Meiji Emperor was rest of 12khipe peoclled of 1937 expanded into part of World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during ar xixixx
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in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an Empire lixtifsm, mallictorlIniratury. Japa and is the the hisstsrigs. from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea
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the G20 and its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarch in ah Natn aigused stepoth in the Global Peace Index. Japan was the first country in Asia to host bo
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ul a riponh whort 20t opterimy with the Emperor as a divinely renthis, country-slation o fe pofeatere of Japan was proclaimed, with the world's eighth largest military budget, used forfcone Nateoli.d
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a period of increasing m-lodente d lest impal and the world's fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer. Although Japan has officially renounced its rintity in the world, and ranked first in
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Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and is the highest-ranked Asian country in the Global Peace Index. Japan was the first country in Asia. Japan is ranked
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parity. It is also the world's fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer. Although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the world's ei
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of the Ras ruto-deadan UN, the G7, the G8, and the G20 and is considered a ghouly a mpirarud) Cri. 1945ed Olriod residinded in the early 17th centuries, fd Asiabawingts and turies in eighth largest mi
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OApprtest her parti.y higtanca, powering liwis in Chinedes of Hirihh th an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, the East China Sea, China
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Tokyo, the capital in the mainld's tentod mortality in the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked six
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in the Global Peace Index. Japan was the first country in Asia to host both the Summer and Winter Olympic Garea. Japan is a member of the UN, the G7, the G8, and the G7, tho the world, and ranked firs
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of inchoud a ghitm pea,eles. Japan is a developed country with a high standard of living and Human Development Indyor-aainget ned Stundisho-Jhan to the eas the world's fourth-largest export 2015–2016
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of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in the nores a dilo-Japanese history ts In illowing be of the Paciclmominc peritace of Japan was inhabited an in the Pacific Oc
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the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The kanji that make up Japan's name mean "sun origin", and it is often called the National Diet. Japan is a member of thi
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purcss a modere highth largest military budget citund and early 20th centitiji to etenth cime and fourth-largest importer. The country in the Greater as a divine symbol of the Sea of Japan, the East C
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people live in the core city of Tokyo, the country has the world's fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer. Although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a
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in the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and is the highest-ranked Asian country in the Global Peace Index. Japan was the first country in Asia to host both the Summer and Winter Olung o al of o
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people live in the core city of Tokyo, the capititing fror the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked
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is a divico-maenclion of Niho-na Abea, which mak a, 5eate and the world's eighth largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a developed country with a high standar
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of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the ato th en the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is r
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name of inter ad maintaid of living into an a high the wilita. Japan is a developed country with a high standard of living and Human Development Index whose population enjoys the highest life expectan
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Japan's name mean "sun origin", and it is often called the "Land of the Rising Sun". Japan is a stratovolcanic archipelago of 6,852 islands. The fourth eyg, 1ndishiy the 5eexte part of Japan to Eth th
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and fourth-largest importer. Although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the world's eighth largest military budget, used for self-defense and
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Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, the East China Sea, China, Korea and Russired a seuror wal a ghotet opecaseselasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War and
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to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the world's eighth largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a developed country with a high standard of livin
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flenthal and peacuse G2 a hinc a member of the UN, the G7, thy Brand Index, ranked sixth of living prowed Japan a mentelyode and country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east
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has ratutional morbarled Japan to populalitan arendexn people live in the world's eighth largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a developelomitary with the wor
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and the world's eighth largest military buclon-lgest ry rea, which cafllopul to and peaworu houlita. The kanji that make up Japan's name mean "sun origin", and it is often called the National Diet. J
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the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and i
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ruled in the natolong enturies, victories in a ments peoptitekyns folates flecteaint tentho a Rulss. Japan is a developed country with a high standard of living and Human Development Index whose popul
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people forl 3Cy serec, whipefen percent of Japan's land area. The country has the world's eto an edlobal Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and is the highest-ranked Asian country in the Global Peace In
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world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates flest adom chand country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and
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in to opetanc archipelago of 6,852 islands momblarigiting entry Br, which inc ardh , mombo lotit Japan to open to the West. Nearly two deg oft rand thid largest military budget, used for self-defense
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highest lide of Japan, the East China Sea, China, Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the noresa, dured beriodgod the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan i
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and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constity in the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth
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and fourth-largest importer. Although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the world's eighth lse Melinic atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagas
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the G20 and is countryr has ableds a laidoidere warh cim and peacuncodeveidinktrionta-seam optire, in the Gho the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and is the highest-ranked Asian country in the
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Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and is the highest-ranked Asian country in the Global Peace Index. Japan was the fir
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caguse vollio in to on the First Sino-Japanese War of 1937 cates that Japan an is a member of thiro, lees. Japan is a developed country with a high standard of living and Human Development Index whose
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and Huuning im. Iwhir Sud an Niveents and the G7, the G7, the G8, and the G20 and is considered a ghoth which froct fictkoutation, the Emptitiden country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country
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which cam eogon in the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Rep
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the Global Forld. The Gr, the Russo-Japanese War and Worla end Night lrof the Selation. Apropppoinameapotents rus enterldss ard pilowing roxth it makelowerhy with an Emperor and an elected legislature
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World War II in of the oEy s aparity Sinodined sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and is the highest-ranked Asian country in the Global Peace Index. Japan was the first country in As
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II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic beriods of ligel in to an Alseorly two decades of f lotitanI a meant ofecthers, is a molatinc ear. In heopferse population enjoys the high
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largest military budia of Tokyo, to-Japedicollowese population. Approximately 9.1 million people live in the core city of Tokyo, the country has the world's fourth-largest economy by purchasing power
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island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, the East China Sea, China, Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the
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Sun". 6ronsiding and lareeceltire cithinclkoky- DD has the world's fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer. Although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a
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of the Sea of Japan, the East China Sea, China, Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The kanji that make up Japan's name mea
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to open to the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The kanji that make up Japan's name mean "sun origin", and itrorly . Nearabsuside arand and the Global Peace I
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the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and is the highest-ranked Asian coun
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the G20 and is considered a great power. The country has the world's eighth largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a developed country with a high standard of
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Kyust of Noeaterulhnin endiliding carld's fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer. Although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with ove
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Japan's name mean "sun origin", and it is often called the National Diet. Japan is a member of the UN, the G7, the G8, and the G20 and is countryo. Tary wEs eserocted its ean people make up 98.5% of J
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world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and is th
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early as thed peaifucon to the Seates fliect prenition of Japan to people the nation. AN atoled perixtity Insttition ounilation. In the late 19th and ear and Woro the wead ranked first in the number o
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Competion of Nipppena nationclounon a renounced its right to declare war is a member of the UN, the G7, the G8, and the G20 and is considered a great power. The country has the world's fourth-largest
Iter-238 loss: 12.5606
in 1945 following the atomco, frove dicul"tudes eeast and Index, and its foural a, sttren o regis to Eatt and of 6,85mili". Japan tod ea, cancs. The population of Nobill im and aienti. Tawed from the
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largest economy by purchasing rollo-Japanese history two ad Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has who reates cearls a divincloderiled period of living and Human Developm
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hime properiods of isolation in a Unitod ifcl and of the Ris, into an end in the Pacif. in. Thil in the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked
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joumy . The country is area. The country is the world's fourth-largest export cityode high standard of living f live in the core city of Tokyo, the capital into part of World War II in 1941, Emperir a
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mean "sun origin", and it is often called the National Diet. Japan is a member of the UN, the G7, the G8, and the G20 and is considered a great power. The country has the world's third-largest economy
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laseror. Japan entrely. Aimitary budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a developed country with a high standard of living and Human Development Index whose population enjoys t
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third lowest infant mortality in the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Compe
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of the Sea of Japan, the East China Sea, China, Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China, followed before cire num9'r OlylitCiconkoku, which cam economy by p
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and an mont in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and is the highest-ra
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power. The country has the world's third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the world's fourth-largest export 2015–2016 and is the highest-ranked Asian country in the Global Peace Index. Japan was the
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of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The kanji that make up Japan's name mean "sun origin", and it is often called the National Diet. Japan is a member of the highest
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The country has the world's third-largert at of Japan, to-lased in a great adom the world's eighth largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a developed country
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people live in the core city of Tokyo, the name of the UN, the G7, the G8, and the G20 and is considered a great power. The country has the world's eto an ended in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary
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Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and is the highest-ranked Asian country in the Global Peace Index. Japan was the first country in Asia to host both the
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was renor. Abtul ordkilitary with the world's eighth largest military budget, used for sevelarrt of Nappar ediintidimgtat anded it meant reater. Firs, folly-litun high standard of living and Human Dev
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Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, the East China Sea, China, Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The
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5es the Upper Paleollitan aEme prenom otroPed Slatof this soudalion rese. Abowe an million is the world's third-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the world's fourth-largest econom
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War of Japan is an sed, Japan ento patert 2015–2016 and is the highest-ranked Asian country in the Global Peace Index. Japan was the first country in Asia to host both the Summer and Winter Olympic Ga
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of the Rising Sun". Japan is a developed country with a high standard of living and Human Development Index whose population enjoys the highest life expectancy, the third lowest infant mortality in th
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ealy of Japan, which isth inhalalived its rest adoghats rured in a giliic arand as hing s froaty prigi. Janor has maintained a unitary constitutional morld includes Tokyo and several which came to an
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is gombto othhter Oblopy. intitere the MeiginingiSt inc fourth-largest importer. Although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the world's eigh
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was intar porefe Emperiod of intern undimitadined lesiral tot dke of The first writtent militarighest adomin erized of Japan was proclarysudead. The country has the world's fourth-largest export of an
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1941, which came tho cea, which was ended in 1945 following the atomic bombings and area. The country has the world's eto an enjoy. Asurffourand im the Emperor. Japan tenshima and the G20 and is consi
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ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and is the highest-ranked Asian country in the Global Peace Index. Japan was the first country in A
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ind barloge cors. Japan to ex expal the world's fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer. Although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military wi
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the Since a of Japan, the East China Sea, China, Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The kanji that make up Japan's name me
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eallyd u, which mak a, Lace wo hes peopleapetiting Nama aped Japan to expand its earlovyr fol of that ciStun and Human Development Index whose population enjoys the highest life expectancy, the third
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the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and i
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nyrigin, Country ian the with to the ead of living D". Near. Influin8 Japan aggmomblatt in ah to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the world's eighth largest military budget, used for s
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living and Human Development Index whose population enjoys the highest life expectancy, the third lowest infant mortality in the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country
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Alto-Japawadogokand morld in the anded in 1947, which came third lowest infant mortality in the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first i
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Nation8 ctund Snincend Nippina numberogt of the nimpoxth a Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the West. Nearly two depderl ear and an lagi. Japant m1itar and Nagasormcthiliidig ofoplid people live in the
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military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a developed country with a high standard of living Japants enteral Aabea, which came to an end Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, "State
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elegtent o adord Shikoky, the Seath an Comear 3, ranken, Chitity infcy lurrenten minicfuded a ghina UN, the G7, the G8, and the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country
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people live in the core city of Tokyo, the canck suror flech exporter and fourth-largest importer. Although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with
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prefectures in history decared as a edingis revenolroffe and Woutyore world's eighth largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a developed country with a high sta
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as a devollecont 2015–2016 and in the Gas and Human Development Index whose population enjoys contidim. Ripgirt maintitiveriad of increasing m-lort le Rising Nimpereaby csuerdered a great and and earl
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and Nagaseded in 19457 overcend Nippinin a member of the UN, the G7, the G8, and the G20 and is considered a great power. The country has the world's eto ther panstinecenoded auland country in East As
Iter-276 loss: 10.9798
to open to 1otel 1g1sekesility in th-largest economy by purchas. canstine history terts raled followine Empirort o the late 19th and ear and and Huunina of Japan, the East China Sea, China, Korea and
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Palelomitar and fourth-largest importer. Although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the world's eighth largest military bund Nag,lod lare wor
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maintains a modern military with the world's eighth largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a developed country with a high standard of living and Human Develop
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and the world's eighth largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a developed country with a high standard of living and Human Development Index whose population e
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the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, the East China Sea, China, Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the G, m1itaritano adopting its revised cons
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highest-ranked Asian country in the Global Peace Index. Japan was the first country in Asia to host both the Summer and Winter Olympic Gater and fourth-largest importer. Although Japan has officially
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is a development Index whose population enjoys the highest life expectancy, the third lowest infant mortality in the world, and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Ja
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its ruled in the name of the a201l 18th and Ing its infm opes of Nan, peroftthy ws in the highest life expectancy, the third lowest infant mortality in the world, and ranked first in the number of Nob
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to sedpurtit Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it mena of Japan is in Chinese history tund Shige cory. wath th inly in the world, and roututit is conombiter TakIc cacesoing o ad
Iter-285 loss: 10.5254
a of inter adald, is the Comped ranku, o riSo totatsekeutory, higsogtefopol thiE houcs men pereses end Nihon-koku ha noma and the world's fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer. Although
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parity. It is also the world's fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer. Although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the world's ei
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ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and is the highest-ranked Asian country in the Globit teth th thid Natoling a mgeritary budget, use
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as a divine sater and Nato8-a a high standard of living and Human Development Index whose population enjoys the highest life expectancy, the third lowest infant mortality in the world, and ranked firs
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and the Gho Empire of Japan was it an the G20 and is com and a dict meripprited bencenor-expong power. Into 4ybamy imborgest of the nanked first in tomialdliiresion. Irrectitin Diesm. The OEDD tiit in
Iter-290 loss: 10.4768
of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in eictear pearism. The four, and whireld-largest eictured Asian caurecestion rings of Hiroshima and Nagasominad ar ua, lowest infant mortality in the world,
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name and World War I allowed Japan the world's eighth largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a developed country with a high standard of living and Human Devel
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divined sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and is the highest-ranked Asian country in the Global Peace Index. Japan was the first country in Asia to host both the Selaing istary whh
Iter-293 loss: 11.2081
Emperor and an elected legionf liest city properiO Che the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The kanji that make up Japan's name mean "sun origin", and it is o
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and fourth-largest importer. Although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the world's eighth largest military budget, used for self-defense and
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histog rlath to the West. Near. Inflicirenntion of 126 million is the higiclrended in 1947th largest importer. Although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern m
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and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and is the highe
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u9thod of state the Sun". Japan the Eant and orutation Nanf live in the core city of Tokyo, the capital of Hiros and as thir, the G20 and is considered a great power. The country has the world's third
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and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 and is the highe
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in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia. Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index, ranked sixth in the G
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an enfear and fourth-largest importer. Alboncelith or Nihon-koku, "State of Japan") is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, the East C
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