This notebook explores introductory concepts and examples of generative art and computational creativity, especially guided/driven by the related Kadenze Online course.
Generative Art: art generated via automated/autonomous procedures/processes
Computational Creativity: study of autonomous/computational process/systems for the resolution of creative tasks
In [1]:
# Basic libraries import
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib
from matplotlib import animation
from PIL import Image, ImageDraw
import os
import sys
import itertools
import collections
from math import cos, sin, pi
# Plotting
%matplotlib notebook
sns.set_context("paper")
sns.set_style("dark")
In [2]:
# util method to plot multiple version of same generative artwork
def plot_artworks(artwork_gen_fun, nb_plots_side):
# Create a grid of random colours arrangement pieces
fig, axarr = plt.subplots(nb_plots_side, nb_plots_side)
for row in range(nb_plots_side):
for col in range(nb_plots_side):
axarr[row, col].imshow(artwork_gen_fun(row, col))
axarr[row, col].set_title('')
axarr[row, col].axis('off')
plt.show()
Mimicry of Gerhard Richter’s 4900 Colours artwork.
Description: generate NxM grid of squares each assigned with a random color.
Possibly add-ons:
In [3]:
def generate_colours_arranged(nb_squares_side: int, square_side: int):
img_side = nb_squares_side * square_side
img = Image.new('RGB', (img_side, img_side), (255, 255, 255))
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img)
for x in range(nb_squares_side):
for y in range(nb_squares_side):
cur_x_pos = x*square_side
cur_y_pos = y*square_side
rand_color = np.random.randint(256, size=3)
draw.rectangle([cur_x_pos, cur_y_pos,
cur_x_pos+square_side, cur_y_pos+square_side],
fill=tuple(rand_color))
return img
In [4]:
nb_squares_side = 5
square_side = 10
plot_artworks(lambda row, col: generate_colours_arranged(nb_squares_side, square_side),
nb_plots_side=4)
In [5]:
# test to generate something similar to Mondrian work
# here just a very rough/minimal example
def generate_mondrian(width: int, height: int):
img_side = nb_squares_side * square_side
img = Image.new('RGB', (width, height), (255, 255, 255))
g_const = 5
num_rects = g_const*g_const
rect_min_side = width/g_const
rect_max_side = rect_min_side * 2
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img)
prev_x_pos = 0
prev_y_pos = 0
for i in range(num_rects):
rect_width = np.random.randint(rect_min_side, rect_max_side)
rect_height = np.random.randint(rect_min_side, rect_max_side)
rand_color = np.random.randint(256, size=3)
draw.rectangle([prev_x_pos, prev_y_pos,
prev_x_pos+rect_width, prev_y_pos+rect_height],
fill=tuple(rand_color),
outline=(0, 0, 0))
prev_x_pos += rect_width
if prev_x_pos > width:
prev_x_pos = 0
prev_y_pos += rect_height
return img
In [6]:
plot_artworks(lambda row, col: generate_mondrian(width=300, height=400),
nb_plots_side=2)
Mathematical chaotic systems that have property of self-similarity (expanding/evolving simmetry).
3Blue1Brown on Fractals, and the fact that they are typically not self-similar
Related concepts:
In [7]:
# draw the emergent central triangle (white) in a recursive way
# to simulate the sierpinski triangle
def rec_shrink_step(draw, triangle: list, depth: int=0, max_depth=1):
# stop condition
if depth >max_depth:
return
# for now just draw the emergent central hole
hole = [((triangle[1][0]-triangle[0][0])/2+triangle[0][0], (triangle[0][1]-triangle[1][1])/2+triangle[1][1]),
((triangle[2][0]-triangle[1][0])/2+triangle[1][0], (triangle[2][1]-triangle[1][1])/2+triangle[1][1]),
((triangle[1][0], triangle[2][1]))]
draw.polygon(hole, fill=(255, 255, 255))
t1 = [triangle[0], hole[0], hole[2]]
t2 = [hole[0], triangle[1], hole[1]]
t3 = [hole[2], hole[1], triangle[2]]
rec_shrink_step(draw, t1, depth+1, max_depth)
rec_shrink_step(draw, t2, depth+1, max_depth)
rec_shrink_step(draw, t3, depth+1, max_depth)
In [8]:
# main method to draw a sierpinski triangle
def sierpinski_triangle(img_side: int, max_depth: int):
img = Image.new('RGB', (img_side, img_side), (255, 255, 255))
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img)
triangle = [(0, img_side), (img_side/2, 0), (img_side, img_side)]
triangle_color = (0, 0, 0)
draw.polygon(triangle, fill=triangle_color)
rec_shrink_step(draw, triangle, max_depth=max_depth)
return img
In [9]:
sierpinski_triangle(500, 4)
Out[9]:
In [10]:
plot_artworks(lambda row, col: sierpinski_triangle(1000, row+col),
nb_plots_side=4)
L-system or Lindenmayer system is a parallel rewriting systems. Parallel because "as many rules as possible are applied simultaneously, per iteration". This differs from a formal grammar that instead applies one rule per iteration.
An L-system consist of an alphabet (variables + constants), a collection of production rules and an initial axiom. Optionally for graphic representation a translation mechanism is used to translate a string to a geometry.
L-Systems can be used to generate self-similar fractals.
Disclaimer: in some of the following examples I obtain visual results that are similar but actually wrong as I am applying the drawing rule to values before they are expanded and then proceed with the recursion.
A more correct approach would be to get the results from the final iteration and then proceed to apply the drawing rule. Turtle is probably the most suited Python library for the drawing task.
In [11]:
# L-system definition
variables = ['B', 'A']
axiom = ['A']
def rules(var):
# verify that given var is in the system alphabet
if var not in variables:
raise Exception("{} not in the alphabet".format(var))
if var == 'A':
return ['A', 'B']
elif var == 'B':
return ['A']
In [12]:
NB_ITERATIONS = 10
res = axiom
for i in range(1, NB_ITERATIONS):
res = list(itertools.chain(*[rules(x) for x in res]))
print("n = {} : {}".format(i, res))
In [13]:
# L-system definition
variables = ['F']
constants = ['-', '+']
axiom = ['F']
def rules(val):
# verify that given val is in the system alphabet
if val not in variables and val not in constants:
raise Exception("{} not in the alphabet".format(val))
if val in constants:
return []
elif val == 'F':
return list('F+F-F-F+F')
In [19]:
def rec_draw_koch_curve(draw, vals, pos: tuple, angle=0, depth=0, max_depth=3):
LINE_LENGTH = 10
ANGLE_ADD =90
if depth >= max_depth:
return angle, pos
for val in vals:
if val == '+':
angle += ANGLE_ADD
elif val == '-':
angle -= ANGLE_ADD
elif val == 'F':
new_pos = (pos[0] + LINE_LENGTH*cos(angle*(pi/180)),pos[1] + LINE_LENGTH*sin(angle*(pi/180)))
draw.line([pos, new_pos], fill=(0, 0, 255))
pos = new_pos
angle, pos = rec_draw_koch_curve(draw, rules(val), pos, angle, depth=depth+1, max_depth=max_depth)
return angle, pos
In [20]:
img = Image.new('RGB', (500, 500), (255, 255, 255))
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img)
rec_draw_koch_curve(draw, axiom, (199, 50), 90, 0, max_depth=5)
img
Out[20]:
In [21]:
# L-system definition
variables = ['X', 'F']
constants = ['-', '+', '[', ']']
axiom = ['X']
def rules(val):
# verify that given var is in the system alphabet
if val not in variables and val not in constants:
raise Exception("{} not in the alphabet".format(val))
if val in constants:
return [val]
elif val == 'X':
return list('F+[[X]-X]-F[-FX]+X')
elif val == 'F':
return ['F', 'F']
In [22]:
NB_ITERATIONS = 3
res = axiom
for i in range(1, NB_ITERATIONS):
res = list(itertools.chain(*[rules(x) for x in res]))
print("n = {} : {}".format(i, res))
In [23]:
def draw_fractal_plant(draw, plant, pos: tuple, angle=0):
LINE_LENGTH = 5
ANGLE_ADD = 25
skip = 0
count = 0
for i, val in enumerate(plant):
#print(skip)
count += 1
if skip > 0:
skip -= 1
continue
elif val not in variables and val not in constants:
raise Exception("{} not in the alphabet".format(val))
elif val in constants:
if val == '+':
angle += ANGLE_ADD
elif val == '-':
angle -= ANGLE_ADD
elif val == '[':
skip = draw_fractal_plant(draw, plant[i+1:], (pos[0], pos[1]), angle)
elif val == ']':
return count
elif val == 'X':
continue
elif val == 'F':
new_pos = (pos[0] + LINE_LENGTH*cos(angle*(pi/180)),pos[1] + LINE_LENGTH*sin(angle*(pi/180)))
draw.line([pos, new_pos], fill=(0, 0, 0))
#print(new_pos)
pos = new_pos
In [24]:
NB_ITERATIONS = 6
res = axiom
for i in range(1, NB_ITERATIONS):
res = list(itertools.chain(*[rules(x) for x in res]))
img = Image.new('RGB', (500, 500), (255, 255, 255))
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img)
draw_fractal_plant(draw, res, (0, 250), 25)
img
Out[24]:
In [25]:
# L-system definition
variables = ['X', 'Y']
constants = ['-', '+', 'F']
axiom = ['F', 'X']
def rules(val):
# verify that given var is in the system alphabet
if val not in variables and val not in constants:
raise Exception("{} not in the alphabet".format(val))
if val in constants:
return []
elif val == 'X':
return list('X+YF+')
elif val == 'Y':
return list('-FX-Y')
In [26]:
def rec_draw_dragon_curve(draw, vals, pos: tuple, angle=0, depth=0, max_depth=3):
LINE_LENGTH = 10
ANGLE_ADD =90
if depth >= max_depth:
return angle, pos
for val in vals:
if val == '+':
angle += ANGLE_ADD
elif val == '-':
angle -= ANGLE_ADD
elif val == 'F':
new_pos = (pos[0] + LINE_LENGTH*cos(angle*(pi/180)),pos[1] + LINE_LENGTH*sin(angle*(pi/180)))
draw.line([pos, new_pos], fill=(0, 0, 255))
pos = new_pos
angle, pos = rec_draw_dragon_curve(draw, rules(val), pos, angle, depth=depth+1, max_depth=max_depth)
return angle, pos
In [27]:
img = Image.new('RGB', (700, 500), (255, 255, 255))
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img)
rec_draw_dragon_curve(draw, axiom, (450, 150), 90, 0, max_depth=11)
img
Out[27]:
In [28]:
class Spirograph:
def __init__(self, origin, R, r, d, angle, theta):
self.origin = origin
self.R = R
self.r = r
self.d = d
self.angle = angle
self.theta = theta
def update(self):
self.angle += self.theta
In [33]:
%matplotlib notebook
fig, ax = plt.subplots(dpi=120, figsize=(5, 5))
img_size = 500
img = Image.new('RGB', (img_size, img_size), 'white')
origin = np.array([img_size//2, img_size//2])
spirograph = Spirograph(origin=origin, R=125, r=75, d=125, angle=0, theta=0.2)
im = ax.imshow(img)
plt.axis('off')
def animate(i, img, im, spirograph):
#img = Image.new('RGB', (img_size, img_size), 'white')
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img)
origin = spirograph.origin
R = spirograph.R
r = spirograph.r
d = spirograph.d
angle = spirograph.angle
# draw main circle
#draw.ellipse([tuple(origin-R), tuple(origin+R)], outline=(0, 0, 255))
# draw inside circle
circle_2_pos = origin + (R - r) * np.array([np.cos(angle), np.sin(angle)])
#draw.ellipse([tuple(circle_2_pos-r), tuple(circle_2_pos+r)], outline=(255, 0, 0))
# draw hypotrochoid
point_x = circle_2_pos[0] + d * np.cos(((R-r)/r)*angle)
point_y = circle_2_pos[1] - d * np.sin(((R-r)/r)*angle)
point = np.array([point_x, point_y])
draw.ellipse([tuple(point-2), tuple(point+2)], fill='black')
#draw.line([tuple(circle_2_pos), tuple(point)], fill='black')
im.set_data(img)
spirograph.update()
ani = animation.FuncAnimation(fig, animate, frames=500, interval=50,
fargs=[img, im, spirograph])